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nutzen, @>4. >:>;> 1645 3.) 8725AB=> <0;>. = 87CG0; B5>;>38N, 70B5< 2KABC?0; A ?@>?>254O<8 8 ?>CG5=8O<8, <=>3> ?CB5H5AB2>20; 8 <5=O; <5AB>68B5;LAB2>, 2>7<>6=>, 87 A>>1@065=89 157>?0A=>AB8. KH54H89 87 =0@>4=>9 A@54K, >= 2K@078; =0AB@>5=8O A>F80;L=>3> ?@>B5AB0, 7@52H85 2 H8@>:8E =870E, AB02 ?@>2>725AB=8:>< @>A25I5=8O.  >4=>9 87 A2>8E ;8AB>2>: =CBF5= =0720= 2>60:>< >@30=870F88 A>25AB;82KE, => > ?>A;54=59 =5 A>E@0=8;>AL =8:0:8E >?@545;5==KE A2545=89. 8AB>2:0 =CBF5=0 @C65A:85 ?>65;0=8O 4@C7LO< >B 4@C30 (Amicus Amicis Arnica!, 1674) 2?5@2K5 ?C1;8:C5BAO =0 @CAA:>< O7K:5 2 ?5@52>45 A ;0B8=A:>3> . . 09A15@3 ?> 55 2>A?@>872545=8N 2 :=.: . Knutzen. Flugschriften und andere zeitgenossische sozialistische Schriften. Berlin, 1965.  #! /  #,/ "  #! 5@54:> O 25AL<0 C482;O;AO, :0: MB> ?@>8AE>48B, GB> [?><070==K5] E@8AB80=5, A;>2=> A<070==K5' :>;5A0, A?>@OB 4@C3 A 4@C3>< 8 AA>@OBAO 2=>2L 8 2=>2L; B5?5@L 65 O MB><C 1>;LH5 =5 C482;ONAL, 81> A0< C4>AB>25@8;AO 2 B><, GB> :0=>=K 8 >A=>2K, 87;>65==K5 2 81;88, 3;C1>:> ?@>B82>@5G82K 8 H0B:8. 54L O <>3C ?@825AB8 MB><C 15AG8A;5==>5 <=>65AB2> ?@8<5@>2 :0: 87 :=83 5BE>3> 7025B0, B0: 8 87 :=83 >2>3> 7025B0, >4=0:> O >?0A0NAL, :0: 1K G@57<5@=K< :>;8G5AB2>< 0@3C<5=B>2 =5 2K720BL C G8B0B5;59 B>H=>BC, ?>MB><C O ?@8254C 8E =5<=>3>, GB>1K G8B0B5;8 <>3;8 8E ;CGH5 >F5=8BL. / 745AL =8G53> =5 A:06C > G8A;0E, ?@82>48<KE 2 12 :=. &0@AB2, VII, 26, 8 2> 2 :=. 0@0;8?><5=>=, IV, 5, :>B>@K5 (=0A:>;L:> O <>3C AC48BL) ?@>B82>@5G0B 4@C3 4@C3C; =8G53> =5 A:06C 8 > 35@>OE 81;88; 5A;8, =0?@8<5@, A@02=8BL :=. KB8O, XXVI, AB. 34, A :=. KB8O, XXXIV, AB. 2, B> B0< 0A5-<0D0, 65=0 A020, =0720=0 4>G5@LN ;>=0 %5BBO=8=0, 0 745AL  4>G5@LN A<08;0. #<>;GC O 8 > B><, GB> 2 @07=KE <5AB0E 81;88 >4=> 8 B> 65 @07@5H05BAO 8 70?@5I05BAO; B0: 2 20=35;88 >B 0BD5O, XIX, AB. 5, A:070=>, GB> G5;>25: ?@8;5?8BAO : 65=5 A2>59, 0 2 :=835 ?@>@>:0 0;0E88, II, AB. 16, A:070=>, GB> G5;>25: 4>;65= >B?CAB8BL 65=C A2>N.  ?>4>1=KE 8 > 4@C38E 25I0E O =8G53> =5 A:06C, >4=0:> O =5 <>3C CAB>OBL, GB>1K =5 A:070BL A;54CNI55: MB8 ?>8AB8=5 ;5A189A:85 :0=>=K E@8AB80=A:>9 25@K 72CG0B B>G=> @0AAB@>5==K5 AB@C==K5 8=AB@C<5=BK. "0:, <=>3>:@0B=> ?>2B>@O5BAO CB25@645=85, GB> <5@B2K5 2>A:@5A=CB, :0:>2>5 <K >E>B=> >AB02;O5< E@8AB80=0< tojn amphojn3; B0:, 8< ?@845BAO 46 A>3;0A8BLAO A =0<8 2 B><, 2 G5< 8E A>1AB25==K5 :0=>=K A>3;0A=K A =0<8, 0 8<5==>: <5@B2K5 =5 2>A:@5A=CB; MB> >BG0AB8 cata reton4, >BG0AB8 cata dianojan6, GB> A>2?0405B A toi reti6, 2K@065=> 2 A;54CNI8E <5AB0E: :=. ?@>@>:0 A098, XXVI, AB. 14; A0;B8@L, LXXXVIII, AB. 11, 8 LXXVIII, AB. 40; :=. -::;5780AB0 III, AB. 19; -. >20, 14, AB. 12, 8 2 4@C38E <5AB0E. >8AB8=5 B>, GB> =5:>340 MB>B ?><070==K9 @5945=10E, ?><070==K9 ?> A2>5<C 65;0=8N7, A:070; 2 A2>8E ?CB52KE 70<5B:0E >1 8AB>@88 BC@5F:>3> :>@0=0, <K <>65< 157 CI5@10 4;O A?@0254;82>AB8 ?@8<'5=8BL 8 : A2OI5==><C, B. 5. 4>AB>9=><C EC;K, ?8A0=8N E@8AB80=. A5 MB> ?8A0=85, 3>2>@8B >=,  4> B0:>9 AB5?5=8 70?CB0=> 8 ?@>B82>@5G82>, GB> :065BAO, 1C4B> >=> =0?8A0=> 15AA2O7=>, =5A:;04=>, 15A?