ÐÏࡱá>þÿ $¸ºþÿÿÿ–—˜™š›œžŸ ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬­®¯°±²³´µ¶·þtÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿì¥Áq`ø¿äøbjbjqPqPóª ::]„Õ4$ÿÿÿÿÿÿ¤Ò Ò Ò 6 Ô, , , @ ä2ä2ä283”°4ô@ í[¶°7°7°7°7Æ7›9›9›9dZfZfZfZfZfZfZ$£\h _>ŠZ, dBy9"›9dBdBŠZÜ Ü °7Æ7³§[ØYØYØYdBÊÜ 8°7, Æ7dZØYdBdZØYØY , ØYÆ7¤7 PµmKÞÁÇä2.X¸ØYøYl½[0í[ØYI_æX|I_ØYI_, ØY ›9(Ã;ŠØYM=<‰>Û›9›9›9ŠZŠZbYv›9›9›9í[dBdBdBdB@ @ @ ¤&ä2@ @ @ ä2@ @ @ Ü Ü Ü Ü Ü Ü ÿÿÿÿ . . !2O4>I  +  % ' 740=85 2B>@>5, ?5@5@01>B0==>5 8 4>?>;=5==>5  ",!" «&» · !·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«=52@>7» 1K;> 22545=> 2 <548F8=C 2 1776 3. Cullen. => ?@8H;> =0 A<5=C =082=K< ?@54AB02;5=8O< 3C<>@0;L=>9 ?0B>;>388 > vapores (?0@0E) :0: ?@8G8=5 1>;57=8 8 ?>72>;8;> A2O70BL @O4 ?0B>;>38G5A:8E A>AB>O=89 A 2K7202H8< 8E =0@CH5=85< =5@2=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. "0:8< >1@07><, 4;O A2>53> 2@5<5=8 MB> ?>=OB85 1K;> ?@>3@5AA82=K<.  =0AB>OI55 2@5<O 2 ?>=OB85 «=52@>7» @07=K<8 02B>@0<8 2:;04K205BAO @07;8G=>5 A>45@60=85. !> 2@5<5=8 @0AF25B0 F5;;N;O@=>9 ?0B>;>388 @O4 02B>@>2 2 >A=>2C >?@545;5=8O 40==>3> ?>=OB8O 15@5B <>@D>;>38G5A:89 :@8B5@89. 52@>70<8 >1>7=0G0;8AL «701>;520=8O =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K A =58725AB=>9 ?0B>;>3>0=0B><8G5A:>9 >A=>2>9», B. 5. «157 >@30=8G5A:8E ?>@065=89, >B:@K205<KE A>2@5<5==K<8 <5B>40<8».  <=>385 02B>@K, :0:, =0?@8<5@, Wilson, 02B>@ B@5EB><=>3> 0=3;89A:>3> @C:>2>4AB20 ?> =52@>?0B>;>388, ?@845@6820NBAO MB>3> 273;O40 8 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O. "0:>5 >?@545;5=85 =52@>7>2, >A=>20==>5 ;8HL =0 =530B82=>< ?@87=0:5, 7028AOI5< : B><C 65 >B C@>2=O @0728B8O B5E=8:8 8AA;54>20=8O, O2;O5BAO =54>AB0B>G=K<; ?> <5B:><C >?@545;5=8N Axenfeld 8 Huchard, MB>  «=57=0=85, 2>72545==>5 2 AB5?5=L =>7>;>38G5A:>9 D>@<K». 5 C4828B5;L=>, GB> 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 =5 1K;8 2KOA=5=K ?@8G8=K AB>;1=O:0, 1>;57=8 0754>20 8 @O40 4@C38E 701>;520=89, 8E >B=>A8;8 2 3@C??C =52@>7>2. 5:>B>@K5 02B>@K, =0?@8<5@ . . K:>2, ?>;L7>20;8AL B5@<8=>< «=52@>7» :0: H8@>:8< >1I5?0B>;>38G5A:8< ?>=OB85<. «52@>7K, ?> A;>20< . . K:>20,  MB> =0G0;> 2AO:>3> 701>;520=8O, :0:>20 1K =8 1K;0 53> ?@8G8=0». >4 =52@>7>< >= ?>=8<0; ;N1>5 DC=:F8>=0;L=>5 =0@CH5=85 =57028A8<> >B 53> ?@8G8=K.  B0:>< ?>=8<0=88 MB>B B5@<8= O2;O5BAO A8=>=8<>< DC=:F8>=0;L=>3> 8 =5?@8<5=8< 4;O >1>7=0G5=8O =>7>;>38G5A:>9 3@C??K. O4 02B>@>2, 8AE>4O 87 273;O4>2 . . 02;>20, ?>4 B5@<8=>< «=52@>7» ?>=8<05B B5 A>AB>O=8O ?0B>;>38G5A:8 87<5=5==>9 2KAH59 =5@2=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, :>B>@K5 ?@>87>H;8 2A;54AB285 ?5@5=0?@O65=8O 8;8 A0<8E =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2, 8;8 8E ?>4286=>AB8. 5@5=0?@O65=85 =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2 <>65B 1KBL 2K720=> @07;8G=K<8 ?@8G8=0<8, 2 B>< G8A;5, :0: >B<5G0;0 . . 5B@>20, 459AB285< E8<8G5A:8E 25I5AB2 (E;>@8AB>3> :0;LF8O). >MB><C B5@<8= «=52@>7»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«=52@>7» ;8HL 4;O >1>7=0G5=8O 701>;520=89, 2K720==KE 459AB285< ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<K, 8 >B=>A8BL 8E, B0:8< >1@07><, : ?A8E>35==K< 701>;520=8O<, 8;8 ?A8E>35=8O<. >A;54=85 45;OBAO =0 425 ?>43@C??K: =52@>7K 8 ?A8E>35==K5 8;8 @50:B82=K5 ?A8E>7K. @0=8F0 <564C MB8<8 42C<O ?>43@C??0<8 O2;O5BAO CA;>2=>9. > B@048F88 : =52@>70< >B=>AOB 8AB5@8N, E>BO >=0 <>65B 2K@060BLAO 2 2845 =5 B>;L:> ?0@0;8G59 8;8 @0AAB@>9AB2 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8, => 8 AC<5@5G=KE A>AB>O=89, >B=>A8<KE : ?A8E>70<. @54;>65=85 >1>7=0G0BL B5@<8=>< «=52@>7K» ;8HL 701>;520=8O ?A8E>35==>9 MB8>;>388 F5;5A>>1@07=>, 8 <K 1C45< 53> ?@845@6820BLAO, 8AE>4O 87 B>3>, GB> ?>B@51=>ABO< ?@0:B8:8, 2 G0AB=>AB8 ;5G5=8N 8 ?@54C?@5645=8N 1>;57=59, =081>;55 >B25G05B :;0AA8D8:0F8O 701>;520=89, >A=>20==0O =0 MB8>;>38G5A:>< ?@8=F8?5. C45B ;8 =52@0AB5=8G5A:89 A8<?B><>:><?;5:A O2;OBLAO A;54AB285< 2>7459AB28O B@02<8@CNI59 ?A8E8:C A8BC0F88, A8D8;8B8G5A:>9 8=D5:F88 8;8 >?CE>;8 3>;>2=>3> <>730, ;5G51=K5 <5@>?@8OB8O ?@8 =5< 1C4CB A>25@H5==> @07;8G=K<8. 07;8G=K 1C4CB 8 ?CB8 ?@>D8;0:B8:8. AB5AB25==>, GB> 2> 2A5E MB8E A;CG0OE >= 4>;65= 1KBL >B=5A5= : @07=K< 701>;520=8O<.  >A=>25 MB8>;>38G5A:>9 :;0AA8D8:0F88 ;568B 254CI0O ?@8G8=0. 0 >A=>20=88 MB8>;>38G5A:>3> ?@8=F8?0 402=> 2K45;5=K B0:85 3@C??K, :0: B@02<0B8G5A:85 8 8=D5:F8>==K5 701>;520=8O 3>;>2=>3> <>730. A=>2K20OAL =0 MB>< 65 ?@8=F8?5, :0: C:07K20;>AL =0<8 (1959), <>6=> 2K45;8BL 2 >A>1CN =>7>;>38G5A:CN 3@C??C 701>;520=8O, 2K720==K5 A83=0;L=K<, B. 5. 8=D>@<0F8>==K< 7=0G5=85< @074@068B5;O. >AB5?5==> <K ?@8H;8 : C15645=8N, GB> MB> 8 5ABL ?A8E>35=88, 8;8 ?A8E>35==K5 701>;520=8O. 0AA<0B@820O :0: G0ABL ?A8E>35=89 =52@>7K G5;>25:0, <K 1C45< >B=>A8BL : ?>A;54=8< DC=:F8>=0;L=K5 =0@CH5=8O =5@2=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, 2K720==K5 ?A8E8G5A:8<8 B@02<0<8, 8=0G5 3>2>@O, @074@068B5;O<8, 459AB285 :>B>@KE >?@545;O5BAO =5 8E D878G5A:8<8 ?0@0<5B@0<8, 0 8=D>@<0F8>==K< 7=0G5=85<.  B0:>< ?>=8<0=88 =52@>7  1>;57=L, >1CA;>2;5==0O 459AB285< 8=D>@<0F88. # G5;>25:0 @074@068B5;8, 2K7K20NI85 701>;520=85 2A;54AB285 A2>53> 8=D>@<0F8>==>3> 7=0G5=8O, MB> 2 >A=>2=>< CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K5 @074@068B5;8, ?>MB><C ?A8E>35=88, 2 B>< G8A;5 8 =52@>7K, <>3CB 1KBL >B=5A5=K : 701>;520=8O<, 2>7=8:H8< 2 @57C;LB0B5 459AB28O CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=KE @074@068B5;59. K45;5=85 2 >A>1CN 3@C??C 701>;520=89, 2K720==KE 8=D>@<0F8>==K< 459AB285< @074@068B5;59, ?>72>;8B A45;0BL :;0AA8D8:0F8N 1>;57=59, ?>AB@>5==CN =0 MB8>;>38G5A:>< ?@8=F8?5, 1>;55 F5;>AB=>9 8 2 B> 65 2@5<O >B@060NI59 >A=>2=CN ?@8G8=C MB8E 1>;57=59. &5;LN 40==>9 @01>BK O2;O5BAO >?8A0=85 MB8>;>388, ?0B>35=570, A8<?B><0B>;>388 8 B5@0?88 =52@>7>2 :0: 3@C??K 701>;520=89, >1CA;>2;5==KE 8=D>@<0F8>==K< 459AB285< @074@068B5;59. BAN40 2KB5:05B ?@8=F8?80;L=0O 2>7<>6=>ABL :815@=5B8G5A:>3> ?>4E>40 : ?@>1;5<5 =52@>7>2 2 1C4CI5<. ;020 ?5@20O -"/   @8G8=>9 =52@>7>2 O2;O5BAO 459AB285 ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI8E @074@068B5;59 (?A8E8G5A:8E B@02<). => >?@545;O5BAO B>9 8=D>@<0F859, :>B>@CN MB8 @074@068B5;8 =5ACB. '0I5 2A53> =52@>7K 2K7K20NBAO 8=D>@<0F859 > ;N1>2=KE 8;8 A5<59=KE =5273>40E, ?>B5@5 1;87:8E, :@0E5 =04564, A;C651=KE =5?@8OB=>ABOE, =0:070=88 70 A>25@H5==>5 45O=85, C3@>75 687=8, 74>@>2LN 8;8 1;03>?>;CG8N. A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<>9 <>65B 1KBL :0: 157@5G52>5, B0: 8 @5G52>5 2>7459AB285, =0?@8<5@, 284 3>@OI53> 8<CI5AB20 8;8 ?8AL<5==>5 A>>1I5=85 > 53> 3815;8. 59AB285 A;>20 :0: =>A8B5;O ?0B>35==>9 8=D>@<0F88 O2;O5BAO >4=>9 87 A0<KE G0ABKE ?@8G8= =52@>7>2. =D>@<0F8N <>65B =5AB8 =5 B>;L:> D878G5A:89 A83=0;, => 8 53> >BACBAB285, =0?@8<5@, ?@5:@0I5=85 A2O78 :>A<>=02B0 A 5<;59. 0B>35==K<8 <>3CB >:070BLAO >4=>:@0B=> 459AB2CNI85 A25@EA8;L=K5 8, >A>15==>, <=>3>:@0B=> 459AB2CNI85 1>;55 A;01K5 @074@068B5;8.  ?5@2>< A;CG05 3>2>@OB >1 >AB@KE, 2> 2B>@><  > E@>=8G5A:8E ?A8E8G5A:8E B@02<0E 8;8 ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI59 A8BC0F88. 59AB285 A;01KE ?>2B>@=KE @074@068B5;59 <>65B AC<<8@>20BLAO. >7<>6=>ABL 2>7=8:=>25=8O 701>;520=8O ?>4 2;8O=85< A83=0;L=>3> (8=D>@<0F8>==>3>) 7=0G5=8O @074@068B5;O 1K;0, :0: =0< :065BAO, 4>:070=0 M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=> . . 02;>2K< =0 682>B=KE. >;CG5==K5 ?@8 MB>< C 682>B=KE M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=K5 =52@>7K, E>BO >=8 40;5:> =5 B>645AB25==K =52@>70< C G5;>25:0, <>3CB 40BL <=>3> F5==>3> 4;O ?>=8<0=8O ?>A;54=8E. -:A?5@8<5=B0;L=K5 =52@>7K C 682>B=KE C4020;>AL 2K720BL 459AB285< B0:8E @074@068B5;59, :0: A;01K9 72C: 72>=:0, ABC: <5B@>=><0, ?@8:>A=>25=85 :0A0;:>9 8;8 284 M;;8?A0, ?> D>@<5 ?@81;8602H53>AO : :@C3C. A5 MB8 A0<8 ?> A515 =528==K5 @074@068B5;8 AB0=>28;8AL 4;O 40==>3> 682>B=>3> ?0B>35==K<8 ;8HL 2 B>< A;CG05, 5A;8 >=8 25;8 : ?5@5=0?@O65=8N ?@>F5AA0 2>71C645=8O, B>@<>65=8O 8;8 8E ?>4286=>AB8. > Gellhorn 8 Loofbourrow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log2Pi - log2P0 = log2 Pi/P0 345 P0  25@>OB=>ABL 4>AB865=8O F5;8 4> ?>;CG5=8O 8=D>@<0F88; i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i log Pi 345 J  8=D>@<0F8O; Pi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«=0?5@5@57»  =5 =0 =0A5:><>5 (B. 5. =0 @074@068B5;L), 0 2 =5:>B>@CN B>G:C ?@>AB@0=AB20, 345 2 A>>B25BAB288 A ?@>H;K< >?KB>< ;0AB>G:8 >=0 25@>OB=55 2A53> >:065BAO >4=>2@5<5==> A =0A5:><K<. AO:>5 =5>6840==>5 87<5=5=85 A8BC0F88 8 2545B : B><C, GB> =0ABC?05B @0AA>3;0A>20=85 <564C 8<5NI59 <5AB> 2 40==K9 <><5=B A8BC0F89, >B@065==>9 >@30=0<8 GC2AB2, 8 B>9 A8BC0F859, :>B>@CN >6840;, ?@>3=>78@>20; (?@542845;) >@30=87< '5< 1>;LH5 @0AA>3;0A>20=85 (=5A>>B25BAB285) <564C D0:B8G5A:8 2>7=8:H8< A83=0;>< 8 B5<, GB> ?@>3=>78@>20;>AL, B5< 1>;LH55 :>;8G5AB2> 8=D>@<0F88 =5A5B MB>B A83=0;, B5< 1>;55 ?0B>35==K< >= <>65B >:070BLAO -;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0D8G5A:85 8AA;54>20=8O 3>2>@OB > B><, GB> 2 >ACI5AB2;5=88 ?@>F5AA>2 25@>OB=>AB=>3> ?@>3=>78@>20=8O CG0AB2CNB @5B8:C;O@=0O D>@<0F8O, ;8<18G5A:0O A8AB5<0, 2 G0AB=>AB8 <8=40;8=0, 38??>:0<?, ?>OA=0O 8728;8=0 (. . $5935=15@3). 01>BK . . =>E8=0 >1 0:F5?B>@5 459AB28O, . . !>:>;>20 > =5@2=>9 <>45;8 AB8<C;0 8 . @81@0<0 > 548=8F5 "" A>45@60B 8=B5@5A=K5 ?>?KB:8 0=0;870 D878>;>38G5A:8E <5E0=87<>2 ?>2545=G5A:8E 0:B>2 A CG5B>< ?@>F5AA>2 ?@>3=>78@>20=8O. A5 MB8 40==K5 ?@54AB02;ONB 8=B5@5A 4;O ?>=8<0=8O <5E0=87<0 ?0B>35==>3> 459AB28O «=5>6840==KE» H>:>2KE ?A8E8G5A:8E B@02<. -<>F88 <>3CB 2>7=8:0BL ?>4 2;8O=85< :0: 157CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=KE, D878>35==KE, B0: 8 CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=KE, ?A8E>35==KE @074@068B5;59. 0?@8<5@, GC2AB2> AB@0E0 <>65B 2K7K20BLAO 38?>:A5<859 <>730, B. 5. D878>35==>, 8 <>65B 1KBL 2K720=> CAB=K< 8;8 ?8AL<5==K< A>>1I5=85< A>>B25BAB2CNI53> A>45@60=8O (?A8E>35==>), B. 5. ?>4 459AB285< 8=D>@<0F88 (. . !2O4>I) > . . $5935=15@3C, ?@>F5AAK 25@>OB=>AB=>3> ?@>3=>78@>20=8O 8 A;8G5=8O, ?@>B5:0NI85 2 <>73C, 83@0NB ACI5AB25==CN @>;L 2 2>7=8:=>25=88 M<>F89, 2K720==KE 459AB285< 8=D>@<0F88. "0:, @50:F8O 8A?C30 2>7=8:05B ?@8 @0AA>3;0A>20=88 <564C D0:B8G5A:>9 A8BC0F859 8 ?@>3=>78@C5<>9; @50:F8O AB@0E0  2 @57C;LB0B5 A;8G5=8O ?@>3=>78@C5<>9 A8BC0F88 A B>9 A8BC0F859, :>B>@0O A>>B25BAB2C5B ?>B@51=>ABO< >@30=87<0; @07>G0@>20=85  ?@8 @0AA>3;0A>20=88 <564C >68405<K< (?@>3=>78@C5<K<) ?@8OB=K< A>1KB85< 8 459AB28B5;L=>ABLN 'C2AB2> @04>AB8, :0: =0< :065BAO, ?>O2;O5BAO B>340, :>340 2>7=8:05B @0AA>3;0A>20=85 <564C ?@>3=>78@>202H8<AO 8=48DD5@5=B=K< 8;8 =5?@8OB=K< A>1KB85< 8 =0ABC?82H8< ?@8OB=K< A>1KB85<. >MB><C, =0?@8<5@, ?>40@>: AB0@0NBAO A45;0BL =5>6840==K< (AN@?@87), B0: :0: =5>6840==>ABL CA8;8205B GC2AB2> C4>2>;LAB28O 8;8 @04>AB8 ><?;5:A A><0B8G5A:8E 87<5=5=89 ?@8 M<>F8OE ?> A2>5<C ?@>8AE>645=8N @>4AB25= >@85=B8@>2>G=>9 @50:F88  >= 2>7=8:05B 2 @57C;LB0B5 @01>BK 0??0@0B0 A;8G5=8O B:;>=5=85 E>40 A>1KB89 >B ?@>3=>78@C5<>3> >@30=87<>< 2545B : @O4C 87<5=5=89, <>18;87CNI8E >@30=87< =0 ?5@5<5=C AB@0B5388 ?>2545=8O, ?>43>B>2;ONI8E 53> : 459AB28N A 2>7<>6=K<8 1>;LH8<8 70B@0B0<8 M=5@388. @8 MB>< ?@>8AE>48B C25;8G5=85 2 :@>28 :>;8G5AB20 04@5=0;8=0, A0E0@0, CG0I5=85 ?C;LA0, ?>2KH5=85 0@B5@80;L=>3> 402;5=8O, ?@82>4OI55 >@30=87< 2 A>AB>O=85 «1>52>9 3>B>2=>AB8». A>15==> 7=0G8<0 4;O G5;>25:0 8=D>@<0F8O, 2K7K20NI0O =5>1E>48<>ABL ?@8=OBL @5H5=85, GB> 45;0BL B5?5@L, :0: 459AB2>20BL 40;LH5, B. 5. 70B@03820NI0O 53> 1C4CI55. >:0 @5H5=85 =5 ?@8=OB>, =5 2K1@0=0 B25@40O ;8=8O ?>2545=8O («AB@0B538O ?>2545=8O», ?> . . $5935=15@3C), A>E@0=O5BAO M<>F8>=0;L=0O =0?@O65==>ABL, 0 2<5AB5 A B5< 8 2>7<>6=>5 ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI55 459AB285 A8BC0F88. ! 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: ?@8=OB> B25@4>5 @5H5=85, GB> 45;0BL 40;LH5, 8 ?@5:@0B8;8AL ?>8A:8 2KE>40 87 A;>682H59AO, 4065 BO65;>9, A8BC0F88, =0ABC?05B @07@O4:0 M<>F8>=0;L=>9 =0?@O65==>AB8 @8 AC451=>-?A8E80B@8G5A:>9 M:A?5@B875 ;8F, A>25@H82H8E >A>1> BO6:85 45O=8O, =0< A MB8< =5 @07 ?@8E>48;>AL AB0;:820BLAO. 0?@8<5@, =0<8 1K; >A2845B5;LAB2>20= ?;>B=8: ., 34 ;5B, =5 >1=0@C682H89 ?@87=0:>2 ?A8E8G5A:>3> 701>;520=8O 8 @0=55 =5 AC48<K9. >GLN A F5;LN >3@01;5=8O >= ?@>=8: 2 4><, 345 ?> 53> @0AG5B0< 8<5;8AL 45=L38, 8 70@C18; B>?>@>< A?02H53> <C60, 53> 15@5<5==CN 65=C, ?@>A=C2H8EAO 42>8E 45B59 (45B8 7=0;8 53> 2 ;8F>), 0 B0:65 A>A540, ?@8H54H53> 8< =0 ?><>IL. 5=L38 1K;8 5<C =C6=K, B0: :0: A2>8 25I8 >= ?@>?8; 8 ?>A;5 B@5E4=52=>3> 70?>O =5 =0 GB> 1K;> >?>E<5;8BLAO. 6840O AC40 2 BN@L<5, >= 1K; 2=5H=5 A?>:>5=. @B5@80;L=>5 402;5=85 =5 1K;> ?>2KH5=>, ?C;LA  =5 CG0I5= «/ 7=0N, GB> <5=O 645B, A:070; >= =0<, 8 BCB C65 =8G53> =5 ?>45;05HL».  A>AB>O=88 A8;L=>3> 4CH52=>3> 2>;=5=8O >= =0E>48;AO, ?>:0 A:@K20;AO >B 7045@60=8O 8 ?>:0 =5 1K;0 01A>;NB=> 4>:070=0 53> 28=0. >340 65 5<C AB0;> OA=>, GB> B5?5@L >= =8G53> =5 <>65B A45;0BL 4;O A2>53> A?0A5=8O, GB> 8A:0BL 2KE>4 15A?>;57=>, >= AB0; 2=5H=5 A?>:>9=K< 8 A<8@8;AO A> A2>59 CG0ABLN. A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<>9 >1KG=> O2;O5BAO =5 B>, GB> >1@0I5=> B>;L:> 2 ?@>H;>5, 0 B>, GB> C3@>605B 1C4CI5<C, ?>@>6405B =5>?@545;5==>ABL A8BC0F88 8 ?>MB><C B@51C5B ?@8=OB8O @5H5=8O, :0: 1KBL 2 40;L=59H5<. 0?@8<5@, 4065 5A;8 701>;520=85 O2;O5BAO @50:F859 =0, :070;>AL 1K, B>;L:> ?@>8AH54H55 A>1KB85  ?>B5@N 1;87:>3> G5;>25:0, CE>4 87 A5<L8 >4=>3> 87 AC?@C3>2 8;8 ?>;CG5==>5 >A:>@1;5=85, ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI55 459AB285 2 7=0G8B5;L=>9 <5@5 >?@545;O5BAO 7=0G5=85< MB8E A>1KB89 4;O 1C4CI53>. ?;0:8205BAO ?>@>9 =5 AB>;L:> AC4L10 ?>381H53>, A:>;L:> CG0ABL A0<>3> >AB02H53>AO («0 :>3> BK =0A ?>:8405HL!», «GB> O B5?5@L 1C4C 45;0BL!»). 5 A;CG09=>, :>340, 65;0O CB5H8BL 2 A2O78 A ?>AB83H8< =5AG0ABL5<, >1KG=> @8ACNB ?5@A?5:B82K 2KE>40 87 A;>682H59AO A8BC0F88 8 =0<5G0NB ;8=8N ?>2545=8O 2 40;L=59H5< («K <>;>40O, 8=B5@5A=0O 65=I8=0, 2K CAB@>8B5 A2>N ;8G=CN 687=L», 8;8 «# 20A 5ABL 45B8, :>B>@K< 2K =C6=K, 2K 4>;6=K 68BL 4;O =8E»). 57=0=85, :0: ?>ABC?8BL 2 40==KE CA;>28OE, O2;O5BAO, ?> . . !8<>=>2C, >A=>2=>9 ?@8G8=>9 M<>F88. >A;54=85 @0AA<0B@820NBAO 8< :0: :><?5=A0B>@=K9 <5E0=87<, 2>A?>;=ONI89 45D8F8B 8=D>@<0F88, =5>1E>48<>9 4;O 4>AB865=8O F5;8 (C4>2;5B2>@5=8O ?>B@51=>AB8). /@>ABL :><?5=A8@C5B =54>AB0B>: A2545=89, =5>1E>48<KE 4;O >@30=870F88 1>@L1K, AB@0E  4;O >@30=870F88 70I8BK; 3>@5 2>7=8:05B 2 CA;>28OE >AB@59H53> =54>AB0B:0 A2545=89 > 2>7<>6=>AB8 :><?5=A0F88 CB@0BK 54>AB0B>: A2545=89, 2K7K20NI89 M<>F88, <>65B ?@825AB8 8 : =52@>70<. '0AB> ?0B>35==K<8 >:07K20NBAO A>1KB8O, 254CI85 : 2>7=8:=>25=8N :>=D;8:B0, =5 @07@5H8<>3> 4;O 40==>3> G5;>25:0, B. 5. ?@82>4OI85 : A>ACI5AB2>20=8N ?@>B82>@5G82KE AB@5<;5=89. "0:, C >4=>9 =0H59 1>;L=>9 =52@>7 2>7=8: ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: >=0 C7=0;0 >1 87<5=5 <C60. =0 =5 <>3;0 ?@>AB8BL 5<C MB>3> 8 E>B5;0 C9B8 >B =53>, => 2 B> 65 2@5<O =5 <>3;0 @5H8BLAO =0 MB>, B0: :0: E>B5;0 A>E@0=8BL A5<LN @048 45B59. # 4@C3>9 1>;L=>9 =52@>7 ?>O28;AO 2 A2O78 A B5<, GB> >=0 70AB02;O;0 A51O >AB020BLAO =0 @01>B5, :>B>@0O 59 =5 =@028;0AL (2A5340 H;0 =0 @01>BC A =5>E>B>9).  >A=>25 ?0B>35==>3> 459AB28O MB8E B@02< ;568B AB>;:=>25=85 (AH81:0) =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2.  =5<C <>3CB ?@82>48BL 8 A8BC0F88, ?@8 :>B>@KE ?@>8AE>48B =0@0AB0=85 M<>F8>=0;L=>9 =0?@O65==>AB8 ?>4 2;8O=85< G0ABKE :>;510=89 A>1KB89 B> 2 >4=C, B> 2 4@C3CN AB>@>=C (=0?@8<5@, 65=0 B> >15I05B 25@=CBLAO : <C6C, B> 2=>2L >B:07K205BAO >B MB>3> @5H5=8O, 8 B0: =5A:>;L:> @07). 0B>35==K<8 <>3CB AB0BL 8 4> B>3> 8=48DD5@5=B=K5 @074@068B5;8, 5A;8 >=8 ?@8>1@5BCB =>2>5 8=D>@<0F8>==>5 7=0G5=85, A>2?02 ?> 2@5<5=8 A B5< 8;8 8=K< 2@5<5==K< 87<5=5=85< 2 >@30=87<5 (AB@0E, @2>B0 8 B. ?.) 8 =0G=CB 2>A?@>872>48BL MB8 87<5=5=8O ?> <5E0=87<C CA;>2=>3> @5D;5:A0. -:A?5@8<5=B0;L=> B0:0O 2>7<>6=>ABL 1K;0 2?5@2K5 4>:070=0 . . >4:>?052K< >?KB0<8, 2 :>B>@KE 22545=85 0?><>@D8=0 ?>4 :>6C A>10:8 <=>3>:@0B=> A>2?040;> ?> 2@5<5=8 A> 72CG0=85< >@30==>9 B@C1K.  :>=F5 :>=F>2 72C: B@C1K ?@52@0B8;AO 2 CA;>2=K9 A83=0; @2>B=>9 @50:F88, ?>;CG5==>9 2=0G0;5 A ?><>ILN 0?><>@D8=0, 7CG0O M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=K5 =52@>7K C 682>B=KE, . . 02;>2 >B<5G0;, GB> 2K@065==>5 =0@CH5=85 =5@2=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 =0ABC?0;> =5 A@07C, 0 A?CABO 45=L 8 1>;LH5. 52@>7K C G5;>25:0 B0:65 <>3CB 8=>340 2>7=8:0BL =5 A@07C, 0 A?CABO =5:>B>@>5 2@5<O ?>A;5 2K7202H59 8E ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<K ?>4 2;8O=85< ?>A;54CNI59 ?A8E8G5A:>9 ?5@5@01>B:8 ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI8E A>1KB89, ?>AB5?5==>3> COA=5=8O 7=0G8<>AB8 ?@>8AH54H53>. @8 MB>< 2>7<>6=>, GB> 2 A;CG0OE 70?>740;>9 @50:B82=>AB8 83@0NB @>;L 4>102>G=K5 @074@068B5;8, CA8;820NI85 ?0B>35==>5 459AB285 ?5@2>3>, 0 B0:65 CA8;5=85 53> 459AB28O - 2A;54AB285 ?@8A>548=5=8O 2;8O=8O A;54>2 @0=55 459AB2>202H8E @074@068B5;59. =>340 >AB0282H85 A;54 ?5@56820=8O <>3CB >1=0@C68BLAO (@0AB>@<>78BLAO) G5@57 <=>3> ;5B ?>A;5 459AB28O 2K7202H53> 8E @074@068B5;O ?>4 2;8O=85< =>2KE CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=KE @074@068B5;59, AE>4=KE A 459AB285< ?5@2>=0G0;L=KE, 8 ?@825AB8, =0?@8<5@, : 2>7>1=>2;5=8N D>188. 5@56820=8O <>3CB 0:BC0;878@>20BLAO B0:65 ?@8 0AB5=870F88 >@30=87<0, 2K720==>9 B5<8 8;8 8=K<8 ?@8G8=0<8. >A;54=55 =01;N40;8 <K (1948) C @0=5=KE 2 >AB@>< ?5@8>45, . !. 25@1CE  C 1>;L=KE 38?5@B>=8G5A:>9 1>;57=LN, Schneider  C 701>;52H8E 8=D5:F8>==K<8 1>;57=O<8. -:A?5@8<5=B0;L=K5 =52@>7K ;53G5 2A53> <>3CB 1KBL 2K720=K C 682>B=KE A A8;L=K< =5C@02=>25H5==K< 8 A;01K< B8?>< =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K, => <>3CB 2>7=8:0BL 8 ?@8 A8;L=>< C@02=>25H5==>< 8=5@B=>< 8 A8;L=>< C@02=>25H5==>< ?>4286=>< B8?5. # G5;>25:0, ?> <=5=8N . . 02;>20, <>6=> >B<5B8BL B5 65 G5BK@5 B8?0 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K, GB> 8 C 682>B=KE, => ?@8 MB>< =04> CG8BK20BL 2708<>>B=>H5=85 C =53> A83=0;L=KE A8AB5< 8 :>@K A ?>4:>@:>91. 15 A83=0;L=K5 A8AB5<K, 0 B0:65 :>@0 8 ?>4:>@:0 DC=:F8>=8@CNB, ?> . . 02;>2C, 2 =5@07@K2=>9 A2O78, 2 ?>AB>O==>< 2708<>459AB288 4@C3 A 4@C3><. 4=0:> C =5:>B>@KE ;8F >4=0 87 A83=0;L=KE A8AB5< <>65B ?@5>1;040BL =04 4@C3>9. 8F, C :>B>@KE ?5@20O A83=0;L=0O A8AB5<0 8 ?>4:>@:0 ?@5>1;040NB =04 2B>@>9, . . 02;>2 =07K20; «EC4>6=8:0<8». =8 «70E20BK20NB 459AB28B5;L=>ABL F5;8:><, A?;>HL, A?>;=0, 682CN 459AB28B5;L=>ABL, 157 2AO:>3> 4@>1;5=8O, 157 2AO:>3> @07J548=5=8O». 52@>7K <>3CB 2>7=8:=CBL C ;N459 A ;N1K< B8?>< =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K. @8 A@54=5< B8?5 ;53G5 @0728205BAO =52@0AB5=8O, ?@8 EC4>65AB25==><  8AB5@8O 8 ?@8 <KA;8B5;L=><  ?A8E0AB5=8O. 8F0 A A8;L=K< B8?>< =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K 8 4>AB0B>G=>9 ?>4286=>ABLN =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2 701>;520NB =52@>70<8 B>;L:> ?>4 2;8O=85< >G5=L A8;L=>9 8;8 G@572KG09=> 4;8B5;L=>9 ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<0B870F88. @8 ?@>G8E @02=KE CA;>28OE =52@>7K ;53G5 2>7=8:0NB C ;8F A> A;01>ABLN, 0 B0:65 =5C@02=>25H5==>ABLN 8;8 =87:>9 ?>4286=>ABLN =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2, @57:8< ?@5>1;040=85< >4=>9 87 A83=0;L=KE A8AB5< =04 4@C3>9 8 ?@5>1;040=85< ?>4:>@:8 =04 :>@>9. >MB><C =52@>7K >A>15==> ;53:> 2>7=8:0NB, 5A;8 8<55BAO AB>9:>5 =0@CH5=85 2 A>>B=>H5=88 >A=>2=KE A2>9AB2 2KAH59 =5@2=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, 2708<>459AB288 A83=0;L=KE A8AB5<, :>@K 8 ?>4:>@:8. -B> =01;N405BAO ?@8 ?A8E>?0B8OE, ?A8E>?0B870F88, 0 8=>340 ?@8 ?0B>;>38G5A:>< @0728B88 ;8G=>AB8. >4 ?A8E>?0B8O<8 <K 1C45< ?>=8<0BL 0=><0;88 ;8G=>AB8 E0@0:B5@87CNI85AO 48A30@<>=859, 3;02=K< >1@07>< A> AB>@>=K M<>F8>=0;L=>-2>;52>9 AD5@K ?@8 >B=>A8B5;L=>9 A>E@0==>AB8 8=B5;;5:B0, ?@>B5:0NI85 =5 ?@>3@5485=B=>. :;NG0BL 2 MBC 3@C??C <K 1C45< ;8HL A>AB>O=8O, 2 2>7=8:=>25=88 :>B>@KE 3;02=0O @>;L ?@8=04;568B ;81> 2@>645==K< (=0A;54AB25==> >1CA;>2;5==K<) >A>15==>ABO< =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K, ;81> =0@CH5=8O< 55 DC=:F88, @07282H8<AO ?>4 2;8O=85< =52KOA=5==KE 2=5H=8E D0:B>@>2, 459AB2>202H8E 2=CB@8CB@>1=> 8;8 2 @0==5< 45BA:>< 2>7@0AB5. A8E>?0B8G5A:85 ;8G=>AB8  ;N48 A 0=><0;859, C@>4AB2>< E0@0:B5@0, AB@040NI85 >B 53> >A>15==>AB59 A0<8 8;8 70AB02;ONI85 AB@040BL 4@C38E. AB5AB25==>, GB> 2 D>@<8@>20=88 8E E0@0:B5@0 83@0NB @>;L 8 2>7459AB28O 2=5H=59 A@54K.  ?A8E>?0B870F88 ;8G=>AB8 <K 1C45< 3>2>@8BL 2 B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 A>AB>O=8O, :;8=8G5A:8 AE>4=K5 A ?A8E>?0B8O<8, 2>7=8:0NB C 74>@>2>3> 4> B>3> G5;>25:0 ?>4 2;8O=85< B@02< <>730, 8=D5:F89 (M=F5D0;8B>2) 8 B><C ?>4>1=KE 2@54=KE D0:B>@>2. A;8 >A=>2=>5 701>;520=85 =5 ?@>B5:05B ?@>3@5485=B=>, O2;5=8O ?A8E>?0B870F88 8<5NB B5=45=F8N A 3>40<8 A3;06820BLAO. A8E>?0B870F8N, 2>7=8:HCN 3;02=K< >1@07>< ?>4 2;8O=85< =5?@028;L=>3> 2>A?8B0=8O 8;8 D>@<8@>20=8O ;8G=>AB81, <K 1C45< >B=>A8BL : ?0B>;>38G5A:><C @0728B8N ;8G=>AB8 8;8 ?0B>E0@0:B5@>;>38G5A:><C @0728B8N. @8 =59 G0AB> >1=0@C6820NBAO 70D8:A8@>20==K5 D>@<K @50:F88 =0 B>B 8;8 8=>9 @074@068B5;L. "0:8< >1@07><, >4=> 8 B> 65 O2;5=85, =0?