>@O4>G=>, ?;>E8< AB8;5<, =0:>=5F, 15AA<KA;5==> 8 =5@07C<=>. "0: 3>2>@8B >=. / 65 > :>@0=5 E@8AB80= (>?CA:0O MB> :065BAO @59-45=10E0) A:06C :>@>G5, 81> =54>AB0B>: <5AB0 <5=O >3@0=8G8205B. 4=0:> :B> AB0=5B >B@8F0BL, GB> !2OI5==>5 ?8A0=85 E@8AB80= 70?CB0=> 8 ?@>B82>@5G82>, :>340 703;O=5B 2 @8BG8 !>;><>=>2K, 345 70G0ABCN 2 >4=>9 8 B>9 65 3;025 @07=>@>4=K5 25I8 ?5@5?CB0=K 8 ?5@5<5H0=K, B>G=> :0:>5-B> ?>9;> 4;O A:>B0? 0, MB> 8A0=85 15AA2O7=>, =0?@8<5@ 2 :=835 220:C<0, II, AB. 1, 8 B0< 65  3;. 3, AB. 18, A;>2> to8 =8 A G5< =5 A2O70=>, 5A;8 1K <K ?>?KB0;8AL @07>1@0BLAO, 2 G5< B0< 45;>. 0, >=> A>AB02;5=> 157 2AO:>9 701>BK > ?>@O4:5 2 AC645=8OE [...].  20=35;88 >B C:8, 20, AB. 35, 2>A:@5AH8< 87 <5@B2KE ?@54;0305BAO 25G=0O 687=L, :0:>2>9 ?>@O4>: >B25@30NB A0<8 E@8AB80=5. A;8 >=8 E>BOB A:070BL, GB> hysteron9 5ABL proteron 10, B> MB> sophon pharmacon u ?>A;C68B 8 4;O :>@0=0 BC@5F:>3>. !B>;L 65 15AA<KA;5==K 8 A;>20 87 >A;0=8O : D5AO=0<, II, AB. 1, 8 2AO @5GL [?5@2>A2OI5==8:0] 87 5O=89 0?>AB>;>2, 7, AB. 1, 8 ?>A;54CNI55. "> 65 A0<>5 8 2 20=35;88 >B >0==0, 8, AB. 26 12: B =0G0;0 ACI89, :0: 8 3>2>@N 20<J  8 B. 4.  =0:>=5F, 15AA<KA;5==K A;>20 87 :=. AE>4, 20, AB. 18: ...=0@>4 2845;... 72C: B@C1=K9.  B0:65: ... A =038E A=8<0;8 >4564C,  2 :=. >20, 22, AB. 6, 8 <=>3>5 4@C3>5, GB> ?> >B45;L=>AB8 <>6=> 1K;> 1K ?5@5G8A;OBL 4> 15A:>=5G=>AB8, O 65 745AL 4>2>;LAB2CNAL ;8HL C?><8=0=85<.  8A0=88 <K G8B05< 8 > GC45A0E, :>B>@K< =5 A;54C5B C482;OBLAO, =0?@8<5@, GB> A02 2KH5; 87 G@520 <0B5@8 :@0A=K9 B5;><, :=. KB8O, 25, AB. 25, :0:>2>5 GC4> O2;O5BAO >1KG=K< 45;>< 4;O 2A5E =>2>@>645==KE <;045=F52, 25@=55, 4;O 8E ?>2820;L=KE 101>:, =01;N40NI8E 53> :0: A2845B5;8->G5284FK.  G5< BCB 3>2>@8BL? 54L 4@C385 <>3CB ?@8?8AK20BL A0<8< E@8AB80=0< B5 =5;5?>AB8, :>B>@K5 ?>:>OBAO =0 ?5AG0=>< DC=40<5=B5 8E 81;88, =0?@8<5@ B0:85: B0: =07K205<K5 G5B25@>=>385 8 ?@5A<K:0NI85AO 2<5AB5 >GCB8;8AL =0 =515 (5O=8O 0?>AB>;>2, X, AB. 12 8 16); 8 5I5: ?@8=>A8BL 2 65@B2C 2>;>2  =5?@>AB8B5;L=K9 3@5E, :0: A:070=> 2 ?@>@>G5AB25 87 :=. 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'B> 65 :0A05BAO <5B0D878:8, B> 2AO:89 2?@025 CA><=8BLAO 2 55 2>7<>6=>AB8, B0: :0: >=0 4> A8E ?>@ ?;>E> @072820;0AL, 8 =8 >4=0 87 ?@54;>65==KE 4> A8E ?>@ A8AB5<, 5A;8 @5GL 845B >1 8E >A=>2=>9 F5;8, =5 70- ------------------ * KBL <>65B, :B>-=81C4L 5I5 CA><=8BAO 2 ACI5AB2>20=88 G8AB>3> 5AB5AB2>7=0=8O. 4=0:> AB>8B B>;L:> @0AA<>B@5BL @07;8G=K5 ?>;>65=8O, 2KA:07K205<K5 2 =0G0;5 D878:8 2 A>1AB25==>< A<KA;5 A;>20 (M<?8@8G5A:>9 D878:8), =0?@8<5@ > ?>AB>O==>AB8 :>;8G5AB20 <0B5@88, >1 8=5@F88, @025=AB25 459AB28O 8 ?@>B82>459AB28O 8 B. ?., GB>1K B>BG0A 65 C1548BLAO, GB> >=8 A>AB02;ONB physica pura (8;8 rationalis), :>B>@0O 70A;C68205B B>3>, GB>1K 55 AB028;8 >B45;L=> :0: >A>1CN =0C:C 2 55 C7:>< 8;8 H8@>:><, => =5?@5<5==> ?>;=>< >1J5<5. 106 A;C68205B B>3>, GB>1K 55 ?@87=0;8 459AB28B5;L=> !CI5AB2CNI59. 4=0:> 8 MB>B 284 7=0=8O =04> @0AA<0B@820BL 2 8725AB=>< A<KA;5 :0: 40==K9; <5B0D878:0 ACI5AB2C5B 5A;8 =5 :0: =0C:0, B> 2> 2AO:>< A;CG05 :0: ?@8@>4=0O A:;>==>ABL [G5;>25:0] (metaphysica natiiralis). 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[!#)!"#" !"!"/  / " '!" #] [...] !CI5AB2C5B 5AB5AB25==0O 8 =587156=0O 480;5:B8:0 G8AB>3> @07C<0, =5 B0:0O, 2 :>B>@>9 :0:>9-=81C4L ?@>AB0: 70?CBK205BAO A0< ?> =54>AB0B:C 7=0=89 8;8 :>B>@CN 8A:CAAB25==> A>7405B :0:>9-=81C4L A>D8AB, GB>1K A18BL A B>;:C @07C<=KE ;N459, 0 B0:0O, :>B>@0O =5>BJ5<;5<> ?@8ACI0 G5;>25G5A:><C @07C<C 8 =5 ?5@5AB05B >1>;LI0BL 53> 4065 ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: <K @0A:@K;8 55 ;>6=K9 1;5A:, 8 ?>AB>O==> 22>48B erio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major). >42545=85 CA;>28O 4@C3>3> 2>7<>6=>3> AC645=8O ?>4 CA;>285 ?@028;0 5ABL <5=LH0O ?>AK;:0 (minor). 59AB28B5;L=>5 AC645=85, 2KA:07K20NI55 CB25@645=85 ?@028;0 2 ?>42545==>< ?>4 =53> A;CG05, 5ABL 2K2>4 (conclusio) (III, AB@. 360). ["  !! " !&",+% ] [...] A5 B@0=AF5=45=B0;L=K5 8458 <>6=> @0745;8BL =0 B@8 :;0AA0: 87 =8E ?5@2K9 A>45@68B 2 A515 01A>;NB=>5 (157CA;>2=>5) 548=AB2> <KA;OI53> AC1J5:B0, 2B>@>9  01A>;NB=>5 548=AB2> @O40 CA;>289 O2;5=89, 0 B@5B89 01A>;NB=>5 548=AB2> CA;>289 2A5E ?@54<5B>2 <KH;5=8O 2>>1I5. 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[ &,/ !%/] [...] 0F8>=0;L=0O ?A8E>;>38O :0: 4>:B@8=0, @0AH8@ONI0O =0H5 A0<>?>7=0=85, =5 ACI5AB2C5B; >=0 2>7<>6=0 B>;L:> :0: 48AF8?;8=0, CAB0=02;820NI0O A?5:C;OB82=><C @07C<C 2 MB>9 >1;0AB8 =5=0@CH5=85 3@0=8FK, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, GB>1K <K =5 1@>A8;8AL 2 >1JOB8O 1574CH=>3> <0B5@80;87<0, 0 A 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, GB>1K <K =5 701;C48;8AL 2 A?8@8BC0;87<5, ;8H5==>< >A=>20=8O 2 =0H59 687=8; >=0 A:>@55 =0?><8=05B =0<, GB>1K <K 2845;8 2 MB>< >B:075 @07C<0 40BL C4>2;5B2>@8B5;L=K9 >B25B =0 2>?@>AK ;N1>?KBAB2CNI8E, :0A0NI85AO B>3>, GB> 2KE>48B 70 ?@545;K 75<=>9 687=8, 53> 65 C:070=85 >1@0I0BL A2>5 A0<>?>7=0=85 =5 =0 15A?;>4=CN G@57<5@=CN A?5:C;OF8N, 0 =0 ?;>4>B2>@=>5 ?@0:B8G5A:>5 ?@8<5=5=85, :>B>@>5, E>BO 2A5340 8 =0?@02;5=> B>;L:> =0' ?@54<5BK >?KB0, B5< =5 <5=55 708<AB2C5B A2>8 ?@8=F8?C 87 1>;55 2KA>:>3> 8AB>G=8:0 8 >?@545;O5B =0H5 ?>2545=85 B0:, :0: 5A;8 1K =0H5 =07=0G5=85 2KE>48;> 15A:>=5G=> 40;5:> 70 ?@545;K >?KB0, AB0;> 1KBL 70 ?@545;K 75<=>9 687=8 (III, AB@. 382). [!'!/ /] A5 B@0=AF5=45=B0;L=K5 8458, ?>A:>;L:C >=8 :0A0NBAO 01A>;NB=>9 F5;>:C?=>AB8 2 A8=B575 O2;5=89, O =07K20N :>A<>;>38G5A:8<8 ?>=OB8O<8 >BG0AB8 2284C 8<5==> MB>9 157CA;>2=>9 F5;>:C?=>AB8, =0 :>B>@>9 >A=>2K205BAO B0:65 ?>=OB85 <8@>740=8O, A0<> A>AB02;ONI55 B>;L:> 845N, >BG0AB8 65 ?>B><C, GB> >=8 >B=>AOBAO 8A:;NG8B5;L=> : A8=B57C O2;5=89, AB0;> 1KBL : M<?8@8G5A:><C A8=B57C (III, AB@. 391). [...] 0 AB>@>=5 4>3<0B87<0 2 >?@545;5=88 :>A<>;>38G5A:8E 8459 @07C<0, 8;8 =0 AB>@>=5 B578A0, >1=0@C68205BAO: >-?5@2KE, >?@545;5==K9 ?@0:B8G5A:89 8=B5@5A, :>B>@K9 1;87:> :0A05BAO 2AO:>3> 1;03><KA;OI53> G5;>25:0, 5A;8 >= 7=05B A2>N 8AB8==CN 2K3>4C. 'B> <8@ 8<55B =0G0;>, GB> <>5 <KA;OI55 / >1;0405B ?@>AB>9 8 ?>B><C =5@07@CH8<>9 ?@8@>4>9, GB> >=> 2 A2>8E ?@>872>;L=KE 459AB28OE A2>1>4=> 8 AB>8B 2KH5 ?@8=C645=8O ?@8@>4K 132 8, =0:>=5F, GB> 25AL ?>@O4>: 25I59, >1@07CNI8E <8@, ?