@8<5@, A;01>ABL B>@<>7=>3> ?@>F5AA0, <>65B 1KBL 2@>645==K< C ?A8E>?0B8G5A:>9 ;8G=>AB8, 2K720==K< 8=D5:F859 (2 A;CG05 ?A8E>?0B870F88 ;8G=>AB8 ?>A;5 ?5@5=5A5==>3> M=F5D0;8B0), 8 1KBL A;54AB285< =54>AB0B>G=>9 B@5=8@>2:8 B>@<>7=>3> ?@>F5AA0 87-70 =5?@028;L=>3> 2>A?8B0=8O (?@8 ?0B>;>38G5A:>< @0728B88 ;8G=>AB8). %>BO 3@0=8FK <564C MB8<8 A>AB>O=8O<8 =5 2A5340 ;53:> ?@>25AB8 8 2>7<>6=K 8E A>G5B0=8O, ?@8=F8?80;L=0O @07=8F0 <564C =8<8 >G5284=0 07;8G=K5 =51;03>?@8OB=K5 2>7459AB28O (=54>AK?0=85, 8=D5:F88, 8=B>:A8:0F88, ?A8E8G5A:0O B@02<0B870F8O2 8 B. ?.) C ?A8E>?0B878@>20==KE ;8G=>AB59 <>3CB ?@825AB8 : 70>AB@5=8N @0=55 8<52H8EAO E0@0:B5@>;>38G5A:8E >A>15==>AB59, B. 5. 2K720BL C =8E A>AB>O=8O 45:><?5=A0F88. "0:, <>3CB CA8;8BLAO B@52>6=>-<=8B5;L=K5 G5@BK E0@0:B5@0 8;8 C25;8G8BLAO 2>71C48<>ABL. 0ABC?82H55 70>AB@5=85 E0@0:B5@>;>38G5A:8E >A>15==>AB59 >B=>A8BAO : ?@>O2;5=8O< ?A8E>?0B88 8;8 ?A8E>?0B>?>4>1=>3> A>AB>O=8O, 0 =5 : =52@>70<.  ?@>O2;5=8O< ?A8E>?0B88 >B=>AOBAO B0:65 @50:F88, =5?>A@54AB25==> 2KB5:0NI85 87 =5=>@<0;L=KE E0@0:B5@>;>38G5A:8E >A>15==>AB59.  =52@>70E, 2 G0AB=>AB8 8 C ?A8E>?0B8G5A:8E ;8G=>AB59, <K 3>2>@8< 2 B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 ?A8E8G5A:0O B@02<0 >1CA;>2;8205B ?>O2;5=85 :0G5AB25==> =>2KE, 2K720==KE 5N 1>;57=5==KE A8<?B><>2, =0?@8<5@, D>189, 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?0@0;8G59, 3;CE>=5<>BK, B. 5. ?@87=0:>2 =>2>9 1>;57=8, =5C:;04K20NI59AO 2 @0<:8 ?A8E>?0B88, 8;8 ?A8E>?0B>?>4>1=>3> A>AB>O=8O. %0@0:B5@>;>38G5A:85 >A>15==>AB8 701>;52H53> 8<5NB 7=0G5=85 4;O 2>7=8:=>25=8O =52@>70. 0?@8<5@, B0:85 G5@BK E0@0:B5@0 :0: @52=>ABL, <=8B5;L=>ABL, 1>O7;82>ABL, ?>2KH5==0O >701>G5==>ABL A2>8< 74>@>2L5<, ?>2KH5==>5 GC2AB2> A?@0254;82>AB8, 3>@4>ABL, BI5A;0285, <>3CB A45;0BL G5;>25:0 >A>15==> GC2AB28B5;L=K< : B5< B@02<0<, :>B>@K5 704520NB MB8 53> >A>15==>AB8, 8 A?>A>1AB2>20BL 8E ?0B>;>38G5A:>9 ?5@5@01>B:5, >AB02;OO 53> @578AB5=B=K< : 4@C38< 2>7459AB28O<. 0: >B<5G05B . . OA8I52, ?>2KH5==0O 2?5G0B;8B5;L=>ABL 8 A5=78B82=>ABL >A>15==> ?@54@0A?>;030NB : =52@>70<. 5@54:> ?A8E>?0B8G5A:0O ;8G=>ABL 2A;54AB285 A2>8E >A>15==>AB59 A>7405B :>=D;8:B=CN A8BC0F8N (MB><C <>3CB A?>A>1AB2>20BL 48AD>@88), :>B>@0O 8 A2>N >G5@54L 2545B : =52@>7C. ;03>?@8OBAB2>20BL 2>7=8:=>25=8N =52@>7>2 <>3CB 8 4;8B5;L=> A>E@0=ONI85AO 0DD5:B82=> >:@0H5==K5 3@C??K ?@54AB02;5=89, >B@060NI85 :0:>5-;81> 3;C1>:>5, >1KG=> B@02<8@CNI55 ?A8E8:C ?5@56820=85 (Bleuler ?@54;030; =07K20BL 8E :><?;5:A0<8). =8 >1@07CNB «1>;L=>9 ?C=:B», >G03 ?0B>;>38G5A:>3> 8=5@B=>3> 2>71C645=8O 8 <>3CB A45;0BL G5;>25:0 >A>15==> GC2AB28B5;L=K< : B5< ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI8< 2>7459AB28O<, :>B>@K5 : MB><C ?C=:BC 04@5ACNBAO. "0:8< «1>;L=K< ?C=:B><» <>3CB O28BLAO ?@54AB02;5=8O > A2>5< 459AB28B5;L=>< 8;8 <=8<>< D878G5A:>< =54>AB0B:5, 2@545 74>@>2LN, O:>1K ?@8G8=5==>< >=0=87<><, 8 B. ?. !>AB>O=85 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K :> 2@5<5=8 459AB28O ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<K 83@05B 1>;LHCN @>;L 2 2>7=8:=>25=88 701>;520=8O. >O2;5=8N =52@>7>2 A?>A>1AB2C5B 2A5 B>, GB> 0AB5=878@C5B =5@2=CN A8AB5<C.  A2O78 A MB8< ?@54@0A?>;030BL : 2>7=8:=>25=8N 701>;520=8O <>3CB B@02<K <>730, 8=D5:F88, 8=B>:A8:0F88, @07;8G=K5 701>;520=8O 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2 8 65;57 2=CB@5==59 A5:@5F88, <>73>2K5 701>;520=8O, 0 B0:65 4;8B5;L=>5 =54>AK?0=85, ?5@5CB><;5=85, =0@CH5=85 ?8B0=8O 8 4;8B5;L=>5 M<>F8>=0;L=>5 =0?@O65=85. A5 MB> <>65B ?@825AB8 : B><C, GB> @074@068B5;8, =5 O2;O2H85AO 4> B>3> A25@EA8;L=K<8 8 =5 2K7K202H85 701>;520=8O, <>3CB AB0BL B0:>2K<8, 2>7459AB2CO =0 >A;01;5==K5 :;5B:8 <>730. <55B 7=0G5=85 8 B>, GB> :>340 G5;>25: A51O D878G5A:8 E>@>H> GC2AB2C5B, >= 1>;55 C25@5= 2 A2>8E A8;0E, @04C6=55 A<>B@8B =0 1C4CI55. = ;53G5 ?@8=8<05B @5H5=8O, :0: 1KBL 2 A2O78 A 2>7=8:H59 687=5==>9 B@C4=>ABLN. @8 0AB5=870F88, 2K720==>9 8AB>I5=85< 8;8 B><C ?>4>1=K<8 ?@8G8=0<8, MB8 65 B@C4=>AB8 <>3CB :070BLAO =5?@5>4>;8<K<8, AB0BL ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI8<8.  A2O78 A 0AB5=870F859 <>3CB ?>425@3=CBLAO ?5@5>F5=:5 8 1K2H85 2 ?@>H;>< =5?@8OB=K5 A>1KB8O, :>B>@K5, B0:8< >1@07><, ?@8>1@5B0NB ?A8E>@02<8@CNI-55 7=0G5=85. 0==K< > @>;8 ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<0B870F88 8 0AB5=870F88 >@30=87<0 2 MB8>;>388 =52@>7>2, :070;>AL 1K, ?@>B82>@5G0B =01;N45=8O =04 701>;5205<>ABLN 3@0640=A:>3> =0A5;5=8O 2 2>5==>5 2@5<O.  3>4K 2>9=K @57:> 2>7@0AB05B ?A8E8G5A:0O B@02<0B870F8O 8 CEC4H0NBAO CA;>28O 687=8 7=0G8B5;L=>9 G0AB8 =0A5;5=8O. >MB><C, :070;>AL, 4>;6=0 1K;0 1K @57:> C25;8G8BLAO 701>;5205<>ABL =52@>70<8. 4=0:> 2> <=>38E AB@0=0E >1=0@C6820;>AL ?0@04>:A0;L=>5 O2;5=85: 701>;5205<>ABL =52@>70<8, B@51CNI8<8 3>A?8B0;870F88 8;8 ?@82>4OI8<8 : CB@0B5 B@C4>A?>A>1=>AB8, 2 3>4K 2>9=K =5 B>;L:> =5 C25;8G8;0AL, =>, =0>1>@>B, C<5=LH8;0AL. -B> ?>4<5B8; 5I5 Esquirol 1>;55 100 ;5B =0704, Dietz 2 A525@>0<5@8:0=A:CN 2>9=C 1861  1865 33., Lunier 2> 2@5<O D@0=:>-?@CAA:>9 2>9=K 1870 3., (5D@0=>2, 5@<0=, Gottstein, Bonhoeffer, Stiefler 2 ?5@2CN <8@>2CN 2>9=C. -B> 65 =01;N40;>AL 2> 2@5<O 2B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K, 2 G0AB=>AB8 2 3>@>40E, ?>425@302H8EAO 2>74CH=K< =0;5B0<: 5=8=3@045 (". /. %28;828F:89 8 . $. %28;828F:0O), >A:25 (. . 5@18:>2), 3>@>40E >@25388 (Saethre) 8 =3;88 (Hemphill, Vernon, Lewis, Gillespie 8 4@.)1. > . . 5@18:>2C, ?> A@02=5=8N A 4>2>5==K< 1940 3. =0 10 000 68B5;59 >A:2K 2 1942 3. G8A;> ?>ABC?;5=89 1>;L=KE A @50:B82=K<8 A>AB>O=8O<8 (2:;NG0O =52@>7K) 2 AB0F8>=0@K C<5=LH8;>AL =0 3%-  1940 3. ?5@28G=0O >1@0I05<>ABL 2 =5@2=>-?A8E80B@8G5A:85 48A?0=A5@K >A:2K ?> ?>2>4C =52@>7>2 8 @50:B82=KE A>AB>O=89 =0 10 000 =0A5;5=8O A>AB02;O;0 16,4, 2 1942 3. 13, 2 1943 3. 16,1, 2 1944 3. 18,3, 2 1945 3. 17,4 8 2 1946 3. 11,72. "0:8< >1@07><, =5A<>B@O =0 >3@><=K9 @>AB ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<0B870F88 2 >A:25 2 ?5@2K5, A0<K5 B@C4=K5 3>4K 2>9=K (1942 8 1943), >1@0I05<>ABL 2 <>A:>2A:85 48A?0=A5@K ?> ?>2>4C =52@>7>2 =5 B>;L:> =5 C25;8G8;0AL, => 4065 =5A:>;L:> C<5=LH8;0AL, 0 2 1944 3., :>340 1;87>ABL ?>154>=>A=>3> >:>=G0=8O 2>9=K AB0;0 >G5284=>9, =5<=>3> ?>2KA8;0AL, >AB020OAL 2A5 65 1;87:>9 : >1@0I05<>AB8 2 4>2>5==K9 ?5@8>4. @8 >F5=:5 ?@82545==KE 2KH5 40==KE A;54C5B CG5ABL, >=8 >B@060NB =5 A=865=85 701>;5205<>AB8, 0 B>;L:> C<5=LH5=85 >1@0I05<>AB8 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8. 1@0I05<>ABL <>65B =5 2 ?>;=>9 <5@5 >B@060BL 701>;5205<>ABL. 5A><=5==>, GB> 2 3>4K 2>9=K G0ABL 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 A =5 @57:> 2K@065==K<8 =0@CH5=8O<8, >A>15==>, :>340 ?@8G8=0 701>;520=8O 1K;0 >G5284=0 (=0?@8<5@, 3815;L 1;87:>3> G5;>25:0, 1>O7=L 2>74CH=KE =0;5B>2), =5 >1@0I0;0AL : 2@0G0<. 5A><=5==>, >4=0:>, 8 B>, GB> M<>F8>=0;L=>5 =0?@O65=85, >:07K20O AB8<C;8@CNI55 2;8O=85 =0 =59@>M=4>:@8==CN A8AB5<C, B5< A0<K< <>65B 1;03>?@8OBAB2>20BL ?@54C?@5645=8N 701>;5205<>AB8 =52@>70<8.  ?>;L7C MB>3> 3>2>@8B 8 B>, GB> 1>;L=K5 =52@>70<8 A@02=8B5;L=> E>@>H> ?5@5=>A8;8 B@C4=>AB8 2>5==>3> 2@5<5=8 8 GB> ?>4 2;8O=85< =0?@O65=8O B>3> ?5@8>40 8E ?A8E8G5A:>5 A>AB>O=85 =5@54:> C;CGH0;>AL (. . OA8I52, 1945; . . !2O4>I, 1952; Pherson, Brown 8 4@.). "0:, ?> 40==K< Pherson, 2 =3;88 2 ?5@2K5 3>4K 2B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K A@548 ;8F, AB@0402H8E =52@>70<8 4> 2>9=K, 2 2>5==KE CA;>28OE 25% 2K74>@>25;8, C 25% =0ABC?8;> >1>AB@5=85 8 C 50% =5 1K;> 70<5B=KE 87<5=5=89. 0A;54AB25==K5 D0:B>@K =5 83@0NB 254CI59 @>;8 2 2>7=8:=>25=88 =52@>7>2. =8 <>3CB 8<5BL ;8HL :>A25==>5 7=0G5=85, ?>A:>;L:C 2 B>9 8;8 8=>9 <5@5 >?@545;ONB >A=>2=K5 B8?>;>38G5A:85 >A>15==>AB8 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K 701>;52H53>. =0G5 3>2>@O, =0?@8<5@, 2@>645==0O A;01>ABL =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K 8;8 =54>AB0B>G=0O ?>4286=>ABL =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2 <>3CB A?>A>1AB2>20BL 2>7=8:=>25=8N =52@>70. BAN40 ?>=OB=>, GB> 8=>340 (:@09=5 @54:>) 2 A5<LOE 2AB@5G0NBAO AE>4=K5 :0@B8=K =52@>7>2, :>B>@K5 =5;L7O >1JOA=8BL B>;L:> >1I=>ABLN ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI53> 2>7459AB28O, 8=4CF8@>20=85< 8;8 ?>4@060=85<. -B> 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L >B=>A8BAO : D>18O<, !. . 02845=:>2 >?8A0; 1>;L=>3>, AB@0402H53> 1>O7=LN ?>:@0A=5BL, 2A?>B5BL 8 B8:><. !5AB@0 <0B5@8 MB>3> 1>;L=>3> AB@040;0 =02O7G82>9 1>O7=LN ?>B0, >4=0 87 55 4>G5@59  1>O7=LN ?>:@0A=5BL, 0 A5AB@0 A0<>3> 1>;L=>3>  1>O7=LN @07@K20 A5@4F0. >4>1=K5 A;CG08 2 =0G0;5 XX AB>;5B8O >?8AK20;8 Kraft-Ebing, Bleuler 8 4@. Tiennari 2 $8=;O=488, 8AA;54>202 125 ?0@ >4=>O9F52KE 1;87=5F>2, >1=0@C68;, GB> =52@>70<8 1>;5; >48= 8;8 >10 1;87=5F0 87 21 ?0@K. @8 MB>< 1>;5; =52@>7>< >48= 87 1;87=5F>2 2 9 8 >10 1;87=5F0  2 12 A;CG0OE. A;8 1>;5;8 =52@>7>< >10 1;87=5F0, B> 2 96% A;CG052 >B<5G0;8AL D>188 8;8 =02O7G82>AB8. <5NBAO C:070=8O, GB> 2 A5<LOE 1>;L=KE ?A8E0AB5=859 G0I5, G5< A@548 =0A5;5=8O, 2AB@5G05BAO H87>D@5=8O 8 <0=80:0;L=>-45?@5AA82=K9 ?A8E>7. > Kammerer, 701>;520=85 =52@>7>< >1>8E >4=>O9F52KE 1;87=5F>2 =01;N405BAO >G5=L @54:>; =5A:>;L:> G0I5, G5< C >AB0;L=KE ;N459, C =8E 1K205B ;8HL ?A8E0AB5=8O (?> B5@<8=>;>388 02B>@0, =52@>7 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89), 4;O 2>7=8:=>25=8O :>B>@>9 8<5NB 1>;LH>5 7=0G5=85 ?@5<>@184=K5 E0@0:B5@>;>38G5A:85 >A>15==>AB8 ;8G=>AB8. ! MB8< =5;L7O =5 A>3;0A8BLAO. !;CG08 8AB5@88 G0I5 2AB@5G0NBAO 2 A5<LOE 1>;L=KE 8AB5@859, G5< A@548 =0A5;5=8O 2>>1I5. > Kraulis, A2KH5 6% @>4AB25==8:>2 1>;L=KE 8AB5@859 ;560;> 2 1>;L=8F0E ?> ?>2>4C 8AB5@88; C 15% 45B59 B0:8E 1>;L=KE >B<5G0;8AL 8AB5@8G5A:85 ?@8?04:8. @8 >F5=:5 MB8E 40==KE A;54C5B CG8BK20BL 2>7<>6=>ABL ?>4@060=8O D>@<0< @5038@>20=8O =0 B5 8;8 8=K5 (51;03>?@8OB=K5 2>7459AB28O A@54K, 0 B0:65 2>7<>6=K5 =51;03>?@8OB=K5 CA;>28O D>@<8@>20=8O ;8G=>AB8 2 A5<L5 1>;L=>3> 8AB5@859. 4=0:> =0A;54AB25==K5 D0:B>@K, 2;8OO =0 B8?>;>38G5A:85 >A>15==>AB8 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K, <>3CB 83@0BL B5< A0<K< @>;L 8 2 A>740=88 ?@54@0A?>;>65=8O : 8AB5@8G5A:8< @50:F8O<. > Brown, =52@>7 AB@0E0 G0I5 =01;N405BAO 2 A5<LOE 1>;L=KE =52@>7>< AB@0E0, 8AB5@8O  2 A5<LOE 1>;L=KE 8AB5@859, ?A8E0AB5=8O (>1A5AA82=K9 =52@>7 ?> B5@<8=>;>388 02B>@0)  2 A5<LOE 1>;L=KE ?A8E0AB5=859, G5< 2 A5<LOE 74>@>2KE ;8F. !;CG08 ?A8E8G5A:8E 701>;520=89 2 A5<LOE 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8, ?> C 8 Henric, 2AB@5G0NBAO 2 4, 0 ?> =0H8< 40==K<  2 2 @070 G0I5, G5< A@548 =0A5;5=8O 2>>1I5. 52@>7K 2>7=8:0NB C 65=I8= =5A:>;L:> G0I5, G5< C <C6G8=, 2>7<>6=>, 2 A2O78 A B5<, GB> A5<59=K5 8 1KB>2K5 =5273>4K 4;O 65=I8= >1KG=> 1>;55 7=0G8<K, G5< 4;O <C6G8=. 52@>7K 2AB@5G0NBAO :0: C <0;5=L:8E 45B59, B0: 8 C 27@>A;KE 2 ;N1>< 2>7@0AB5, G0I5 2A53> >B 15 4> 25 ;5B 8 2 8=2>;NF8>==>< ?5@8>45. 52@>7K O2;ONBAO >4=8< 87 @0A?@>AB@0=5==KE 701>;520=89. =>340 2A?KH:8 MB>3> 701>;520=8O <>3CB =>A8BL <0AA>2K9 E0@0:B5@ (?A8E8G5A:0O M?845<8O). ! =52@>70<8 ?@8E>48BAO 2AB@5G0BLAO =5 B>;L:> ?A8E80B@0< 8 =52@>?0B>;>30<, => 8 2@0G0< 2A5E 4@C38E A?5F80;L=>AB59. >;L=K5 =52@>70<8 A>AB02;ONB 1/3 2A5E 1>;L=KE 2 >=4>=5 (Taylor). > =01;N45=8O< Hopkins, 70=8<0NI53>AO >1I59 ?@0:B8:>9 2 >=4>=5, 1>;L=K5 =52@>70<8, 2:;NG0O ;8F A B0: =07K205<K<8 ?A8E>A><0B8G5A:8<8 @0AAB@>9AB20<8, A>AB02;ONB 42,8% 2A5E 1>;L=KE. !E>4=K5 F8D@K (47,6%) ?@82>48B 8 4@C3>9 0=3;89A:89 2@0G Pougher. > 40==K< Bonda, A2KH5 3% =0A5;5=8O !( AB@0405B BO65;K<8 =52@>70<8. > Posamanick, >:>;> 9% 68B5;59 0;B8<>@K (!() 1>;55B =52@>70<8, ?A8E>?0B8O<8 8;8 ?A8E>A><0B8G5A:8<8 @0AAB@>9AB20<8. !>3;0A=> >D8F80;L=K< AB0B8AB8G5A:8< 40==K<, ?@82545==K< <09>@>< Appel, 87 G8A;0 ?@8720==KE =0 2>5==CN A;C61C A O=20@O 1942 3. ?> 8N=L 1945 3. 2 !( 1K;> 701@0:>20=> ?> ?>2>4C =5@2=>-?A8E8G5A:8E 701>;520=89 1 700 000 G5;>25: (12% 2A5E >A2845B5;LAB2>20==KE); 87 =8E C 31% =01;N40;8AL =52@>7K 8 C 21%  ?A8E>?0B88. 0 MB> 65 2@5<O 2 0@<88 !( 1K;> 1 000 000 ?>ABC?;5=89 2 3>A?8B0;8 ?> ?>2>4C =5@2=>-?A8E8G5A:8E 701>;520=89. 7 =8E =52@>7K A>AB02;O;8 64%, ?A8E>7K  7%, ?A8E>?0B88, >;83>D@5=8O, =52@>;>38G5A:85 8 ?@>G85 701>;520=8O  29%. ! 1 O=20@O 1942 3. => 30 8N=O 1945 3. 41% 2A5E 45<>18;87>20==KE 87 0@<88 !( ?> <548F8=A:8< ?>:070=8O< AB@040; =5@2=>-?A8E8G5A:8<8 701>;520=8O<8, 87 =8E 70% =52@>70<8. >;L=K5 =52@>70<8 A>AB02;O;8 85% 1>;L=KE 3>A?8B0;59 >B1>@=KE M:A?548F8>==KE A8; 0@<88 !( 2> 2@5<O ?5@2>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K (Rhein 8 Hall) 8 61  68 %  2 =5@2=>-?A8E80B@8G5A:8E 3>A?8B0;OE 0=3;>-0<5@8:0=A:8E 2>9A: 2> 2@5<O 2B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K (@pel, Ballard 8 Miller, Torrie 8 4@.). > >D8F80;L=K< AB0B8AB8G5A:8< 40==K<, ?@82545==K< . . >@>2K<-(0;B0=>< (1949), A@548 2A5E 1>;57=59 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K, =01;N402H8EAO C 2>5==>A;C60I8E !>25BA:>9 @<88 2> 2@5<O 5;8:>9 B5G5AB25==>9 2>9=K, G8A;> =52@>7>2 @02=O;>AL 26,6%; ?> =0H8< 40==K< (1948, 1952)  10% >B >1I53> G8A;0 1>;L=KE, ?>ABC?82H8E 2 ?>;52>9 =5@2=>-?A8E80B@8G5A:89 3>A?8B0;L. . <8B@852, AC<<8@CO A2545=8O 87 <=>38E AB@0= <8@0, C:07K205B, GB> =0 1000 =0A5;5=8O <0:A8<0;L=K5 ?>:070B5;8 2 1956 1965 33. 4;O ?A8E>7>2 10,9 14,3, 4;O =52@>7>2  52,6 60,0, B. 5. 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 2 4 5 @07 1>;LH5, G5< 1>;L=KE ?A8E>70<8. B0:, =52@>7K  >4=> 87 =081>;55 G0ABKE =5@2=>-?A8E8G5A:8E 701>;520=89. A=>2=>9 ?@8G8=>9 O2;O5BAO 459AB285 ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI8E @074@068B5;59, >?@545;ONI55AO B>9 8=D>@<0F859, :>B>@CN >=8 =5ACB. ;O 2>7=8:=>25=8O 1>;57=8 >3@><=>5 7=0G5=85 8<5NB =5 B>;L:> 2@>645==K5 B8?>;>38G5A:85 A2>9AB20 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K 8 A>AB>O=85 55 : <><5=BC 459AB28O ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<K (=0?@8<5@, 0AB5=870F8O =04 2;8O=85< M:7>35==KE 2@54=>AB59), => 8 273;O4K, CAB0=>2:8 ;8G=>AB8, 2>7=8:H85 2 ?@>F5AA5 55 D>@<8@>20=8O, >?@545;ONI85 55 >B=>H5=85 : B5< 8;8 8=K< A>1KB8O< 2=5H=59 A@54K; A?>A>1=>ABL : :@8B8G5A:>9 >F5=:5 2>A?@8=8<05<>3>, ?>72>;ONI0O >?@545;8BL «AB@0B538N ?>2545=8O» 4065 2 A;>6=>9 A8BC0F88; C<5=85 ?@5>4>;520BL 687=5==K5 B@C4=>AB8, =0E>48BL 2KE>4 87 70B@C4=8B5;L=>3> ?>;>65=8O. ;020 2B>@0O ) ""'! %+   > . . 02;>2C, >1I8< ?0B>35=5B8G5A:8< <5E0=87<><, ;560I8< 2 >A=>25 =52@>7>2, O2;O5BAO ?5@5=0?@O65=85 ?@>F5AA0 2>71C645=8O, B>@<>65=8O 8;8 8E ?>4286=>AB8. 5@5=0?@O65=85 ?@>F5AA0 2>71C645=8O <>65B =0ABC?8BL ?>4 459AB285< A25@EA8;L=KE, H>:>2KE ?A8E8G5A:8E B@02<, B>@<>65=8O  5A;8 ?>A;54=55 ?>425@305BAO >G5=L 4;8B5;L=><C 8;8 >G5=L A8;L=><C =0?@O65=8N. 5@5=0?@O65=85 ?>4286=>AB8 =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2 O2;O5BAO >4=>9 87 =081>;55 G0ABKE ?@8G8= @0728B8O =5:@>7>2. ;:>3>;87< >BF0, 2K7K20NI89 C @515=:0 1>@L1C ?@>B82>@5G82KE GC2AB2  ;N128 8 =5=028AB8 : >BFC, 687=L A =5;N18<K< G5;>25:>< ?@8 ?>402;5=88 GC2AB20 ;N128 : 4@C3><C, =5>1E>48<>ABL ?@51K20=8O 2 >?0A=>9 4;O 687=8 A8BC0F88 2>?@5:8 65;0=8N 8 4@C385 :>=D;8:BK <564C 4>;3>< 8 65;0=85<, 2;5G5=85< 8 A8BC0F859, ?@5?OBAB2CNI59 53> C4>2;5B2>@5=8N, B0:65, :0: C:07K20;>AL, <>3CB 25AB8 : AH81:5 =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>< 8 =52@>7C. # G5;>25:0 ?5@5=0?@O65=85 =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2 2545B : =0@CH5=8N A8;K 2>71C48B5;L=>3> 8 B>@<>7=>3> ?@>F5AA>2 8;8 8E ?>4286=>AB8 8 @0728B8N 38?=>B8G5A:8E D07>2KE A>AB>O=89 @07;8G=>9 M:AB5=A82=>AB8 8 8=B5=A82=>AB8. @8 MB>< =0@CH5=8O <>3CB ;81> 48DDC7=> 70E20BK20BL :>@C, ;81> 1KBL ?@58<CI5AB25==> 2K@065=K 2 B>< 8;8 8=>< «1>;L=>< ?C=:B5», B>9 8;8 8=>9 DC=:F8>=0;L=>9 A8AB5<5, :>B>@0O 8A?KB0;0 =0 A515 ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI55 2>7459AB285 8;8 1K;0 >A;01;5==>9 : <><5=BC 459AB28O ?0B>35==>3> @074@068B5;O. -B8 <5E0=87<K ;560B 2 >A=>25 ?0B>35=570 @O40 A8<?B><>2, =01;N405<KE ?@8 =52@>70E. 0 =8E, 0 B0:65 =0 <5E0=87<0E 2=CH5=8O 8 «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0» <K >AB0=>28<AO ?@8 >?8A0=88 :;8=8:8 >B45;L=KE D>@<. 01>BK =59@>D878>;>3>2 40NB >A=>20=8O ?>;030BL, GB> M<>F88 A2O70=K ?@58<CI5AB25==> A 45OB5;L=>ABLN ;8<18G5A:>9 A8AB5<K  B0: =07K205<>3> 28AF5@0;L=>3> <>730.  =5<C >B=>AOBAO 38?>B0;0<CA, ?5@54=85 O4@0 B0;0<CA0, ?5@53>@>4:0, A2>4 <>730, <0<<8;O@=K5 B5;0, <8=40;5284=>5 O4@> 8 >1@07>20=8O 4@52=59 :>@K (25=5G=0O 1>@>740, 38??>:0<?, 3@CH520O 4>;O). «8AF5@0;L=K9 <>73» 8<55B 206=K5 DC=:F8>=0;L=K5 A2O78 A =>2>9 :>@>9, 2 G0AB=>AB8 ;>1=K<8, 28A>G=K<8 8 B5<5==K<8 4>;O<8, 2708<>459AB285 A :>B>@>9 8<55B 7=0G5=85 2 35=575 :0: M<>F89, B0: 8 =52@>7>2. %>BO @074@065=85 <=>3>G8A;5==KE B>G5:, @0A?>;>65==KE 2 @07;8G=KE >B45;0E <>730, 2K7K205B ?0AA82=>->1>@>=8B5;L=K5 @50:F88 C 682>B=KE, =0:0?;8205BAO 2A5 1>;LH5 40==KE > ACI5AB25==>9 @>;8 ?5@54=53> >B45;0 38??>:0<?0 8 ;0B5@0;L=>3> O4@0 <8=40;8= 2 35=575 GC2AB20 AB@0E0. KOA=5=85 @>;8 >B45;L=KE >1@07>20=89 <>730 2 35=575 A>AB>O=89 AB@0E0 8 B@52>38 C 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 O2;O5BAO 7040G59 1C4CI53>. >7<>6=>, GB> =5:>B>@K5 D>@<K D>189 8 =52@>70 AB@0E0 A2O70=K A =0@CH5=85< @53C;OB>@=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 ;8<18G5A:>9 A8AB5<K. =>3> F5==>3> 4;O D878>;>388 M<>F89 40;> 87CG5=85 3;C1>:8E AB@C:BC@ <>730 G5;>25:0 <5B>4>< 2682;5==KE M;5:B@>4>2 (. . 5EB5@520, Heath, G. Jacobsen, Walter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telle, M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<0 C 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 =5 >B;8G05BAO >B =>@<K. Strauss >B<5G0; C =8E ;8HL =57=0G8B5;L=K5 87<5=5=8O G0AB>BK 8;8 65 ?>:070B5;O 0;LD0-@8B<0. Lewy 8 Kennard G0AB> =01;N40;8 <54;5==K5 8 ?8:>>1@07=K5 2>;=K, 0 B0:65 ?0@>:A87<0;L=K5 @07@O4K. > . . 8@<C=A:>9, ?@8 =52@>70E 1K205B :0: =>@<0;L=0O M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<0, B0: 8 A>45@60I0O D>@<K 18>?>B5=F80;>2, :>B>@K5 >1KG=> @0AA<0B@820NBAO :0: ?0B>;>38G5A:85; 87<5=5=8O M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<K, =01;N405<K5 ?@8 =52@>70E, 2=5H=5 <>3CB 8<5BL B> 65 2K@065=85, GB> 8 ?@8 >@30=8G5A:8E 701>;520=8OE <>730. I5 Davis 2 1941 3 >B<5G0;, GB> <54;5==K5 2>;=K <>3CB 2AB@5G0BLAO 2 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<5 74>@>2KE ;N459 . . 8@<C=A:0O ?>:070;0, GB>, C 1>;L=KE, B>;L:> GB> ?5@5=5AH8E 8=AC;LB, 8=>340 =0 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<5 <>65B =5 >1=0@C6820BLAO >B:;>=5=89 >B =>@<K. 0@O4C A MB8< C 74>@>2KE ;N459 (=5 ?5@5=5AH8E B@02<K 2 0=0<=575), GCBL ;8 =5 2 >4=>9 B@5B8, 0 C 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 2 ?>;>28=5 A;CG052 =0 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<5 >B45;L=K5 M;5<5=BK ?0B>;>38G5A:>9 0:B82=>AB8 - @8B<K A G0AB>B>9 14 25 :>;510=89 2 A5:C=4C 8 A 0<?;8BC4>9 A2KH5 25 <:2, >AB@K5 2>;=K, ?0@>:A87<0;L=K5 @07@O4K, <54;5==K5 2>;=K A 0<?;8BC4>9 A2KH5 30 <:2. > 40==K< . . >1:>2>9, C 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8, 8A?KBK20NI8E AB@0E, B@52>3C, >B<5G0NBAO 87<5=5=8O M;5:B@8G5A:>9 0:B82=>AB8, >1CA;>2;5==K5, ?> 55 <=5=8N, G@57<5@=K< CA8;5=85< 2;8O=89 A> AB>@>=K @5B8:C;O@=>9 D>@<0F88. 0H8 40==K5 8 =01;N45=8O =0H8E A>B@C4=8:>2 (!. . 0@B8=A>=, -. . 0BC@8=>9 8 . !. C@>2>9) A2845B5;LAB2CNB > B><, GB> C 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8, 2 B>< G8A;5 2 >AB@>< ?5@8>45 1>;57=8, A :;8=8G5A:8 O@:> 2K@065==>9 A8<?B><0B8:>9 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<0 ?>:>O G0AB> 2 ?@545;0E =>@<K, @565 2AB@5G0NBAO M;5<5=BK ?0B>;>38G5A:>9 M;5:B@8G5A:>9 0:B82=>AB8  >B45;L=K5 <54;5==K5 2>;=K, ?8:8, ?0@>:A87<0;L=K5 @07@O4K. 0;8G85 >G03>2KE =0@CH5=89 18>?>B5=F80;>2, >A>15==> AB>9:8E, 0 B0:65 >18;85 48DDC7=> @0A?@>AB@0=5==KE ?0B>;>38G5A:8E ?>B5=F80;>2, =5 E0@0:B5@=> 4;O =52@>7>2. 1@0I05B =0 A51O 2=8<0=85 87<5=G82>ABL M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<K 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 =5 B>;L:> ?@8 8AA;54>20=88 2 @07=K5 4=8, => 8=>340 4065 2> 2@5<O >4=>3> A50=A0. -B8 87<5=5=8O, 25@>OB=>, AB>OB 2 A2O78 A D8:A0F859 2=8<0=8O 1>;L=>3> =0 ?@>F54C@5 >1A;54>20=8O 8 2>7=8:0NI8< GC2AB2>< B@52>38. 04> A:070BL, GB> =5@54:> 74>@>2K5 ;N48 ?CB5< 2>;52>3> CA8;8O <>3CB 2 B>9 8;8 8=>9 <5@5 ?>2;8OBL =0 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<C.  5I5 1>;LH59 AB5?5=8 MB> >B=>A8BAO : 1>;L=K< 8AB5@859. >=F5=B@0F8O 2=8<0=8O =0 =0@CH5==>9 DC=:F88 <>65B ?@825AB8 C =8E : @57:8< 87<5=5=8O< M;5:B@8G5A:>9 0:B82=>AB8 <>730. . . >1@>2A:0O CAB0=>28;0, GB> >?B8G5A:0O E@>=0:A8O C 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 =57=0G8B5;L=> ?>2KH5=0 (4>E>48B 4> 300 à ?@8 =>@<5 100 Ã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«?><5E8») =0 @01>B>A?>A>1=>ABL. 0: ?>:070;8 ?@>2545==K5 8AA;54>20=8O, ?>4 2;8O=85< ?><5E @57:> ?0405B @01>B>A?>A>1=>ABL C 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 =52@0AB5=859, 8AB5@859 8 ?A8E0AB5=859, 0 B0:65 C ;8F, AB@040NI8E A>AC48ABK<8 701>;520=8O<8 3>;>2=>3> <>730, >@30=8G5A:8< ?A8E>A8=4@><>< (B@02<0B8G5A:0O M=F5D0;>?0B8O 8 4@.), 0AB5=8G5A:8<8 A>AB>O=8O<8 A><0B>35==>3> 35=570.  >B;8G85 >B MB>3> @01>B>A?>A>1=>ABL C 1>;LH8=AB20 1>;L=KE H87>D@5=859 A 0?0B8:>-01C;8G5A:8< A8=4@><>< =5 87<5=O;0AL. >;L=K5 MB8 ?>GB8 =5 @5038@>20;8 =0 ?><5EC (D5=><5= «?><5E>CAB>9G82>AB8»). >A;54=55, 2848<>, AB>8B 2 A2O78 A >A;01;5=85< C =8E ?@54=0AB@>5G=KE @50:F89 (. . !2O4>I, . !. C@>20, 1967). 5@2=K5 8 3C<>@0;L=K5 <5E0=87<K @53C;OF88 B5A=59H8< >1@07>< 2708<>A2O70=K. 064K9 CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K9 8 157CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K9 0:B A>?@>2>6405BAO A>>B25BAB2CNI8<8 3C<>@0;L=K<8 87<5=5=8O<8. ;0AA8G5A:85 @01>BK Cannon ?> D878>;>388 M<>F89 ?>:070;8, GB> ?@8 M<>F8>=0;L=KE A>AB>O=8OE (AB@0E, 3=52 8 4@.) ?@>8AE>48B C25;8G5=85 :>;8G5AB20 04@5=0;8=0 2 :@>28, :>B>@K9 2 A2>N >G5@54L 2K7K205B @O4 A><0B8G5A:8E 87<5=5=89 2 >@30=87<5. #25;8G5=85 :>;8G5AB20 04@5=0;8=0 =0ABC?05B ?@8 M<>F8OE, 2K720==KE 459AB285< :0: CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=KE, B0: 8 157CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=KE @074@068B5;59. Selye C:07K205B =0 2K45;5=85 ?@8 M<>F8OE B8@5>B@>D8=0. Wittkower CAB0=>28;, GB> ?@8 0DD5:B0E, 2 B>< G8A;5 2K720==KE 38?=>B8G5A:8< 2=CH5=85< (B. 5. CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K< ?CB5<. - . !.), C25;8G8205BAO :>;8G5AB2> 9>40 2 :@>28, GB> >1JOA=O5BAO 02B>@>< ?>ABC?;5=85< 53> 87 I8B>284=>9 65;57K. . . 0=8;>2K< 1K;> ?>:070=>, GB> ?@8 0DD5:B0E =0ABC?05B CA8;5=85 8=:@5B>@=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 38?>D870 (25@>OB=>, >BAN40 8=>340 2>7=8:05B A0E0@=K9 8 =5A0E0@=K9 48015B). 0 C25;8G5=85 :>;8G5AB20 04@5=>:>@B8:>B@>?=>3> 3>@<>=0 38?>D870 ?@8 0DD5:B0E C:07K20NB B0:65 40==K5 Selye. >7<>6=>, GB> 8 38?>D87 >:07K205B 2;8O=85 =0 45OB5;L=>ABL F5=B@0;L=>9 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K, ?>445@6820O 8 C:@5?;OO B>@<>65=85, 8 GB> 8=:@5F8O 1@><A>45@60I53> 3>@<>=0 8<55B >A>15==> 1>;LH>5 7=0G5=85 4;O @0728B8O 70?@545;L=>3> B>@<>65=8O (. . 0=8;>2).  MB><C 2>?@>AC <K 25@=5<AO ?@8 @0AA<>B@5=88 H>:>2KE =52@>7>2. Graham (0=040) ?>:070;, GB> 2 A8BC0F8OE, B@51CNI8E >B >@30=87<0 8725AB=>3> =0?@O65=8O, 2 G0AB=>AB8 ?@8 ?A8E8G5A:8E B@02<0E, ?@>8AE>48B =5 B>;L:> C25;8G5=85 04@5=0;8=0 2 :@>28, => 8 CA8;5=85 2K45;5=8O 704=59 4>;59 38?>D870 0=B848C@5B8G5A:>3> 3>@<>=0, 53> ?5@54=59 4>;59  04@5=>:>@B8:>B@>?=>3>, B8@5>B@>?=>3> 3>@<>=>2 8 3>@<>=0 @>AB01 8 ?>465;C4>G=>9 65;57>9  8=AC;8=0, :>B>@K9 2 A2>N >G5@54L <>65B 25AB8 : 0:B820F88 :>@K =04?>G5G=8:>2, B0: :0: 8=AC;8= 8 04@5=0;8= =0E>4OBAO 2 0=B03>=8AB8G5A:8E >B=>H5=8OE. C<>@0;L=K5 D0:B>@K 83@0NB ACI5AB25==CN, E>BO 8 =54>AB0B>G=> 87CG5==CN @>;L 2 ?0B>35=575 =52@>7>2. 5A><=5==>, GB> 2 ?0B>35=575 =52@>7>2 8<55B 7=0G5=85 8 87<5=5=85 18>E8<8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2 2 >@30=87<5. 4=0:> ?>?KB:8 CAB0=>28BL MB8 87<5=5=8O =5 40;8 ?>:0 C1548B5;L=KE @57C;LB0B>2. 17>@ 1>;LH>3> :>;8G5AB20 @01>B, ?>A2OI5==KE 18>E8<8G5A:8< 87<5=5=8O< ?@8 =52@>70E, ?>:07K205B, GB> C 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 =>@<0;L=>5 A>45@60=85 :8A;>@>40 8 C3;5:8A;>BK 2 :@>28, 0 B0:65 @ 0@B5@80;L=>9 8 25=>7=>9 :@>28. $C=:F8O ?5G5=8, ?> 40==K< 1>;LH8=AB20 02B>@>2, =5 =0@CH05BAO :>;8G5AB2> 18;8@C18=0 2 :@>28, <>G5 8 :0;5, 0 B0:65 @50:F8O "0:0B0  @0 2 =>@<5; 8<5NBAO >B45;L=K5 A>>1I5=8O > =0@CH5=88 A8=B570 38??C@>2>9 :8A;>BK C 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8, >4=0:> @O4>< 02B>@>2 MB> =5 ?>4B25@6405BAO. !>AB02 <>G8, G8A;> M@8B@>F8B>2, -, ;59:>F8B0@=0O D>@<C;0 8 2@5<O A25@BK205<>AB8 :@>28 >AB0NBAO 2 ?@545;0E =>@<0;L=KE ?>:070B5;59. #3;52>4=K9 >1<5=: :>;8G5AB2> A0E0@0 2 :@>28 2 =>@<5 8;8 A;53:0 2KH5 =>@<K.  A>AB>O=88 0DD5:B0 >=> C25;8G8205BAO. >=F5=B@0F8O ?@>B58=>2 2 ?;07<5 :@>28 8 >B=>H5=85 0;L1C<8=>2 : 3;>1C;8=0< =5 =0@CH5=>. >;8G5AB2> 3;NB0<8=>2>9 :8A;>BK 8 ?>;8?5?B84>2 2 :@>28 2 =>@<5. 8@>2>9 >1<5= (C@>25=L E>;5AB5@8=0 2 :@>28): =>@<0. =>340 >= 1K205B ?>2KH5= ?@8 anorexia nervosa. He =01;N405BAO >B:;>=5=89 2 >1I5< :>;8G5AB25 ;8?84>2 8 D>AD>;8?84>2 2 :@>28. > 40==K< Kitay 8 Altschule, 2 @O45 A;CG052 >B<5G05BAO :5B>=C@8O, :>B>@CN =5 C405BAO A>?>AB028BL A :0:8<8-;81> :;8=8G5A:8<8 ?@>O2;5=8O<8. 8=5@0;L=K9 >1<5=: :>;8G5AB2> =0B@8O 2 :@>28, <>G5, A;N=5 8 ?>B5  =>@<0. =J5:F8O 04@5=>:>@B8:>B@>?=>3> 3>@<>=0 2K7K205B B0:85 65 87<5=5=8O A>45@60=8O =0B@8O, :0: 8 C 74>@>2KE ;N459. >;8G5AB2> :0;8O 2 :@>28 8 2K45;5=85 53> A <>G>9  =>@<0. 1I55 :>;8G5AB2> :0;LF8O 2 :@>28 8 48DDC=48@CNI89 :0;LF89, ?> 40==K< 1>;LH8=AB20 8AA;54>20B5;59, =>@<0. !>45@60=85 E;>@84>2 2 AK2>@>B:5 :@>28 8 M@8B@>F8B0E 2 =>@<5; :>=F5=B@0F8O D>AD0B>2 2 :@>28, ?> 40==K< 5 A>>1I5=89, 2 =>@<5, ?> 40==K< 1 A>>1I5=8O, =5A:>;L:> C25;8G5=0 2 :@>28 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8. !8AB5<0 M=78<>2 <0;> 87CG5=0. !>45@60=85 28B0<8=>2 3@C??K  8 ! 2 :@>28 8 <>G5 2 =>@<5 8;8 A;53:0 A=865=>. #@>25=L 28B0<8=0  2 :@>28 G0AB> ?>=865=, :0: C 2A5E 1>;L=KE, AB@040NI8E E@>=8G5A:8<8 701>;520=8O<8. > . . @5A;8=3, C 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 >B<5G0NBAO 2K@065==K5 87<5=5=8O 2>4=>3> >1<5=0 2 D>@<5 872@0I5==>3> B8?0 @50:F88 =0 ?@>1C $>;L30@4B0 8 >A;01;5==>5 459AB285 =0 48C@57 ?8BC8B@8=0  8 :>D58=0 8;8 10@10<8;0 ?@8 ?8BC8B@8=>2>8 ?@>15. > Kaning 8 Ziolko, 2 :@>28 C 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 ?@>8AE>4OB ;81> G@57<5@=> 1>;LH85, ;81> G@57<5@=> <0;K5 ACB>G=K5 :>;510=8O I5;>G=>9 D>AD0B07K, >1I53> E>;5AB5@8=0 8 E>;5AB5@8=MAB5@>2, >1I53> 15;:0, 30<<0-3;>1C;8=0 8 ;8?84>2. > 40==K< Kreindler, C 1>;L=KE =52@0AB5=859 >B<5G0NBAO 8=>340 87<5=5=8O >A=>2=>3> >1<5=0 8 :0;LF85<88. . . >381:> ?@8 8AA;54>20=88 18 1>;L=KE 8AB5@8G5A:8< ABC?>@>< 8 ?A524>45<5=F859 A ?CM@8;87<>< =0H5;, GB> 0:B82=>ABL D5@<5=B0 045=>78=B@8D>AD0B07K 2 M@8B@>F8B0E 1K;0 ?>2KH5=0 C 13 1>;L=KE 8 2 A@54=5< @02=O;0AL 20%- @8 8AG57=>25=88 C MB8E 1>;L=KE ?A8E>B8G5A:>3> A>AB>O=8O 0:B82=>ABL D5@<5=B0 =>@<0;87>20;0AL. > . ". 0EC@C, A@54=OO 25;8G8=0 M:A:@5F88 17-:5-B>AB5@>84>2 2 F5;>< C 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 =5 >B;8G05BAO ACI5AB25==> >B B0:>2>9 C 74>@>2KE ;8F. => <>65B 1KBL :0: =>@<0;L=>9, B0: 8 87<5=5==>9 2 AB>@>=C C25;8G5=8O 8;8 C<5=LH5=8O. . . OA8I52K< 8 . . (0?8@> C 1>;LH8=AB20 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 =0;8G85 0CB>8<<C==KE B5; 2 :@>28 =5 >1=0@C65=> (@50:F8O C<1A0 >B@8F0B5;L=0O). # B5E 1>;L=KE, C :>B>@KE >=8 1K;8 >1=0@C65=K, >:070;8AL ?@87=0:8 ?5@5=5A5==>9 2 ?@>H;>< B@02<K G5@5?0, 0@0E=>848B0, M=F5D0;8B0 8 B. ?. <<C=>18>;>38G5A:0O @50:B82=>ABL (B8B@ :><?;5<5=B0, B8B@ =>@<0;L=KE 0=B8B5;) C 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8, 2 B>< G8A;5 ?@8 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?0@0;8G0E 8 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?A8E>70E, =5 A=865= ?> A@02=5=8N A =>@<>9 (. . 0A8;L52, . . (0?8@>). AA;54>20=8O, ?@>2545==K5 2 =0H59 :;8=8:5 .. 0:552K<, ?>:070;8, GB> C 1>;LH8=AB20 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 2@>645==K9 8<<C=8B5B (B8B@ =>@<0;L=KE 0=B8B5; 8 :><?;5<5=B0, D03>F8B0@=0O 0:B82=>ABL ;59:>F8B>2, 10:B5@8F84=K5 A2>9AB20 :@>28) ACI5AB25==> =5 <5=O5BAO 8;8 MB8 87<5=5=8O =>AOB 2@5<5==K9 E0@0:B5@. <5AB5 A B5< 2AB@5G0NBAO A;CG08, A2845B5;LAB2CNI85 > =54>AB0B>G=>9 :>>@48=0F88 F5=B@0;L=KE A8AB5<, @53C;8@CNI8E 8<<C==K5 ?@>F5AAK 2 >@30=87<5. >=AB0=B=>ABL 2=CB@5==59 A@54K >@30=87<0 (3><5>AB07, ?> Cannon),=0 @>;L :>B>@>9 4;O =>@<0;L=>9 DC=:F88 >@30=87<0 C:07K20; 5I5 Claude Bernard, ?@8 =52@>70E <>65B >:070BLAO =0@CH5==>9. -B> 2 A2>N >G5@54L <>65B >B@060BLAO =0 45OB5;L=>AB8 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K 8 83@0BL @>;L 2 ?0B>35=575 =52@>7>2, >AB0NICNAO ?>:0 5I5 =54>AB0B>G=> 2KOA=5==>9. 0 ?>A;54=85 3>4K 4>AB83=CBK 1>;LH85 CA?5E8 2 >1;0AB8 :0: 35=5B8:8, B0: 8 87CG5=8O 18>E8<8G5A:8E >A=>2 ?0<OB8  D0:B>@>2, 2;8ONI8E =0 ?@>F5AAK A8=B570  2 3>;>2=>< <>735, :>=A>;840F8N, 0 B0:65 «AB8@0=85» A;54>2 2>A?@8=OB>3>. >6=> =045OBLAO, GB> 40;L=59H85 8AA;54>20=8O 2 MB>< =0?@02;5=88 ?>72>;OB ?>=OBL 8 <5E0=87< D>@<8@>20=8O 2K720==KE ?A8E8G5A:8<8 B@02<0<8 AB>9:8E 8 3;C1>:8E A;54>2 ?0<OB8 8 =09B8 ?CB8 8E AB8@0=8O. (8@>:8< ?@87=0=85< 2> <=>38E 70?04=>52@>?59A:8E AB@0=0E 8 >A>15==> 2 !( ?>;L7C5BAO 8=D0=B8;L=>-A5:AC0;L=0O B5>@8O =52@>7>2 25=A:>3> ?A8E>?0B>;>30 Freud. !>3;0A=> MB>9 B5>@88, 2 @0==5< 45BA:>< 2>7@0AB5 >1KG=> 2 ?5@2K5 3 3>40 687=8 8 =8:>340 =5 ?>765 5-3> 3>40  C @515=:0 ?>O2;O5BAO @O4 2;5G5=89, :>B>@K5 =5 :06CBAO 5<C =54>72>;5==K<8 8;8 70?@5B=K<8. -B8 2;5G5=8O =>AOB A5:AC0;L=K9 E0@0:B5@, =0?@8<5@, ?>;>2>5 2;5G5=85 452>G:8 : >BFC, <0;LG8:0 : <0B5@8 (M48?>2A:89 :><?;5:A1), 0CB>M@>B8G5A:85 2;5G5=8O (<0ABC@10F8O, =0@F8AA87< 8 4@.), 3><>A5:AC0;L=K5 2;5G5=8O 8 B. ?.  ?@>F5AA5 2>A?8B0=8O @515=>:, ?> <=5=8N Freud, C7=05B > 70?@5B=>AB8 2A5E MB8E 2;5G5=89, 8 >=8 ?>402;ONBAO. 065 A0<0 <KA;L >1 8E ACI5AB2>20=88 AB0=>28BAO =54>?CAB8<>9, =5?@85<;5<>9 87-70 =5A>2<5AB8<>AB8 55 A 2KAH8<8 ?>=OB8O<8 > ?@8;8G88. =0 =5 4>?CA:05BAO 4> A>7=0=8O, 2KB5A=O5BAO 2 «15AA>7=0B5;L=>5» 8 ?>425@305BAO 0<=5788. !8;K, 254CI85 : ?>402;5=8N MB8E 2;5G5=89, =54>?CI5=8N 8E >B@065=8O 2 A>7=0=88, Freud >1>7=0G8; B5@<8=>< «F5=7C@0», 0 A0< ?@>F5AA ?>402;5=8O MB8E 2;5G5=89  «2KB5A=5=85<». 5@56820=8O, :>B>@K5 >:070;8AL 2KB5A=5==K<8 2 «15AA>7=0B5;L=>5», ?>;CG8;8 =0720=85 «:><?;5:A>2». A;8 ?>A;54CNI85 ?5@56820=8O CA8;OB MB8 :><?;5:AK, B>340, ?> <=5=8N Freud, <>65B 2>7=8:=CBL 701>;520=85 =52@>7><1.  =>@<5 M=5@38O 2KB5A=O5<>3> A5:AC0;L=>3> 2;5G5=8O ?> Freud ?5@52>48BAO (AC1;8<8@C5BAO) 2 4>?CA:05<K5 «F5=7C@>9»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«0CB>M@>B8G5A:89 :><?;5:A» 8 A2O70==0O A =8< ?>2KH5==0O ;N1>2L : A515 <>3CB ?@825AB8 ?@8 ?>?040=88 2 2>5==CN >1AB0=>2:C : 2>7=8:=>25=8N «2>5==>3> =52@>70» A GC2AB2>< AB@0E0 70 A2>N 687=L, A:@KBK5 «3><>A5:AC0;L=K5 :><?;5:AK» : BO65;><C E@>=8G5A:><C 0;:>3>;87<C.  @57C;LB0B5 <>65B 2>7=8:=CBL O2;5=85 =02O7G82>AB8, :0:>9-;81> 8AB5@8G5A:89 A8<?B>< 8;8 ?0B>;>38G5A:>5 2;5G5=85. !;CG08, :>340 «2KB5A=5==K9 :><?;5:A ?@8A>548=O5BAO : A8<?B><C A><0B8G5A:><C», >1>7=0G0NBAO Freud B5@<8=>< «:>=25@A8O» («:>=25@A8>==0O 8AB5@8O»). @8G8=0 1>;57=8, ?> Freud, B0:8< >1@07>< B08BAO 2 :><?;5:A=KE ?5@56820=8OE, 2>7=8:H8E 2 @0==5< 45BA:>< 2>7@0AB5. =0 4>;3> <>65B >AB020BLAO A:@KB>9, =0?@8<5@ GC2AB2> >B2@0I5=8O, 2>7=8:H55 2 A2O78 A ?>;>2K< 2;5G5=85< : >BFC, <>65B =5 >1=0@C6820BLAO 4>;385 3>4K. > 2@5<O =5C40G=>3> 70<C65AB20 ?>402;O5<>5 GC2AB2> >B2@0I5=8O : <C6C <>65B CA8;8BL 2;5G5=85 : >BFC 8 ?@825AB8 : ?>O2;5=8N 8AB5@8G5A:>9 @2>BK, A8<2>;8G5A:8 >B@060NI59 >B2@0I5=85. AE>48 87 MB>9 B5>@88, Freud ?@54;>68; A2>9 <5B>4 ;5G5=8O =52@>7>2  ?A8E>0=0;87, >A=>20==K9 =0 2>AAB0=>2;5=88 2 ?0<OB8  «2A:@KB88»  A5:AC0;L=KE ?5@56820=89 45BA:>3> 2>7@0AB0 (8=D0=B8;L=>-A5:AC0;L=KE :><?;5:A>2), O:>1K O2;ONI8EAO ?@8G8=>9 =52@>7>2. ;O 2KO2;5=8O MB8E :><?;5:A>2 2KA:07K20=8O 1>;L=>3> (A2>1>4=K5 0AA>F80F88, 2>A?><8=0=8O, A=>2845=8O) ?>425@30NBAO A?5F80;L=><C 8AB>;:>20=8N ?@8 ?><>I8 >A>1>3> :>40 A5:AC0;L=>9 A8<2>;8:8, @07@01>B0==>3> Freud.  F5;>< A>740==0O Freud B5>@8O =52@>7>2 O2;O5BAO >H81>G=>9. 5 >A=>2=>5 8AE>4=>5 ?>;>65=85  ?@87=0=85 «8=D0=B8;L=KE A5:AC0;L=KE :><?;5:A>2» 2 :0G5AB25 C=825@A0;L=>9 ?@8G8=K 1>;57=8  O2;O5BAO =54>:070==K< 8 >A=>20==K< =0 ?@>872>;L=><, ?>@>9 D0=B0AB8G5A:><, B>;:>20=88 D0:B>2. >;>68B5;L=>9 AB>@>=>9 2 @01>B0E Freud, :0: C:07K20;>AL =0<8 =0 A5A>N7=>< A>25I0=88 ?> D8;>A>DA:8< 2>?@>A0< D878>;>388 2KAH59 =5@2=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 8 ?A8E>;>388 2 >A:25 (1963), O2;O;>AL B>, GB> >=8 ?@82;5:;8 2=8<0=85 =0C:8 : 2>?@>AC > 2;8O=88 2;5G5=89 =0 ?A8E8G5A:85 ?@>F5AAK, 0 B0:65 ?@>1;5<5 15AA>7=0B5;L=>3>; ?>:070;8 =5:>B>@K5 :>=:@5B=K5 ?@>O2;5=8O «15AA>7=0B5;L=>3>», =0?@8<5@ 2;8O=85 5N =0 >?8A:8, >3>2>@:8, >B45;L=K5 =52@>B8G5A:85 A8<?B><K; C:070;8 =0 @>;L :>=D;8:B>2 <564C «4>;3>< 8 65;0=85<» 2 2>7=8:=>25=88 =52@>7>2; >B<5B8;8 O2;5=8O AC1;8<0F88 A5:AC0;L=>9 M=5@388, 2KB5A=5=8O ?5@56820=89 (;560I85, =0?@8<5@, 2 >A=>25 8AB5@8G5A:8E 0<=5789), 2K428=C;8 ?@8=F8? 0=0;8B8G5A:>9 B5@0?88, B. 5. ;5G5=8O ?CB5< 2KO2;5=8O =5>A>7=0205<KE 1>;L=K< ?5@56820=89. B@8F0O 8=D0=B8;L=>-A5:AC0;L=CN B5>@8N =52@>7>2, <K B5< A0<K< >B25@305< 8 A>740==K9 Freud <5B>4 ;5G5=8O ?A8E>0=0;87, >A=>20==K9 =0 2KO2;5=88 <8D8G5A:8E ?>4A>7=0B5;L=KE A5:AC0;L=KE :><?;5:A>2. >;LH8=AB2> 2@0G59-?A8E>0=0;8B8:>2 AG8B0NB ?A8E>0=0;87 MDD5:B82=K< <5B>4>< ;5G5=8O. "0:, C, Bernard 8 Brisset 2> D@0=FC7A:>< @C:>2>4AB25 ?> ?A8E80B@88 ?@82>4OB 40==K5 Night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reud. !>740==K9 Freud ?A8E>0=0;87 =5 2545B : 2KO2;5=8N 8 ;8:2840F88 @50;L=> ACI5AB2CNI8E :><?;5:A>2. -B> 4>AB8305BAO, :0: 1C45B A:070=> =865, ?CB5< :0C70;L=>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88, :>B>@0O 2 >B;8G85 >B ?A8E>0=0;870 AB@5<8BAO 2KO28BL 459AB28B5;L=> 8<52H85AO 2 687=8 1>;L=>3> ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI85 ?5@56820=8O, AB02H85 =5>A>7=0==K<8 8 ?@8254H85 : 2>7=8:=>25=8N 701>;520=8O. ;O MB>3> >=0 8A?>;L7C5B <5B>4 >1KG=> ?@8<5=O5<>3> 2 :;8=8:5 45B0;L=>3> @0AA?@>A0 1>;L=>3> > 53> 687=8 8 ?5@56820=8OE, 8=>340 > 53> A=>2845=8OE, 87CG05B 53> 0AA>F80B82=CN 45OB5;L=>ABL. A8E>0=0;87 65, ?@8?8AK205B 1>;L=><C ?5@56820=8O, :>B>@KE C =53> =5 1K;>, 8 =5 ?@82>48B : 2KO2;5=8N 8AB8==>9 ?@8G8=K 1>;57=8. 48= 87 1;8609H8E CG5=8:>2 Freud  25=A:89 ?A8E80B@ Adler, >B@8F0O @>;L ?>;>2>3> 2;5G5=8O 2 MB8>;>388 =52@>7>2, ?>;030;, GB> 2 >A=>25 8E ;568B :>=D;8:B <564C AB@5<;5=85< : <>3CI5AB2C 8 GC2AB2>< A>1AB25==>9 =5?>;=>F5==>AB8 (:>=D;8:B 2;5G5=89 «/» ?> Freud). 515=:C, ?> Adler, A2>9AB25==>, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, AB@5<;5=85 : 2;0AB8, A 4@C3>9  GC2AB2> A2>59 =5?>;=>F5==>AB8, :>B>@>5 >= ?KB05BAO 8768BL @07=K<8 A?>A>10<8 B> ?@O<K< ?@>B5AB><, 3@C1>ABLN, C?@O<AB2><, B> ?>A;CH0=85<, ?@8;560=85<  8 B0:8< >1@07>< 702>520BL ?@87=0=85 >:@C60NI8E. %0@0:B5@=> ?@8 MB>< 8 AB@5<;5=85 : «A25@E:><?5=A0F88»  708:0NI89AO 5<>AD5= AB0=>28BAO 25;8:8< >@0B>@><, ?0@0;87>20==K9 25;8:8< ?>;:>2>4F5<, =C640NI89AO 2 A0<>CB25@645=88 <C6A:>3> 4>AB>8=AB20  >= C0=><, AB@5<OI8<AO :> 2A5 =>2K< 8 =>2K< ?>1540< =04 65=I8=0<8. 52@>7, ?> <=5=8N Adler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eard, CA<0B@8202H8< >A=>2=CN ?@8G8=C 701>;520=8O 2 4;8B5;L=>< M<>F8>=0;L=>< =0?@O65=88, ?@82>482H5< : 8AB>I5=8N =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K.  =0AB>OI55 2@5<O >4=8 02B>@K @0AH8@ONB 3@0=8FK «=52@0AB5=88», 2:;NG0O 2 =55 =52@0AB5=8G5A:85 A8<?B><>:><?;5:AK, 2K720==K5 B@02<0<8, 8=D5:F8O<8 8 8=B>:A8:0F8O<8, 4@C385 AC60NB 55, >B=>AO : =59 ;8HL D>@<K, 2K720==K5 ?A8E>35==K<8 8;8 A><0B>35==K<8 8AB>I0NI8<8 2;8O=8O<8.  :;8=8G5A:>9 ?@0:B8:5 G0AB> 2AB@5G05BAO =52@0AB5=8G5A:89 A8<?B><>:><?;5:A, 2 35=575 :>B>@>3> =0@O4C A ?A8E>35==K<8 D0:B>@0<8 83@0NB @>;L 8 A><0B>35==K5 8AB>I0NI85 2;8O=8O, 0 B0: :0: 8 B5, 8 4@C385 <>3CB ?@825AB8 : @0728B8N =52@0AB5=8G5A:>3> A8<?B><>:><?-;5:A0, 2>7=8:05B 2>?@>A > F5;5A>>1@07=>AB8 @073@0=8G5=8O =52@0AB5=8G5A:>3> A8<?B><>:><;5:A0 ?A8E>35==>9 MB8>;>388 >B A><0B>35==> >1CA;>2;5==>3>. 5 1C45B ;8 B0:>5 @073@0=8G5=85 8A:CAAB25==K<, =5 8<5NI8< ?@0:B8G5A:>3> 7=0G5=8O? ;O >B25B0 =0 MB>B 2>?@>A ?@82>48< A;54CNI85 420 =01;N45=8O, A45;0==K5 2 @07=>5 2@5<O.  A0=0B>@89 ?>ABC?8;8 <>;>4>9 G5;>25: 8 <>;>40O 65=I8=0 A 4803=>7>< =52@0AB5=88. '5@57 =5A:>;L:> =545;L <>;>4>9 G5;>25: 7=0G8B5;L=> ?@81028; 2 25A5, ?>GC2AB2>20; A51O 1>4@K<, >B4>E=C2H8< 8 1K; 2K?8A0= 87 A0=0B>@8O 2K74>@>252H8<. >;>40O 65=I8=0 ?>B5@O;0 2 25A5, =5A<>B@O =0 B> GB> ?>;CG0;0 E>@>H55 ?8B0=85 8 A>1;N40;0 A0=0B>@=K9 @568<. /2;5=8O =52@0AB5=88 C =55 CA8;8;8AL. 5 ?@>1K2 4> :>=F0 A@>:0 ?CB52:8, >=0 >AB028;0 A0=0B>@89 8 C5E0;0 2 M:A?548F8N. 0E>4OAL B0< 2 BO65;KE :;8<0B8G5A:8E 8 1KB>2KE CA;>28OE, >=0 <=>3> @01>B0;0, G0AB> =54>AK?0;0, ?>;CG0;0 ?8IC, <5=55 1>30BCN, @07=>>1@07=CN 8 2:CA=> ?@83>B>2;5==CN, G5< 2 A0=0B>@88, 8 B5< =5 <5=55 1KAB@> ?>?@028;0AL, 8710282H8AL >B =52@0AB5=88. > E0@0:B5@C >=0 1K;0 2A5340 =5B5@?5;82>9, 0:B82=>9, 45OB5;L=>9, >B;8G0;0AL 2KA>:>9 B@C4>A?>A>1=>ABLN 8 =5 <>3;0 1KBL >B=5A5=0 =8 : <KA;8B5;L=><C, =8 : EC4>65AB25==><C B8?C. # <>;>4>3> G5;>25:0 =52@0AB5=8O @0728;0AL ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: >= 4;8B5;L=> 8 =0?@O65==> 3>B>28;AO : M:70<5=0<, =54>AK?0;, =5@53C;O@=> ?8B0;AO 8, =0:>=5F, ?5@5=5A 3@8?? =0 =>30E !0=0B>@=>5 ;5G5=85, ?@>2545==>5 ?>A;5 CA?5H=>9 A40G8 M:70<5=>2, 1KAB@> ?@825;> : 2K74>@>2;5=8N >;>40O 65=I8=0 70 5 <5AOF52 4> ?>ABC?;5=8O 2 A0=0B>@89 ?>;CG8;0 ?8AL<>, GB> <C6, =0E>4OI89AO 2 M:A?548F88, 87<5=O5B 59 B0< A >4=>9 87 A>B@C4=8F. > ?@85745 <C6 G0AB> ?@>4>;60; 2AB@5G0BLAO =0 @01>B5 A MB>9 A>B@C4=8F59. KA;8 > 2>7<>6=>9 87<5=5 <C60 =5 ?>:840;8 1>;L=CN. 0;59H0O 7045@6:0 53> =0 @01>B5, B5;5D>==K9 72>=>: 8;8 2>A?><8=0=85 > B><, GB> <C6 A59G0A =0 @01>B5, 345 =0E>48BAO 8 MB0 A>B@C4=8F0, 2K7K20;8 GC2AB2> B@52>38 8 BO3>AB=CN M<>F8>=0;L=CN @50:F8N. @8 >1I5=88 A <C65< 1>;L=0O ?5;0 A51O A45@60==>, AB0@0OAL =5 >1=0@C68BL A2>8 ?5@56820=8O. >AB5?5==> @0728;8AL O2;5=8O =52@0AB5=88. @51K20=85 2 A0=0B>@88, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: <C6 ?@>4>;60; >AB020BLAO =0 B>9 65 @01>B5, =5 ?@825;> : C;CGH5=8N A>AB>O=8O. K74>@>2;5=85 =0ABC?8;> 4>2>;L=> 1KAB@> ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: <C6 ?>5E0; A 4@C3>9 M:A?548F8>==>9 ?0@B859 A>2<5AB=> A 1>;L=>9 8 A5<59=K5 >B=>H5=8O =0;048;8AL.  40==>< A;CG05 701>;520=85 @0728;>AL C 65=I8=K, >B=>AOI59AO A:>@55 2A53> : ;8F0< A A8;L=K< =5C@02=>25H5==K< B8?>< =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K 157 ?@5>1;040=8O >4=>9 87 A83=0;L=KE A8AB5<. <52H55AO C =55 >BAB020=85 B>@<>7=>3> ?@>F5AA0 A?>A>1AB2>20;> 2>7=8:=>25=8N 701>;520=8O. >A;54=55 1K;> 2K720=> 459AB285< 8=D>@<0F88 (?8AL<> 8 ?@.) > 2>7=8:H59 C3@>75 55 A5<59=><C 1;03>?>;CG8N. @8 MB>< 4> B>3> 8=48DD5@5=B=K5 @074@068B5;8 8;8 8E A;54K (72>=>: B5;5D>=0, 7045@6:0 <C60 =0 @01>B5, 2>A?><8=0=85 > 53> A>A;C6828F5) ?@8>1@5;8 =>2>5 A83=0;L=>5 7=0G5=85 8 2 A2O78 A MB8< AB0;8 ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI8<8. «>;L=K< ?C=:B><» 2 :>@5 1K;8 ?@54AB02;5=8O, A2O70==K5 A 2>7<>6=>9 87<5=>9 <C60. "0:8< >1@07><, >A=>2=K< MB8>;>38G5A:8< D0:B>@>< O28;0AL 4;8B5;L=0O ?A8E8G5A:0O B@02<0B870F8O, ?0B>35=5B8G5A:8<  ?5@5=0?@O65=85 =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2, 2K720==>5 459AB285< ?A8E>B@02<8@>202H8E @074@068B5;59 8 ?>402;5=85< M<>F8>=0;L=KE ?@>O2;5=89 CA8;85< 2>;8. @51K20=85 2 CA;>28OE A0=0B>@8O =5 ?@825;> : CAB@0=5=8N ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<0B870F88.  A2O78 A MB8< =5 1K;> 4>AB83=CB> 8 ;5G51=>3> MDD5:B0. >574:0 A <C65< 2 M:A?548F8N ?@825;0 : CAB@0=5=8N ?@8G8=K 701>;520=8O 8 1KAB@><C 2K74>@>2;5=8N. @82545==K5 =01;N45=8O A2845B5;LAB2CNB > B><, GB> @073@0=8G5=85 =52@0AB5=8G5A:>3> A8=4@><0 A><0B>35==>3> 8 ?A8E>35==>3> 35=570 206=>, B0: :0: 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B MB8>;>38G5A:8E D0:B>@>2 1>;57=L =5 B>;L:> 8<55B A2>8 :;8=8G5A:85 >A>15==>AB8, => 8 B@51C5B @07;8G=>9 B5@0?88. K AG8B05< F5;5A>>1@07=K<, :0: MB> 45;0NB <=>385 02B>@K, >1>7=0G0BL =52@0AB5=8G5A:89 A8<?B><>:><?;5:A A><0B>35==>3> 35=570 ?> 254CI59 MB8>;>38G5A:>9 ?@8G8=5, =0?@8<5@ «?>AB8=D5:F8>==0O 0AB5=8O 8;8 F5@51@0AB5=8O», «0AB5=8G5A:85 A>AB>O=8O =0 ?>G25 0;8<5=B0@=>9 48AB@>D88 8;8 0=5<88 ?>A;5 :@>2>?>B5@8», «F5@51@0;L=K9 0@B5@8>A:;5@>7, =52@0AB5=8G5A:0O AB048O», «?@>3@5AA82=K9 ?0@0;8G, =52@0AB5=8G5A:0O AB048O» 8 B. ?.  =52@0AB5=88 :0: A0<>AB>OB5;L=>9 =>7>;>38G5A:>9 548=8F5 2 @0<:0E =52@>7>2 <K 1C45< >B=>A8BL ;8HL 701>;520=8O, 2K720==K5 ;81> ?A8E8G5A:8<8 B@02<0<8, ;81> 4;8B5;L=K< =54>AK?0=85<, ?@>4>;68B5;L=K< C<AB25==K< 8;8 D878G5A:8< =0?@O65=85<, A2O70==K<8 A ?A8E8G5A:8<8 2>7459AB28O<8, 2K7K20NI8<8 >701>G5==>ABL 8 =5>1E>48<>ABL ?@5>4>;520BL 2>7=8:0NI55 GC2AB2> CAB0;>AB8. -B> >A>15==> >BG5B;82> 2KABC?05B ?@8 B0: =07K205<>9 D0B830F8>==>9 (>B ;0B. fatigatio  CB><;5=85, ?5@5CB><;5=85) =52@0AB5=88 C ;5BG8:>2, >?8A0==>9 2 3>4K 2B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K. ><8<> ?A8E8G5A:>3> 8 D878G5A:>3> =0?@O65=8O 8 2>7<>6=>3> =54>AK?0=8O, 2 2>7=8:=>25=88 1>;57=8 1>;LHCN @>;L 83@0;> ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI55 2>7459AB285 >?0A=>9 4;O 687=8 A8BC0F88. 52@0AB5=8N 1C45< >B3@0=8G820BL >B 0AB5=8G5A:>9 ?A8E>?0B88, 4;O :>B>@>9, ?> . . 0==CH:8=C, «O2;5=8O B0: =07K205<>9 @074@068B5;L=>9 A;01>AB8 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K 8 ?A8E8:8 (@074@068<>ABL + 8AB>I05<>ABL), 2K42830OAL =0 ?5@54=89 ?;0=, ?@54AB02;ONB A2>9AB20 =5 =068BK5, 0 2@>645==K5, ?>AB>O==K5»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«?;>ECN ?0<OBL», «701K2G82>ABL». >2KH5==0O 2>71C48<>ABL 8 1KAB@0O 8AB>I05<>ABL A:07K20NBAO B0:65 2 ;53:>< 2>7=8:=>25=88 M<>F8>=0;L=KE @50:F89 (?5G0;8, @04>AB8 8 B. ?.) 8 2 B> 65 2@5<O 8E :@0B:>2@5<5==>AB8, =5AB>9:>AB8: ?@8 ?