@>8AE>48B >B >4=>9 ?5@2>ACI=>AB8, >B :>B>@>9 2A5 708<AB2C5B A2>5 548=AB2> 8 F5;5A>>1@07=CN A2O7L, MB> :@05C3>;L=K5 :0<=8 <>@0;8 8 @5;8388 (III, AB@. 434 435). [!!", " !&", $!$] [...] "@0=AF5=45=B0;L=0O D8;>A>D8O >1;0405B A@548 2A5E A?5:C;OB82=KE 7=0=89 B>9 >A>15==>ABLN, GB> =8 >48= 2>?@>A, :0A0NI89AO ?@54<5B>2, 40==KE G8AB><C @07C<C, =5 <>65B 1KBL =5@07@5H8<K< 4;O B>3> 65 G5;>25G5A:>3> @07C<0 8 =8:0:>5 >?@0240=85 =587156=K< =57=0=85< 8 =587<5@8<>9 3;C18=>9 7040G8 =5 <>65B >A2>1>48BL >B >1O70==>AB8 40BL >A=>20B5;L=K9 8 ?>;=K9 >B25B =0 =8E, B0: :0: B> 65 A0<>5 ?>=OB85, 1;03>40@O :>B>@><C <K 2 A>AB>O=88 AB028BL 2>?@>A, =5>1E>48<> 4>;6=> B0:65 45;0BL =0A A?>A>1=K<8 >B25B8BL =0 =53>, ?>B><C GB> ?@54<5B [53>] =5 2AB@5G05BAO =8345, :@><5 :0: 2 ?>=OB88 (:0: 8 2 2>?@>A0E > A?@0254;82>AB8 8 =5A?@0254;82>AB8) (III, AB@. 442). [  ( "  !'!% /% '!" #] [...] =B8=><8O G8AB>3> @07C<0 2 53> :>A<>;>38G5A:8E 845OE CAB@0=O5BAO C:070=85< =0 B>, GB> >=0 G8AB> 480;5:B8G5A:0O 0=B8=><8O 8 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 ?@>B82>@5G85, >1CA;>2;5==>5 2848<>ABLN, :>B>@0O 2>7=8:05B 87-70 B>3>, GB> 845N 01A>;NB=>9 F5;>:C?=>AB8, 8<5NICN A8;C B>;L:> :0: CA;>285 25I59 2 A515, <K ?@8<5=O5< : O2;5=8O<, :>B>@K5 ACI5AB2CNB B>;L:> 2 ?@54AB02;5=88; 5A;8 >=8 8 >1@07CNB @O4, B> ;8HL 2 ?>A;54>20B5;L=>< @53@5AA5, 8 1>;55 =8345. > A 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, <K <>65< 872;5GL 87 MB>9 0=B8=><88 ?>4;8==CN, ?@0240 =5 4>3<0B8G5A:CN, => 2A5 65 :@8B8G5A:CN 8 4>:B@8=0;L=CN, ?>;L7C, 0 8<5==> ?>A@54AB2>< 0=B8=><88 <K <>65< :>A25==> 4>:070BL B@0=AF5=45=B0;L=CN 8450;L=>ABL O2;5=89, 5A;8 1K :B>-=81C4L =5 C4>2;5B2>@8;AO ?@O<K< 4>:070B5;LAB2>< 2 B@0=AF5=45=B0;L=>9 MAB5B8:5 (III, AB@. 461). [!"",!",  & #    /  /  *  +"] >A;5 B>3> :0: 1K;0 2 4>AB0B>G=>9 <5@5 4>:070=0 =5459AB28B5;L=>ABL ?@8=F8?0 @07C<=0 :0: :>=AB8BCB82=>3> >A=>2>?>;>65=8O > 25I0E 2 A515, =0< >AB05BAO, 133 A;54>20B5;L=>, ;8HL 459AB28B5;L=>ABL ?@8=F8?0 @07C<0 :0: ?@028;0 4;O ?@>4>;65=8O 8 >1J5<0 2>7<>6=>3> >?KB0. A;8 <K <>65< OA=> CAB0=>28BL MBC 7=0G8<>ABL, B> 8 A?>@ @07C<0 A A0<8< A>1>9 A>2A5< 70:0=G8205BAO, B0: :0: :@8B8G5A:8< @07@5H5=85< CAB@0=O5BAO =5 B>;L:> 2848<>ABL, ?>AA>@82H0O @07C< A A0<8< A>1>9, => 8 @0A:@K205BAO 2<5AB> =55 B>B A<KA; ?@8=F8?0, 2 :>B>@>< @07C< A>3;0AC5BAO A A0<8< A>1>9 8 ;8HL =5?>=8<0=85 :>B>@>3> 1K;> ?>2>4>< : A?>@C; 2>>1I5-B> 480;5:B8G5A:>5 >A=>2>?>;>65=85 ?@52@0I05BAO 2 4>:B@8=0;L=>5 (III, AB@. 467). 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MB>< ?@>872545=88 &5H:>2A:89 2A;54 70 $8EB5 ?@>2>48; @07;8G85 <564C D0:B0<8 ?@>H;>3> (Thatsachen) 8 459AB28O<8 1C4CI53> (Thaihandlungen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leszkowski. Prolegomena zur Historiosophie. 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K94O 87 @5<5A;5==>9 A@54K, >= 1KAB@> 4>AB83 ?>;>65=8O ?@54?@8=8<0B5;O, AB02 A>2;045;LF5< D01@8:8 2 JN-5=0@:5 ((>B;0=48O), => 2A:>@5 ?@8H5; : 2K2>4C > =5>1E>48<>AB8 A>F80;8AB8G5A:>3> ?@5>1@07>20=8O >1I5AB20. -B>B 2K2>4 >?8@0;AO =0 :@8B8:C 8< G0AB=>9 A>1AB25==>AB8 8 8AB>;:>20=85 G5;>25G5A:>9 ?@8@>4K :0: ?@>4C:B0 2>7459AB28O A>F80;L=>9 A@54K, 8 2 G0AB=>AB8 2>A?8B0=8O, =0 5AB5AB25==K5 7040B:8 G5;>25:0 8 53> AB@5<;5=8O. -BC :>=F5?F8N >= ?