>O2;5=88 0??5B8B0  2 1KAB@>< =0@0AB0=88 GC2AB20 3>;>40 8 1KAB@>< C30A0=88 53> 2 =0G0;5 54K, 8=>340 2 ;53:>< 2>7=8:=>25=88 M@5:F88 ?>4 2;8O=85< A;01KE <5E0=8G5A:8E 8;8 CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=KE @074@068B5;59 8 1KAB@>< =0ABC?;5=88 MO:C;OF88 8725@65=88 A5<5=8 (ejaculatio praecox). 1KG=> B5 DC=:F88 C 1>;L=KE, :>B>@K5 >B;8G0NBAO ?>2KH5==>9 2>71C48<>ABLN, E0@0:B5@87CNBAO 8 ?>2KH5==>9 8AB>I05<>ABLN. AB>I05<>ABL MB8E 1>;L=KE A:07K205BAO 8 2 8E =5B5@?5;82>AB8. 6840=85 4;O =8E AB0=>28BAO =52K=>A8<K<. !>= 1>;L=KE =0@CH5=. 0AK?0=85 G0AB> 70B@C4=5=>. !>= =54>AB0B>G=> 3;C1>:89, B@52>6=K9, A >18;85< A=>2845=89. @8 MB>< 1>;L=K5 ;53:> ?@>1C640NBAO ?>4 2;8O=85< =57=0G8B5;L=KE 2=5H=8E @074@068B5;59. >A;5 A=0 =5 2>7=8:05B GC2AB20 A2565AB8, 1>4@>AB8, 0, =0>1>@>B, ?>O2;O5BAO >ICI5=85 @0718B>AB8, A>=;82>AB8.  A5@548=5 4=O A0<>GC2AB285 C;CGH05BAO, 0 : 25G5@C 2=>2L CEC4H05BAO. =>385 1>;L=K5 =52@0AB5=859 60;CNBAO =0 3>;>2=CN 1>;L. =B5=A82=>ABL 55 =525;8:0: G0I5 2A53> MB> >ICI5=85 BO65AB8 2 3>;>25 8;8 BC?K5 1>;8 2 >1;0AB8 ;10. >;L =5@54:> =>A8B 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 ?>AB>O==K9 E0@0:B5@, CA8;820OAL ?@8 2>;=5=88 8;8 CB><;5=88. > . . 0@20A0@A:><C, ?@8 =52@0AB5=88 <>65B =01;N40BLAO 3>;>2=0O 1>;L 207><>B>@=>3> E0@0:B5@0 (?C;LA8@CNI0O 1>;L, A>?@>2>640NI0OAO C25;8G5=85< ?C;LA0F88 28A>G=KE 0@B5@89: 48384@>M@3>B0<88 55 C<5=LH05B) 8 1>;L, A2O70==0O A =0?@O65=85< <KHF 3>;>2K 8 H58. >A;54=55 ?>4B25@6405BAO M;5:B@><8>3@0D8G5A:8. !>AC4>AC6820NI85 ?@5?0@0BK <>3CB CA8;820BL B0:CN 1>;L. 02;5=85 2 F5=B@0;L=>9 0@B5@88 A5BG0B:8, >B@060NI55 402;5=85 2 A8AB5<5 2=CB@5==59 A>==>9 0@B5@88, 2> 2@5<O ?@8ABC?0 =52@0AB5=8G5A:>9 3>;>2=>9 1>;8 2 >B;8G85 >B B>3>, GB> =01;N405BAO, =0?@8<5@, ?@8 3>;>2=>9 1>;8 =0 ?>G25 0@0E=>848B0, =5 87<5=5=>. >;L=K5 =52@0AB5=859 A>7=0NB, GB> >=8 1>;L=K, 8 G0AB> 8ICB ?><>I8 C 2@0G59, AB@5<OBAO ?>?@028BLAO. 1KG=> >=8 =5 AB0@0NBAO 45<>=AB@8@>20BL A2>N 1>;57=L, 0, =0>1>@>B, A:@K20NB 55 >B >:@C60NI8E. =>340 701>;520=85 :065BAO 8< BO65;K< 8 ?>@>6405B @O4 8?>E>=4@8G5A:8E ?@54AB02;5=89. 0;8G85 =5?@8OB=KE >ICI5=89 A> AB>@>=K @07;8G=KE G0AB59 B5;0 405B 1>;L=K< ?>2>4 70?>4>7@8BL C A51O :0:>5-;81> =0G8=0NI55AO BO65;>5 A><0B8G5A:>5 701>;520=85. # <=>38E 701>;52H8E >1=0@C68205BAO =0;8G85 «1>;L=KE ?C=:B>2» 2 :>@5  B5E «?C=:B>2»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reindler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reindler). O4 02B>@>2 >B=>AOB 55 : 38?>AB5=8G5A:>9 D>@<5. 0: =0< :065BAO, 8<5NBAO >A=>20=8O 2K45;OBL 55 2 A0<>AB>OB5;L=CN D>@<C  =52@0AB5=8G5A:CN 45?@5AA8N, ?@8 :>B>@>9 =0@O4C A B0:8< A8<?B><>< =52@0AB5=88, :0: ?>2KH5==0O 2>71C48<>ABL 8 1KAB@0O 8AB>I05<>ABL 8;8 0AB5=8O, 2KABC?05B ?>=865==>5 =0AB@>5=85. 848<>, : =59 >B=>A8BAO G0ABL 701>;520=89, >?8AK205<KE ?>A;54=55 2@5<O ?>4 =0720=85< «=52@>B8G5A:0O 45?@5AA8O» (Völkel, E. !. 25@1CE). 52@0AB5=8G5A:0O 45?@5AA8O >B;8G05BAO =5 B>;L:> >B M=4>35==>9, => 8 >B ?A8E>35==>9, 8;8 @50:B82=>9, 45?@5AA88, :>B>@0O O2;O5BAO ?A8E>7>< A25@EF5==KE, 4><8=8@CNI8E 8459. @8 @50:B82=>9 45?@5AA88 2 A>7=0=88 3>A?>4AB2CNB <KA;8 > ?>AB83H5< G5;>25:0 =5AG0ABL5. @8 =52@0AB5=8G5A:>9 45?@5AA88 45?@5AA82=K9 0DD5:B O2;O5BAO AC<<0@=>9 @50:F859 =0 ?A8E>B@02<8@CNICN A8BC0F8N 157 B>3>, GB>1K <KA;8 >1 MB>9 A8BC0F88 3>A?>4AB2>20;8 2 A>7=0=88. = =5 AB>;L 3;C1>: 8 AB>5:, :0: ?@8 @50:B82=>9 45?@5AA88, 8 >BE>48B =0 704=89 ?;0=, :>340 2=8<0=85 1>;L=>3> G5<-;81> >B2;5G5=>, =0?@8<5@ 8=B5@5A=>9 15A54>9, ?@>A<>B@>< :8=>D8;L<0. 5 =01;N405BAO 8 ?A8E><>B>@=>9 70B>@<>65==>AB8, 8459 A0<>C=8G865=8O, 28=>2=>AB8. @82>48< E0@0:B5@=>5 =01;N45=85. >;L=0O "., 26 ;5B, G5@B56=8F0, >1@0B8;0AL A 60;>10<8 =0 GC2AB2> B>A:8, ?>2KH5==CN CB><;O5<>ABL, @074@068B5;L=>ABL, G0ABK5 3>;>2=K5 1>;8. >;L=0O 7 ;5B 70<C65<. 825B A <C65< 8 A25:@>2LN. <55B @515=:0 6 ;5B.  <C6C =5 ?@82O70=0. = G0AB> 2K?8205B, <0;>2=8<0B5;5=. !> A25:@>2LN >B=>H5=8O ?;>E85. 01>B0 =5 C4>2;5B2>@O5B. 0B5@80;L=>5 ?>;>65=85 A5<L8 70B@C4=8B5;L=>5. !G8B05B, GB> 687=L 55 A;>68;0AL =5C40G=>. >A;54=55 2@5<O <=>3> A25@EC@>G=> @01>B0;0, CAB020;0. > E0@0:B5@C <O3:0O, >1I8B5;L=0O; 2A5340 >B;8G0;0AL =52KA>:>9 @01>B>A?>A>1=>ABLN, 1KAB@>9 CB><;O5<>ABLN >;510=89 =0AB@>5=8O 2 ?@>H;>< =5 =01;N40;>AL. B<5G05B, GB> 701>;520=85 @072820;>AL ?>AB5?5==>. >A;54=85 =545;8 @57:> ?>2KA8;0AL CB><;O5<>ABL, AB0;0 @074@068B5;L=>9, CEC4H8;AO A>=. 0AB@>5=85 AB0;> ?>=865==K<. >O28;>AL GC2AB2> B>A:8. «A5 AB0;> =5<8;K<»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«@074@068B5;L=0O A;01>ABL»), 2 B@5BL59  =0G8=05B ?@5>1;040BL ?@>F5AA B>@<>65=8O, :0: 1K >3@0640O =5@2=K5 :;5B:8 >B G@57<5@=>9 B@0BK M=5@388. -;5:B@8G5A:0O 0:B82=>ABL <>730, ?> =0H8< 40==K<, 2 1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG052 =52@0AB5=88 =5 >B;8G05BAO >B =>@<K 8 ?>GB8 C 50% 1>;L=KE =8G5< =5 ?@8<5G0B5;L=0. # >AB0;L=KE 50% >1=0@C6820NBAO B5 8;8 8=K5 >A>15==>AB8, :>B>@K5 =5 C4020;>AL A2O70BL A B>9 8;8 8=>9 D>@<>9 701>;520=8O. "0:, C >4=8E >B<5G0;>AL ?@5>1;040=85 G0ABKE 2>;= (15B0-@8B<0), C 4@C38E C?;>I5==K5 :@82K5, C B@5BL8E  ?5@8>48G5A:85 <54;5==K5 2>;=K 8;8 8=>340 ?8:8. Kreindler A A>B@C4=8:0<8 C 63% 1>;L=KE =52@0AB5=859 (0AB5=8G5A:8< =52@>7><, ?> B5@<8=>;>388 02B>@0) O2=> ?A8E>35==>9 MB8>;>388 =01;N40; =87:CN M;5:B@8G5A:CN 0:B82=>ABL <>730 (A@54=89 2>;LB06 5 15 <:2), C 74% 1>;L=KE  =5@53C;O@=>ABL :@82>9 ?@8 =0;8G88 0;LD0-@8B<0. @8 MB>< C 36% 1>;L=KE A 402=>ABLN 701>;520=8O 4> 3>40 8 C 68% 1>;L=KE  A2KH5 3>40 >B<5G0;8AL B5B0-2>;=K, C 13% >B >1I53> G8A;0 1>;L=KE  45;LB0-2>;=K (?@8 402=>AB8 701>;520=8O 4> 3>40 >=8 =5 >B<5G0;8AL) 8 C 33%  ?8:8. > Demetrescu, Nicolescu-Catargi 8 . Demetrescu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«=52@>7C @074@065=8O», ?> 8E B5@<8=>;>388) 8 2 >A=>25 53>, ?> 2A59 25@>OB=>AB8, ;568B G@57<5@=0O 2>71C48<>ABL 2>AE>4OI59 0:B828@CNI59 A8AB5<K; II B8? A>>B25BAB2C5B 38?>AB5=8G5A:>9 D>@<5 («=52@>7C B>@<>65=8O»). 3> M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0D8G5A:85 >A>15==>AB8 >1JOA=ONBAO C:070==K<8 02B>@0<8 B>@<>65=85< B0;0<8G5A:>9 0:B828@CNI59 A8AB5<K, ?@>5:B8@CNI8<AO =0 :>@C ;>1=>9 4>;8, GB> ?@82>48B : >A;01;5=8N :>=B@>;O ;>1=>9 4>;8 =04 28AF5@0;L=K< <>73><; III B8? A>>B25BAB2C5B «A<5H0==><C =52@>7C», :;8=8G5A:0O E0@0:B5@8AB8:0 53> O2;O5BAO «?@><56CB>G=>9 <564C ?5@2K<8 42C<O B8?0<8»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«1>;L=KE ?C=:B>2» 2 :>@5 3>;>2=>3> <>730 1>;L=>3>, 2>7459AB285 =0 :>B>@K5 2K7K205B >A>15==> 2K@065==CN M<>F8>=0;L=CN @50:F8N. -B> A:07K205BAO 2 ?>2KH5==>9 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 : 459AB28N >?@545;5==KE ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI8E @074@068B5;59, O2;ONI8EAO 4;O =8E ?0B>35==K<8. >A;54=85 <>3CB 1KBL CAB0=>2;5=K ?@8 @0AA?@>A5 1>;L=>3>, =01;N45=88 70 53> ?>2545=85< 8 @50:F8O<8 2 @07;8G=KE A8BC0F8OE, 2 ?@>F5AA5 15A54K, 70B@03820NI59 @07;8G=K5 B5<K, 0 B0:65 ?@8 A;>25A=>< M:A?5@8<5=B5 ?CB5< =01;N45=8O 70 @50:F859 =0 @07;8G=K5 A;>20-@074@068B5;8. @8 2>7=8:=>25=88 701>;520=8O 2A;54 70 459AB285< ?A8E8G5A:8E B@02< 8 ?@8 =0;8G88 «1>;L=KE ?C=:B>2» 2 :>@5 2A5-B0:8 =5>1E>48<> BI0B5;L=>5 =52@>;>38G5A:>5 >1A;54>20=85, ?>A:>;L:C C:070==K5 O2;5=8O =5 8A:;NG0NB 2>7<>6=>AB8 >@30=8G5A:>3> 701>;520=8O. @8 =52@0AB5=8G5A:>< A8<?B><>:><?;5:A5, 2K720==>< B@02<0<8 8 >?CE>;O<8 <>730, F5@51@0;L=K< 0B5@>A:;5@>7>< (=52@0AB5=8G5A:0O D>@<0), A8D8;8A>< (=52@0AB5=8G5A:0O AB048O A8D8;8A0 <>730 8;8 ?@>3@5AA82=>3> ?0@0;8G0) 8 B. ?., 8<5NBAO A8<?B><K >A=>2=>3> 701>;520=8O, ?@840NI85 @O4 :;8=8G5A:8E >A>15==>AB59 A0<><C =52@0AB5=8G5A:><C A8<?B><>:><?;5:AC 8 B5< A0<K< >B;8G0NI85 53> >B =52@0AB5=88. "0:, @57G09H85 3>;>2=K5 1>;8, >A>15==> 2>7=8:0NI85 2> 2@5<O A=0, ?>4 CB@>, G0AB> A>?@>2>640NI85AO B>H=>B>9 8 @2>B>9, <5AB=0O 1>;57=5==>ABL ?@8 ?5@:CAA88 G5@5?0, =52@>;>38G5A:85 A8<?B><K 8 87<5=5=8O 3;07=>3> 4=0 E0@0:B5@=K 4;O >?CE>;59 <>730; 2K@065==>ABL 25AB81C;O@=>3> :><?>=5=B0 (3>;>2>:@C65=85 ?@8 5745 2 B@0<205, ?>5745, ?@8 D8:A0F88 273;O40 =0 <5@F0NI8E ?@54<5B0E, =0?@8<5@ 2 :8=>B50B@5, ?>;>68B5;L=K9 >:C;>AB0B8G5A:89 D5=><5= 8 B. ?.) B8?8G=0 4;O ?>A;54AB289 B@02< <>730; =0@0AB0NI55 A=865=85 MB8G5A:8E 8 =@02AB25==KE CAB>52 A =0;8G85< E0@0:B5@=KE A5@>;>38G5A:8E 8 =52@>;>38G5A:8E 40==KE  4;O =52@0AB5=8G5A:>9 AB0488 ?@>3@5AA82=>3> ?0@0;8G0; @57:>5 A;01>4CH85 =0@O4C A 8=5@B=>ABLN, B@C4=>ABLN 1KAB@> ?5@5:;NG0BLAO A >4=>3> 2840 45OB5;L=>AB8 =0 4@C3>9  4;O F5@51@0;L=>3> 0B5@>A:;5@>70. @8 38?>B>=8G5A:>9 1>;57=8, :0: C65 >B<5G0;>AL =0<8, ?5@8>48G5A:8 ?>O2;ONBAO ?@87=0:8 =54>AB0B>G=>AB8 :@>2>>1@0I5=8O <>730, >A>15==> ?>A;5 D878G5A:>9 =03@C7:8 8;8 @57:>3> M<>F8>=0;L=>3> =0?@O65=8O. !N40 >B=>AOBAO 3>;>2=K5 1>;8, G0I5 2 >1;0AB8 70BK;:0, 3>;>2>:@C65=85, HC< 2 CH0E, >ICI5=8O <5@F0=8O 2 3;070E, GC2AB2> :@0B:>2@5<5==>3> >=5<5=8O >B45;L=KE G0AB59 B5;0, 2@5<5==K5 70B@C4=5=8O 2 ?>4KA:820=88 8;8 ?@>87=>H5=88 A;>2 (?@8 F5@51@0;L=>< 0B5@>A:;5@>75 >=8 =>AOB 1>;55 ?>AB>O==K9 E0@0:B5@). @8 MB>< =5@54:> 2>7=8:0NB =5?@8OB=K5 >ICI5=8O 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0 8 ?5@8>48G5A:>5 ?>O2;5=85 GC2AB20 B@52>38, 15A?>:>9AB20. ;O 0AB5=88 38?5@B>=8G5A:>3> 35=570, ?> . !. 0<40AC, E0@0:B5@=K @0AAB@>9AB20 2=8<0=8O, >B2;5:05<>ABL, <5H0NI0O @01>B5 8 70B@C4=ONI0O CA2>5=85 =>2>3> <0B5@80;0, @074@068B5;L=>ABL, =5B5@?5;82>ABL, 0DD5:B82=0O ;018;L=>ABL, 2@5<5=0<8 B@52>30, 3>;>2=K5 1>;8 @0A?8@0NI53> E0@0:B5@0, «A28=F>20O BO65ABL» 2 70BK;>G=>9 >1;0AB8, 1>;8 2 >1;0AB8 B5<5=8 8 ;10, 3>;>2>:@C65=8O, =>AOI85 ?@8ABC?>>1@07=K9 E0@0:B5@, A 2=570?=K< «?@>20;820=85<», ?>B5@59 CAB>9G82>AB8, :>B>@0O 70AB02;O5B 1>;L=>3> E20B0BLAO 70 GB>-;81>, 8 >ICI5=85< ;53:>AB8, ?CAB>BK 2 3>;>25. ;O ?>AB8=D5:F8>==KE 0AB5=89 8 0AB5=89 ?@8 A><0B8G5A:8E 701>;520=8OE E0@0:B5@=0 38?5@5AB5B8G5A:0O ?A8E8G5A:0O A;01>ABL =0 D>=5 ;53:>9 8AB>I05<>AB8, A5=78B82=>AB8, >184G82>ABL, :0?@87=>AB8; ?;0:A82>ABL, ?>2KH5==0O A5=B8<5=B0;L=>ABL, C<8;O5<>ABL; ?@8 CEC4H5=88 A0<>GC2AB28O  >B45;L=K5 =5AB>9:85 8?>E>=4@8G5A:85 8458. @8 MB>< C 1>;L=KE ?>A;5 1@NH=>3> B8D0 =0 ?5@54=89 ?;0= 2KABC?05B >G5=L @57:0O <KH5G=0O 048=0<8O, ?@8 BC15@:C;575  G0AB> ;53:>5 1;03>4CH85, ;53:0O M9D>@8O, =54>>F5=:0 BO65AB8 A2>53> A>AB>O=8O, GB> A2O7K20NB A ;53:>9 38?>:A5<859 <>730; ?@8 1>;57=8 >B:8=0  0AB5=8O A 3=52=>9 @074@068B5;L=>ABLN (". . 527>@>20); ?@8 701>;520=8OE A5@4F0  2@5<5=0<8 GC2AB2> B@52>38, A=>2845=8O A >ICI5=85< ?@>20;820=8O 2 ?@>?0ABL (?@8 M:AB@0A8AB>;8OE); ?@8 1>;57=OE 65;C4:0  @074@068B5;L=>ABL A 8?>E>=4@8G=>ABLN; ?@8 701>;520=8OE ?5G5=8  «65;G=K9» >BB5=>: =0AB@>5=8O A @074@068B5;L=>ABLN, ?@848@G82>ABLN, =54>2>;LAB2>< A>1>9. 52@0AB5=8G5A:89 A8<?B><>:><?;5:A =5@54:> >B<5G05BAO ?@8 M=4>:@8==KE @0AAB@>9AB20E. "0:, ?@8 B8@5>B>:A8:>75 =01;N405BAO ?>2KH5==0O 2>71C48<>ABL, @074@068B5;L=>ABL, AC5B;82>ABL, 15A?>:>9AB2>, =5?>A54;82>ABL, ?>2KH5==0O >B2;5:05<>ABL, ;53:0O 8AB>I05<>ABL. @8 MB>< 8<5NBAO B0E8:0@48O, 38?5@384@>7, =0@CH5=8O >1<5=0 25I5AB2 8 4@C385 ?@87=0:8 38?5@B8@5>70; ?@8 =54>AB0B>G=>AB8 DC=:F88 :>@K =04?>G5G=8:>2  =0@0AB0NI0O 048=0<8O =0@O4C A M<>F8>=0;L=>9 ;018;L=>ABLN, A=865=85< 0@B5@80;L=>3> 402;5=8O 8 4@C38<8 A8<?B><0<8. ;O 0AB5=8G5A:8E A8=4@><>2, >1CA;>2;5==KE E@>=8G5A:>9 ;CG52>9 1>;57=LN ( . . >;>45F), E0@0:B5@=> =0;8G85 <=>3>>1@07=KE A><0B>-2535B0B82=KE M=4>:@8==KE 8 35<0B>;>38G5A:8E A4283>2 (?@58<CI5AB25==> A> AB>@>=K 15;>9 :@>28), ?@840NI8E 0AB5=88 28B0;L=K9 E0@0:B5@, 0 B0:65 @0=> 2KO2;ONI55AO 38?5@?0B8G5A:>5 2>A?@8OB85 >:@C60NI53> A ?>2KH5==>9 GC2AB28B5;L=>ABLN : 2=5H=8< @074@068B5;O<, >A>15==> 70?0E0< 8 72C:0< (B8?0 38?5@>A<88 8 38?5@0:C788). =>340 8725AB=K5 70B@C4=5=8O ?@54AB02;O5B >B3@0=8G5=85 =52@0AB5=88 >B =52@>7>?>4>1=>9 D>@<K H87>D@5=88. AB02;5=85 1>;L=K< @01>BK =0 4;8B5;L=K9 A@>:, =54>AB0B>G=> <>B828@>20==>5 8 =5 A>>B25BAB2CNI55, :070;>AL 1K, BO65AB8 >1=0@C68205<KE 8< 1>;57=5==KE A8<?B><>2, =0@O4C A ?>O2;5=85< AB@0==>AB59 2 ?>2545=88, 0CB87<0, M<>F8>=0;L=>9 BC?>AB8, =0@0AB0NI59 01C;88, 0 B0:65 =0@CH5=8O 2>A?@8OB8O 8 <KH;5=8O, E0@0:B5@=K5 4;O H87>D@5=88, 3>2>@OB 2 55 ?>;L7C. B3@0=8G5=85 2K@065==>9 45?@5AA82=>9 D07K <0=80:0;L=>-45?@5AA82=>3> ?A8E>70 >B =52@0AB5=88 =5 ?@54AB02;O5B =8:0:8E 70B@C4=5=89. 8DD5@5=F80F8O >B 45?@5AA82=>9 D07K, ?@>B5:0NI59 A =5@57:> ?>=865==K< =0AB@>5=85<, >ICI5=85< 2O;>AB8, ;5=8, =565;0=8O 42830BLAO, 70B@C4=5=85< 2 ?>=8<0=88 8 CA2>5=88 =>2>3> <0B5@80;0, >ICI5=85< BO65AB8 8;8 ?CAB>BK 2 3>;>25, A:;>==>AB8 : 8?>E>=4@8G5A:8< 845O<, <>65B ?@54AB02;OBL 8725AB=K5 B@C4=>AB8.  ?>;L7C <0=80:0;L=>-45?@5AA82=>3> ?A8E>70 3>2>@8B =0;8G85 B>A:8, ?A8E><>B>@=>9 70B>@<>65==>AB8, 8459 A0<>>128=5=8O 8;8 A0<>C=8G865=8O (A:;>==>ABL AG8B0BL A51O ?;>E8<), AC8F840;L=KE <KA;59 8;8 <KA;59 > 15AF5;L=>AB8 ACI5AB2>20=8O, ?>O2;5=85 70?>@>2, 0<5=>@58, ACE>AB8 O7K:0, B0E8:0@488, 0 B0:65 C;CGH5=85 A>AB>O=8O 8 A0<>GC2AB28O : 25G5@C, D07=>5 B5G5=85 701>;520=8O. >A;54=55 2K@0605BAO 2 ?5@8>48G5A:>< ?>2B>@5=88 <0=80:0;L=KE 8;8 45?@5AA82=KE D07, 2 B>< G8A;5 ?@>B5:0NI8E A :0@B8=>9, =0?><8=0NI59 =52@0AB5=8N (B0: =07K205<K5 ?5@8>48G5A:85 =52@0AB5=88, >B=>AOI85AO : <0=80:0;L=>-45?@5AA82=><C ?A8E>7C, 2 G0AB=>AB8 : F8:;>B8<88). 803=>AB8:0 0AB5=8G5A:8E A>AB>O=89, 2K720==KE 4;8B5;L=K< ?5@5CB><;5=85<, =54>AK?0=85< 8 =0@CH5=85< ?8B0=8O, =5 ?@54AB02;O5B 70B@C4=5=89. 0< =5 ?@8E>48;>AL =01;N40BL A:>;L:>-=81C4L 4;8B5;L=> ?@>B5:0NI85 0AB5=8G5A:85 A>AB>O=8O, 2K720==K5 ?5@5CB><;5=85< 8 =54>AK?0=85<, 5A;8 >=8 =5 1K;8 A2O70=K A ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI8<8 2>7459AB28O<8, 2K7K202H8<8 B@52>3C, M<>F8>=0;L=CN =0?@O65==>ABL (=0?@8<5@, A2O70==CN A ?>2B>@=K<8 2K?>;=5=8O<8 >?0A=KE 7040=89). 1KG=> :@0B:>2@5<5==K9 >B4KE CAB@0=O; MB8 O2;5=8O. 8DD5@5=F80;L=K9 4803=>7 ?@54AB02;O; 70B@C4=5=8O 2 B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 MB8>;>38O =52@0AB5=8G5A:>3> A8<?B><>:><?;5:A0 >:07K20;0AL A;>6=>9  =0@O4C A ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<0B870F859 83@0;> @>;L 8AB>I5=85 >@30=87<0, A2O70==>5 A =0@CH5=85< ?8B0=8O 8;8 E@>=8G5A:8<8 8=D5:F8O<8.  MB8E A;CG0OE 2K45;8BL 254CICN ?@8G8=C 701>;520=8O 1K205B =5 2A5340 ;53:>.  #(/ $#& #" %    =52@0AB5=88 <=>385 02B>@K >B=>AOB =0@CH5=8O DC=:F89 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2, :>B>@K5 @0=LH5 >B=>A8;8AL : B0: =07K205<K< =52@>70< 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2. >4 =8<8 ?>=8<0;8AL =0@CH5=8O DC=:F89 MB8E >@30=>2, =5 >1CA;>2;5==K5 :0:8<-;81> >@30=8G5A:8< ?@>F5AA><. 01>;520=8O MB8 2AB@5G0NBAO 4>2>;L=> G0AB>. "0:, ?> Weiss, >=8 =01;N40NBAO C S! 1>;L=KE, >1@0I0NI8EAO : B5@0?52BC, ?> ". !. AB0<0=>2>9, C 5,6% 87 146 000 ?5@28G=KE 1>;L=KE, >1@0B82H8EAO ?> ?>2>4C B5@0?52B8G5A:8E 701>;520=89 2 ?>;8:;8=8:8 5=8=3@040 2 1951 3., ?@8G5< DC=:F8>=0;L=K5 701>;520=8O A5@4F0 A>AB028;8 14,33% ?> >B=>H5=8N :> 2A5< A5@45G=K< 1>;57=O< (. . 0A>20 8 . . 0:0@>20). > McMaster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«CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0, 0 B0:65 2>7=8:H85 ?CB5< A0<>2=CH5=8O, 2 A2O78 A 8E «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>ABLN 8;8 65;0B5;L=>ABLN»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«70?@5BK», 254CI85 : ?>402;5=8N ?0AA82=>->1>@>=8B5;L=KE @50:F89, ?>402;5=85 GC2AB20 AB@0E0 ?@8 =5>1E>48<>AB8 >AB020BLAO 2 CAB@0H0NI59 >1AB0=>2:5, «:>=D;8:BK <564C 4>;3>< 8 65;0=85<»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annon 8 4@.)- =>3> F5==>3> 4;O ?>=8<0=8O <5E0=87<0 MB8E =0@CH5=89 40NB @01>BK Selye > B0: =07K205<>< >1I5< 040?B0F8>==>< A8=4@><5. @30=87< G5;>25:0, A>3;0A=> MB>9 :>=F5?F88, =0 A0<K5 @07;8G=K5 18>;>38G5A:8 A8;L=K5 035=BK 8 2@54=K5 2>7459AB28O, :0:, =0?@8<5@, E>;>4, 60@, 1>;52K5 @074@065=8O, 22545=85 8=AC;8=0, 04@5=0;8=0, 0 B0:65 =0 ?A8E8G5A:85 B@02<K <>65B >B25G0BL =5A?5F8D8G5A:>9 @50:F859, =0720==>9 02B>@>< AB@5AA>< (stress no 0=3;89A:8  =0?@O65=85; 2 40==>< A;CG05 >1KG=> ?5@52>48BAO :0: G@57<5@=>5 =0?@O65=85). -B0 @50:F8O <>65B 2K@060BLAO 2 2845 ;81> 2>A?0;5=8O, ;81> >1I53> 040?B0F8>==>3> A8=4@><0, :>B>@K9 O2;O5BAO =5A?5F8D8G5A:>9 ?@8A?>A>18B5;L=>9 @50:F859, 8<5NI59 B@8 AB0488. 5@20O AB048O  @50:F8O B@52>38 (0;0@<0)  ?@>B5:05B A ?>=865=85< B5<?5@0BC@K B5;0 8 :@>2O=>3> 402;5=8O, 38?>3;8:5<859, 70B5< 38?5@3;8:5<859, 0F84>7><, M>78=>?5=859; 2B>@0O  AB048O A>?@>B82;5=8O  E0@0:B5@87C5BAO ?>2KH5=85< :@>2O=>3> 402;5=8O, 38?5@3;8:5<859, ?>2KH5=85< B5<?5@0BC@K B5;0, 0;:0;>7><, C25;8G5=85< <0AAK :>@K =04?>G5G=8:>2; B@5BLO  AB048O 8AB>I5=8O. 074@068B5;L, 2K7K20NI89 AB@5AA (AB@5AA5@), 459AB2C5B, ?> Selye, =0 >@30=87< ;81> =5?>A@54AB25==>, ;81> G5@57 38?>D870@=>-04@5=0;>2CN A8AB5<C, 2K7K20O 2K45;5=85 B0: =07K205<KE 040?B82=KE 3>@<>=>2.  G0AB=>AB8, ?@8 MB>< @57:> C25;8G8205BAO A5:@5F8O 04@5=>:>@B8:>B@>?=>3> 3>@<>=0 ("), 2A;54AB285 G53> ?5@54=OO 4>;O 38?>D870 >:07K205BAO =5 2 A>AB>O=88 >4=>2@5<5==> ?@>4CF8@>20BL 3>=04>B@>?=K5 3>@<>=K. >MB><C 2> 2@5<O AB@5AA0 C 65=I8= =0ABC?05B 0<5=>@5O, 0 C <C6G8=  8<?>B5=F8O. @><5 B>3>, ?@8 @50:F88 B@52>38 <>65B CA8;8BLAO A5:@5F8O ?5?B8G5A:8E M=78<>2 8 C<5=LH8BLAO A>?@>B82;O5<>ABL 70I8B=>3> 3@0=C;5<0B>7=>3> 20;0, 2A;54AB285 G53> >1@07CNBAO O72K 65;C4:0 8 425=04F0B8?5@AB=>9 :8H:8. 07;8G=K5 284K AB@5AA0 2K7K20NB 2>71C645=85 38?>B0;0<CA0 @5D;5:B>@=K< ?CB5< 8;8 G5@57 :>@C, GB> 2545B : C25;8G5=8N A5:@5F88 " ?5@54=59 4>;59 38?>D870 (Gellhorn 8 Loofbourrow). @8 MB>< B>;L:> 2>7459AB28O, A2O70==K5 A M<>F8>=0;L=K< 2>71C645=85<, 2K7K20NB 0:B820F8N MB>3> <5E0=87<0 G5@57 704=89 >B45; 38?>B0;0<CA0 (Smelik). !8<?0B>04@5=0;>20O A8AB5<0, 0:B828@C5<0O ;8<18G5A:8< <>73>< 8 704=8< >B45;>< 38?>B0;0<CA0, 83@05B 1>;LHCN @>;L 2 2>7=8:=>25=88 ?A8E>A><0B8G5A:8E =0@CH5=89 2 CA;>28OE M<>F8>=0;L=>3> AB@5AA0. "0:8< >1@07><, ?A8E8G5A:85 B@02<K <>3CB ?@825AB8 : 87<5=5=8O<, 2K7K20NI8< 2535B0B82=K5 @0AAB@>9AB20, 2 G0AB=>AB8 =0@CH5=8O DC=:F88 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2. 59AB28B5;L=>, ?@8 =52@>70E >1KG=> >B<5G0NBAO B5 8;8 8=K5 2535B0B82=K5 =0@CH5=8O, =5 2KABC?0NI85 =0 ?5@54=89 ?;0=. =>340, >4=0:>, MB8 =0@CH5=8O <>3CB 1KBL F5=B@0;L=K<8 8 ?@82;5:0NB >A=>2=>5 2=8<0=85 1>;L=>3>, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: A>?CBAB2CNI85 8< >1I85 =0@CH5=8O =5@2=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 (?>2KH5==0O @074@068B5;L=>ABL, B@52>30, 15A?>:>9AB2>, ?>402;5==>5 =0AB@>5=85, 15AA>==8F0 8 B. ?.) >BE>4OB =0 704=89 ?;0=. @8 MB>< <>3CB 2>7=8:0BL =0@CH5=8O A5@45G=>-A>AC48AB>9, 4KE0B5;L=>9, ?8I520@8B5;L=>9, ?>;>2>9 8 4@C38E A8AB5<. "0:, =0?@8<5@, Da Costa =0 >A=>20=88 =01;N45=89, A45;0==KE 2> 2@5<O 3@0640=A:>9 2>9=K 2 <5@8:5, >?8A0; =0@CH5=8O A5@45G=>-A>AC48AB>9 A8AB5<K, =0720==K5 8< «2>71C48<K< A5@4F5< A>;40B0» 8 ?>74=55 ?>;CG82H85 =0720=85 «A8=4@><0 CA8;8O», «=59@>F8@:C;OB>@=>9 0AB5=88». >;L=K5 MB8, ?> >?8A0=8N ". !. AB0<0=>2>9, 60;>20;8AL =0 A5@4F5185=8O, >A>15==> ?@8 D878G5A:>9 =03@C7:5, >ICI5=85 ?5@51>52 8 70<8@0=8O A5@4F0, 1>;8 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0, 2 1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG052 BC?K5 8 4;8B5;L=K5, ;>:0;87>202H85AO 2 >1;0AB8 25@ECH:8 8 ?@>O2;O2H85AO ?@8 42865=88. 0@O4C A MB8< G0AB> >B<5G0;0AL >4KH:0, >ICI5=85 A;01>AB8, ?>B5@O 0??5B8B0, B>H=>B0 8 A:;>==>ABL : @2>B5, 87<5=G82>ABL =0AB@>5=8O, ?>2KH5==0O @074@068B5;L=>ABL, @0AA5O==>ABL, 1>O7;82>ABL, B@52>30. C;LA >1KG=> 1K; @8B<8G=K< A B5=45=F859 : B0E8:0@488. 8HL 87@54:0 =01;N40;0AL M:AB@0A8AB>;8O 8 :@09=5 @54:>  <5@F0B5;L=0O 0@8B<8O. A5 A5@45G=>-A>AC48ABK5 @0AAB@>9AB20 C 1>;L=KE =>A8;8 DC=:F8>=0;L=K9 E0@0:B5@. Wood =0 >A=>20=88 =01;N45=89, A45;0==KE 2> 2@5<O 2B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K, ?>4G5@:8205B AE>4AB2> A8<?B><>2 =59@>F8@:C;OB>@=>9 0AiA?8< A A8<?B><0<8, A2>9AB25==K<8 A8;L=><C AB@0EC. ". !. AB0<0=>20 >B<5G05B, GB> C 1>;LH8=AB20 1>;L=KE A MB8< A8=4@><><, ;5G82H8EAO 2 @07=KE 3>A?8B0;OE 2> 2@5<O 5;8:>9 B5G5AB25==>9 2>9=K, 8<5;8AL C:070=8O =0 BO65;CN ?A8E8G5A:CN B@02<0B870F8N, 2 1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG052 A2O70==CN A 1>52>9 >1AB0=>2:>9. 59@>F8@:C;OB>@=0O 0AB5=8O, ?> <=5=8N MB>3> 02B>@0, O2;O5BAO «>1I8< =52@>7>< A ?@58<CI5AB25==K<8 ?@>O2;5=8O<8 A> AB>@>=K A5@4F0, B0: :0: =8:0:8E A8<?B><>2 8718@0B5;L=>3> >@30=8G5A:>3> ?>@065=8O A5@4F0 CAB0=>28BL =5 C405BAO». 5A><=5==>, GB> 2 7=0G8B5;L=>< G8A;5 A;CG052 «=59@>F8@:C;OB>@=0O 0AB5=8O» 2>5==>3> 2@5<5=8 2K720=0 =5 D878G5A:8< ?5@5=0?@O65=85<, ?5@5=5A5=85< 8=D5:F8>==KE 701>;520=89 8 B><C ?>4>1=K<8 ?@8G8=0<8, 0 ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<0B870F859, A2O70==>9 A ?@51K20=85< 701>;52H53> 2 >?0A=>9 4;O 687=8 >1AB0=>2:5. @8 MB>< 8=>340 2 D8:A0F88 2>7=8:H8E =0@CH5=89 83@05B @>;L 8 E0@0:B5@=K9 4;O 8AB5@88 <5E0=87< «153AB20 2 1>;57=L», «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0. 7<5=5=8O A5@45G=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 ?>4 2;8O=85< M<>F89, 2 B>< G8A;5 2K720==KE 459AB285< CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=KE @074@068B5;59, 1K;8 ?>4<5G5=K 5I5 8??>:@0B><. Wenkenbach, Braun 8 4@. ?>;030NB, GB> =5AG0ABLO, ?A8E8G5A:85 B@02<K <>3CB 2K7K20BL ?>O2;5=85 M:AB@0A8AB>;88. Braun 4>?CA:05B B0:65 2>7<>6=>ABL ACI5AB2>20=8O ?@8ABC?>2 ?0@>:A87<0;L=>9 B0E8:0@488 ?A8E>35==>3> 35=570. > ". !. AB0<0=>2>9, M:AB@0A8AB>;8O, ?@58<CI5AB25==> 65;C4>G:>2>3> E0@0:B5@0, >B<5G05BAO C 14% 8 ?0@>:A87<0;L=0O B0E8:0@48O  C 3,2% 1>;L=KE =52@0AB5=859 A =0@CH5=85< A5@45G=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. Max Herz >?8A0; D>@<C «=52@>70 A5@4F0», 2K720==CN, ?> 53> <=5=8N, ?A8E8G5A:8<8 B@02<0<8 8 E0@0:B5@87CNICNAO: 1) GC2AB2>< :>;>BLO, A60B8O 8;8 «2>;=5=8O» 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0; 2) =0@CH5=85< 4KE0=8O 2 2845 >ICI5=8O A60B8O 2 3@C48, 70B@C4=5==>AB8 4KE0=8O 8 ?5@8>48G5A:8<8 3;C1>:8<8 274>E0<8, A>?@>2>640NI8<8AO =5@54:> AB>=><; 3) >ICI5=85< A5@4F5185=8O, >AB0=>2:8 A5@4F0, 2=570?=KE B>;G:>2 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0 8 B. ?. 1J5:B82=> >1=0@C68205<K5 =0@CH5=8O A5@45G=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 >BACBAB2>20;8. > ". !. AB0<0=>2>9, C 250 1>;L=KE =52@0AB5=859 (: G8A;C :>B>@KE >=0 >B=>A8B 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 A5@4F0) A5@45G=K5 60;>1K ?> G0AB>B5 @0A?>;030;8AL A;54CNI8< >1@07><: A5@4F5185=8O  C 83,8%, 1>;8 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0  C 70,3%, >4KH:0  C 66%, ?5@51>8  C 40% 1>;L=KE. # 1>;LH8=AB20 1>;L=KE >B<5G0;>AL A>G5B0=85 2A5E >B<5G5==KE A8<?B><>2. !5@4F5185=8O C 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 A5@4F0 2 >B;8G85 >B 1>;L=KE A5@45G=>9 =54>AB0B>G=>ABLN 2 1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG052 =5 1K;8 A2O70=K A D878G5A:>9 =03@C7:>9 8 =01;N40;8AL 2 A>AB>O=88 ?>:>O. '0ABL 1>;L=KE C:07K20;0, GB> 2> 2@5<O @01>BK A5@4F5185=8O 8E =5 15A?>:>OB. 5:>B>@K5 1>;L=K5 >ICI0;8 8E ?>AB>O==>. %0@0:B5@=K<8 O2;ONBAO A5@4F5185=8O, 2>7=8:0NI85 ?@8ABC?>>1@07=>, ?@8 2>;=5=88 8 >1KG=> C:07K20NI85 =0 ;018;L=>ABL 2535B0B82=>9 8==5@20F88 A5@4F0. >GB8 C ?>;>28=K 1>;L=KE . ". AB0<0=>2>9 >=8 =5 A>?@>2>640;8AL CG0I5=85< A5@45G=>3> @8B<0. "0E8:0@48O (?C;LA G0I5 80 2 <8=CBC) =01;N40;0AL 5N C ?>;>28=K 1>;L=KE, 1@048:0@48O (?C;LA @565 60 2 <8=CBC)  B>;L:> C 4%, 2K@065==0O B0E8:0@48O (?C;LA 100 120 2 <8=CBC) C 5,6% 1>;L=KE. C;LA 1K; ;018;L=K<  7=0G8B5;L=> CG0I0;AO ?@8 <0;59H5< =5@2=>< =0?@O65=88 (>1E>45 2@0G0, A>18@0=88 0=0<=570 8 B. ?.). "8?8G=K5 0=38=>7=K5 1>;8 C 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 2AB@5G0NBAO 7=0G8B5;L=> @565, G5< 1>;8 4@C3>3> E0@0:B5@0, =0?@8<5@ 2 >1;0AB8 25@ECH:8 A5@4F0, 8=>340 ?C;LA8@CNI85, A>?@>2>640NI85AO :>6=>9 38?5@5AB57859. =8 <>3CB 1KBL :0: ?>AB>O==K<8, B0: 8 ?@8ABC?>>1@07=K<8, ?@8G5< 2>7=8:0BL =5 2 ?5@8>4 D878G5A:>9 =03@C7:8, 0 ?> 55 >:>=G0=88 8 =5 ?@>E>48BL 2 A>AB>O=88 ?>:>O. @82>48< E0@0:B5@=>5 =01;N45=85 =0@CH5=89 A5@45G=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 (=52@>70 A5@4F0), 2>7=8:H8E :0: A>?CBAB2CNI55 ?@>O2;5=85 >1I8E @0AAB@>9AB2 2KAH8E =5@2=KE DC=:F89. >;L=0O .., 24 ;5B, B5E=8:, >1@0B8;0AL A 60;>10<8 =0 A5@4F5185=85, >ICI5=8O ?5@51>52 8 ?>AB>O==K5 :>;NI85 1>;8 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0, >1ICN A;01>ABL, @074@068B5;L=>ABL, M<>F8>=0;L=CN ;018;L=>ABL, 2@5<5=0<8 GC2AB2> B@52>38, ?>402;5==>5 =0AB@>5=85. 01>;520=85 2>7=8:;> <5AOF =0704 ?>A;5 4;8B5;L=>9 ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<0B870F88. >A;54=89 3>4 BO65;> 1>;5;0 <0BL. =0 70 =59 CE06820;0, 2>;=>20;0AL, CAB020;0.  MB> 65 2@5<O CEC4H8;8AL >B=>H5=8O A <C65<. = AB0; 2AB@5G0BLAO A 4@C3>9 65=I8=>9, 4><0 AB0; >G5=L 3@C1, >AB028; .. 8 CH5; : MB>9 65=I8=5, C?@5:=C2 65=C 2 B><, GB> >= =5 8<5; >B =55 45B59. >A;5 @072>40 8 ?>O28;>AL 40==>5 701>;520=85. 7 ?5@5=5A5==KE 701>;520=89 >B<5G05B ;8HL :>@L 2 45BA:>< 2>7@0AB5. > E0@0:B5@C >1I8B5;L=0O, M<>B82=>-;018;L=0O. "5;>A;>65=85 =>@<>AB5=8G5A:>5. C;LA 72 88 2 <8=CBC, @8B<8G=K9, ;018;L=K9 @0=8FK A5@4F0 = ?@545;0E =>@<K, B>=K OA=K5, HC<>2 =5B. @B5@80;L=>5 402;5=85 115/60 << @B. AB. 53:89 B@5<>@ ?0;LF52 @C:, 38?5@384@>7. 0 M;5:B@>:0@48>3@0<<5 2 ?>:>5 8 ?>A;5 D878G5A:>9 =03@C7:8 >B:;>=5=89 >B =>@<K =5 >1=0@C65=>. 5=B35=>A:>?8O 3@C4=>9 :;5B:8- @07<5@K 8 :>=D83C@0F8O A5@4F0  =>@<0. ;8=8G5A:89 0=0;87 :@>28 2 ?@545;0E =>@<K (;59:>F8B>2 5200, - 4 << 2 G0A). @>2>48;>AL ;5G5=85 1@><840<8, 3;N:>7>9, 28B0<8=0<8, 0=40:A8=><, ?A8E>B5@0?8O. !0<>GC2AB285 C;CGH8;>AL, =5?@8OB=K5 >ICI5=8O 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0 AB0;8 @54:8<8 8 =57=0G8B5;L=K<8. >A;5 <5AOG=>3> ?@51K20=8O 2 :;8=8:5 C5E0;0 =0 3 =545;8 2 4>< >B4KE0. 0B0<=57 G5@57 4 3>40: A0<>GC2AB285 E>@>H55 5?@8OB=KE >ICI5=89 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0 =5B. 3 3>40 =0704 ?>2B>@=> 2KH;0 70<C6 B=>H5=8O A <C65< E>@>H85. <55B 3>4>20;>3> @515=:0.  ?@82545==>< =01;N45=88 C 0AB5=8G=>9, M<>B82=>-;018;L=>9 65=I8=K ?>4 2;8O=85< 4;8B5;L=>9 ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<0B870F88 2>7=8:;8 O2;5=8O =52@0AB5=88 A ?@58<CI5AB25==K<8 =0@CH5=8O<8 A5@45G=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. 52@>7 A5@4F0 ?@54AB02;O; ;8HL A>?CBAB2CNI55 ?@>O2;5=85 >1I8E =0@CH5=89 =5@2=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. 0@CH5=8O A>AC48AB>3> B>=CA0, 2>7=8:0NI85 :0: A>?CBAB2CNI85 ?@>O2;5=8O >1I8E @0AAB@>9AB2 =5@2=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, C 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 <>3CB 2K@060BLAO 2 2845 G@57<5@=>9 ;018;L=>AB8 0@B5@80;L=>3> 402;5=8O 2 >B25B =0 2=5H=85 @074@068B5;8 8;8, =0>1>@>B, 2 53> 38?>- 8;8 0@50:B82=>AB8. >;L=KE A G@57<5@=>9 ;018;L=>ABLN 0@B5@80;L=>3> 402;5=8O =5:>B>@K5 02B>@K @0AA<0B@820NB :0: ;8F, =0E>4OI85AO 2 ?@538?5@B>=8G5A:>< A>AB>O=88, E>BO 38?5@B>=8O C =8E <>65B =8:>340 8 =5 @0728BLAO. 5A<>B@O =0 B> GB> C 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 8 @50:B82=K<8 45?@5AA8O<8 2 >1I5< 0@B5@80;L=>5 402;5=85 >1KG=> =5 ?>2KH5=>, . $. 0=3 AG8B0; 3;02=K<, 2K7K20NI8< 701>;520=85 38?5@B>=8G5A:>9 1>;57=LN, MB8>;>38G5A:8< 8 ?0B>35=5B8G5A:8< D0:B>@>< ?A8E8G5A:CN B@02<0B870F8N 8 ?A8E8G5A:>5 ?5@5=0?@O65=85 4;8B5;L=K<8 70B>@<>65==K<8 M<>F8O<8 >B@8F0B5;L=>3> E0@0:B5@0. >;L MB8E D0:B>@>2 >BG5B;82> 2KABC?05B 2 A;54CNI5< =0H5< =01;N45=88. >;L=0O ., 42 ;5B, 2 B5G5=85 20 ;5B AG0AB;82> 68;0 A <C65<. 5B59 =5 1K;>. 5>6840==> C7=0;0, GB> <C6 2ABC?8; 2 A2O7L A >4=>9 65=I8=>9, :>B>@0O =5402=> @>48;0 >B =53> @515=:0. >?KB:8 4>18BLAO @07@K20 <C60 A MB>9 65=I8=>9 : CA?5EC =5 ?@825;8. . 1K;0 >G5=L C3=5B5=0 A;>682H59AO A8BC0F859. KA;L >1 87<5=5 <C60 =5 ?>:840;0 55. A5 65 >=0 >AB0;0AL A <C65< 8 F5=>9 1>;LH>3> 2=CB@5==53> =0?@O65=8O AB0;0 25AB8 A51O A =8< B0:, A;>2=> =8G53> =5 ?@>87>H;>, 2=5H=5 =5 @5038@CO =0 53> G0ABK5 >B;CG:8. '5@57 2 <5AOF0 ?>A;5 MB>3> C . 1K;0 >1=0@C65=0 38?5@B>=8O (0@B5@80;L=>5 402;5=85 195/100 << @B. AB.). > =5?@8OB=>AB8 A <C65< >=> 1K;> 130/80 <<. 02;5=85 195/100 180/95 << @B. AB. 45@60;>AL 2 B5G5=85 4 <5AOF52. 0;55 <C6 ?>@20; A> 2B>@>9 A5<L59 8 >AB0;AO A . A:>@5 ?>A;5 MB>3> 0@B5@80;L=>5 402;5=85 C =55 ?>AB5?5==> AB0;> A=860BLAO 8 ?@8H;> : =>@<5.  40==>< A;CG05 65=I8=0 4;8B5;L=> =0E>48;0AL 2 ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI59 A8BC0F88 8 F5=>9 1>;LH>3> =5@2=>3> =0?@O65=8O ?>402;O;0 ?@>O2;5=8O GC2AB20 >184K 8 2>7<CI5=8O.  @57C;LB0B5, ?> 2A59 25@>OB=>AB8, 2>7=8: >G03 70AB>9=>3> 2>71C645=8O 2 38?>B0;0<8G5A:>9 >1;0AB8, @53C;8@CNI59 A>AC48ABK9 B>=CA, GB> 8 ?@>O28;>AL 2 2845 @57:>3> ?>2KH5=8O 0@B5@80;L=>3> 402;5=8O. @5:@0I5=85 ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<0B870F88 2A:>@5 ?@825;> : A=865=8N 0@B5@80;L=>3> 402;5=8O. O4 =01;N45=89 =04 >AB@K< @0728B85< 38?5@B>=88 2A;54 70 459AB285< ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<K, 2K7K202H59 A8;L=K9 8A?C3, ?@82>48BAO . . OA=8:>2K<1.  40;L=59H5< A2>5< B5G5=88 38?5@B>=8O <>65B 25AB8 : @0728B8N 0@B5@8>A:;5@>70 8 87<5=5=8O< 2 ?>G:0E, 2 A2O78 A G5< <>65B ?5@59B8, :0: C:07K205B . $. 0=3, 87 ?5@8>40 G8AB> =59@>35==>3> ?0B>35=570 2 ?5@8>4 3C<>@0;L=>3> =5D@>35==>3> ?0B>35=570 8 B>340 C65 =5 <>65B 1KBL >B=5A5=0 : =52@>70<. A8E8G5A:0O B@02<0 <>65B =5 B>;L:> 2K7K20BL ;53:85 DC=:F8>=0;L=K5 =0@CH5=8O A5@45G=>-A>AC48AB>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, => 8 ?@825AB8 : A<5@B8.  >A=>25 A<5@B8, =0ABC?0NI59 ?>4 2;8O=85< H>:>2>9 ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<K (A8;L=>3> AB@0E0), ?> 2A59 25@>OB=>AB8, ;568B 2=570?=>5 ?>ABC?;5=85 2 :@>2O=>5 @CA;> 1>;LH>3> :>;8G5AB20 :0B5E>;0<8=>2, 2K7K20NI55 >AB0=>2:C A5@45G=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. >4>1=K5 A;CG08 =5@54:> >?8AK20;8AL 2 AB0@>9 ;8B5@0BC@5. =570?=0O A<5@BL ?>4 2;8O=85< 8A?C30 =01;N40;0AL 2 BN@L<5 «!8=3-!8=3» (!(): ?@5ABC?=8:, ?@83>2>@5==K9 : A<5@B=>9 :07=8, 1K; ?>A065= =0 M;5:B@8G5A:89 ABC;. ??0@0B =5 A@01>B0;, => G5;>25: >:070;AO <5@B2K<. !N40 65 >B=>A8BAO B0: =07K205<0O 2C4C-A<5@BL, >?8A0==0O Cannon, Ellenberger, van der Hoeven 8 4@. C ?5@2>1KB=KE =0@>4>2 2AB@0;88 8 D@8:8. =0 =0ABC?05B :0: 2=570?=>, <>;=85=>A=>, B0: 8 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 >BA@>G5=> A?CABO =5A:>;L:> G0A>2 8;8 4=59 ?>A;5 2>7=8:H53> ?@54AB02;5=8O > 55 =0ABC?;5=88, =0?@8<5@ C 4> B>3> 74>@>2>3> G5;>25:0 G5@57 2 4=O ?>A;5 =0@CH5=8O 206=>3> 70?@5B0 (B01C). @54H5AB2C5B 59 :0@B8=0 A8;L=59H53> 2535B0B82=>3> 2>71C645=8O. %0@0:B5@=> A;54CNI55 =01;N45=85 van der Hoeven: :>;4C= 2 >2>9 28=55 1K; >A:>@1;5= <>;>4K< 74>@>2K< ?0?C0A><.  >B25B >= A:070; <>;>4><C G5;>25:C, GB> 5I5 =5A:>;L:> 4=59 B><C =0704 >= (:>;4C=) ?>4;>68; bofiet (70:>;4>20==K9 ?@54<5B) =0 B@>?8=:C, ?> :>B>@>9 <>;>4>9 G5;>25: ?@>E>48;. !@07C 65 ?>A;5 MB8E A;>2 :>;4C=0 <>;>4>9 G5;>25: AB0; >G5=L 3@CAB=K<, ?5@5AB0; >1I0BLAO A >:@C60NI8<8 8 C<5@ =0 2-5 ACB:8. >;;0=4A:89 AC4 ?@83>2>@8; :>;4C=0 70 MB> : <=>3>;5B=5<C BN@5<=><C 70:;NG5=8N. >A;54=89 ?@87=0; A2>N 28=C.  0<5@8:0=A:>< @C:>2>4AB25 ?> ?A8E80B@88 (American Handbook of psychiaty, 1959, AB@. 559) ?@82>48BAO A;54CNI55 A>>1I5=85 Arieti: 2 >4=>9 87 45@525=L B0;88 ?>68;>9 G5;>25: =5 @07 3>2>@8;, GB> >= C<@5B, :>340 @CE=5B 10H=O, AB>O2H0O =5A:>;L:> ?5:>2. 5>6840==> 2> 2@5<O 3@>7K 2 10H=N ?>?0;0 <>;=8O, 8 >=0 @CE=C;0. A:>@5 ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: G5;>25: C7=0; > ?@>8AH54H5<, >= A:>=G0;AO.  =01;N45=88, ?@82545==>< Klumbis 8 Kleinsorge, <>;>40O 65=I8=0 35 ;5B ?5@5=5A;0 3@8??. 5 ?>:070;8 8725AB=><C :;8=8F8ABC, : :>B>@><C >=0 4> B>3> =5>4=>:@0B=> >1@0I0;0AL =0 ?@>BO65=88 ?>A;54=8E 2 ;5B ?> ?>2>4C 8=>340 2>7=8:02H59 45:><?5=A0F88 ?>@>:0 A5@4F0. @>D5AA>@ =5 =0H5; C =55 =8:0:8E ?@87=0:>2 A5@45G=>9 =54>AB0B>G=>AB8 8 @5:><5=4>20; 59 2AB0BL A ?>AB5;8 8 E>48BL. #E>4O, >= HCBO A:070; =5A:>;L:> 1>O7;82>9, <=8B5;L=>9 8 =07>9;82>9 ?0F85=B:5: «0< =5G53> 1>OBLAO ?> ?>2>4C 20H53> A5@4F0, @0=LH5 <5=O 2K 2A5 @02=> =5 C<@5B5 8;8 C6 5A;8 C<@5<, B0: 2<5AB5!». 0 A;54CNI89 45=L >= 2=570?=> A:>=G0;AO. >;L=0O ?@8H;0 2 C60A. >2>@8;0, GB> >=0 B5?5@L B>65 C<@5B. C;LA AB0; 120 2 <8=CBC, 8, =5A<>B@O =0 ?@8=OBK5 <5@K, G5@57 2 4=O ?>A;5 MB>3> =0ABC?8;0 A<5@BL ?@8 O2;5=8OE >B5:0 ;53:8E. >7<>6=>ABL =0ABC?;5=8O A<5@B8 ?>4 2>7459AB285< AB@0E0, 2 B>< G8A;5 ?>4 2;8O=85< 2=CH5==KE 8;8 A0<>2=CH5==KE ?@54AB02;5=89 > =587156=>AB8 55 =0ABC?;5=8O, A;54C5B CG8BK20BL 2> 2@5<O BO65;KE M?845<89 (=0?@8<5@, E>;5@K, GC<K), 0 B0:65 ?@8 B5@<>O45@=KE 27@K20E 8 >B@02;5=8OE 3070<8. 5 8A:;NG5=>, GB> B0:>3> @>40 A<5@BL <>65B =0ABC?8BL C <=8<>701>;52H8E, <=8<>>1;CG5==KE 8 <=8<>>B@02;5==KE. > 2A59 25@>OB=>AB8, 8=>340 >=0 <>65B 2>7=8:0BL 8 C <=8B5;L=KE 1>;L=KE 2 A2O78 A <=8<K< 8=D0@:B>< <8>:0@40, >A>15==> 5A;8 ?@8 MB>< 5I5 >:07K205BAO =0;8F> BO65;>5 80B@>35==>5 2>7459AB285. 0< 8725AB5= A;CG09, :>340 C 65=I8=K 38 ;5B =5>6840==> =0 >?5@0F8>==>< AB>;5 >1=0@C68;8 48AA5<8=8@>20==K5 <5B0AB07K @0:0 2 1@NH=>9 ?>;>AB8. ?5@0F8O 1K;0 ?@8>AB0=>2;5=0, A>720= :>=A8;8C< 8 1@NH=0O ?>;>ABL 70H8B0 157 C40;5=8O C7;>2. >A;5 >?5@0F88 1>;L=0O ?@>H5?B0;0: «/ 2A5 A;KH0;0! 5>?5@015;L=K9 @0:, O C<8@0N!»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«<54256LN 1>;57=L»). ;8O=85 CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=KE @074@068B5;59 =0 A5:@5F8N 65;C4>G=>3> A>:0 1K;> 2?5@2K5 ?>:070=> . . 02;>2K<. =B5@5A=>, GB> Mahl 87 M;LA:>3> C=825@A8B5B0, 2K7K20O C A>10: 8 >157LO= 4;8B5;L=>5 A>AB>O=85 AB@0E0 459AB285< CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=KE @074@068B5;59, >1=0@C68; C =8E =0@O4C A 87<5=5=85< 2 ?>2545=88 CG0I5=85 ?C;LA0, 0 B0:65 C25;8G5=85 :>;8G5AB20 A2>1>4=>9 A>;O=>9 :8A;>BK 8 >1I59 :8A;>B=>AB8 65;C4>G=>3> A>:0.  ?@>B82>?>;>6=>ABL MB><C 2 <><5=B 459AB28O 157CA;>2=>3> 1>;52>3> M;5:B@>:>6=>3> @074@068B5;O =01;N40;>AL B>@<>65=85 A5:@5F88 A>;O=>9 :8A;>BK. # 1>;L=KE ;N459, =0E>482H8EAO 2 A>AB>O=88 «M<>F8>=0;L=>3> 15A?>:>9AB20», Mahl >1=0@C68; ?>2KH5=85 :8A;>B=>AB8 65;C4>G=>3> A>:0, ?@8G5< 2KA>:0O A5:@5F8O 53> 1K;0 2 B> 2@5<O, :>340 1>;L=>9 =0E>48;AO 2 A>AB>O=88 «@57:>3> M<>F8>=0;L=>3> 15A?>:>9AB20» 8 =87:0O A5:@5F8O  2> 2@5<O «=57=0G8B5;L=>3> 15A?>:>9AB20». -:A?5@8<5=B0;L=K5 8AA;54>20=8O 8 =01;N45=8O S. Wolf 8 . Wolf, ?@>2545==K5 =04 1>;L=K< A 30AB@>AB><859, ?>:070;8, GB> GC2AB20 B@52>38, >184K, =53>4>20=8O, 7;>1K 8 28=K >:07K20NB ?0@0A8<?0B8:>-<8<5B8G5A:89 MDD5:B, C25;8G820O A5:@5F8N A>;O=>9 :8A;>BK. @8 4;8B5;L=>< 459AB288 @074@068B5;59, 2K7K20NI8E MB8 A>AB>O=8O, A;878AB0O >1>;>G:0 65;C4:0 AB0=>28BAO 70<5B=> 8=J5F8@>20==>9, 0 A:;04:8 A;878AB>9 38?5@5<8@>20==K<8 8 <5=55 @578AB5=B=K<8 : 459AB28N @07;8G=KE <5;:8E B@02<. ;8B5;L=0O ?A8E8G5A:0O B@02<0B870F8O O2;O5BAO, AC4O ?> 40==K< Carleton, >4=>9 87 G0ABKE ?@8G8= 48A?5?A8G5A:8E =0@CH5=89, >A>15==> B0:8E, :0: 0=>@5:A8O, B>H=>B0, >ICI5=85 BO65AB8 2 >1;0AB8 65;C4:0. >4 459AB285< >AB@KE 8 E@>=8G5A:8E ?A8E8G5A:8E B@02< <>65B 2>7=8:0BL B0:65 8 @2>B0. =0 O2;O5BAO A;>6=K< @5D;5:B>@=K< 0:B><, >1CA;>2;5==K< 2>71C645=85< @2>B=>3> F5=B@0. >A;54=55 <>65B 2K7K20BLAO :0: 157CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K<8 (8=B>:A8:0F88, ?>2KH5=85 2=CB@8G5@5?=>3> 402;5=8O, <5AB=>5 @074@065=85 A;878AB>9 >1>;>G:8 65;C4:0 ?@8 30AB@8B0E 8 B. ?.), B0: 8 CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K<8 @074@068B5;O<8, 2 B>< G8A;5 A;54>2K<8 (?@54AB02;5=8O<8 >1 >B2@0B8B5;L=KE 25I0E), B. 5. 2>7=8:0BL ?A8E>35==K< ?CB5<. 0 @2>B=CN @50:F8N 2 8725AB=>9 AB5?5=8 <>65B 1KBL >:070=> 8 ?@>872>;L=>5 2;8O=85. # =5:>B>@KE ;8F, G0I5 2A53> A5=78B82=KE 0AB5=8:>2, 2>71C48<>ABL @2>B=>3> F5=B@0 1K205B ?>2KH5=0.  MB8E A;CG0OE ?>4 2;8O=85< =5 B>;L:> 2K7K20NI8E >B2@0I5=85 ?@54AB02;5=89, => 8 ?@8 @07;8G=KE M<>F8>=0;L=KE A>AB>O=8OE <>65B 2>7=8:0BL @2>B=0O @50:F8O (B0: =07K205<0O =5@2=0O @2>B0  vomitus neurosus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«=5@2=0O @2>B0» >1KG=> A2O70=0 A =5>A>7=0205<K< GC2AB2>< 28=K. 1=0@C68BL =0;8G85 MB>3> GC2AB20 C =0H8E 1>;L=KE =0< =5 C4020;>AL. 725AB=K9 =5<5F:89 B5@0?52B Bergmann :0:-B> 70<5B8;, GB> A B5E ?>@, :0: 65=I8=K AB0;8 ?@81530BL 2 A;CG05 =5C40G=>3> 70<C65AB20 : @072>40<, «=5@2=0O @2>B0» AB0;0 2AB@5G0BLAO =0<=>3> @565, G5< 4> MB>3>. 0 @2>B5 8AB5@8G5A:>3> E0@0:B5@0 (vomitus hustericus) <K >AB0=>28<AO ?@8 @0AA<>B@5=88 2535B0B82=KE =0@CH5=89 ?@8 8AB5@88. 0: ?>;030NB . . K:>2 8 . ". C@F8=, 459AB285 =5@2=>-?A8E8G5A:8E B@02< <>65B 25AB8 : =0@CH5=8N >A=>2=KE 48=0<8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2 2 :>@5 1>;LH8E ?>;CH0@89 8 ?>4:>@:>2KE 30=3;852 8 B5< A0<K< O2;OBLAO ?@8G8=>9 O725==>9 1>;57=8.  MB>< ?;0=5 <>6=> 1K;> 1K B@0:B>20BL ?@82545==>5 =865 =01;N45=85. # 1>;L=>9 ., 40 ;5B, O720 65;C4:0 @0728;0AL G5@57 2 <5AOF0 ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: 55 >AB028; <C6. . BO65;> ?5@56820;0 MBC B@02<C, >4=0:> ?@>4>;60;0 @01>B0BL 8 AB0@0;0AL 2=5H=5 =5 ?@>O2;OBL A2>8E ?5@56820=89. 0@O4C A 485B8G5A:8< 8 <548:0<5=B>7=K< ;5G5=85< 1K;0 ?@>2545=0 ?A8E>B5@0?8O, =0?@02;5==0O =0 >A>7=0=85 A2O78 701>;520=8O A 8<52H59AO B@02<>9 8 ?5@5AB@>9:C >B=>H5=8O 1>;L=>9 : ?@>8AH54H5<C. '5@57 11/2 <5AOF0 O720 70@C1F520;0AL. A5 AC1J5:B82=K5 >ICI5=8O 8AG57;8. >;L=0O 2K74>@>25;0. A8E>35==K5 70?>@K 1K20NB @54:>. =8 =01;N40;8AL ?@8 459AB288 ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI59 A8BC0F88, >:07K20NI59 45?@8<8@CNI55 459AB285, 2K7K20NI59 ?>=865==>5 =0AB@>5=85, C3=5B5==>ABL. >O2;5=85 8E >B<5G0;>AL ?@8 =51;03>?@8OB=>9 A8BC0F88 =0 A;C615, ?@8 ?5@55745 2 4>< : =5;N157=>9 =525AB:5 8;8 A25:@>28 8 B. ?. Alexander >?8AK205B 1>;L=CN, AB@0402HCN C?>@=K<8 70?>@0<8, C :>B>@>9 2?5@2K5 1K; A?>=B0==K9 ABC; ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: <C6 G5@57 2 3>40 1@0:0 2?5@2K5 ?>40@8; 59 1C:5B F25B>2. Freud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leinsorge 8 Klumbis. #G8B5;L 52 ;5B 1K; >G5=L 272>;=>20= =5A?@0254;82K<8 =0?04:0<8 8=A?5:B>@0. > 2@5<O =5?@8OB=>3> @073>2>@0 2>7=8:;0 A8;L=0O ?5G5=>G=0O :>;8:0. '5@57 2 G0A0 ?>A;5 MB>3> 2@0G CAB0=>28; 2K@065==CN 65;BCH=>ABL, E>BO 4> MB>3> 55 =8:>340 =5 1K;>.  A2O78 A A8;L=K< =0?@O65=85< <KHF 2> 2@5<O ?@8ABC?0 1>;8 2>7=8:;> CI5<;5=85 ?0E>2>9 3@K68, 8 1>;L=>9 1K; 27OB =0 >?5@0F8>==K9 AB>;. !<5@BL =0ABC?8;0 ?@8 40G5 =0@:>70. 0 A5:F88 :0<=59 2 ?5G5=8 >1=0@C65=> =5 1K;>. >7=8:=>25=85 65;BCE8 2> 2@5<O ?@8ABC?0 AB@0E0 8;8 3=520 1K;> 8725AB=> 5I5 4@52=8< 3@5:0<. 01>;520=85 MB> ?>;CG8;> =0720=85 «M<>F8>=0;L=>9 65;BCE8». => >1KG=> ?@>B5:05B :@0B:>2@5<5==>. 5:>B>@K5 02B>@K 4>?CA:0NB, GB> @57:89 8 4;8B5;L=K9 A?07< AD8=:B5@0 448 <>65B 8=>340 2K720BL ?@8ABC? >1BC@0F8>==>9 65;BCE8, >4=0:> ?>A;54=55 =C6405BAO 2 ?>4B25@645=88. 8A:8=578O 65;G=KE ?CB59, 2K7K20O 70AB>9 65;G8, <>65B A?>A>1AB2>20BL 2>7=8:=>25=8N :0<=59 ?5G5=8. #G0I5=85 ?>7K2>2 =0 <>G58A?CA:0=85 2 A2O78 A M<>F8>=0;L=K< 2>71C645=85< 2AB@5G05BAO =5@54:>. > Querbach 8 Smith, >:>;> 15% 2A5E «2>A?0;5=89» <>G52>3> ?C7K@O ?A8E>35==> >1CA;>2;5=K, 8 C 25% 65=I8= A A8<?B><0<8 «F8AB8B0» =5 >1=0@C68205BAO ?@87=0:>2 8=D5:F88. Schunk 8 Cornelius 2 B5G5=85 =5A:>;L:8E <5AOF52 ?> 2 G0A0 5654=52=> =0B@02;820;8 =0 :>H5: A>10:C.  @57C;LB0B5 C :>H5: 2>7=8:;8 4535=5@0B82=K5 87<5=5=8O 2 ?>G5G=KE :0=0;LF0E, 2 G0AB=>AB8 ?>O28;8AL «380;8=>2K5 :0?;8» 2 M?8B5;88.  3>4K 2B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K C ;5BG8:>2, 2>72@0I0NI8EAO ?>A;5 1>52>3> 2K;5B0, 8=>340 >1=0@C6820;8 «M<>F8>=0;L=CN 0;L1C<8=C@8N» 2 <>G5. > <;5=8N @O40 02B>@>2, ?>4 2;8O=85< M<>F8>=0;L=>3> 2>71C645=8O 2B>@8G=> <>65B =0ABC?8BL A4283 :8A;>B=>-I5;>G=>3> @02=>25A8O 2 <>G5 2 I5;>G=CN AB>@>=C 8 2>7=8:=>25=85 D>AD0BC@88. @8 MB>< <>G0 ?@8>1@5B05B <>;>G=K9 >BB5=>: 87-70 =0;8G8O 2 =59 =5@0AB2>@8<KE D>AD>@=>:8A;KE A>;59. !8;L=K5 ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI85 @074@068B5;8 (8725AB85 > ?>B5@5 1;87:>3> G5;>25:0, > =52>7<>6=>AB8 70<C65AB20 8 B. ?.) <>3CB G5@57 M=4>:@8==>-2535B0B82=CN AD5@C, 2 G0AB=>AB8 3>=04>B@>?=CN DC=:F8N ?5@54=59 4>;8 38?>D870, 2K720BL @07;8G=K5 =0@CH5=8O <5=AB@C0;L=>3> F8:;0  7045@6:C, ?@56452@5<5==>5 =0ABC?;5=85 8;8 4;8B5;L=>5 B5G5=85 <5=AB@C0F89. "0:, C 1>;L=>9 31 3>40, >?8A0==>9 Mayer, <5=AB@C0F88 2A5340 =0ABC?0;8 @53C;O@=> >48= @07 2 <5AOF.  ?5@2K9 45=L <5=AB@C0F89 >=0 ?>;CG8;0 8725AB85 > A<5@B8 <C60. >A;5 MB>3> <5=AB@C0F88 ?@>4;8;8AL 3 =545;8 8 A MB>3> 2@5<5=8 AB0;8 =0G8=0BLAO G5@57 :064K5 14 4=59. >A;5 01>@B0 <5=AB@C0F88 =0G0;8 ?>-AB0@><C =0ABC?0BL >48= @07 2 <5AOF. O4 =0@CH5=89 <5=AB@C0;L=KE DC=:F89, 2>7=8:02H8E C 65=I8= 2> 2@5<O 2>9=K, >?8AK20;8AL @07;8G=K<8 02B>@0<8. 0;5:> =5 2A5340 =0@CH5=8O <>3;8 1KBL >1JOA=5=K =54>AB0B>G=>ABLN ?8B0=8O. "0:, Whitacker 8 Barrera, 8AA;54>202 2> 2@5<O 2>9=K 60 A0=8B0@>:, :>B>@K5 ?8B0;8AL C4>2;5B2>@8B5;L=>, => ?>425@30;8AL 459AB28N 8=D>@<0F88, A83=0;878@>202H59 >1 >?0A=>AB8 4;O 687=8, 2KO28;8 C 30 (B. 5. 50%) =0@CH5=85 <5=AB@C0;L=>3> F8:;0, 87 =8E C 14 (23%) 0<5=>@5N. Marwill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«!;>2> 4;O G5;>25:0, ?8A0; . . 02;>2, 5ABL B0:>9 65 @50;L=K9 CA;>2=K9 @074@068B5;L, :0: 8 2A5 >AB0;L=K5, >1I85 C =53> A 682>B=K<8, => 2<5AB5 A B5< 8 B0:>9 <=>3>>1J5<;NI89, :0: =8:0:85 4@C385, =5 84CI85 2 MB>< >B=>H5=88 =8 2 :0:>5 :>;8G5AB25==>5 8 :0G5AB25==>5 A@02=5=85 A CA;>2=K<8 @074@068B5;O<8 682>B=KE. !;>2>, 1;03>40@O 2A59 ?@54H5AB2CNI59 687=8 27@>A;>3> G5;>25:0, A2O70=> A> 2A5<8 2=5H=8<8 8 2=CB@5==8<8 @074@068B5;O<8, ?@8E>4OI8<8 2 1>;LH85 ?>;CH0@8O, 2A5 8E A83=0;878@C5B, 2A5 8E 70<5=O5B 8 ?>B><C <>65B 2K720BL 2A5 B5 459AB28O, @50:F88 >@30=87<0, :>B>@K5 >1CA;>2;820NB B5 @074@065=8O»1. 5>AB>@>6=> A:070==>5 2@0G>< A;>2> <>65B ?@825AB8 : 2>7=8:=>25=8N =0@CH5=8O 45OB5;L=>AB8 B5E 8;8 8=KE 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2 (A5@4F0, 65;C4:0, ?8I52>40 8 4@.), :0: MB> 1K205B 2 A;CG0OE 80B@>35=89. "0:8< >1@07><, MB>B <5E0=87< <>65B ;560BL 2 >A=>25 ?A8E>35==KE 28AF5@0;L=KE =0@CH5=89. "0:, =0?@8<5@, ?>4 2;8O=85< 80B@>35=88 <>3CB ?>O2;OBLAO A5@4F5185=85 8 @07;8G=K5 =5?@8OB=K5 >ICI5=8O 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0, GC2AB2> A?07<0 8 >ICI5=8O 70B@C4=5==>3> ?@>E>645=8O ?8I8 ?> ?8I52>4C, =5?@8OB=K5 >ICI5=8O 2 >1;0AB8 65;C4:0 8 :8H5G=8:0, @2>B0, 70?>@K, 1>;8 2 >1;0AB8 <0;>3> B070, O2;5=8O 48A<5=>@59 8 B. ?. > Auerbach 8 Gliebe, 60%, 0 ?> ". !. AB0<0=>2>9, 38% «=52@>7>2 A5@4F0» 2K720=K 80B@>35=859. 5;8G09H8< 4>AB865=85< M2>;NF88 O2;O5BAO B>, GB> @53C;OF8O @01>BK =0H8E 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2, >15A?5G5=85 3><5>AB070, B. 5. ?