@>?030=48@>20; 2> <=>65AB25 1@>HN@, 2 AB0BLOE =0 AB@0=8F0E >2>3> <>@0;L=>3> <8@0 (1835 1845 33.) 8 4@C38E 8740205<KE 8< 6C@=0;>2 8 2 ;5:F8OE. # =55 1K;0 A2>O D8;>A>DA:0O >A=>20 2 2845 2@06451=>9 @5;8388 8 F5@:28 25@A88 ?0=B587<0, 2 :>B>@>9 =081>;LH89 8=B5@5A ?@54AB02;O5B 53> 0@3C<5=B0F8O 2 ?>;L7C B578A0 > 7028A8<>AB8 E0@0:B5@>2 8 273;O4>2 ;N459 >B A>F80;L=>3> >:@C65=8O. -B>B B578A, 2>AE>4OI89 G5@57 5=B0<0 : MB8:5 5;L25F8O 8 4@C38< CG5=8O< M?>E8 @>A25I5=8O, ?>72>;8; CM=C A2O70BL <>@0;L=CN :@8B8:C :0?8B0;87<0 A :@8B8:>9 A2>9AB25==KE ?>A;54=5<C M:>=><8G5A:8E >B=>H5=89, GB> 2 MB>< ?C=:B5 ?@81;878;> CM=0 : <KA;O< > 2;8O=88 ?@>872>4AB20 =0 687=L ;N459. = ?>?KB:0;AO A>548=8BL @01>G55 42865=85 A A>F80;87<>< 8 =045O;AO, GB> 2 B5G5=85 45AOB8 ;5B 53> CG5=85 > ?>AB5?5==>< 8 <8@=>< ?@5>1@07>20=88 M:>=><8G5A:>9 687=8 1C45B ?@5B2>@5=> 2 459AB28B5;L=>ABL ?CB5< >@30=870F88 :@C?=>9 ?@>872>4AB25==>9 :>>?5@0F88, <5=>2KE 1070@>2 8 H8@>:8E D8;0=B@>?8G5A:8E <5@>?@8OB89. A5 MB8 53> ?>?KB:8 =5 C25=G0;8AL CA?5E>< =8 2 =3;88, =8 2 <5@8:5, :C40 CM= >B?@02;O;- 525  AO A 0=0;>38G=>9 F5;LN, E>BO 2 >?@545;5==>9 <5@5 >=8 A?>A>1AB2>20;8 ?>?C;O@870F88 A>F80;8AB8G5A:8E 8459. ;O =0AB>OI53> 8740=8O . . 5<0=>2 ?>4>1@0; D@03<5=BK 87 ?5@2>3> :@C?=>3> A>G8=5=8O . CM=0 ?KBK >1 >1@07>20=88 G5;>25G5A:>3> E0@0:B5@0 (1812 1814 33.) 2 ?5@52>45 . =5:HB59=0 ?> :=.: 1) 5403>38G5A:85 8458 >15@B0 CM=0. 71@0==K5 >B@K2:8 87 A>G8=5=89 . CM=0. ., 1940. @><5 B>3>, 8< ?>4>1@0=K >B@K2:8 87 AB0BL8. CM=0 ?8A0=85 @O40 701;C645=89 8 154, 2KB5:0NI8E 87 ?@>H;>3> 8 =0AB>OI53> A>AB>O=8O >1I5AB20 (1817 3.) 8 87 3;02K I G0AB8 VII 53> =838 > =>2>< =@02AB25==>< <8@5 (The new moral world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'B> 405B =0< ?@02> 2K2>48BL 87 A;54AB289 GB> 1K B> =8 1K;> >B=>A8B5;L=> ?@8G8=K, :@><5 B>3>, GB> MB0 ?@8G8=0 4>AB0B>G=0 4;O ?@>872545=8O 40==>3> A;54AB28O? >MB><C <>6=> A ?>;=K< >A=>20=85< CAB0=>28BL :0: 25IL, >G5284=CN A0<C ?> A515 8 2 B> 65 2@5<O 4>?CA:05<CN 2A5<8, GL8 273;O4K A;54C5B ?@8=OBL B5?5@L 2> 2=8<0=85, GB> > 2=5H=5< <8@5 <K =5 7=05< 8 =5 <>65< 7=0BL 01A>;NB=> =8G53>, :@><5 8A?KBK205<KE =0<8 >B =53> >ICI5=89. 8. ?@545;82 B5;> :0: 2=5H=NN 8 ?@8B>< (A>3;0A=> =081>;55 >A=>20B5;L=><C <=5=8N) =58725AB=CN ?@8G8=C, : :>B>@>9 <K >B=>A8< A2>8 >ICI5=8O, <K 4>;6=K ?>AB@>8BL B5?5@L >?@545;5=85 4CE0; 8 ?>A;5 ?@54K4CI8E 70<5G0=89 MB> 1C45B =5B@C4=> A45;0BL. 59AB28B5;L=>, :0: =0H5 ?>=OB85 > B5;5 5ABL ?>=OB85 > =58725AB=>9 ?@8G8=5, ?@>872>4OI59 >ICI5=8O, B0: =0H5 ?>=OB85 4CE0 5ABL ?>=OB85 > B>< =58725AB=><, :>B>@>5 ?>;CG05B 8;8 2>A?@8=8<05B MB8 >ICI5=8O, 8 ?@8B>< =5 B>;L:> 8E >4=8, => 8 2A5 >AB0;L=K5 A>AB>O=8O A>7=0=8O. 0: B5;> =04> ?>=8<0BL 2 :0G5AB25 B08=AB25==>3> =5GB>, 2>71C640NI53> 2 4CE5 A>AB>O=8O A>7=0=8O, B0: 4CE 5ABL B> B08=AB25==>5 =5GB>, :>B>@>5 A>7=05B 8 <KA;8B. > ?>2>4C 4CE0 =5B =8:0:>9 =5>1E>48<>AB8 3>2>@8BL (:0: <K MB> 45;0;8 >B=>A8B5;L=> <0B5@88) > A:5?B8G5A:>< >B=>H5=88 : =5<C, AB02OI5< ?>4 2>?@>A ACI5AB2>20=85 53> :0: 25I8 2 A515 2 >B;8G85 >B @O40 B>3>, GB> <K =07K205< 53> A>AB>O=8O<8. 