>AB>O=AB20 2=CB@5==59 A@54K >@30=87<0, >ACI5AB2;ONBAO 02B><0B8G5A:8, ?><8<> A>7=0=8O. =D>@<0F8O >1 87<5=5=8OE 2> 2=CB@5==8E >@30=0E 8 B:0=OE, E>BO 8 =5?@5@K2=> ?>ABC?05B 2 <>73, >4=0:> >1KG=> =5 >A>7=05BAO (8=>340 >1=0@C68205BAO 2 2845 «B5<=KE >ICI5=89»). A;8 1K >=0 >A>7=020;0AL, 5A;8 2 :064K9 40==K9 <><5=B <K >ICI0;8 1K BKAOG81 18>E8<8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2, ?@>B5:0NI8E 2 =0H8E B:0=OE, >ICI0;8, :0: @01>B0NB A5@4F5, 65;C4>:, :8H5G=8:, 8 4>;6=K 1K;8 4020BL «C:070=8O»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° 70 =5A:>;L:> 45AOB:>2 A5:C=4, B. 5. 8718@0B5;L=> 2;8OBL =0 >?@545;5==CN 2535B0B82=CN DC=:F8N. BAN40 2>7<>6=>ABL 8 =0@CH5=8O DC=:F88 ?CB5< A0<>2=CH5=8O, :0: MB> 284=> 2 A;54CNI5< A;CG05 80B@>35=88. >;L=0O ., 26 ;5B, ?> E0@0:B5@C =5A:>;L:> <=8B5;L=0O, M<>B82=>-;018;L=0O, ?@>ABC48;0AL 2> 2@5<O ?>E>@>= 7=0:><>3>, A:>=G02H53>AO >B 8=D0@:B0 <8>:0@40. @0G >1=0@C68; 0=38=C 8 A:070;: « C 20A A5@45G:> =5<=>3> H0;8B. 04> A;548BL 70 A>1>9, 0 B> =54>;3> ?>A;54>20BL 8 70 7=0:><K<!..» ! MB>3> 2@5<5=8 . AB0;0 D8:A8@>20BL 2=8<0=85 =0 @01>B5 A5@4F0, =01;N40BL 70 B5<, :0: >=> 1L5BAO, :>340 >=0 ?>4=8<05BAO ?> ;5AB=8F5, G0AB> ?@8:;04K20BL @C:C : 3@C48 8 ?@>25@OBL «A5@45G=K9 B>;G>:». @>G;0 ?@87=0:8 AB5=>:0@488 8 8=D0@:B0 <8>:0@40. A:>@5 AB0;0 >ICI0BL A5@4F5185=85 8 >4KH:C, 2 B>< G8A;5 2 A>AB>O=88 ?>:>O; ?>O28;>AL GC2AB2> BO65AB8 2 ;52>9 ?>;>28=5 3@C48. C;LA 76 120 2 <8=CBC, @8B<8G=K9, ;018;L=K9, @57:> CG0I05BAO 2> 2@5<O ?@>F54C@K >A<>B@0. @0=8FK A5@4F0 2 =>@<5, B>=K 72CG=K5. !8AB>;8G5A:89 HC< =0 25@ECH:5, 87<5=ONI89AO ?@8 ?5@5<5=5 ?>;>65=8O B5;0. @B5@80;L=>5 402;5=85 105/60 115/70 << @B. AB. -;5:B@>:0@48>3@0<<0  =>@<0. 2B>@8B5B=K9 B5@0?52B 7025@8; 55, GB> A5@4F5 C =55 74>@>2> 8 GB> 59 =04> «;5G8BL =5@2K, 0 =5 A5@4F5». 07=0G8; 59 CA?>:0820NI85 8 >1I5C:@5?;ONI85 A@54AB20 !0<>GC2AB285 AB0;> ;CGH5, =5?@8OB=K5 >ICI5=8O C<5=LH8;8AL. >A;5 ?@>2545=8O ?A8E>B5@0?88 8 ;5G5=8O 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:>9 (2=CH0;0 A515 «/ A>25@H5==> 74>@>20. !5@4F5 @01>B05B A?>:>9=>, @>2=>») =5?@8OB=K5 >ICI5=8O 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0 8AG57;8. "> 8;8 8=>5 2@5<5==>5 =0@CH5=85 2535B0B82=>9 DC=:F88, A2O70==>5 A 0:B>< 3;>B0=8O, <>G58A?CA:0=8O 8;8 ?>;>2>9 45OB5;L=>ABLN, 2K720==>5 :0:>9-;81> ?@8G8=>9, <>65B O28BLAO 8AB>G=8:>< A0<>2=CH5==KE ?@54AB02;5=89 > =52>7<>6=>AB8 >ACI5AB2;5=8O MB>9 DC=:F88. A;54AB285 MB>3> <>3CB 2>7=8:0BL =5 B>;L:> GC2AB2> B@52>6=>3> >6840=8O =5C40G8, A?>A>1AB2CNI55 =0@CH5=8N B5G5=8O 02B><0B878@>20==>3> 0:B0, GB> 4020;> >A=>20=85 Kraepelin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«153AB20 2 1>;57=L», «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0»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angina peAtoris vasomotorica. @8ABC?K AB8;8 is 40;L=59H5< ?>2B>@OBLAO 2 ;53:>9 D>@<5 :064K9 @07, :>340 >=0 >:07K20;0AL 2 MB>9 :><=0B5. G5284=>, 4> B>3> 8=48DD5@5=B=K9 @074@068B5;L (:><=0B0) ?@8>1@5; =>2K5 A2>9AB20  AB0; 4;O MB>9 65=I8=K ?0B>35==K< CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K< @074@068B5;5<. =0;>38G5= <5E0=87< 8 A;54CNI53> 701>;520=8O. 52>G:0 ?@>3;>B8;0 <CEC, :>340 ?8;0 <>;>:> 87 G0H:8. # =55 1K;0 @2>B0.  40;L=59H5< B>H=>B0 AB0;0 ?>O2;OBLAO ?@8 2845 =5 B>;L:> <>;>:0, => 8 B>9 G0H:8, 87 :>B>@>9 >=0 53> ?8;0. @C385 G0H:8 B0:>9 @50:F88 =5 2K7K20;8. . . 20=>2-!<>;5=A:89 C:07K205B, GB> ?0B>;>38G5A:85 2535B0B82=K5 @50:F88 8=>340 2>7=8:0NB ?> <5E0=87<C CA;>2=>9 A2O78, => 2 >B;8G85 >B =>@<0;L=KE D878>;>38G5A:8E A2O759 B0:0O ?0B>;>38G5A:0O CA;>2=0O A2O7L, :@><5 A2>59 =5045:20B=>AB8 2=5H=8< CA;>28O<, >1KG=> E0@0:B5@87C5BAO >A>1>9 D8:A8@>20==>ABLN, =5C30A05<>ABLN, ?@>8AE>4OI8<8 >B ;5602H59 2 55 >A=>25 70AB>9=>AB8, 8=5@B=>AB8 @074@068B5;L=>3> ?@>F5AA0. !N40 >B=>AOBAO, =0?@8<5@, =5:>B>@K5 A;CG08 ?A8E>35==>9 @2>BK, @O4 A?07<0B8G5A:8E O2;5=89 2 65;C4>G=>-:8H5G=>< B@0:B5, 207><>B>@=KE =0@CH5=89 8 B. 4. !N40 65 >B=>AOBAO 8 =5:>B>@K5 =02O7G82K5 7045@6:8 2535B0B82=KE @50:F89, =0?@8<5@ 0:B0 <>G58A?CA:0=8O (?0B>;>38G5A:85 8=5@B=K5 CA;>2=K5 B>@<>65=8O @07;8G=KE 2535B0B82=KE DC=:F89). . . C;0B>2, @0AA<0B@820O 1@>=E80;L=CN 0AB<C :0: 0;;5@3>-8=D5:F8>==>5 701>;520=85, C:07K205B, GB> ?@8ABC? 1@>=E80;L=>9 0AB<K <>65B 2>7=8:=CBL 8;8 :0: 157CA;>2=K9 @5D;5:A 2 >B25B =0 2=5H=85 8 2=CB@5==85 ?0B>35==K5 @074@068B5;8, 8;8 :0: CA;>2=K9 @5D;5:A. "0:, C >4=>9 87 >?8AK205<KE 8< 1>;L=KE ?@8ABC? 1@>=E80;L=>9 0AB<K <>3 1KBL 2K720= CA;>2=K< @074@068B5;5< A;>2>< «/;B0». ! /;B>9 C 1>;L=>9 A2O70=> =0G0;> 701>;520=8O 1@>=E80;L=>9 0AB<K, 2 /;B5 C =55 1K; ?5@2K9 ?@8ABC?. Morawitz =01;N40; 1>;L=CN, C :>B>@>9 ?@8ABC? 0AB<K =0ABC?0;, :>340 >=0 =NE0;0 @>7K. @8 MB>< ?@8ABC? <>3 1KBL 2K720=, 5A;8 1>;L=>9 2=570?=> ?>4=>A8;8 1C<06=CN @>7C B0: 1KAB@>, GB> >=0 =5 CA?520;0 @0A?>7=0BL, GB> MB0 @>70 87 1C<038. 4=0:> =5 B>;L:> 8=48DD5@5=B=K9 @074@068B5;L, A>2?02 ?> 2@5<5=8 A :0:8<-;81> A><0B8G5A:8< ?@>F5AA><, <>65B =0G0BL 53> 2K7K20BL ?> CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=><C <5E0=87<C. -B> <>65B A45;0BL 5I5 ;53G5 8=48DD5@5=B=K9 @074@068B5;L  CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K9 @074@068B5;L, A83=0;878@CNI89 > =5?@8OB=KE 4;O G5;>25:0 A>1KB8OE. >;>40O 65=I8=0 2> 2@5<O ?@8ABC?0 1>;59 2 682>B5, 2K720==>3> ?8I52>9 8=B>:A8:0F859, C7=0;0, GB> 1K;0 >1<0=CB0 <C65<. '5@57 ?>;3>40, :>340 <C6 7045@60;AO =0 @01>B5, C =55 ?>O28;8AL 8458 @52=>AB8, ?>2B>@8;AO ?@8ABC? 1>;59 2 682>B5. ! MB>3> 2@5<5=8 1>;8 AB0;8 ?>2B>@OBLAO :064K9 @07, :>340 <C6 7045@6820;AO =0 @01>B5 8;8 :>340 >=0 ?>;CG0;0 =5?@8OB=>5 8725AB85. @51K20=85 2 ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI59 A8BC0F88, A>2?02 ?> 2@5<5=8 A A><0B8G5A:8< 701>;520=85<, =0?@8<5@ A 701>;520=85< A5@4F0, ?5G5=8 8;8 65;C4:0, <>65B 2 40;L=59H5< 2>A?@>872>48BL :0@B8=C MB>3> AB@040=8O ?> CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=><C <5E0=87<C :064K9 @07, :0: B>;L:> G5;>25: ?>?0405B 2 ?>4>1=CN A8BC0F8N. 0@CH5=8O DC=:F88 2=CB@5==53> >@30=0 1C4CB 45@60BLAO 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 G5;>25: =0 @01>B5 8;8 4><0 =0E>48BAO 2 =51;03>?@8OB=>9 >1AB0=>2:5, 8 8AG57=CB, :>340 >= 87 =55 2K945B. %0@0:B5@=> 2 MB>< >B=>H5=88 A;54CNI55 =01;N45=85. >;L=0O ., 33 ;5B, M=5@38G=0O, 0:B82=0O, =5A:>;L:> B@52>6=>-<=8B5;L=0O, 1KAB@> ?5@5:;NG0NI0OAO A >4=>3> 2840 45OB5;L=>AB8 =0 4@C3>9, >1;040NI0O 0@B8AB8G5A:8< 40@>20=85<.  B5G5=85 =5A:>;L:8E ;5B =0 @01>B5 BO65;K5 :>=D;8:B=K5 >B=>H5=8O A =0G0;L=8:><. A5=LN 1945 3. ?>A;5 =5?@8OB=>3> @073>2>@0 A =8< 8 4>?CI5==>9 ?>3@5H=>AB8 2 485B5 2 B5G5=85 =545;8 1K; 684:89 ABC; 3 4 @070 2 ACB:8. ! MB>3> 2@5<5=8 2 B5G5=85 3>40 2 A2O78 A >1>AB@5=8O<8 :>=D;8:B=KE >B=>H5=89 =0 @01>B5 (2=5 A2O78 A ?>3@5H=>ABO<8 2 485B5) 1K;> 8 ?@8ABC?>2 480@58 ?> =5A:>;L:C 4=59 :064K9 A 684:8< ABC;>< 3 4 @070 2 ACB:8. @>4>;60;0 E>48BL =0 @01>BC 8 =5 A>>1I0;0 > A2>5< 701>;520=88. >4>7@520;0AL E@>=8G5A:0O 4875=B5@8O. 85B0, ;5G5=85 10:B5@8>D03>< 8 AC;LD0=8;0<840<8 >BG5B;82>3> MDD5:B0 =5 4020;8. A8E>35==0O ?@8@>40 701>;520=8O 1K;0 CAB0=>2;5=0 ;8HL ?>A;5 AB0F8>=0@=>3> >1A;54>20=8O 1>;L=>9 2 8=D5:F8>==>9 :;8=8:5 >5==>-<548F8=A:>9 0:045<88 8<5=8 !. . 8@>20, 345 BI0B5;L=K5 ;01>@0B>@=K5 8AA;54>20=8O 8 @5:B>@><0=>A:>?8O ?>72>;8;8 8A:;NG8BL E@>=8G5A:CN 4875=B5@8N 8;8 8=>5 701>;520=85 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2. 07@5H5=85 :>=D;8:B=>9 A8BC0F88 (?5@5E>4 =0 4@C3CN @01>BC) ?@825;> : ?>;=><C 2K74>@>2;5=8N.  1951 3. 1>;L=0O ?>5E0;0 : @>4AB25==8:C, GB>1K ?>?KB0BLAO ?><8@8BL 53> A 65=>9. K;0 A2845B5;L=8F59 BO65;>9 A5<59=>9 AF5=K <564C =8<8. 0 >1@0B=>< ?CB8 : 4><C 2 B@0<205 ?>GC2AB2>20;0 @57:85 =5?@5>4>;8<K5 ?>7K2K =0 45D5:0F8N 8 ?> ?@85745 4><>9 1K; ?@>DC7=K9 684:89 ABC;. >A;5 MB>3> 157 :0:>3>-;81> ;5G5=8O 2=>2L CAB0=>28;AO =>@<0;L=K9 ABC;.  40==>< A;CG05 =5?@8OB=K9 @073>2>@ A>2?0; A 480@559, 2K720==>9 =0@CH5=85< 485BK. -B0 A2O7L 70:@5?8;0AL 8 2 40;L=59H5< 480@5O AB0;0 2>7>1=>2;OBLAO ?>A;5 :064>3> =5?@8OB=>3> @073>2>@0 A =0G0;L=8:><. 5F8482 701>;520=8O =0ABC?8; G5@57 3 3>40 ?>4 459AB285< CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=KE @074@068B5;59, :>B>@K5, 2848<>, >6828;8 A;54K ?0B>;>38G5A:>9 @50:F88. =0;>38G=K9 <5E0=87<, :0: <K C2848< ?@8 @0AA<>B@5=88 =0@CH5=89 ?>;>2>9 DC=:F88, <>65B ;560BL 8 2 >A=>25 =5:>B>@KE A;CG052 ?A8E8G5A:>9 8<?>B5=F88 <C6G8= 8 ?>;>2>9 E>;>4=>AB8 65=I8=.  >?8AK205<K< =0@CH5=8O< >B=>AOBAO =5:>B>@K5 B0: =07K205<K5 =52@>7K <>G52>3> ?C7K@O, 2K@060NI85AO 2 =52>7<>6=>AB8 A>25@H5=8O 0:B0 <>G58A?CA:0=8O 2 ?@8ACBAB288 ?>AB>@>==8E ;8F. @8 MB>< >1KG=> 7045@6:0 <>G58A?CA:0=8O, 2K720==0O :0:>9-;81> ?@8G8=>9, =0?@8<5@ 2=5H=8< B>@<>65=85<, >1CA;>2;5==K< =5>1KG=>9 >1AB0=>2:>9 8;8 >@85=B8@>2>G=>9 @50:F859, 2 40;L=59H5< 2>A?@>872>48BAO ?> <5E0=87<C CA;>2=>3> @5D;5:A0 ?@8 =0;8G88 >4=>3> 87 :><?>=5=B>2 B>9 A8BC0F88, 2 :>B>@>9 >=0 2>7=8:;0. Kraepelin >B=>A8; B0:85 =0@CH5=8O DC=:F88 : =52@>7C >6840=8O, AG8B0O ?@8G8=>9 =0@CH5=8O ?>O2;5=85 B@52>6=>3> >6840=8O =5C40G8. ;02=CN @>;L 2 2>7=8:=>25=88 7045@6:8 <>G58A?CA:0=8O 745AL 83@05B C:070==K9 2KH5 CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K9 <5E0=87<, :>B>@K9 <>65B 2K7K20BL 7045@6:C DC=:F88 8 157 ?@5420@8B5;L=>3> B@52>6=>3> >6840=8O =5C40G8. 5 B>;L:> 7045@6:8, => 8, =0>1>@>B, 2>7=8:=>25=85 A8;L=KE =5?@5>4>;8<KE ?>7K2>2 =0 <>G58A?CA:0=85 ?>4 2;8O=85< 4> B>3> 8=48DD5@5=B=>3> @074@068B5;O <>3CB O28BLAO A;54AB285< 2>7=8:=>25=8O ?0B>;>38G5A:>9 CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=>9 A2O78. "0:, C >4=>9 =0H59 1>;L=>9 A8;L=K5 ?>7K2K =0 <>G58A?CA:0=85 AB0;8 2K7K20BL 72C:8 2>4K, ;LNI59AO 87 :@0=0, ?>A;5 B>3> :0: >4=064K C =55 ?@>87>H;> =51>;LH>5 =5?@>872>;L=>5 <>G58A?CA:0=85, :>340 >=0, @073>@OG5==0O, ?>4AB028;0 ;8F> 8 H5N ?>4 E>;>4=CN 2>4C. @C385 @074@068B5;8 B0:>3> 459AB28O =5 >:07K20;8. ?8A0==K5 =0@CH5=8O DC=:F88 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2 <>3CB =01;N40BLAO C ;8F A @07=K<8 B8?>;>38G5A:8<8 >A>15==>ABO<8 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K. A>15==> ;53:> >=8 2>7=8:0NB C ;8F A 2KA>:>9 A><0B>2535B0B82=>9 ?5@5:;NG05<>ABLN, 2 G0AB=>AB8 C 0AB5=8:>2, ;53:> 2>71C48<KE 8 1KAB@> 8AB>I05<KE («=52@0AB5=8:>2»), 8?>E>=4@8G=KE, >1=0@C6820NI8E ?@5C25;8G5==CN 701>BC > A2>5< 74>@>2L5 8 ;53:> D8:A8@CNI8E 2=8<0=85 =0 <0;59H8E 87<5=5=8OE DC=:F88 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2. 0;55 =5@54:> =01;N40NBAO >=8 8 C A5=78B82=KE 0AB5=8:>2, B>=:> GC2AB2CNI8E, ?>2KH5==> @0=8<KE, ;53:> A<CI0NI8EAO, M<>B82=>-;018;L=KE. @8 ?>2KH5==>9 A><0B>2535B0B82=>9 ?5@5:;NG05<>AB8 C =8E ;53:> 2>7=8:0NB =0@CH5=8O 2535B0B82=KE DC=:F89 ?>4 2;8O=85< 0DD5:B0.  >1@07>20=8N A2O759, 254CI8E : =0@CH5=8N, DC=:F88 2=CB@5==53> >@30=0, A@02=8B5;L=> A:;>==K ;8F0 B@52>6=>-<=8B5;L=K5, =5C25@5==K5 2 A515, ?540=B8G=K5, ?C=:BC0;L=K5, A ?>2KH5==> @0728BK< GC2AB2>< 4>;30 8 2>>1I5 ;8F0 A 8=5@B=>ABLN, <0;>9 ?>4286=>ABLN =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2. >A;54=55 <>65B O2;OBLAO =5 B>;L:> A;54AB285< 2@>645==KE :>=AB8BCF8>=0;L=KE >A>15==>AB59 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K 701>;52H53>, => 8 A;54AB285< @07;8G=KE =51;03>?@8OB=KE 2=5H=8E 2>7459AB289 (B@02<K <>730, 8=D5:F88). 0@CH5=8O DC=:F88 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2 ?@8 =52@0AB5=88 ?@8E>48BAO 48DD5@5=F8@>20BL >B @07;8G=KE >@30=8G5A:8E 701>;520=89 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2, 0;;5@38G5A:8E A>AB>O=89, M=4>:@8=>?0B89 8 >@30=8G5A:8E 701>;520=89 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K, 2 B>< G8A;5 2535B0B82=>9, 0 B0:65 >B 8AB5@88.  B5E 8 4@C38E A;CG0OE <>3CB =01;N40BLAO B0:85 A8<?B><K, :0: A5@4F5185=85 8 BO3>AB=K5 >ICI5=8O 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0, @2>B0, 480@5O, 48A<5=>@5O. 0B>35=57 MB8E A8<?B><>2 @07;8G5=. BAN40 =5>48=0:>2 8 B5@0?52B8G5A:89 ?>4E>4 : MB8< 1>;L=K<.  ?0B>35=575 701>;520=8O 1>;L=KE 8AB5@859 83@05B @>;L <5E0=87< «153AB20 2 1>;57=L», «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8»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neurosis sexualis) ?> B5@<8=>;>388 AB0@KE 02B>@>2 8 <>3CB O2;OBLAO >4=8< 87 ?@87=0:>2 @07;8G=KE =52@>7>2  =52@0AB5=88 (neurastenia sexualis), 8, @565, 8AB5@88, 0 B0:65 =52@>70 >6840=8O. =0G5=85 MB8E =0@CH5=89 25AL<0 25;8:>, B0: :0: >=8 ?@82>4OB : 48A30@<>=88 A5:AC0;L=>9 687=8 8 =5@54:> >:07K20NB BO65;>5 ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI55 459AB285.  =5@2=>9 @53C;OF88 ?>;>2>9 DC=:F88 CG0AB2C5B @O4 2708<>A2O70==KE F5=B@>2. !N40 >B=>AOBAO: 1) ?>;>2>9 F5=B@ 2 :>@5 <>730, ?> Fervier, =0E>4OI89AO 2 girus fugiformis @O4>< A uncus; 2) ?>4:>@:>2K5 ?>;>2K5 F5=B@K, @0A?>;>65==K5 2 ?@><56CB>G=>< <>735 8 38?>B0;0<CA5 (70<5G5=>, GB> ?>2@5645=85 <8=40;5284=>3> B5;0 <>65B 25AB8 : ?>2KH5=8N ?>;>2>9 0:B82=>AB8); 3) A?8=0;L=K5 F5=B@K M@5:F88 2> II V :@5ABF>2KE A53<5=B0E 8 MO:C;OF88  2> II IV ?>OA=8G=KE. !?8=0;L=K5 F5=B@K A2O70=K, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, A 38?>B0;0<8G5A:8<8 8 :>@:>2K<8 F5=B@0<8, A 4@C3>9  A @5F5?B>@0<8, 70;>65==K<8 2 ?>;>2KE >@30=0E. >;>2K5 F5=B@K =0E>4OBAO 2> 2708<>459AB288 8 A>?>4G8=5=88. >;>2>5 2;5G5=85 (;8184>) 8 >@307< =5 <>3CB >ACI5AB2;OBLAO 157 CG0AB8O F5=B@>2 2 3>;>2=>< <>735. -@5:F8O 8 MO:C;OF8O <>3CB 2>7=8:0BL, =5A<>B@O =0 ?5@5@57:C A?8==>3> <>730 2 =86=53@C4=>9 G0AB8. =8 O2;ONBAO A?8=0;L=K<8 @5D;5:A0<8.  157CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K< @074@068B5;O< ?>;>2>3> F5=B@0 >B=>AOBAO ?>;>2K5 3>@<>=K, 2 7=0G8B5;L=>9 <5@5 >?@545;ONI85 C@>25=L 53> 2>71C48<>AB8 (B>=CA) 8 A8;C ?>;>2>3> 2;5G5=8O. A=>2=0O @>;L ?@8=04;568B 3>@<>=0< O8G5: 8 O8G=8:>2, 0 B0:65 =04?>G5G=8:>2 8 38?>D870. # <C6G8=K 206=>5 7=0G5=85 8<55B DC=:F8O ?@54AB0B5;L=>9 65;57K. %>BO >=0 =5 >B=>A8BAO : 65;570< 2=CB@5==59 A5:@5F88, M:A:@5B 55 <>65B ?>ABC?0BL 2 :@>2L.  <0;KE :>;8G5AB20E >= 2>71C6405B A5:@5F8N O8G5:, 2 1>;LH8E  C3=5B05B 55. A;8 <C6G8=0 =5:>B>@>5 2@5<O =5 6825B ?>;>2>9 687=LN, B> =5@54:> C =53> >B<5G05BAO >A;01;5=85 ?>;>2>3> 2;5G5=8O 8, =0>1>@>B, :>340 2>7>1=>2;O5B 55  ?>A;54=55 CA8;8205BAO. -B>, :070;>AL 1K, ?0@04>:A0;L=>5 O2;5=85, ?> . . >@C4><8=A:><C, >1JOA=O5BAO B5<, GB> ?@8 G0ABKE ?>;>2KE 0:B0E 2<5AB5 A MO:C;OB>< 2K1@0AK205BAO <=>3> A5:@5B0 ?@54AB0B5;L=>9 65;57K 8 ;8HL =51>;LH>5 53> :>;8G5AB2> 2A0AK205BAO 2 :@>2L. #<5=LH5=85 ?>ABC?;5=8O A5:@5B0 2 :@>2L 2>71C6405B A5:@5F8N O8G5:, 3>@<>=K :>B>@KE 8 0:B828@CNB ;8184>. 0>1>@>B, G5< @565 A>25@H0NBAO ?>;>2K5 0:BK, B5< @565 8=>340 AB0=>28BAO ?>B@51=>ABL 2 =8E, B0: :0: A5:@5B ?@54AB0B5;L=>9 65;57K >18;L=> ?>ABC?05B 2 :@>2L 8 B>@<>78B 45OB5;L=>ABL O8G5:. A;8 C <C6G8= ?>A;5 55 ;5B CA8;8205BAO ?>;>2>5 2;5G5=85, MB> >1KG=> A2O70=> A 045=><>9 ?@54AB0B5;L=>9 65;57K, A>?@>2>640NI59AO ?>=865=85< 55 45OB5;L=>AB8 %>BO ?>;>2K5 3>@<>=K 8 83@0NB 1>;LHCN @>;L 2 @53C;OF88 A5:@5B>@=>9 DC=:F88, >4=0:> ;8184>, M@5:F8O 8 MO:C;OF8O 2 50% A;CG052 2 B>9 8;8 8=>9 AB5?5=8 A>E@0=ONBAO C :0AB@8@>20==KE <C6G8= 8 65=I8=, 5A;8 :0AB@0F8O 1K;0 ?@>872545=0 ?>A;5 =0ABC?;5=8O ?>;>2>9 7@5;>AB8, 0 B0:65 C ;8F A C40;5==>9 ?@54AB0B5;L=>9 65;57>9. 5>?CI5=85 8;8 701>;520=85 >4=>3> O8G:0 =5 =0@CH05B ?>;>2>9 A?>A>1=>AB8. -@5:F88 <>3CB 1KBL C 45B59 704>;3> 4> ?5@8>40 ?>;>2>3> A>7@520=8O, ?@8G5< <>65B 2>7=8:0BL 8 >@307< (?> <=5=8N Steckel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illet 8 Beau (F8B. ?> Aresin) ?>:070;8, GB> 65=I8=K G0AB> =5 <>3CB >?@545;8BL 25;8G8=C ?@54<5B0, 2;>65==>3> 2> 2;030;8I5, => <>3CB CAB0=>28BL 55, 5A;8 ?@54<5B 2K7K205B @0ABO65=85 2E>40 2> 2;030;8I5. > =01;N45=8O< 38=5:>;>3>2, 95% 65=I8= =5 >ICI05B =8 ?@8:>A=>25=8O, =8 402;5=8O =0 H59:C <0B:8, B. 5. >=0 <0;>GC2AB28B5;L=0. 4=0:> >:>;> ?>;>28=K 87 200 >?@>H5==KE =0<8 65=I8= >B<5B8;8, GB> >=8 >ICI0NB 2> 2@5<O ?>;>2>3> 0:B0 B>;G:8 2 >1;0AB8 H59:8 <0B:8 (4=0 2;030;8I0). 5:>B>@K5 87 ;8E C:07K20;8, GB> >=8 <0;>GC2AB28B5;L=K : @074@065=8N :;8B>@0 8 <0;KE 3C1 4> =0G0;0 ?>;>2>3> 0:B0, >4=0:> 4>?>;=8B5;L=>5 1KAB@>5 @8B<8G=>5 402;5=85 @C:8 <C6G8=K =0 MBC >1;0ABL 2> 2@5<O 0:B0 CA:>@O5B C =8E =0ABC?;5=85 >@307<01. >;>2>5 2>71C645=85 <>65B B0:65 =0ABC?0BL ?>4 2;8O=85< CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=KE @074@068B5;59  7@8B5;L=KE, A;CE>2KE, >1>=OB5;L=KE 8 4@. !N40 >B=>AOBAO 2=5H=89 >1;8: ?0@B=5@0, ?@83>B>2;5=8O : ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 8 B. ?. #A;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K5 ?>;>68B5;L=K5 8 >B@8F0B5;L=K5 A5:AC0;L=K5 @074@068B5;8 25AL<0 8=48284C0;L=K 8 A2O70=K A ;8G=K< >?KB>< G5;>25:0, 53> ?@54AB02;5=8O<8, AD>@<8@>202H8<8AO C =53> 8450;0<8. BAN40, =0?@8<5@, ?>;=>B0 65=A:>9 D83C@K <>65B 1KBL ?>;>68B5;L=K< @074@068B5;5< 4;O >4=>3> 8 >B@8F0B5;L=K< 4;O 4@C3>3>.  A;CG0OE ?>;>2>3> D5B8H87<0 B0:8<8 @074@068B5;O<8 <>3CB AB0BL =5>1KG=K5 ?@54<5BK 8;8 O2;5=8O, =0?@8<5@ <>65B 2K720BL ?>;>2>5 2>71C645=85 284 65=A:>3> =>A>2>3> ?;0B:0, BCD;8, :>AK 8 B. ?. !5:AC0;L=K5 @074@068B5;8, 704520NI85 65=A:CN ABK4;82>ABL, G0AB> >:07K20NB =0 65=I8=C =5 2>71C640NI55, 0 B>@<>7OI55 459AB285. 8HL C >G5=L =5<=>38E 65=I8= ?>4 2;8O=85< CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=KE @074@068B5;59 ?>;>2>5 2>71C645=85 2>7=8:05B >G5=L ;53:> 8 <>65B ?@825AB8 : >@307<C, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: C <C6G8= MB> : >@307<C >1KG=> =5 ?@82>48B.  >3@><=>< 1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG052 65=I8=K <5=LH5 @5038@CNB =0 CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K5 @074@068B5;8, G5< <C6G8=K. "0:, =0?@8<5@, ?> Kinsey, 284 E>@>H5=L:8E 65=I8= 2K7K205B ?>;>2>5 2>71C645=85 C <C6G8= 2 2 @070 G0I5, G5< 284 8=B5@5A=KE <C6G8=  C 65=I8=. 84 M@>B8G5A:8E >B:@KB>: 8;8 @8AC=:>2 2K7K205B @50:F8N C 1>;LH8=AB20 <C6G8= 8 ;8HL C =5<=>38E 65=I8=. 84 >1=065==KE 65=A:8E ?>;>2KE >@30=>2 >1KG=> 2>71C6405B <C6G8=C, >4=0:> 284 >1=065==KE <C6A:8E ?>;>2KE >@30=>2 =5 2K7K205B =8:0:>9 M@>B8G5A:>9 @50:F88 C ?>;>28=K 65=I8=, ?@8G5< <=>38< 87 =8E >= =5?@8OB5= 8 B>@<>78B ?>;>2>5 2>71C645=85. -@>B8G5A:85 D0=B0788 > 4@C3>< ?>;5, > =>2KE 2AB@5G0E 8 ?5@56820=8OE 2K7K20NB A8;L=>5 ?>;>2>5 2>71C645=85 C >G5=L <=>38E <C6G8= 8 ;8HL @54:>  C 65=I8=. # 1>;LH8=AB20 65=I8= 2 >B;8G85 >B <C6G8= >6840=85 ?>;>2>3> A1;865=8O =5 2K7K205B ?>;>2>3> 2>71C645=8O.  7028A8<>AB8 >B >1I53> C@>2=O ?>;>2>9 2>71C48<>AB8, 2 7=0G8B5;L=>9 <5@5 >?@545;O5<>3> 459AB285< 3>@<>=>2 8 >1I8< A>AB>O=85< =5@2=>-?A8E8G5A:>9 AD5@K, CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K5 ?>;>2K5 @074@068B5;8 <>3CB >:07K20BL A8;L=>5 8;8 A;01>5 459AB285. @8 ?>;>2>< 2>71C645=88 :0: C <C6G8=K, B0: 8 C 65=I8=K ?>;>2K5 >@30=K =0?>;=ONBAO :@>2LN. # <C6G8=K >=> 2K7K205B M@5:F8N  =0?@O65=85 ?>;>2>3> G;5=0, 254CI55 : @57:><C C25;8G5=8N 53> >1J5<0 8 ?>O2;5=8N 2>7<>6=>AB8 22545=8O 2> 2;030;8I5, C 65=I8=K  38?5@5<8N :;8B>@0 8 <0;KE 3C1. @8 MB>< C 65=I8=K >1KG=> 2K45;O5BAO 684:89 A5:@5B 87 10@B>;8=>2KE 65;57, <0;KE 65;57 ?@54425@8O 8 65;57 H59:8 <0B:8, 45;0NI8E ?>;>2K5 >@30=K 2;06=K<8 8 B5< A0<K< >1;53G0NI8E 2>7<>6=>ABL 22545=8O (8<8AA88) <C6A:>3> ?>;>2>3> >@30=0 2> 2;030;8I5. >4 2;8O=85< D@8:F89 (>B ;0B. frictio  B@5=85) ?>;>2KE >@30=>2 =0ABC?05B AC<<0F8O 2>71C645=8O, 84CI53> >B ?5@8D5@8G5A:8E =5@2=KE >:>=G0=89, =0@0AB05B GC2AB2> A;04>AB@0AB8O 8 ?@>8AE>48B MO:C;OF8O, :>B>@0O C <C6G8=K 2K@0605BAO 2 8725@65=88 A5<5=8, C 65=I8=  2 2K1@0AK20=88 A5:@5B0 65;57 H59:8 <0B:8 8 10@B>;8=>2KE 65;57. @8 MB>< 2>7=8:0NB ?5@8AB0;LB8G5A:85 A>:@0I5=8O 2;030;8I0, =5:>B>@>5 >?CI5=85 <0B:8 2> 2;030;8I5 8 2KB0;:820=85 87 F5@28:0;L=>3> :0=0;0 =57=0G8B5;L=>3> :>;8G5AB20 A5:@5B0 (:@8AB5;;5@>2A:89 A;878ABK9 BO6), 0 B0:65 @8B<8G5A:85 A>:@0I5=8O 4=0 <0B:8, 2 A2O78 A G5< ?@>8AE>48B ?@8A0AK20=85 A5<5=8 87 2;030;8I0. A5 MB> >1;53G05B 0:B >?;>4>B2>@5=8O (>=> <>65B =0ABC?8BL 8 ?@8 >BACBAB288 >@307<0)1. >A;5 MO:C;OF88 :0: C <C6G8=K, B0: 8 C 65=I8=K 8AG5705B GC2AB2> =0?@O65=8O 2 ?>;>2KE >@30=0E 8 =0G8=05B 4>2>;L=> 1KAB@> C<5=LH0BLAO 8E 38?5@5<8O (8AG5705B M@5:F8O), 2 A2O78 A G5< <C6G8=0 2A:>@5 >:07K205BAO =5 2 A>AB>O=88 ?@>4>;60BL ?>;>2>9 0:B. 045@60BL CA8;85< 2>;8 =0G02HCNAO MO:C;OF8N =5 C405BAO. -O:C;OF8O :0: C <C6G8=K, B0: 8 C 65=I8=K >1KG=> A>?@>2>6405BAO ?5@56820=85< >@307<0  A8;L=>3> A;04>AB@0AB=>3> >ICI5=8O, 4;OI53>AO =5A:>;L:> A5:C=4 C <C6G8=K 8 =5A:>;L:> 4>;LH5  C 65=I8=K 8 40NI53> ?>;>2>5 C4>2;5B2>@5=85. @307< A>?@>2>6405BAO >1I59 1C@=>9 2535B0B82=>9 @50:F859, ?@8G5< 2 MB> 2@5<O ?C;LA <>65B CG0AB8BLAO 4> 150 2 <8=CBC 8 2KH5, <0:A8<0;L=>5 0@B5@80;L=>5 402;5=85 :0: C <C6G8=K, B0: 8 C 65=I8=K 8=>340 ?>2KH05BAO A> 110 120 4> 200 240 << @B. AB. 4065 5A;8 >@307< 2K720= B>;L:> ?@54AB02;5=85<. > Freud, ACI5AB2C5B 420 2840 >@307<0  :;8B>@8G5A:89 8 2038=0;L=K9. 5@2K9 2>7=8:05B ?@8 @074@065=88 :;8B>@0, 2B>@>9  ?@8 3;C1>:>< 22545=88 <C6A:>3> ?>;>2>3> G;5=0 2> 2;030;8I5 8 405B 1>;55 A8;L=>5 ?>;>2>5 C4>2;5B2>@5=85, G5< ?5@2K91. =B>35=5B8G5A:8 O:>1K ?@>8AE>48B ?5@5E>4 :;8B>@8G5A:>3> >@307<0 2 2038=0;L=K9 8 ;8HL ?>A;54=89 O2;O5BAO ?>:070B5;5< «?A8E>A5:AC0;L=>9 7@5;>AB8» 65=I8=K. !CI5AB2>20=85 >A>1>3> 2038=0;L=>3> >@307<0 >4=8<8 A5:A>;>30<8 ?@87=05BAO, 4@C38<8  >B@8F05BAO. > Kinsey, 2038=0;L=K9 >@307< >1JOA=O5BAO B5<, GB> ?@8 3;C1>:>< 22545=88 ?>;>2>3> G;5=0 2> 2;030;8I5 <C6G8=0 >4=>2@5<5==> >:07K205B 1>;55 A8;L=>5 402;5=85 =0 <0;K5 3C1K, 2C;L2C, :;8B>@, <>65B 1KBL <KHFK ?@><56=>AB8 8 A0<> 2;030;8I5 (C 14% 65=I8= >=> GC2AB28B5;L=>), 0 B0:65 ?@>8AE>48B 1>;55 A8;L=>5 B0:B8;L=>5 @074@065=85 @07;8G=KE CG0AB:>2 B5;0 65=I8=K. >;LHCN @>;L BCB <>65B 83@0BL 8 ?A8E8G5A:89 D0:B>@  2>7=8:0NI55 ?@8 MB>< GC2AB2> ?>;=>3> A;8O=8O A <C6G8=>9. 7 100 >?@>H5==KE =0<8 =5 D@8384=KE 65=I8= >B<5B8;8 :;8B>@8G5A:89 >@307< 20, 2038=0;L=K9  36 8 >@307< =5>?@545;5==>9 ;>:0;870F88  44. # =5:>B>@KE 65=I8= 1K20; >@307< :0: ?5@2>3>, B0: 8 2B>@>3> 2840. ;8B>@8G5A:89 >@307< 2AB@5G0;AO A >48=0:>2>9 G0AB>B>9 A@548 65=I8= :0: =5 >ICI02H8E, B0: 8 >ICI02H8E B>;G:8 2 >1;0AB8 H59:8 <0B:8 ?@8 ?>;>2>< 0:B5, >4=0:> 2038=0;L=K9 >@307< =01;N40;AO 2 2 @070 G0I5 A@548 ?>A;54=8E. @82545==K5 40==K5 A =5A><=5==>ABLN A2845B5;LAB2CNB > ACI5AB2>20=88 :;8B>@8G5A:>3> 8 2038=0;L=>3> >@307<0. @8 MB>< 2038=0;L=K9 >@307< <>65B 2>7=8:0BL ?@8 @074@065=88 ;N1>9 M@>35==>9 7>=K, 2 B>< G8A;5 8 :;8B>@0. >A:>;L:C ?>;>20O DC=:F8O 2 =>@<5 25AL<0 ?>425@65=0 ?A8E>35==K< 2;8O=8O<, >=8 <>3CB =5@54:> 2K7K20BL 8 55 =0@CH5=85.  #(/  $#& #'+ @O4 ;8 =0945BAO <C6G8=0, C :>B>@>3> 2 B>B 8;8 8=>9 ?5@8>4 687=8 =5 2>7=8:0;> E>BO 1K 2@5<5==>5 >A;01;5=85 ?>B5=F88. @8G8=K =0@CH5=8O ?>;>2>9 DC=:F88 C <C6G8=K 25AL<0 <=>3>>1@07=K.  =8< >B=>AOBAO >@30=8G5A:85 701>;520=8O 3>;>2=>3> 8 A?8==>3> <>730 (B@02<0B8G5A:85, A>AC48ABK5, >?CE>;8 8 4@.)»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ershub, ?@8<5@=> 2 90% A;CG052 DC=:F8>=0;L=> 8 2 5% A;CG052 >@30=8G5A:8 >1CA;>2;5=0; 2 5% A;CG052 @>;L >@30=8G5A:>3> ?>@065=8O 2 55 2>7=8:=>25=88 A><=8B5;L=0. > <=5=8N 4@C38E 0<5@8:0=A:8E C@>;>3>2, ;8HL 2 5% A;CG052 8<?>B5=F8O >@30=8G5A:8 >1CA;>2;5=0. 065 ?>A;5 55 ;5B 8<?>B5=F8O C <C6G8= =5@54:> >1CA;>2;5=0 ?A8E>35==>. > =0H8< 40==K<, ?A8E>35==K9 35=57 701>;520=8O =01;N405BAO ?@8<5@=> C ?>;>28=K <C6G8= <>;>4>3> 2>7@0AB0, AB@040NI8E ?>;>2K<8 @0AAB@>9AB20<8. 0@CH5=8O ?>;>2>9 DC=:F88 ?@8 =52@0AB5=88 C <C6G8=K 2K@060NBAO 3;02=K< >1@07>< 2 2845 ?>;>2>9 A;01>AB8 (8<?>B5=F88). >@<0;L=0O ?>B5=F8O <C6G8=K ?>425@65=0 7=0G8B5;L=K< 2>7@0AB=K< 8 8=48284C0;L=K< :>;510=8O<. "0:, ?> Kinsey (!(), G0AB>B0 ?>;>2KE 0:B>2 C <C6G8= 4> 30 ;5B 2 A@54=5< 3,2 @070 2 =545;N, ?>A;5 30 ;5B  2,2 8 2 60 ;5B  0,8 @070. 96% 60-;5B=8E <C6G8= 5I5 A?>A>1=K : ?>;>2>9 687=8. > Schultz-Henke (5@;8=), =>@<0;L=0O G0AB>B0 ?>;>2>9 687=8 C <C6G8=K :>;51;5BAO <564C 3 0:B0<8 2 45=L 8 >4=8< 0:B>< 2 <5AOF. > Davis (!(), 2 ?5@2K5 3 <5AOF0 1@0:0 ?>;>20O 687=L 2 A@54=5< 2 @070 2 B5G5=85 =>G8, A;54CNI85 9 <5AOF52  1 @07 70 =>GL, ?>A;54CNI85 2 3>40  2 @070 2 =545;N. > =0H8< 40==K<, 2 2>7@0AB5 <564C 30 8 45 3>40<8 1>;LH8=AB2> ;8F 8<5NB ?>;>2K5 A=>H5=8O 2 3 @070 2 =545;N. !@548 <C6G8=, E>BO 8 :@09=5 @54:>, 2AB@5G0NBAO «E>;>4=K5 =0BC@K», C :>B>@KE ?>GB8 ?>;=>5 >BACBAB285 ?>;>2>3> 2;5G5=8O O2;O5BAO 2@>645==>9 >A>15==>ABLN. 5@8>48G5A:85 :>;510=8O ?>;>2>9 0:B82=>AB8, 2 G0AB=>AB8 @57:>5 A=865=85 55 157 2=5H=53> ?>2>40 2 B5G5=85 @O40 =545;L, 0 8=>340 8 <5AOF52, 2AB@5G05BAO C =5:>B>@KE ;N459 8 8=>340 <>65B 1KBL A2O70=> C =8E A >G5=L ;53:8<8 F8:;>B8<8G5A:8<8 :>;510=8O<8 =0AB@>5=8O, :>B>@K5, =5 2KABC?0O =0 ?5@54=89 ?;0=, 8=>340 <>3CB 1KBL =5 @0A?>7=0=K. 5@8>48G5A:85 :>;510=8O ?>B5=F88, 2>7=8:0NI85 157 2=5H=53> ?>2>40, 1K20NB 8 C A>25@H5==> 74>@>2KE ;N459. @8 =52@0AB5=88 A=865=85 ?>B5=F88 =0E>48BAO 2 B5A=>9 A2O78 A >1I59 0AB5=859. => <>65B 2>7=8:0BL ?@8 4;8B5;L=>< M<>F8>=0;L=>< =0?@O65=88 8;8 A>AB>O=88 AB@5AA0, 2K720==>3> >AB@K< ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI8< 2>7459AB285<, 8 A>?@>2>6405BAO 3>@<>=0;L=K< A4283><. 1I0O D0B830F8O, =0?@8<5@ C ABC45=B>2 : :>=FC CG51=>3> 3>40, 0 B0:65 ?>AB8=D5:F8>==0O 0AB5=8O <>3CB A?>A>1AB2>20BL 2>7=8:=>25=8N MB>3> =0@CH5=8O.  =0G0;L=>< ?5@8>45 =52@0AB5=88 ?@8 >A;01;5=88 2=CB@5==53> B>@<>65=8O 8=>340 >B<5G05BAO ?5@8>4 @0AB>@<06820=8O ?>;>2>3> 2;5G5=8O, =5:>B>@>3> 53> CA8;5=8O (CG0I5=85 M@5:F89), >4=0:> ?@8 =0@0AB0=88 0AB5=88 A=8605BAO 8 ?>;>20O 0:B82=>ABL.  ?>A;54=5< A;CG05 CB@0G8205BAO 8=B5@5A : ?@>B82>?>;>6=><C ?>;C. A;01;O5BAO M@5:F8>==0O A?>A>1=>ABL. AG570NB A?>=B0==K5 M@5:F88 (2 =>@<5 C <>;>4>3> 74>@>2>3> <C6G8=K, 5A;8 >= 2>745@68205BAO >B ?>;>2>9 687=8, :0: ?@028;>, ?@8 ?@>1C645=88 >B A=0 >B<5G05BAO M@5:F8O). @5:@0I0NBAO M@>B8G5A:85 A=>2845=8O 8 ?>;;NF88 (2 =>@<5 ?@8 4;8B5;L=>< 2>745@60=88 >=8 1K20NB >48= @07 2 2 8 =545;L). 5@5AB0NB 2>7=8:0BL M@5:F88 ?>4 459AB285< CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=KE @074@068B5;59 (M@>B8G5A:8E D0=B0789, @073>2>@>2 =0 A5:AC0;L=K5 B5<K, GB5=8O :=83 M@>B8G5A:>3> A>45@60=8O). !B0=>28BAO @54:>9 8;8 A>2A5< 8AG5705B ?>B@51=>ABL 2 ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 A 65=>9. A;8 @0=LH5 >4=> ?@83>B>2;5=85 :> A=C 2K7K20;> ?>;>2>5 2>71C645=85, B> B5?5@L >=> 2>7=8:05B 40;5:> =5 B0: ;53:> 8 1KAB@> 8 =5@54:> ;8HL ?>4 459AB285< 1>;55 A8;L=KE B0:B8;L=KE @074@065=89 M@>35==KE 7>=.  40;L=59H5< 8 MB> ?5@5AB05B 2K7K20BL ?>;>2>5 2>71C645=85. "@52>30 ?> ?>2>4C 2>7=8:H53> A=865=8O ?>B5=F88 8 CA8;5==0O D8:A0F8O 2=8<0=8O =0 2>7=8:H5< =0@CH5=88 8=>340 2545B : ?>?KB:0< ;N1>9 F5=>9 8A:CAAB25==> 2K720BL ?>;>2>5 2>71C645=85 8 B5< A0<K< : 5I5 1>;LH5<C >A;01;5=8N 8 157 B>3> >A;01;5==>9 DC=:F88, 0 B0:65 >1I5<C CEC4H5=8N A>AB>O=8O 1>;L=>3>. "0:85 =0@CH5=8O ?>B5=F88 =01;N40NBAO ?@8 38?>AB5=8G5A:>9 D>@<5 =52@0AB5=88. =8 A@02=8B5;L=> ;53:> >1@0B8<K 8 ?@>E>4OB A >1I8< C;CGH5=85< A0<>GC2AB28O 8 8AG57=>25=85< O2;5=89 0AB5=88.  MB>< ?5@8>45 >G5=L 206=> ?@028;L=>5, B0:B8G=>5 ?>2545=85 65=K. => <>65B CA?>:>8BL 1>;L=>3> 8 ?@54>B2@0B8BL 2>7=8:=>25=85 ?A8E8G5A:8E 7045@65: A5:AC0;L=>9 DC=:F88 2A;54AB285 G@57<5@=>9 D8:A0F88 =0 =59 2=8<0=8O 8 B@52>6=>3> >6840=8O =5C40G8. %0@0:B5@=> A;54CNI55 =01;N45=85. >;L=>9 ., 24 ;5B, ABC45=B ?>;8B5E=8G5A:>3> 8=AB8BCB0, ?> E0@0:B5@C =5A:>;L:> <=8B5;L=K9. >A;54=89 3>4 A>2<5I0; CG51C A @01>B>9, >G5=L CAB020;, =5@2=8G0; 2 A2O78 A B5<, GB> AB0; ?;>E> CA?520BL 2 8=AB8BCB5. 54>540;. >O28;8AL ?>2KH5==0O CB><;O5<>ABL, @074@068B5;L=>ABL, 2@5<5=0<8 2O;>ABL. 57:> A=878;0AL ?>B5=F8O. > MB>3> 68; A 65=>9 ?>;>2>9 687=LN 2 3 @070 2 =545;N, ?>A;54=85 2 <5AOF0 >48= @07 2 2 3 =545;8 8 B> ;8HL ?>A;5 ?@>O2;5=8O 0:B82=>AB8 A 55 AB>@>=K. -@5:F88 AB0;8 =5?@>4>;68B5;L=K<8, ;53:> C30A0;8 !?>=B0==K5 M@5:F88 ?@5:@0B8;8AL. 5=0 >B=5A;0AL : MB><C A?>:>9=>. !:070;0, GB> MB> C =53> 2 A2O78 A ?5@5CB><;5=85<, 2A5 MB> ?@>945B. A5 65 @5H8; >1@0B8BLAO ?> MB><C ?>2>4C : 2@0GC. >;L=><C C:070=>, GB> 65=0 ?@028;L=> >F5=8;0 53> A>AB>O=85 8 GB> 5<C A;54C5B >B4>E=CBL, =5 ?@8=C640BL A51O : ?>;>2>9 687=8, ?>:0 =5 ?>O28BAO A8;L=>5 ?>;>2>5 2;5G5=85. @8 MB>< ?@54;>65=> A?0BL A 65=>9 2 >4=>9 ?>AB5;8. >;L=>9 >AB028; @01>BC, >G5=L M=5@38G=> 27O;AO 70 CG51C 8 ;8:2848@>20; 70 <5AOF 0:045<8G5A:CN 704>;65==>ABL. >A;5 MB>3> >B4>E=C; 2 B5G5=85 3 =545;L. >;CG0; >1I5C:@5?;ONI55 ;5G5=85. >B5=F8O ?>;=>ABLN 2>AAB0=>28;0AL. =>340 C 1>;L=KE =52@0AB5=859 <>65B =01;N40BLAO 8718@0B5;L=0O (A8BC0F8>==0O) 8<?>B5=F8O. =0 2K720=0 B>@<>65=85< ?>;>2>9 DC=:F88 AB@>3> >?@545;5==K< @074@068B5;5< 8 >1=0@C68205BAO ?@8 53> 459AB288. "0:, =0?@8<5@, 8<?>B5=F8O ?>O2;O5BAO ;8HL 2 >B=>H5=88 >?@545;5==>3> ;8F0 8;8 2 AB@>3> >?@545;5==>9 A8BC0F88. =5 MB>3> ?>;>2>5 2>71C645=85 >:07K205BAO =5C3=5B5==K<. #B@5==85 M@5:F88 8 A?>=B0==K5 M@5:F88 2 =5?>4E>4OI59 >1AB0=>2:5 >1KG=> >AB0NBAO A>E@0==K<8.  8718@0B5;L=>9 8<?>B5=F88 <>65B ?@825AB8 @O4 ?@8G8=: D@8384=>ABL 65=K ?@8 45<>=AB@0B82=>-@02=>4CH=>< >B=>H5=88 : ?>;>2>9 687=8 (2;5G5=85 : =59 ?@>?0405B). ;8B5;L=0O AA>@0 A 65=>9 2 A2O78 A 2>7=8:H8< : =59 GC2AB2>< 0=B8?0B88. 84 G53>-;81> >BB0;:820NI53>, 2K7K20NI53> >B2@0I5=85 ?@8 ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 (>1=0@C65==>5 C@>4AB2>, =5?@8OB=K9 70?0E, =5MAB5B8G5A:89 65AB ?@8 >BE>45 :> A=C 8 B. ?.), C3@K75=85 A>25AB8 ?> ?>2>4C 4>?CI5==>9 87<5=K, =0@CH5=85 ?@82KG=>3> AB5@5>B8?0 ?>;>2>9 687=8, =0?@8<5@ 87<5=5=85 2@5<5=8 ?>;>2>3> A1;865=8O. !N40 65 >B=>A8BAO 8 >?8A0==>5 Forel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«?>1540E» =04 65=I8=0<8. 5=0, E>BO 8=>340 8 8A?KBK20;0 ?>;>2>5 C4>2;5B2>@5=85, GC2AB20 A2>8 ?@>O2;O;0 25AL<0 A:C?>, 2 ?>;>2>< >B=>H5=88 1K;0 ?0AA82=0 8 >= AG8B0;, GB> >=0 53> :0: <C6G8=C =5 ;N18B. >A;5 3 ;5B A>2<5AB=>9 687=8 A;CG09=> ?>7=0:><8;AO A <>;>4>9 65=I8=>9. A:>@5 ?@>87>H;> A1;865=85.  BCB . 1K; ?>@065= «A8;>9» 55 AB@0AB8, 8=B5=A82=>ABLN ?5@568205<>3> 55 >@307<0, 4>2>482H53> 55 «4> 8AABC?;5=8O». =0 C25@O;0, GB> B>;L:> >= 2?5@2K5 A<>3 ?@>1C48BL 2 =59 B0:85 GC2AB20 8 GB> B5?5@L «;N1>2L 405B 59 =0 =53> ?@020!». . >AB028; 65=C 8 65=8;AO =0 MB>9 >A>15. A:>@5 AB0; 70<5G0BL, GB> 2 ?>2A54=52=>9 687=8 =>20O 65=0 : =5<C <0;>2=8<0B5;L=0, =5 =56=0 A =8<, => =5 ?@84020; MB><C 1>;LH>3> 7=0G5=8O. @>68; A =59 l ½ 3>40, E>BO G0AB> AA>@8;AO. >A;54=55 2@5<O C . 1K;8 =5?@8OB=>AB8 ?> @01>B5. !B0; @074@068B5;L=K<, ?>2KA8;0AL CB><;O5<>ABL. 4=064K 65=0 ?@8H;0 87 3>AB59 2 =5B@572>< 2845. > 2@5<O 2>7=8:H59 AA>@K AB0;0 F8=8G=> >A:>@1;OBL 53> <C6A:>5 4>AB>8=AB2>. !:070;0, GB> 59 =04>5;> ?@8B2>@OBLAO 2 ?>;>2>< >B=>H5=88 8 87>1@060BL «48:85 AB@0AB8», GB> :0: <C6G8=0 >= «=8G53> =5 AB>8B». K;, ?>B@OA5< MB8<. >A;5 MB>3> @073>2>@0 ?>;>2>5 GC2AB2> : =59 8 4@C38< 65=I8=0< ?>;=>ABLN C30A;>. A:>@5 ?>O28;0AL B@52>30 ?> ?>2>4C 2>7=8:H59 «?>;>2>9 A;01>AB8». #A8;8;0AL @074@068B5;L=>ABL, ?>2KA8;0AL CB><;O5<>ABL, CEC4H8;AO A>=. 1@0B8;AO : 2@0G0<. -@5:F88 E>BO 8=>340 8 ?>O2;O;8AL ?> CB@0<, 0 B0:65 ?@8 M@>B8G5A:8E D0=B078OE, >4=0:> ?@8 ?>?KB:0E A1;865=8O A 65=>9 ;81> =5 2>7=8:0;8, ;81> 1K;8 A;01K<8 8 «2 A0<K9 >B25BAB25==K9 <><5=B» 8AG570;8. 1I5C:@5?;ONI55 8 AB8<C;8@CNI55 ;5G5=85 =5 CAB@0=8;> MB>3>. @8 2AB@5G5 A ?5@2>9 65=>9 ?>GC2AB2>20; : =59 ?>;>2>5 2;5G5=85. =0 B5?;> >B=5A;0AL : =5<C. '5@57 =5:>B>@>5 2@5<O >AB028; 2B>@CN 65=C 8 25@=C;AO : ?5@2>9. !B0; 68BL A =59 =>@<0;L=>9 ?>;>2>9 687=LN. ;5G5=8O : 4@C38< 65=I8=0< =5 2>7=8:0;>.  40==>< =01;N45=88 C <=8B5;L=>3>, A5=78B82=>3> G5;>25:0 8<5;AO «1>;L=>9 ?C=:B»  :><?;5:A A>1AB25==>9, A5:AC0;L=>9 =5?>;=>F5==>AB8 A> AB@5<;5=85< : 55 38?5@:><?5=A0F88. !;>20 2B>@>9 65=K > B><, GB> >= :0: <C6G8=0 «=8G53> =5 AB>8B» 8 GB> >=0 ?@8B2>@O;0AL 2> 2@5<O ?>;>2>9 687=8 A =8<, O28;8AL 4;O =53> BO65;>9 ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<>9, B0: :0: =0=>A8;8 C40@ ?> MB><C 1>;L=><C ?C=:BC. =8 2K720;8 @07>G0@>20=85 2 65=5 8 :0: 2 G5;>25:5. =D>@<0F8O, :>B>@CN MB8 A;>20 =5A;8, 1K;0 4;O . A>25@H5==> =5>6840==>9 («@0AA>3;0A>20=85 <564C ?@>3=>78@C5<K< 8 459AB28B5;L=>ABLN», ?> . . $5935=15@3C), GB> CA8;820;> 8E 459AB285. A5 MB> ?@825;> : B><C, GB> ?>;>2>5 2;5G5=85 : =59, 0 2<5AB5 A B5< 8 : 4@C38< 65=I8=0<, 25@>OB=> G5<-B> 55 =0?><8=02H8<, 70B>@<>78;>AL. ">, GB> @0=LH5 2K7K20;> ?>;>2>5 2>71C645=85 CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K< ?CB5< (?@83>B>2;5=8O : ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 A> 2B>@>9 65=>9, 284 <>;>4KE, 8=B5@5A=KE 65=I8=) ?5@5AB0;> 53> 2K7K20BL, B0: :0: ?>A;5 ?@>8AH54H53> ?@8>1@5;> =>2>5 A83=0;L=>5 7=0G5=85. 0 ?5@2CN 65=C 1>;L=>3> 459AB285 2>7=8:H53> B>@<>65=8O ?>;>2>9 DC=:F88 =5 @0A?@>AB@0=8;>AL, 8 ?>;>20O A?>A>1=>ABL 2 >B=>H5=88 =55 >:070;0AL A>E@0==>9. >7=8:H0O 8<?>B5=F8O =>A8;0 8718@0B5;L=K9 E0@0:B5@.  4@C3>< A;CG05 8718@0B5;L=0O 8<?>B5=F8O @0728;0AL ?>AB5?5==>. >;L=>9 ., 30 ;5B, ?5403>3, G5;>25: =5@5H8B5;L=K9, A 2KA>:>@0728BK< GC2AB2>< 4>;30, >1@0B8;AO : =0< A 60;>10<8 =52@0AB5=8G5A:>3> E0@0:B5@0 (@074@068B5;L=>ABL, ?;>E>9 A>=, G0ABK5 3>;>2=K5 1>;8). :070;>AL, GB> >=8 A2O70=K A 2>7=8:H59 C =53> A8BC0F859 . 65=0B 2 B5G5=85 6 ;5B.  65=5 ?@82O70= :0: : G5;>25:C, C20605B 8 ;N18B 55 :0: <0BL A2>8E 45B59.  ?>;=>< >B=>H5=88 65=0 4>2>;L=> E>;>4=0. G5=L @54:> 8A?KBK205B ?>;>2>5 C4>2;5B2>@5=85, >1KG=> GC2AB2C5B A;01>ABL, @0718B>ABL ?>A;5 ?>;>2>3> 0:B0 8 2A5340 0:B82=> 8715305B 1;87>AB8 ?>4 B5< 8;8 8=K< ?@54;>3><. =0O, GB> ?>;>2>9 0:B 59 =5?@8OB5=, AB0; 25A @565 8 @565 68BL A =59 ?>;>2>9 687=LN 8 ?>A;54=89 3>4 ?>;>2>5 GC2AB2> : =59 ?>GB8 ?>;=>ABLN 8AG57;>. 5 2>7=8:0;> >=> 8 : 4@C38< 65=I8=0<. 7@54:0 1K20;8 M@5:F88 ?> CB@0<. !G8B0;, GB> C =53> @0728;0AL ?>;>20O A;01>ABL. @8=8<0; AB8<C;8@CNI85 ?>;>2CN 45OB5;L=>ABL ;5:0@AB20, => >=8 4020;8 ;8HL :@0B:>2@5<5==K9 8 =57=0G8B5;L=K9 MDD5:B.  MB> 2@5<O ?>7=0:><8;AO A <>;>4>9 25AL<0 @072@0I5==>9 >A>1>9 8 ?>4 2;8O=85< ?@>O2;5==>9 5N 0:B82=>AB8 2ABC?8; A =59 2 A2O7L.  BCB >1=0@C68;, GB> A =59 >= 25AL<0 ?>B5=B5=. A?KBK20; A8;L=K9 >@307<, A>25@H0; A =59 ?>2B>@=K5 ?>;>2K5 0:BK 157 AB8<C;OF88 A 55 AB>@>=K.  B> 65 2@5<O ?@>4>;60; ;N18BL A2>N 65=C :0: G5;>25:0. @8 ?>?KB:0E ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 A =59 ?>;>2>5 2>71C645=85 ?>-?@56=5<C =5 2>7=8:0;>. 718@0B5;L=>5 B>@<>65=85 ?>;>2>3> 2;5G5=8O : 65=5 ?>AB5?5==> @0728;>AL C . 2 A2O78 A 55 E>;>4=K< >B=>H5=85< : ?>;>2>9 687=8. A5, GB> A83=0;878@>20;> > ?@54AB>OI5< ?>;>2>< A1;865=88 A =59, ?>AB5?5==> ?@52@0B8;>AL 87 ?>;>68B5;L=>3> 2 >B@8F0B5;L=K9 CA;>2=>-@5D;5:B>@=K9 @074@068B5;L, 2 A2O78 A G5< ?>;>2>5 2;5G5=85 : 65=5 C30A;>.  B> 65 2@5<O 2 >B=>H5=88 4@C3>9 65=I8=K ?>;>20O A?>A>1=>ABL >:070;0AL A>E@0==>9. =B5@5A=> >B<5B8BL, GB> ?@8 MB>< GC2AB20 : 65=5 :0: : B>20@8IC, 4@C3C A>E@0=8;8AL. =>340 ?@8G8=>9 2>7=8:=>25=8O 8<?>B5=F88 <>65B AB0BL CB@0B0 65=>9 D878G5A:>9 ?@82;5:0B5;L=>AB8, =0?@8<5@ 2 A2O78 A 2>7=8:=>25=85< >157>1@06820NI53> 701>;520=8O 8;8 @57:8E AB0@G5A:8E 87<5=5=89, ?@8G5< =5 2A5340 8AB8==0O ?@8G8=0 8<?>B5=F88 <>65B 1KBL ;53:> @0A?>7=0=0. %0@0:B5@=> 2 MB>< >B=>H5=88 A;54CNI55 =01;N45=85 Wershub (1959), A45;0==>5 2 !(. . , :><<5@A0=B, 50 ;5B, 65=0B 22 3>40. <55B 45B59 20, 19 8 16 ;5B. 5=0, ?> 70:;NG5=8N 38=5:>;>3>2, 74>@>20.  20-;5B=5< 2>7@0AB5 ?5@5=5A 3>=>@5N, >AB0282HCN ?>A;5 A51O 15AA8<?B><=> ?@>B5:02H89 ?@>AB0B8B. >A;54=85 8 ;5B AB@0405B ?>;=>9 8<?>B5=F859 5>4=>:@0B=> ;5G8;AO C @O40 C@>;>3>2 (<0AA06 ?@54AB0B5;L=>9 65;57K, 3>@<>=K, 8=J5:F88 8 4@.) 157 MDD5:B0. >A;5 =0AB>9G82KE @0AA?@>A>2 . @0AA:070;, GB> C 53> 65=K 2>7=8:;0 @57:0O 38?5@B@>D8O <>;>G=KE 65;57 8 C40;>AL 2KOA=8BL, GB> MB> 2K7K20;> C =53> B>@<>65=85 ?>;>2>3> 2;5G5=8O. 5=0 1K;0 ?>425@3=CB0 >?5@0F88 <0AB>?5:A88. >A<5B8G5A:89 MDD5:B 1K; 1;5ABOI8<. '5@57 3>4 8;8 420 <C6 A>>1I0;, GB> ?>;>20O A?>A>1=>ABL 53> ?>;=>ABLN 2>AAB0=>28;0AL.  40==>< A;CG05 1>;L=>3> 8 ;5B 157CA?5H=> ;5G8;8 >B 8<?>B5=F88, O:>1K 2K720==>9 ?5@5=5A5==>9 3>=>@559.  459AB28B5;L=>AB8 65 >:070;>AL, GB> ?@8G8=0 8<?>B5=F88 1K;0 ?A8E>35==0O  2>7=8:=>25=85 @57:>9 >157>1@06820NI59 38?5@B@>D88 <>;>G=KE 65;57 C 65=K. >A<5B8G5A:0O >?5@0F8O, A45;0==0O 65=5 8 CAB@0=82H0O C@>4AB2>, ?@825;0 : 2K74>@>2;5=8N <C60 >B «?>;>2>9 A;01>AB8». A8E>B@02<8@CNI55 ?>2545=85 65=K 2> 2@5<O ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 <>65B AB0BL ?@8G8=>9 8<?>B5=F88 C <C60, :0: MB> 284=> 2 A;54CNI5< =0H5< =01;N45=88. >;L=>9 ., 34 ;5B, 4>F5=B, ?> E0@0:B5@C <O3:89, =5@5H8B5;L=K9, >1@0B8;AO A 60;>10<8 =0 ?>;>2CN A;01>ABL 8 >1I55 =5@2=>5 A>AB>O=85, ;8H82H55 53> B@C4>A?>A>1=>AB8. 20 3>40 =0704 65=8;AO =0 A2>59 1K2H59 ABC45=B:5, :>B>@0O =0 8 ;5B <>;>65 53>. 5@2K5 <5AOFK ?>;>20O A?>A>1=>ABL C =53> 1K;0 =>@<0;L=>9, E>BO 8 =52KA>:>9. 5=0 =5 8A?KBK20;0 2> 2@5<O ?>;>2>9 687=8 C4>2;5B2>@5=8O 8 ?0AA82=> 2K?>;=O;0 A2>8 AC?@C65A:85 >1O70==>AB8. 0;55, >4=0:>, AB0;0 2A5 1>;55 8 1>;55 >B:@KB> ?>:07K20BL, GB> ?>;>20O 687=L 59 =8:0:>3> C4>2>;LAB28O =5 4>AB02;O5B, 8 A:070;0 ., GB> >= 2 ?>;>2>< >B=>H5=88 =5?>;=>F5==K9. >A;5 MB>3> ?>;>20O 0:B82=>ABL 53> AB0;0 1KAB@> ?040BL 8, =0:>=5F, ?>GB8 ?>;=>ABLN ?@5:@0B8;0AL. = AB0; AG8B0BL A51O 28=>2=8:>< ?>;>2>9 =5C4>2;5B2>@5==>AB8 65=K 8 2AOG5A:8 AB0@0;AO 8A:C?8BL A2>N «28=C» ?5@54 =59. K; : =59 8A:;NG8B5;L=> 2=8<0B5;5=, 2K?>;=O; 55 :0?@87K. =0 65 AB0;0 B@5B8@>20BL 53>, ?>GB8 ?>;=>ABLN ?5@5;>68;0 =0 =5N 4><0H=NN pa1oBy, B@0B8;0 <=>3> 45=53 =0 =0@O4K. # . ?>O28;0AL <KA;L >AB028BL 65=C, => C45@6820;0 1>O7=L, GB> 87-70 «?>;>2>9 A;01>AB8» >= =5 A<>65B =09B8 4@C3CN ?>4@C3C 687=8. #B@5==85 M@5:F88 C . 8<5;8AL, >4=0:>, 1K;8 =5AB>9:8<8 8 8AG570;8, 5A;8 >= ?KB0;AO 2 MB> 2@5<O A>25@H8BL ?>;>2>9 0:B A 65=>9. @><5 B>3>, >=0 >1KG=> C:;>=O;0AL >B ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 CB@><, 60;COAL, GB> MB> 55 CB><;O5B. >A;54=55 2@5<O, ?> A;>20< 1>;L=>3>, >= AB0; =5@2=K<, @074@068B5;L=K<, =52K=>A;82K< : HC<C, ?>2KA8;0AL CB><;O5<>ABL. >;L=>9 0AB5=8:, A@54=53> @>AB0. >;>2K5 >@30=K @0728BK =>@<0;L=>. @8 C@>;>38G5A:>< >1A;54>20=88 >B:;>=5=89 >B =>@<K =5 >1=0@C65=>. ! =52@>;>38G5A:>9 AB>@>=K >B<5G05BAO >682;5=85 ACE>68;L=KE @5D;5:A>2, ;53:89 B@5<>@ 2KBO=CBKE ?0;LF52 @C:. >;L=><C ?@54;>65=> ?@89B8 =0 ?@85< A 65=>9. 5=5 C:070=>, GB> 2@0GC =5>1E>48<> 2KOA=8BL @O4 8=B8<=KE AB>@>= 8E 687=8, GB>1K ?><>GL 55 <C6C 8 ?>?KB0BLAO =>@<0;87>20BL 8E >B=>H5=8O.  ?@>F5AA5 15A54K =0548=5 A 2@0G>< 2KOA=8;>AL, GB> 65=0 . O2;O5BAO A>25@H5==> D@8384=>9 =0BC@>9. 8:>340 =5 8A?KBK20;0 ?>;>2>3> 2;5G5=8O : <C6G8=0<, M@>B8G5A:8E A=>2845=89 8 ?>;>2>3> 2>71C645=8O =57028A8<> >B 4;8B5;L=>AB8 ?>;>2>3> 0:B0. > 70<C65AB20 68;0 ?>;>2>9 687=LN 8 B0:65 >AB020;0AL D@8384=>9 5=5 C:070=>, GB> O2;5=8O =52@0AB5=88 C 55 <C60 8 2KABC?82H55 C =53> C3=5B5=85 ?>;>2>9 A?>A>1=>AB8 O2;ONBAO A;54AB285< 55 =5?@028;L=>3> ?>2545=8O 8 <>3CB ?@825AB8 : @0A?04C A5<L8. =0 >:070;0AL C<=>9 65=I8=>9, >1=0@C68;0 =0<5@5=85 A>E@0=8BL A5<LN 8 3>B>2=>ABL A45;0BL 2A5 2>7<>6=>5 4;O 74>@>2LO <C60. K;8 >1AC645=K ?CB8 4;O 4>AB865=8O MB>3>, 2K@01>B0=0 A>2<5AB=0O B0:B8:0. C6C C:070=>, GB> ?>;>2>9 A;01>AB8 C =53> =5B 8 GB> 2 ?>?>2>< >B=>H5=88 >= 74>@>2. 0ABC?82H55 C =53> C3=5B5=85 8 ?>;>2>9 DC=:F88 O2;O5BAO ;8HL @50:F859 =0 >B@8F0B5;L=>5 >B=>H5=85 65=K : ?>;>2>9 687=8 8 MB> >B=>H5=85 <>6=> ?>?KB0BLAO 87<5=8BL, =07=0G82 65=5 ;5G5=85 >B ?>;>2>9 E>;>4=>AB8. . ?@54;>65=> 2 B5G5=85 <5AOF0 2>745@6820BLAO >B 2AO:8E ?>?KB>: ?>;>2>3> A1;865=8O, 2 MB> 2@5<O ?@8=8<0BL >1I5C:@5?;ONI55 ;5G5=85, 0 A> 2-9 =545;8, :@><5 B>3>, 65=LH5=L 8 ?0=B>:@8=; 65=5 =07=0G5=0 3>@<>=0;L=0O B5@0?8O. 07@5H5=> A?0BL 2<5AB5. 57 B>3>, GB>1K <C6 MB> 7=0;, 65=5 ?@54;>65=> ?>A;5 2-=545;L-=>3> ;5G5=8O =0G0BL 25AB8 A51O A =8< =56=>, 2 ?>AB5;8 >1=0@C6820BL A5:AC0;L=>5 2;5G5=85 8 =5 ?@>B828BLAO ?>;>2><C A1;865=8N, 5A;8 <C6 53> ?>65;05B. '5@57 3 =545;8 <C6 A>>1I8;, GB> ;5G5=85 >B ?>;>2>9 E>;>4=>AB8, 2848<>, >G5=L ?><>3;> 53> 65=5. =0 AB0;0 A =8< =56=>9 8 2 ?>;>2>< >B=>H5=88 0:B82=>9. # =53> ?>O28;>AL A8;L=>5 ?>;>2>5 2>71C645=85. =0 8A?KB0;0 ?>;>2>5 C4>2;5B2>@5=85 8 B5?5@L >=8 682CB =>@<0;L=>9 ?>;>2>9 687=LN. B=>H5=8O AB0;8 E>@>H8<8. 5=0 @0AA:070;0, GB> >=0 >AB0;0AL B0:>9 65 E>;>4=>9, :0:>9 8 1K;0, => <C6 MB>3> =5 7=05B 8 GB> >=0 8=>340 4>?CA:05B «=528==K9 >1<0=», A8<C;8@CO ?5@56820=85 >@307<0.  40==>< A;CG05 @07282H0OAO 8<?>B5=F8O O2;O;0AL A;54AB285< B>@<>65=8O ?>;>2>9 DC=:F88, 2>7=8:H53> 2 @57C;LB0B5 ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI53> ?>2545=8O 65=K 2> 2@5<O ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8. A;8 2 =0G0;5 A>2<5AB=>9 687=8 1;87>ABL 65=K 2K7K20;0 ?>;>2>5 2>71C645=85 C <C60, B> 40;LH5 ?>2545=85 55 ?@825;> : B><C, GB> ?>43>B>2:0 : ?>;>2><C A1;865=8N ?5@5AB0;0 CA;>2=>-@5D;5:B>@=K< ?CB5< 2K7K20BL ?>;>2>5 2>71C645=85 8, =0>1>@>B, AB0;0 B>@<>78BL 53>. @>87>H;0 ?5@545;:0 =0G0;L=>3> 7=0G5=8O ?>;>2KE CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=KE @074@068B5;59, 8AE>4OI8E >B 65=K. >7=8:H0O =52@0AB5=8O O28;0AL A;54AB285< ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI59 A5<59=>9 >1AB0=>2:8, 0 B0:65 459AB28O, :>B>@>5 >:070;0 =0 1>;L=>3> @07282H0OAO C =53> 8<?>B5=F8O. =B5@5A=> >B<5B8BL, GB> 65=0 1>;L=>3> 70<0A:8@>20;0 A2>N D@8384=>ABL, 2>7;>68;0 70 =55 >B25BAB25==>ABL =0 <C60 8 >128=8;0 53> 2 B><, GB> >= =5 A?>A>15= >15A?5G8BL 59 ?>;>2>5 C4>2;5B2>@5=85. ;O 8A:C?;5=8O A2>59 <=8<>9 28=K 1>;L=>9 AB0; 2K?>;=OBL 5Q ?@8E>B8. 04> A:070BL, GB> A;CG08, :>340 65=I8=K AB0@0NBAO 2K720BL C <C60 ?@54AB02;5=85 > 53> ?>;>2>9 =5?>;=>F5==>AB8 (8=>340, =0?@8<5@, C?@5:0O 53> 2 B><, GB> C =53> O:>1K =54>@0728BK ?>;>2K5 >@30=K), GB>1K 702>520BL 3>A?>4AB2CNI55 ?>;>65=85 2 4><5 8 ?>;L7>20BLAO 4>?>;=8B5;L=K<8 1;030<8, 2AB@5G0NBAO 4>2>;L=> @54:>. <?>B5=F8O <C60, 2K720==0O ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI8< ?>2545=85< 65=K, ;53:> CAB@0=8;0AL ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: C40;>AL 87<5=8BL 55 ?>2545=85. :B82=>5 CG0AB85 65=K 2 ;5G5=88 <C60 ?><>3;> 4>AB83=CBL ?>;>68B5;L=KE @57C;LB0B>2. <52H0OAO C 65=K :>=AB8BCF8>=0;L=0O ?>;>20O D@8384=>ABL =5 ?>440;0AL B5@0?88. 4=>9 87 2>7<>6=KE ?@8G8= ?A8E>35==>9 8<?>B5=F88 O2;O5BAO ?>O2;5=85 M;5<5=B0@=>9 CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=>9 A2O78, 254CI59 : B>@<>65=8N A5:AC0;L=>9 DC=:F88. -B0 A2O7L 2>7=8:05B >1KG=> C B@52>6=>-<=8B5;L=KE, =5C25@5==KE 2 A515 8;8 M<>B82=>-;018;L=KE ;8F ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: ?>?KB:8 : ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 :>=G0NBAO 4;O =8E =5C40G=> 2A;54AB285 :0:>9-;81> ?@8G8=K, =0?