4=0:> =5>1E>48<> 70<5B8BL, GB> >B=>A8B5;L=> 2=CB@5==59 ?@8@>4K <KA;OI53> =0G0;0 (:0: 1K 55 =8 ?>=8<0;8) <K >AB05<AO (8 ?@8 B5?5@5H=8E =0H8E ?>7=020B5;L=KE A?>A>1=>ABOE 2A5340 >AB0=5<AO) 2 B0:>< 65 A>25@H5==>< =52545=88, :0: 8 >B=>A8B5;L=> 2=CB@5==59 ?@8@>4K <0B5@88. 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[...] !>3;0A=> MB>9 B5@<8=>;>388, 2AO:>5 =04;560I8< >1@07>< >1>A=>20==>5 8=4C:B82=>5 >1>1I5=85 5ABL 8;8 70:>= ?@8@>4K, 8;8 @57C;LB0B 70:>=>2 ?@8@>4K, :>B>@K9 <>65B 1KBL ?@54A:070= =0 >A=>20=88 MB8E 70:>=>2, ?>A:>;L:C >=8 8725AB=K.  70- 603 40GC 8=4C:B82=>9 ;>38:8 <>6=> :@0B:> D>@<C;8@>20BL 2 42CE 2>?@>A0E: :0: =04> CAB0=02;820BL 8;8 >B:@K20BL 70:>=K ?@8@>4K 8 :0:, CAB0=>282 8E, ?@>A;56820BL 8E 2 8E @57C;LB0B0E? (1, AB@. 284 287).  VIII. '"+  " +" !!/ 1. @>AB59H8E 8 =081>;55 >G5284=KE A?>A>1>2 2K45;OBL 87 G8A;0 ?@54H5AB2CNI8E O2;5=8N 8;8 A;54CNI8E 70 =8< >1AB>OB5;LAB2 B5, A :>B>@K<8 MB> O2;5=85 459AB28B5;L=> A2O70=> ?@8 ?><>I8 =587<5==>3> 70:>=0,  B0:8E A?>A>1>2 420. 48= A>AB>8B 2 A>?>AB02;5=88 B5E >B;8G=KE >48= >B 4@C3>3> A;CG052, 2 :>B>@KE 40==>5 O2;5=85 8<55B <5AB>; 4@C3>9  2 A@02=5=88 B0:8E A;CG052, 345 MB> O2;5=85 ?@8ACBAB2C5B, A> AE>4=K<8 2 4@C38E >B=>H5=8OE A;CG0O<8, 345 MB>3> O2;5=8O B5< =5 <5=55 =5B. 5@2K9 87 MB8E A?>A>1>2 <>6=> =0720BL <5B>4>< AE>4AB20 (the Method of Agreement), 2B>@>9  <5B>4>< @07=8FK 8;8 <5B>4>< @07;8G8O (the Method of Difference) (1, AB@. 351 352).     A;8 420 8;8 1>;55 A;CG052 ?>4;560I53> 8AA;54>20=8N O2;5=8O 8<5NB >1I8< ;8HL >4=> >1AB>OB5;LAB2>, B> 0B> >1AB>OB5;LAB2>  2 :>B>@>< B>;L:> 8 A>3;0ACNBAO 2A5 MB8 A;CG08,  5ABL ?@8G8=0 (8;8 A;54AB285) 40==>3> O2;5=8O. [...}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the Indirect Method of Difference, or the joint Method of Agreement and Difference). = A>AB>8B 2 42>9=>< ?@8;>65=88 <5B>40 AE>4AB20, ?@8G5< >10 4>:070B5;LAB20 =57028A8<K >4=> >B 4@C3>3> 8 4@C3 4@C30 ?>4:@5?;ONB. [...] @028;> 4;O =53> <>6=> 2K@078BL A;54CNI8< >1@07><: " ",   : A;8 420 8;8 1>;55 A;CG052 2>7=8:=>25=8O O2;5=8O 8<5NB >1I8< ;8HL >4=> >1AB>OB5;LAB2>, 8 420 8;8 1>;55 A;CG052 =52>7=8:=>25=8O B>3> 65 O2;5=8O 8<5NB >1I8< B>;L:> >BACBAB285 B>3> 65 A0<>3> >1AB>OB5;LAB20, B> MB> >1AB>OB5;LAB2>, 2 :>B>@>< B>;L:> 8 @07=OBAO >10 @O40 A;CG052, 5ABL 8;8 A;54AB285, 8;8 ?@8G8=0, 8;8 =5>1E>48<0O G0ABL ?@8G8=K 87CG05<>3> O2;5=8O. [...] 5B>4 >AB0B:>2. [...] @028;> MB>3> <5B>40 B0:>2>: 604 '" "   A;8 87 O2;5=8O 2KG5ABL BC 53> G0ABL, :>B>@0O, :0: 8725AB=> 87 ?@56=8E 8=4C:F89, 5ABL A;54AB285 =5:>B>@KE >?@545;5==KE ?@54K4CI8E, B> >AB0B>: 40==>3> O2;5=8O 4>;65= 1KBL A;54AB285< >AB0;L=KE ?@54K4CI8E (1, AB@. 359 361). [...] 5B>4 A>?CBAB2CNI8E 87<5=5=89 (the Method of Concomitant Variations). 3> @C:>2>4OI55 ?@028;> B0:>2>: /"   AO:>5 O2;5=85, 87<5=ONI55AO >?@545;5==K< >1@07>< 2AO:89 @07, :>340 =5:>B>@K< >A>15==K< >1@07>< 87<5=O5BAO 4@C3>5 O2;5=85, 5ABL ;81> ?@8G8=0, ;81> A;54AB285 MB>3> O2;5=8O, ;81> A>548=5=> A =8< :0:>9-;81> ?@8G8==>9 A2O7LN (1, AB@. 364 365). #""   II. '" " #"" ? [...] #G5=85, ?@87=0NI55 >A=>20=85< =@02AB25==>AB8 ?>;57=>ABL 8;8 ?@8=F8? =081>;LH53> AG0ABLO, >F5=8205B ?>ABC?:8 ?> >B=>H5=8N 8E : =0H5<C AG0ABLN: B5 ?>ABC?:8, :>B>@K5 254CB : AG0ABLN,  E>@>H8, 0 B5, :>B>@K5 254CB : =5AG0ABLN,  4C@=K. >4 A;>2>< AG0ABL5 >=> @07C<55B C4>2>;LAB285 8 >BACBAB285 AB@040=8O, ?>4 A;>2>< =5AG0ABL5  AB@040=85 8 ;8H5=85 C4>2>;LAB28O. [...] -B> 2>77@5=85 =0 687=L 2>71C6405B ?@>B82 A51O 3;C1>:>5 >B2@0I5=85 2> <=>38E ;N4OE, 8 4065 2 B0:8E, :>B>@K5 2?>;=5 70A;C6820NB C2065=8O 8 ?> A2>8< GC2AB20<, 8 ?> A2>8< AB@5<;5=8O<. #B25@640BL, GB> 687=L =5 8<55B 1>;55 2KA>:>9 F5;8, G5< C4>2>;LAB285, GB> >=0 =5 ?@54AB02;O5B .4@C3>3> 1>;55 ?@5:@0A=>3> 8 1>;55 1;03>@>4=>3> ?@54<5B0 4;O 65;0=89 8 AB@5<;5=89,  CB25@640BL MB>, 3>2>@OB >=8, 8 =87:>, 8 ?>4;>. "0:0O 4>:B@8=0, ?> 8E <=5=8N, 4>AB>9=0 @0725 >4=8E B>;L:> A28=59, A :>B>@K<8 2 4@52=55 2@5<O >1K:=>25==> 8 A@02=820;8 ?>A;54>20B5;59 -?8:C@0. 065 8 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O AB>@>==8:8 CB8-;8B0@80=A:>9 4>:B@8=K =5@54:> 45;0NBAO ?@54<5B>< ?>4>1=KE 65 256;82KE A@02=5=89 A> AB>@>=K 8E 35@<0=A:8E, D@0=FC7A:8E 8 0=3;89A:8E ?@>B82=8:>2. 0 B0:>5 A@02=5=85 M?8:C@59FK >1K:=>25==> >B25G0;8, GB> =5 >=8, 0 8E ?@>B82=8:8 C=860NB G5;>25G5A:CN ?@8@>4C, ?>B><C GB> >=8 ?@54?>;030NB G5;>25:0 =5A?>A>1=K< 8<5BL :0:85-;81> C4>2>;LAB28O, :@><5 B5E, :0:85 A2>9AB25==K A28=LO< [...]. / =5 CB25@640N, :>=5G=>, GB> M?8:C@59A:>5 CG5=85 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 157C:>@87=5==>5 @0728B85 CB8;8B0@80=A:>3> ?@8=F8?0,  O ?@87=0N, GB> A:>;L:>-=81C4L C4>2;5B2>@8B5;L=>5 2K?>;=5=85 B0:>9 7040G8 @02=> =52>7<>6=> :0: 157 AB>8G5A:>3>, B0: 8 157 E@8AB80=A:>3> M;5<5=B0,  => =5;L7O >B@8F0BL, GB> M?8:C@59A:>5 2>77@5=85 =0 687=L 2A5340 AB028;> C4>2>;LAB28O C<AB25==K5 8 =@02AB25==K5, C4>2>;LAB28O -2>>1@065=8O 8 AB@0AB8 2KH5 GC2AB25==KE =0A;0645=89. @0240, CB8;8B0@80=A:85 ?8A0B5;8 >A=>2K20;8 ?@52>AE>4AB2> C<AB25==KE =0A;0645=89 ?5@54 GC2AB25==K<8 3;02=K< >1@07>< =0 B><, GB> ?5@2K5 ?@>G- 605 =55, =0456=55, 45H52;5 8 ?@., G5< ?>A;54=85, B. 5. =5 =0 2=CB@5==5< 8E 4>AB>8=AB25, 0 =0 ?@58<CI5AB20E A>25@H5==> 2=5H=8E [...]. A;8 1K <5=O A?@>A8;8, GB> O @07C<5N ?>4 @07;8G85< C4>2>;LAB289 ?> :0G5AB2C 8;8, 8=0G5, GB> :@><5 :>;8G5AB20 <>65B A45;0BL >4=> C4>2>;LAB285 1>;55 F5==K<, G5< 4@C3>5 [...], B> =0 MB> 2>7<>65= B>;L:> >48= >B25B: 5A;8 2A5 8;8 ?>GB8 2A5 8A?KB02H85 420 :0:8E-;81> C4>2>;LAB28O >B40NB @5H8B5;L=>5 ?@54?>GB5=85 >4=><C 87 =8E 8 : MB><C ?@54?>GB5=8N =5 ?@8<5H8205BAO GC2AB20 :0:>9-;81> =@02AB25==>9 >1O70==>AB8, B> MB> C4>2>;LAB285 8 1C45B 1>;55 F5==K<, G5< 4@C3>5 [...]. 5AA?>@=>, GB> G5;>25:, @02=> 8A?KB02H89 420 C4>2>;LAB28O 8 @02=> A?>A>1=K9 F5=8BL 8 ?>;L7>20BLAO >1>8<8, >B40AB 2A5340 ?@54?>GB5=85 B><C 87 =8E, :>B>@>5 C4>2;5B2>@O5B 2KAH8< 53> ?>B@51=>ABO<. 0;> =0945BAO B0:8E ;N459, :>B>@K5 1K A>3;0A8;8AL ?@><5=OBL A2>N G5;>25G5A:CN 687=L =0 687=L :0:>3>-=81C4L 682>B=>3> @048 ?>;=>9 G0H8 682>B=KE =0A;0645=89. #<=K9 G5;>25: =5 A>3;0A8BAO ?@52@0B8BLAO 2 4C@0:0, >1@07>20==K9  2 =52564C, GC2AB28B5;L=K9 8 G5AB=K9  2 A51O;N182>3> 8 ?>4;>3>, E>BO 1K >=8 8 1K;8 C15645=K, GB> 4C@0:, =525640 8 ?;CB 3>@074> 1>;55 4>2>;L=K A2>59 AC4L1>9 (2, AB@. 14,17 21). B0:, CB8;8B0@80=A:0O 4>:B@8=0, :0: <K 55 >1JOA=8;8, ?@87=05B, GB> 2A5, G53> <K =8 65;05< (1C45< ;8 <K ?@8 MB>< 8<5BL 2 284C =0H5 ;8G=>5 AG0ABL5 8;8 AG0ABL5 4@C38E), 4;O =0A 65;0B5;L=> ?>B><C, GB> 8;8 A0<> 70:;NG05B 2 A515 :>=5G=CN F5;L, 8;8 A;C68B A@54AB2>< 4;O 4>AB865=8O :>=5G=>9 F5;8, 0 MB0 F5;L 5ABL ACI5AB2>20=85, =082>7<>6=> A2>1>4=>5 >B AB@040=89 8 =082>7<>6=> 1>30B>5 =0A;0645=8O<8 :0: :>;8G5AB25==>, B0: 8 :0G5AB25==>, 8 GB> <=5=85 ;N459, :>B>@K5 ?>AB02;5=K 2 1;03>?@8OB=K5 CA;>28O 4;O >?KB0, A?>A>1=K : A0<>=01;N45=8N 8 A0<>A>7=0=8N  >4=8< A;>2><, 8<5NB 1>;55 2A53> A@54AB2 4;O AC645=8O, 8<55B A8;C >:>=G0B5;L=>3> @5H5=8O 2 2>?@>A5 > :0G5AB25==>< ?@52>AE>4AB25 >4=>3> =0A;0645=8O ?5@54 4@C38< 8 > 7=0G5=88, :>B>@>5 8<55B ?@8 MB>< :>;8G5AB2> =0A;0645=8O. ?@545;OO B0:8< >1@07>< F5;L G5;>25G5A:8E 459AB289, CB8;8B0@80=87< CB25@6405B, GB> MB0 F5;L 8 5ABL >A=>2=>9 ?@8=F8? =@02AB25==>AB8 8 GB>, A;54>20B5;L=>, =@02AB25==>ABL <>65B 1KBL >?@545;5=0 A;54CNI8< >1@07><: B0:85 ?@028;0 4;O @C:>2>4AB20 G5;>25G5A:8<8 ?>ABC?:0<8, G5@57 A>1;N45=85 :>B>@KE 2A5<C G5;>25G5AB2C 4>AB02;O5BAO ACI5AB2>20=85, =081>;55 A2>1>4=>5 >B AB@040=89 8 =081>;55 1>30B>5 =0A;0645=8O<8, ?@8B>< =5 B>;L:> G5;>25G5AB2C, =>, =0A:>;L:> MB> 4>?CA:05B ?@8@>40 25I59, 8 2AO:>9 B20@8, :>B>@0O B>;L:> >1;0405B GC2AB2>< (2, AB@. 28 29). !!  5@15@B !?5=A5@ (Spencer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t D8;>A>DAB2>20=8O 1K;0 ?>?KB:0 ?@8<8@8BL =0C:C A @5;83859, 401K 2K2>40<8 ?5@2>9 >?@0240BL ?>A;54=NN, 4;O G53> >= ?>425@3 =0C:C ?>78B828ABA:><C ?5@5B>;:>20=8N. !?5=A5@ CB25@6405B, GB> A8;0, ?@>O2;ONI0OAO 4;O =0A 2> A5;5==>9, 2 ?@8=F8?5 =5?>7=0205<0. 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sychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt, 1874),  ?@>8AE>645=88 =@02AB25==>3> ?>7=0=8O (Vom Ursprung der sittlichen Erkenntnis, 1889) 8 @01>BK > D8;>A>D88 @8AB>B5;O. =>385 ?@>872545=8O @5=B0=> 1K;8 8740=K ?>A<5@B=>. 865 ?C1;8:CNBAO 872;5G5=8O 87 @01>B @5=B0=> 2 ?5@52>45 . $. >45;J-F520 ?> 8740=8O<: 1) F. Brentano. Versuch ber die Erkenntnis. Leipzig, 1925; 2) F.Brentano. Wahrheit und Evidenz. 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nten  Eller) 2 ?5@52>45 A 40BA:>3> O7K:0 . . 0=75=0 40=K ?> :=.: 1) !.  up : 5 3 > @. 0A;0645=85 8 709 4>;3. !1., 1894. ;O 40==>3> 8740=8O >=8 70=>2> >B@540:B8@>20=K 8 A25@5=K ?> 8740=8N: S. Kierkegaard. Samlede Vaeerker. 2 udg. Bd. I  II. Kebenhavn, 1920. 0;55 A;54CNB 2?5@2K5 40205<K5 =0 @CAA:>< O7K:5 2 ?5@52>45 A 40BA:>3> . . 0=75=->652-=8:>2>9 >B@K2>: 87 ?@>872545=8O !B@0E 8 B@5?5B (Frygt og Hieven) 8 2 ?5@52>45 -. . 5@5A;558=>9 >B@K2>: 87 @01>BK >=OB85 AB@0E0 (Begrebet Angest). 20 ?>A;54=8E ?5@52>40 40=K ?> 8740=8N: 2) S Kierkegaard. Vssrker i udvalg. Bd. II. Kobenhavn, 1950. $@03<5=BK 87 >;57=8 : A<5@B8 (Sygdommen til Doden) 40=K 2 ?5@52>45 A =5<5F:>3> O7K:0 . !. 0@A:>3> ?> 8740=8N: 3) S. Kierkegaard. Auswahl von H. Diem. Frankfurt am Main  Hamburg, 1956. !25@:0 ?@>872545=0 A 40BA:8< >@838=0;><: S. Kierkegaard. V&rker i udvalg. Bd. II. Kobenhavn, 1950.    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