@8<5@ ejaculatio ante portas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«AB@0H=>5» >B:@KB85 A2>59 ?>;>2>9 =5?>;=>F5==>AB8 8;8 @0AF5=8205BAO :0: @57C;LB0B O:>1K 2@54=>3> 2;8O=8O >=0=87<0, 53> «C60A=>5» ?>A;54AB285. >;L=>9 ., 22 ;5B, M<>B82=>-;018;L=K9, A:;>==K9 : B50B@0;L=>AB8.  19 ;5B  ?>?KB:0 ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8. 52CH:0 >:07K20;0 ;53:>5 A>?@>B82;5=85, 1K;0 =54>AB0B>G=> >1=065=0. @8 ?@8:>A=>25=88 : 55 ?>;>2K< >@30=0< =0ABC?8;0 MO:C;OF8O. >?KB:C ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 ?@5:@0B8;. 0 A;54CNI89 45=L 0=0;>38G=0O =5C40G0. !B0; =5C25@5= 2 A515. '5@57 2 4=O ?@8 =>2>9 ?>?KB:5 A1;865=8O 2>;=>20;AO. -@5:F8O 8AG57;0 «2 A0<K9 >B25BAB25==K9 <><5=B». >4>1=K5 =5C40G8 ?>2B>@8;8AL G5@57 3>4 8 2 3>40. -@5:F8O 8AG570;0. 8 @07C A>25@H8BL ?>;>2>9 0:B =5 C40;>AL. ?0; 2 >BG0O=85, AG8B0;, GB> ?>;>20O A;01>ABL O2;O5BAO A;54AB285< >=0=87<0, :>B>@K< >4=> 2@5<O 70=8<0;AO. 1@0B8;AO : C@>;>3C, :>B>@K9 =0H5; 53> ?>;>2K5 >@30=K 2 ?>@O4:5, ;5G8; AB@8E=8=><, B5AB>AB5@>=-?@>?8>=0B><, 45;0; <0AA06 ?@54AB0B5;L=>9 65;57K, >4=0:> ?@8 =>2>9 ?>?KB:5 ?>;>2>3> A1;865=8O M@5:F8O 8AG57;0. !59G0A 2AB@5G05BAO A <>;>4>9 65=I8=>9 . 5 1;87>ABL 2K7K205B A8;L=>5 ?>;>2>5 2>71C645=85. @8 MB>< 2>7=8:05B E>@>H0O M@5:F8O 8 45@68BAO 4>;3>. >340 65 ?KB0;AO A>25@H8BL ?>;>2>9 0:B, >10 @070 M@5:F8O 8AG570;0. @09=5 45?@8<8@>20= MB8<. >4@>1=> >?8A0; 2A5 >1AB>OB5;LAB20 =5C40G8. >;L=><C C:070=>, GB> 53> ?>;>2K5 >@30=K A>25@H5==> 74>@>2K 8 GB> 2A5 C =53> 1C45B 2 ?>;=>< ?>@O4:5. @54;>65=> ?@89B8 =0 ?@85< : 2@0GC A . 8;8 ?>3>2>@8BL A =59 >1> 2A5< >B:@>25==>. B MB>3> 1>;L=>9 :0B53>@8G5A:8 >B:070;AO. KOA=8;>AL, GB> 2AB@5G8 A . =>AOB ;8HL M?87>48G5A:89 E0@0:B5@. >;L=>9 >:070;AO ;53:> 38?=015;L=K< 8 2> 2@5<O ?5@2>3> 65 A50=A0 40; O2;5=8O A><=0<1C;87<0. =CH5=>, GB> ?>;>2>9 0:B 1C45B ?@>B5:0BL A>25@H5==> 02B><0B8G5A:8, ;53:> 8 A2>1>4=>. = A>25@H5==> A?>:>5=. A5 ?>945B A0<> ?> A515. = 74>@>2. # =53> E>@>H0O M@5:F8O. A5 1C45B E>@>H>! @54;>65=> A . ?>:0 =5 2AB@5G0BLAO. > 2@5<O A;54CNI8E 42CE A50=A>2 2=CH5=>, GB> >= A59G0A 2<5AB5 A =59 2 ?>AB5;8, ;0A:05B 55. 0;55 B>G=> C:070=K 459AB28O, :>B>@K5 >= A>25@H8B 4;O >ACI5AB2;5=8O ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8. =CH5=>, GB> >= 2A5 MB> 1C45B 45;0BL ?><8<> A2>59 2>;8, :0: 2> A=5, A>25@H5==> A?>:>9=>... 02B><0B8G5A:8... ?>;>2>9 0:B 1C45B 4;8BLAO 4>;3>. >A;5 ?@>1C645=8O >B 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 ?>;=0O 0<=578O B>3>, GB> 3>2>@8;>AL 2> 2@5<O 38?=>70. >;L=><C @07@5H5=> 2AB@5B8BLAO A . 8 8=48DD5@5=B=K< B>=>< A:070=>, GB> 5<C @5:><5=4C5BAO ;560BL 2<5AB5 A . 2 ?>AB5;8, ;0A:0BL 55, => ?>;>2>9 0:B ?>:0 =5 A>25@H0BL. @54;>65=> G5@57 =545;N ?@89B8 : 2@0GC. '5@57 =545;N . @0AA:070;, GB> 2AB@5B8;AO A . !45;0; B0:, :0: @5:><5=4>20; 2@0G. >;>2>9 0:B =5 A>18@0;AO A>25@H0BL, => :0:-B> 02B><0B8G5A:8, =5 4C<0O, 2ABC?8; A =59 2 ?>;>2CN 1;87>ABL 8 70B5< 42064K ?>2B>@8; MB>. '5@57 45=L 2=>2L 2AB@5B8;AO A . 8 2A5 1K;> E>@>H>. "5?5@L AG8B05B A51O 74>@>2K<. 0 8<?>B5=F88, 2>7=8:0NI59 ?> <5E0=87<C «153AB20 2 1>;57=L», «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0, <K >AB0=>28<AO ?@8 >?8A0=88 8AB5@88. >2KH5==0O 2>71C48<>ABL 8 1KAB@0O 8AB>I05<>ABL, B. 5. @074@068B5;L=0O A;01>ABL, AB>;L A2>9AB25==K5 38?5@AB5=8G5A:>9 D>@<5 =52@0AB5=88, <>3CB >:07K20BL 2;8O=85 =0 A5:AC0;L=CN 45OB5;L=>ABL. "0:, ?>2KH5==0O 2>71C48<>ABL <>65B 25AB8 : >1;53G5=8N 2>7=8:=>25=8O M@5:F88 ?>4 459AB285< :0: CA;>2=>, B0: 8 157CA;>2=>-@5D;5:B>@=KE @074@068B5;59. !0<0 ?> A515 ;53:>ABL 2>7=8:=>25=8O M@5:F89 =5 O2;O5BAO A8<?B><>< ?0B>;>38G5A:8< 8;8 =565;0B5;L=K< 8 <>65B 2AB@5G0BLAO C 74>@>2KE <>;>4KE ;N459 A 2KA>:>9 ?>B5=F859. 4=0:> ?@8 =52@0AB5=88 >=0 A>G5B05BAO A 1KAB@>9 8AB>I05<>ABLN, B. 5. ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 ?@>O2;5=85 @074@068B5;L=>9 A;01>AB8, 8 B>340 <>65B 25AB8 : >G5=L 1KAB@><C =0ABC?;5=8N MO:C;OF88  ?@56452@5<5==><C A5<O8725@65=8N (ejaculatio pra5A>E). >@<0;L=0O 4;8B5;L=>ABL ?>;>2>3> 0:B0 25AL<0 20@L8@C5B.  A@54=5< >=0 A>AB02;O5B C <C6G8=K >B >4=>9 4> ?OB8 <8=CB ?@8 =5?@5@K2=>< 8=B5=A82=>< 53> ?@>2545=88. >;LH8=AB2> <C6G8= 2 >B;8G85 >B 1>;LH8=AB20 65=I8= <>3CB 2K720BL C A51O >@307< A@07C 65 ?>A;5 =0G0;0 ?>;>2>3> 0:B0. 4=0:> <=>385 <C6G8=K <>3CB CA8;85< 2>;8 (2K7K20=85< A>>B25BAB2CNI8E ?@54AB02;5=89, >B2;5G5=85< 2=8<0=8O ?>AB>@>==8<8 <KA;O<8 8 B. ?.) =5A:>;L:> 7045@60BL 53> =0ABC?;5=85, >A>15==> 5A;8 >=8 ?@81530NB : ?0C70< 8;8 >A;01;5=8N 8=B5=A82=>AB8 D@8:F89, :>340 GC2AB2CNB, GB> MO:C;OF8O ?@81;8605BAO, 0 65=I8=0 5I5 =54>AB0B>G=> 2>71C645=0. @8 MB>< ?>;>2>9 0:B 8=>340 7045@68205BAO 4> 20 <8=CB 8 4>;LH5. 04> A:070BL, GB> 4;8B5;L=>5 70BO3820=85 53> 8=>340 <>65B 25AB8, ?> <=5=8N =5:>B>@KE A5:A>;>3>2, : «?5@5=0?@O65=8N F5=B@>2 MO:C;OF88»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ejaculatio ante portas 3>2>@OB B>340, :>340 >@307< =0ABC?05B 4> 22545=8O ?>;>2>3> G;5=0 2> 2;030;8I5. @8 =52@0AB5=88 ?@56452@5<5==0O MO:C;OF8O <>65B A>G5B0BLAO A =54>AB0B>G=>ABLN M@5:F88. >2KH5==0O 2>71C48<>ABL 8 ;53:0O 8AB>I05<>ABL <>3CB 25AB8 B0:65 : 7=0G8B5;L=><C CG0I5=8N ?>;;NF89 C ;8F, 2>745@6820NI8EAO >B ?>;>2>9 687=8. >;;NF88 =0ABC?0NB, :>340 2 A5<5==KE ?C7K@L:0E A:0?;8205BAO 871KB>G=>5 :>;8G5AB2> A?5@<K. ">340 @5D;5:B>@=K< ?CB5< 2>7=8:05B 2>71C645=85 F5=B@0 MO:C;OF88, ?>A;5 G53> ?@>8AE>48B A=865=85 A5:AC0;L=>9 2>71C48<>AB8, B. 5. >ACI5AB2;O5BAO ?@>F5AA A0<>@53C;OF88. >;;NF88 >1;53G0NB ?>;>2>5 2>745@60=85, ?5@8>48G5A:8 >15A?5G820O @07@O4:C =5@2=KE F5=B@>2. @8 =52@0AB5=88 2A;54AB285 ?>2KH5=8O 2>71C48<>AB8 =5@2=KE F5=B@>2 A@02=8B5;L=> =57=0G8B5;L=K5 8<?C;LAK, 2K720==K5 A:>?;5=85< A?5@<K, >:07K20NBAO C65 4>AB0B>G=K<8, GB>1K MB0 @50:F8O =0ABC?8;0. '0ABK5 ?>;;NF88 C 0AB5=878@>20==>3> G5;>25:0 =5@54:> 2K7K20NB GC2AB2> CAB0;>AB8, >BACBAB28O A2565AB8 ?>A;5 =>G=>3> A=0, 2> 2@5<O :>B>@>3> >=8 =0ABC?8;8. # ;8F, AB@040NI8E ?@56452@5<5==>9 MO:C;OF859, =5@54:> =01;N40NBAO G0ABK5 ?>;;NF88 2 ?5@8>4 ?>;>2>3> 2>745@60=8O. AE>4 ?@56452@5<5==>9 MO:C;OF88 1K205B @07;8G=K<.  B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 >=0 2>7=8:05B 2> 2@5<O ?>;>2>9 687=8 2 A2O78 A 0AB5=859, >=0 >1KG=> 4>2>;L=> 1KAB@> ?@>E>48B ?@8 C;CGH5=88 >1I53> A>AB>O=8O. A;8 ?@56452@5<5==0O MO:C;OF8O >1=0@C68205BAO A A0<>3> =0G0;0 ?>;>2>9 687=8, >=0 =5@54:> ?@>E>48B A> A=865=85< ?>;>2>9 2>71C48<>AB8 ?>A;5 =5A:>;L:8E <5AOF52 8;8 ;5B 1@0:0. =>340 >=0 4;8BAO 3>40<8. @82>48< E0@0:B5@=>5 =01;N45=85. >;L=>9 ., 32 ;5B, AB@>8B5;L, >1@0B8;AO A 60;>10<8 =0 ?>2KH5==CN @074@068B5;L=>ABL, ;53:CN CB><;O5<>ABL, G0ABCN 3>;>2=CN 1>;L, 15AA>==8FC 8 ?@56452@5<5==CN MO:C;OF8N. 01>;520=85 2>7=8:;> 3 <5AOF0 =0704 2> 2@5<O 4;8B5;L=>3> M<>F8>=0;L=>3> =0?@O65=8O, A2O70==>3> A 1>;LH8<8 A;C651=K<8 =5?>;04:0<8 8 C3@>7>9 C3>;>2=>9 >B25BAB25==>AB8. !59G0A MB8 =5?@8OB=>AB8 ;8:2848@>20=K. 5AOF =0704 ?5@5=5A 3@8?? =0 =>30E. 5=0B A 23 ;5B. ! 15 ;5B 8 4> 65=8BL1K A>25@H0; >=0=8AB8G5A:85 0:BK 2 3 @070 2 =545;N, 8=>340 5654=52=> >4=>:@0B=>. 5@2K9 <5AOF ?>A;5 65=8BL1K  ?>;>20O 687=L 5654=52=> (<0:A8<C< 4 @070 2 B5G5=85 =>G8), ?>A;54CNI85 3>4K 2 3 @070 2 =545;N. ;8B5;L=>ABL ?>;>2>3> 0:B0 A 1 2 :>@>B:8<8 ?0C70<8 1 3 <8=CBK 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B ?>B@51=>AB8 65=K. -O:C;OF8O =0ABC?0;0, :0: B>;L:> 65=0 8A?KBK20;0 >@307<. 5=0 2A5340 >AB020;0AL C4>2;5B2>@5==>9. >A;54=85 3 <5AOF0 ?>;>20O A?>A>1=>ABL A=878;0AL 8, 3;02=>5, MO:C;OF8O AB0;0 =0ABC?0BL G5@57 =5A:>;L:> A5:C=4 ?>A;5 =0G0;0 ?>;>2>3> 0:B0, 8=>340 ?>A;5 3 4 D@8:F89. 5=0 >AB020;0AL =5C4>2;5B2>@5==>9. >2B>@=K5 ?>;>2K5 0:BK C4020;8AL @54:>, => 1K;8 1>;55 4;8B5;L=K<8 >O28;0AL B@52>30 ?> ?>2>4C A2>59 ?>;>2>9 A?>A>1=>AB8, <KA;8, =5 @0A?;0B0 ;8 MB> 70 >=0=87< 2 <>;>4>AB8. >;L=><C C:070=>, GB> >= 2 ?>;>2>< >B=>H5=88 A>25@H5==> 74>@>2 8 GB> C =53> O2;5=8O =52@0AB5=88, >4=> 87 ?@>O2;5=89 :>B>@>9 8 ?@54AB02;O5B =0@CH5=85 ?>;>2>9 DC=:F88. =0=87< 2 N=>H5A:>< 2>7@0AB5  O2;5=85 D878>;>38G5A:>5, =8 : :0:8< 2@54=K< ?>A;54AB28O< =5 2545B 8 =8:0:>3> >B=>H5=8O : 53> 701>;520=8N =5 8<55B. 5:><5=4>20=> >1I5C:@5?;ONI55 ;5G5=85 (?@5?0@0BK 1@><0, E;>@8ABK9 :0;LF89, 28B0<8=K) 8 >B4KE  ?>574:0 =0 <5AOF 2 A0=0B>@89 8;8 4>< >B4KE0. >;L=>9 2K?>;=8; MB8 =07=0G5=8O 5AOF ?@>1K; =0 86A:>< 27<>@L5. > 2>72@0I5=88 ?>;>20O A?>A>1=>ABL ?>;=>ABLN 2>AAB0=>28;0AL, O2;5=8O =52@0AB5=88 ?@>H;8 0B0<=57 G5@57 2 3>40  A>AB>O=85 8 A0<>GC2AB285 E>@>H55, ?>;>20O 687=L =>@<0;L=0O.  40==>< A;CG05 C 1>;L=>3> 2>7=8:;0 =52@0AB5=8O A O2;5=8O<8 @074@068B5;L=>9 A;01>AB8, >4=8< 87 ?@87=0:>2 :>B>@>9 1K;> =51>;LH>5 >A;01;5=85 M@5:F8>==>9 DC=:F88 8 ?@56452@5<5==0O MO:C;OF8O. 5@5=5A5==0O 8=D5:F8O CAC3C18;0 MB> A>AB>O=85. B4KE 8 >1I5C:@5?;ONI55 ;5G5=85 ?>A;5 ?@5:@0I5=8O 459AB28O ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI59 A8BC0F88, 2K7K202H59 M<>F8>=0;L=>5 =0?@O65=85, ?@825;8 : CAB@0=5=8N =52@0AB5=88 8 2<5AB5 A B5< 87;5G5=8N >B ?>;>2KE =0@CH5=89. >;55 C?>@=K9 E0@0:B5@ =>A8;> 701>;520=85 2 A;54CNI5< =01;N45=88. >;L=>9 #., 26 ;5B, B5E=8:, ?> E0@0:B5@C <=8B5;L=K9, >G5=L 4>1@>A>25AB=K9, ?C=:BC0;L=K9, >1@0B8;AO A 60;>10<8 =0 ?@56452@5<5==CN MO:C;OF8N.  N=>AB8  G0ABK5 ?>;;NF88.  17 18 ;5B 2>2@5<O B0=F52  A8;L=K5 M@5:F88 8 8=>340 MO:C;OF88.  19 ;5B  ?>?KB:0 ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8, :>B>@0O :>=G8;0AL =5C40G=> 87-70 ejaculatio ante portas.  20 22 3>40 1K;8 A;CG09=K5 A2O78. -O:C;OF8O =0ABC?0;0 ?>A;5 42CE D@8:F89. >2B>@=K5 ?>;>2K5 0:BK C4020;8AL @54:> 8 4;8;8AL A 45AOB>: A5:C=4. 5=8;AO 2 3>40 =0704. /2;5=8O ?@56452@5<5==>9 MO:C;OF88 45@60BAO. 5=0, 70 @54:8< 8A:;NG5=85<, 2 ?>;>2>< >B=>H5=88 >AB05BAO =5C4>2;5B2>@5==>9. >A;54=85 <5AOFK : =0G0;C ?>;>2>3> 0:B0 C 65=K ACE>ABL ?>;>2KE >@30=>2, 2 A2O78 A G5< ?@8E>48BAO ?@5>4>;520BL A8;L=>5 B@5=85. #3=5B5= 8<5NI8<AO C =53> @0AAB@>9AB2>< ?>;>2>9 DC=:F88, D8:A8@>20= =0 =5<. &5;K<8 4=O<8 A B@5=>3>9 >68405B ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8. 5AB=K5 ?@>F54C@K C C@>;>30 (<0AA06 ?@54AB0B5;L=>9 65;57K, D878>B5@0?8O) 8 ?@85< <5B8;-B5AB>AB5@>=0 ?>;>68B5;L=>3> MDD5:B0 =5 40;8. >;>2K5 >@30=K @0728BK =>@<0;L=>. !> AB>@>=K C@>;>388 157 >A>15==>AB59. >;L=><C C:070=>, GB> 53> ?>;>2K5 >@30=K 74>@>2K 8 =0@CH5=8O =>AOB G8AB> =5@2=K9 E0@0:B5@. ;O ;5G5=8O 5<C =5>1E>48<> ?@>9B8 :C@A B@5=8@>2:8 A2>59 M@5:F8>==>9 A?>A>1=>AB8 8 B>340 >= 871028BAO >B ?@56452@5<5==>9 MO:C;OF88. 57 CG0AB8O 65=K A45;0BL MB> =52>7<>6=>, ?>MB><C 2@0GC 65;0B5;L=> A =59 2AB@5B8BLAO. 5=0 ?@8H;0 =0 ?@85<. 9 1K;8 40=K @07JOA=5=8O => ?>2>4C A>AB>O=8O 74>@>2LO <C60 8 ?@54;>65=> ?><>GL 53> ;5G5=8N  A>3;0A8BLAO @O4 4=59, >AB020OAL 2<5AB5 A <C65<, 1KBL A =8< =56=>9, ;0A:0BL 53> 8 4>?CA:0BL, GB>1K >= 55 ;0A:0;, ?@8G5< =5 2ABC?0BL A =8< 2 ?>;>2CN 1;87>ABL 2 B5G5=85 2 =545;L, ?>A;5 G53> =5 >B:07K20BL 5<C 2 MB><, E>BO 2@0G =07=0G8B 5<C ?>;>2>5 2>745@60=85 2 B5G5=85 <5AOF0. @><5 B>3>, 65=5 @5:><5=4>20=> 2 40;L=59H5< 27OBL =0 A51O @53C;8@>20=85 ?>;>2>3> 0:B0  2@5<5=0<8 ?@8>AB0=02;820BL D@8:F88 <C60, 5A;8 >=0 ?>GC2AB2C5B, GB> 5I5 <0;> 2>71C645=0, 0 >= 1;87>: : >@307<C, 8, =0>1>@>B, 4020BL 5<C ?>=OBL, :>340 >= <>65B 1KBL >G5=L 0:B825= 8 =5 4>;65= A51O A45@6820BL. >;L=><C A:070=>, GB> >= 4>;65= A?0BL 2<5AB5 A 65=>9, GB> >=8 4>;6=K 1KBL =56=K 4@C3 A 4@C3>< B0:, GB>1K C =53> 2>7=8:0;0 A8;L=0O M@5:F8O. >340 M@5:F8O ?>O2;O5BAO, =0G8=0BL ?>;>2>9 0:B =5 A;54C5B, 2A5 2@5<O 2708<=K<8 ;0A:0<8 =C6=> ?>445@6820BL A>AB>O=85 ?>;>2>3> 2>71C645=8O. A;8 ?>GC2AB2C5B, GB> <>65B =0ABC?8BL MO:C;OF8O, ;0A:8 ?@8>AB0=>28BL, =5 4>?CA:0O 55. >340 A>AB>O=85 2>71C645=8O =5<=>3> C<5=LH8BAO, >?OBL 2K720BL M@5:F8N. "@5=8@>20BL A2>N A?>A>1=>ABL A>E@0=OBL M@5:F8N 2 B5G5=85 25 <8=CB 157 =0ABC?;5=8O MO:C;OF88 8 B0: :064K9 25G5@ 2 B5G5=85 3 =545;L. '5@57 3 =545;8 ?@89B8 : 2@0GC. 5@54 B5<, :0: ;>68BLAO A?0BL A 65=>9, ?>;>2K5 >@30=K A;53:0 A<070BL 68@><. '5@57 <5AOF 1>;L=>9 @0AA:070;, GB> C65 G5@57 2 =545;8 >= AB0; A2>1>4=> A>E@0=OBL M@5:F8N 2 B5G5=85 15 20 <8=CB, 8, =5 4>6402H8AL 3-=545;L=>3> A@>:0, A>25@H8; A 65=>9 ?>;>2>9 0:B. =0 45@60;0 @C:C =0 53> B0;88, A=0G0;0 >3@0=8G820O 53> 0:B82=>ABL, 0 8=>340 8 A>2A5< ?@8>AB0=02;820O 55. 0B5< =0ABC?8; <><5=B, :>340 >=0 ?5@5AB0;0 53> A45@6820BL 8 ?@840;0 53> 42865=8O< 1KAB@K9 B5<?. 10 70:>=G8;8 ?>;>2>9 0:B >4=>2@5<5==>. 0B0<=57 G5@57 6 <5AOF52 ?>:070;, GB> ?>;>20O 687=L AB0;0 ?@>B5:0BL =>@<0;L=>.  40==>< A;CG05 ?@56452@5<5==0O MO:C;OF8O, :>B>@>9 1>;L=>9 AB@040; 2 B5G5=85 7 ;5B, 1K;0, ?>-2848<><C, A2O70=0 A GC2AB2>< B@52>6=>3> >6840=8O =5C40G8 2 A2O78 A ?>2KH5=85< 2>71C48<>AB8 @5D;5:B>@=KE 0??0@0B>2, >ACI5AB2;ONI8E 0:B MO:C;OF88. 5 >AB0=02;820OAL 745AL ?>4@>1=> =0 ;5G5=88, >B<5B8< ;8HL, GB> B@5=8@>2:0 A?>A>1=>AB8 4;8B5;L=>3> A>E@0=5=8O M@5:F88 >4=>2@5<5==> A CAB@0=5=85< B@52>6=>3> >6840=8O ?@54AB>OI59 ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 (?>;>2>5 A1;865=85 1K;> 1>;L=><C 2@5<5==> 70?@5I5=>, ?@8G5< A>740=K CA;>28O, GB>1K >= 157 ?@5420@8B5;L=>3> 2>;=5=8O A<>3 MB>B 70?@5B =0@CH8BL) ?@825;8 : 1KAB@><C 2K74>@>2;5=8N. @56452@5<5==0O MO:C;OF8O =5 O2;O5BAO A8<?B><><, ?0B>3=><>=8G=K< 4;O =52@0AB5=88. =0 <>65B 2>7=8:0BL ?@8 @07;8G=KE 701>;520=8OE: =52@0AB5=8G5A:8E A8=4@><0E ;N1>3> 35=570; B@02<0B8G5A:8E 8 >@30=8G5A:8E 701>;520=8OE A?8==>3> <>730 (<85;8B, <=>65AB25==K9 A:;5@>7 8 4@.), 254CI8E : ?>2KH5==>9 2>71C48<>AB8 F5=B@>2 M@5:F88 8 MO:C;OF88; ?>;>2KE 87;8H5AB2 8 ?>A;5 G@57<5@=KE 70BO3820=89 ?>;>2>3> 0:B0; DC=:F8>=0;L=>< 8AB>I5=88 ?>;>2KE F5=B@>2 2 AB0@>AB8 2>A?0;8B5;L=KE 701>;520=8OE ?@54AB0B5;L=>9 65;57K 8 A5<5==>3> 1C3>@:0, 0B>=88 ?@54AB0B5;L=>9 65;57K. >MB><C 1>;L=K5 A 60;>10<8 =0 ?@56452@5<5==CN MO:C;OF8N =C640NBAO 2 >1A;54>20=88 =5 B>;L:> =52@>?0B>;>30 8;8 ?A8E80B@0, => 8 C@>;>30.  #(/  $#& )+ =>@307<8O =>@307<8O  =5=0ABC?;5=85 >@307<0 2> 2@5<O ?>;>2>3> 0:B0 C 65=I8=K <>65B O2;OBLAO A;54AB285< ;81> 55 ?>;>2>9 E>;>4=>AB8  D@8384=>AB8 (frigiditas)1 ;81> 48A30@<>=88 ?>;>2KE >B=>H5=89 <564C AC?@C30<8, :>B>@CN <K =07>25< 48A30<859 (dysgamia >B 3@5G. gamos  AC?@C3). / %!", )+ ($ !",) 5:>B>@K5 02B>@K, =0?@8<5@, Bergler, ?@87=020O, ACI5AB2>20=85 >A>1>3> 2038=0;L=>3> 8 :;8B>@8G5A:>3> >@307<0, D@8384=K<8 AG8B0NB 2A5E 65=I8=, =5 A?>A>1=KE 8A?KBK20BL 2038=0;L=K9 >@307<, 5A;8 4065 :;8B>@8G5A:89 C =8E 8 8<55BAO. >MB><C D@8384=K<8, ?> AB0B8AB8:5 MB8E 02B>@>2, >:07K205BAO 4> 90% 65=I8=. ! B0:8< @0AH8@8B5;L=K< B>;:>20=85< MB>3> ?>=OB8O =5;L7O A>3;0A8BLAO. >4 D@8384=>ABLN <K 1C45< ?>=8<0BL =5A?>A>1=>ABL 65=I8=K : ?5@56820=8N >@307<0 =8 ?@8 :0:8E >1AB>OB5;LAB20E. 4=0:> 4065 2 B0:>< 1>;55 C7:>< ?>=8<0=88 MB>3> A;>20 O2;5=8O D@8384=>AB8 2AB@5G0NBAO 4>2>;L=> G0AB>. "0:, ?> Griffith, 87 200 15@5<5==KE, >?@>H5==KE 8< 2 =3;88, 41% =8:>340 =5 8A?KBK20;8 ?>;>2>3> C4>2;5B2>@5=8O, 52% >ICI0;8 «?>25@E=>AB=>5 C4>2;5B2>@5=85», 7% 65=I8= AG8B0;8 A51O C4>2;5B2>@5==K<8, ?@8G5< ;8HL 2% >B<5G0;8, GB> >@307< =0ABC?05B C =8E >4=>2@5<5==> A >@307<>< C <C60. 7 1500 65=I8=, >1A;54>20==KE 2 5=5 Helene Stourzh, S! =8:>340 =5 8A?KBK20;0 >@307<0, ?@8G5< 87 =8E 65% 8<5;8 :>340-;81> ?>;>2K5 A2O78 A @07=K<8 <C6G8=0<8. > <=5=8N 38=5:>;>30 Helene Michel Wolfromm (1965), 60% 65=I8= $@0=F88 8A?KBK20NB ?>;>2>5 C4>2;5B2>@5=85. > =0H8< 40==K< (0@030=40, 1966), 87 300 65=I8=, A>AB>OI8E 2 1@0:5 =5 <5=55 3 ;5B, 8A?KBK20;8 >@307< @53C;O@=> ?@8 :064>9 ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 16%, G0AB>  22%, 87@54:0  44%, =8:>340  18%, 8=0G5 3>2>@O 87 5 65=I8= 425 8A?KBK20;8 >@307< ?@8 ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 G0AB> 8;8 ?>AB>O==>, 425 87@54:0 8 >4=0 =5 8A?KBK20;0 A>2A5<. > 40==K< 0<5@8:0=A:>3> A5:A>;>38G5A:>3> 8=AB8BCB0 (Kinsey, 1954), >A=>20==K< =0 >?@>A5 8000 65=I8=, 87 A>AB>OI8E 2 1@0:5 A2KH5 20 ;5B, =8:>340 =5 8A?KBK20;8 >@307<0 ;8HL 10%.  >B;8G85 >B MB>3> 87 482 <C6G8=, 682H8E ?>;>2>9 687=LN, 0=>@307<8O =5 =01;N40;0AL =8 2 >4=>< A;CG05 (. . !2O4>I 8 . . >?>2, 1967). G5284=>, A@548 65=I8= >=0 2AB@5G05BAO =5A@02=5==> G0I5, G5< A@548 <C6G8=. -B>, ?> 2A59 25@>OB=>AB8, >1JOA=O5BAO 18>;>38G5A:8<8 D0:B>@0<8: C <C6G8=K >@307< =0ABC?05B, :0: ?@028;>, ;8HL ?@8 =0;8G88 MO:C;OF88, C 65=I8=K 65 >= =5 A2O70= A 2K45;5=85< O9F5:;5B:8 (15@5<5==>ABL =0ABC?05B =57028A8<> >B =0;8G8O ?>;>2>3> C4>2;5B2>@5=8O). 8>;>38G5A:8 <C6G8=K, C :>B>@KE =5 2>7=8:0;> ?>;>2>3> 2;5G5=8O, M@5:F88 8 MO:C;OF88, =5 4020;8 ?>B><AB20 8 B0:8< >1@07>< M;8<8=8@>20;8AL 5AB5AB25==K< >B1>@><. 5=I8=K 65 1K;8 A?>A>1=K : ?>;>2>9 687=8 : ?@>4>;65=8N @>40 =57028A8<> >B =0;8G8O ?>;>2>3> 2>71C645=8O 8 =0ABC?;5=8O >@307<0, ?>MB><C 65=I8=K A =87:8< ?>;>2K< 2;5G5=85< 8 4065 A ?>;=K< >BACBAB285< 53>, 0 B0:65 A 0=>@307<8O =5 CAB@0=O;8AL 5AB5AB25==K< >B1>@><. $@8384=>ABL <>65B =>A8BL :0: 2@5<5==K9, B0: 8 ?>AB>O==K9 E0@0:B5@.  7028A8<>AB8 >B 2K7K20NI8E 55 ?@8G8= <K AG8B05< 2>7<>6=K< 2K45;8BL A;54CNI85 D>@<K D@8384=>AB8: 1) @5B0@40F8>==0O; 2) A8<?B><0B8G5A:0O; 3) ?A8E>35==0O; 4) :>=AB8BCF8>=0;L=0O. > 2K@065==>AB8 O2;5=89 D@8384=>AB8 @07;8G05< A;54CNI85 B@8 AB5?5=8: I AB5?5=L  >@307< =5 =0ABC?05B, E>BO ?>;>2>9 0:B 8 A>?@>2>6405BAO 2 B>9 8;8 8=>9 AB5?5=8 ?@8OB=K< 2>71C645=85< (satisfactio sine orgasmo), 2> 2@5<O ?>;>2>3> 0:B0 2K45;O5BAO A5:@5B ?>;>2KE 65;57; II AB5?5=L  ?>;>2>9 0:B 157@07;8G5=, ?>;>2>3> 2>71C645=8O 8;8 ?@8OB=KE >ICI5=89 =5 2K7K205B (65=I8=0 2 MB> 2@5<O =5@54:> 1K205B 70=OB0 ?>AB>@>==8<8 <KA;O<8); III AB5?5=L  ?>;>2>9 0:B =5?@8OB5=, A>?@>2>6405BAO >ICI5=85< 1>;8 8;8 2K7K205B >B2@0I5=85. 5=I8=0 AB0@05BAO 871560BL ?>;>2>9 687=8. 5B0@40F8>==0O D@8384=>ABL. >A8B 2@5<5==K9 E0@0:B5@ 8 A2O70=0 A =5:>B>@K< 70?0740=85< (@5B0@40F859) @0728B8O ?>;>2>3> GC2AB20. !?>A>1=>ABL : ?5@56820=8N >@307<0 =5 C 2A5E 65=I8= @0728205BAO >48=0:>2> 1KAB@>. # >4=8E >=0 >1=0@C68205BAO C65 2 45BA:>< 2>7@0AB5, C 4@C38E ?>O2;O5BAO ;8HL A?CABO =5A:>;L:> ;5B ?>A;5 70<C65AB20 8;8 ?>A;5 15@5<5==>AB8. "0:, C =5:>B>@KE 45B59 3 5 ;5B 8 AB0@H5 ?>;>2>5 2>71C645=85 <>65B 25AB8 : =0ABC?;5=8N >@307<0. 0< ?@8H;>AL =01;N40BL B@5E 452>G5: 5 7 ;5B, 2848<> 4>2>482H8E A51O 4> >@307<0 ?CB5< >=0=87<0 (?>;>2K5 >@30=K C =8E 1K;8 @0728BK A>>B25BAB25==> 2>7@0ABC). !>AB>O=8O ?>;>2>3> 2>71C645=8O A 1C@=>9 2535B0B82=>9 @50:F859 C 3@C4=KE 45B59, 40NI85 >A=>20=85 ?@54?>;>68BL ?5@56820=85 >@307<0 (45B8 A68<0NB 154@0 8 A>25@H0NB 8<8 @8B<8G=K5 42865=8O, BO65;> 4KHCB, :@0A=5NB, ?>:@K20NBAO ?>B>< 8 70AK?0NB), >1KG=> ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 ?@>O2;5=85 48M=F5D0;L=KE ?@8ABC?>2. > Kinsey (!(), 8A?KBK20;8 GC2AB2> >@307<0 (?@8 >=0=87<5, M@>B8G5A:8E A=>2845=8OE 8, @54:>, ?>;>2>9 687=8) 2 2>7@0AB5 4> 11 ;5B 9% 8 4> 13 ;5B 14% 452>G5:.  15 3>40< >@307< ?5@568;8 25% 452>G5: 8 95% <0;LG8:>2. K7K20;8 C A51O >@307< ?CB5< >=0=87<0 2 2>7@0AB5 4> 15 ;5B 20% 452>G5: 8 82% <0;LG8:>2. $878>;>38G5A:8 C <=>38E 452CH5: (?@8<5@=> C 25%) ?>;>2>5 GC2AB2> 4>AB8305B A2>53> ?>;=>3> @0728B8O ;8HL : 26 28 3>40<. >B@51=>ABL 2 ?>;>2>9 687=8 C <C6G8= 4> 25 ;5B 2 A@54=5< 7=0G8B5;L=> 2KH5, G5< C 65=I8=. # ?>A;54=8E >=0 4>AB8305B A2>53> <0:A8<C<0 : 26 28 3>40< 8 45@68BAO C <=>38E =0 MB>< C@>2=5 ?@8<5@=> 4> 60 ;5B. # =5:>B>@KE 65=I8= 7=0G8B5;L=>5 A=865=85 ?>;>2>3> 2;5G5=8O =0ABC?05B : 45 50 3>40<. # <C6G8= ?>B@51=>ABL 4>AB8305B <0:A8<0;L=>3> C@>2=O : 30 3>40<, ?>A;5 G53> =01;N405BAO <54;5==K9 ?>AB5?5==K9 55 A?04. 5@54:> <C6G8=K ?5@5>F5=820NB D878>;>38G5A:CN ?>B@51=>ABL 2 ?>;>2>9 687=8 <>;>4KE 65=I8= < =54>>F5=820NB 55 C 65=I8= 7@5;>3> 2>7@0AB0. "0:, <=>385 65=K 4> 30 ;5B 60;CNBAO, GB> <C6LO 8E 2 ?>;>=>< >B=>H5=88 A;8H:>< 0:B82=K, 0 ?>A;5 30 ;5B G0I5 =0G8=0NB 60;>20BLAO =0 =54>AB0B>G=CN ?>;>2CN 0:B82=>ABL <C659. ;O A5:AC0;L=>AB8 452CH5: 16 18 ;5B E0@0:B5@=> ?>O2;5=85 GC2AB20 2;N1;5==>AB8, AB@5<;5=85 : ?>8A:0< 4@C30-?>:;>==8:0, <5GBK > 2AB@5G0E, ?@>3C;:0E, ?;0B>=8G5A:>< CE06820=88, 0 =5 > ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8. 0 ?>;>2CN 1;87>ABL 452CH:8 MB>3> 2>7@0AB0 G0I5 2A53> 84CB, CABC?0O =0AB>9G82K< 4><>30B5;LAB20< <C6G8=K, 8 =5@54:> ?@8 @0==5< =0G0;5 ?>;>2>9 687=8 GC2AB2CNB A51O @07>G0@>20==K<8. > 2@5<O ?5@2>9 1@0G=>9 =>G8 65=I8=K ?>GB8 =8:>340 =5 8A?KBK20NB >@307<0. =8 =0G8=0NB 53> >ICI0BL ;8HL A?CABO =545;8 8;8 <5AOFK, 0 8=>340 8 3>4K ?>A;5 70<C65AB20. > 40==K< 3. . >60=>2A:>9 8 . . !2O4>I0 (1969), >@307< 2>7=8:0; 2 ?5@2K5 3 <5AOF0 ?>A;5 70<C65AB20 C 22% 65=I8=, : :>=FC ?5@2>3> 3>40  C 42%, : ?OB8 3>40< 70<C65AB20  C 72% 8 A2KH5 10 ;5B  C 89%. @307< 2>7=8: 2A:>@5 ?>A;5 @>4>2 C 30%, 7=0G8B5;L=> ?>74=55 @>4>2  C 11% 65=I8=; 2 17% A;CG052 >@307< 2?5@2K5 =0ABC?8; ?@8 ?5@5<5=5 ?0@B=5@0. !>3;0A=> MB8< 65 40==K<, 87 G8A;0 65=I8=, =5 8A?KBK202H8E >@307<0 2 =0G0;5 ?>;>2>9 687=8, 32% 65=I8= =5 <>3;> A2O70BL ?>O2;5=85 ?5@2>3> >@307<0 A :0:8<8-;81> 2=5H=8<8 >1AB>OB5;LAB20<8, B0:8<8, :0: =0?@8<5@, 1>;55 4;8B5;L=0O ?>43>B>2:0 : ?>;>2><C 0:BC, ?>O2;5=85 1>;LH53> 4>25@8O : ?0@B=5@C, 1;03>?@8OB=>5 87<5=5=85 68;8I=>-1KB>2KE CA;>289. =8 4020;8 >B25BK: «O AB0;0 ?>=8<0BL...», «?>A;5 @>4>2 AB0;0 65=I8=>9...». > Stourzh, A@548 2KH54H8E 70<C6 4> 20 ;5B D@8384=>ABL 2AB@5G0;0AL 2 420 @070 G0I5, G5< A@548 2KH54H8E ?>A;5 30 ;5B. "0:8< >1@07><, 2848<>, C @O40 65=I8= =01;N405BAO 2@5<5==0O D@8384=>ABL, O2;ONI0OAO A;54AB285< =5:>B>@>3> 70?074K20=8O 2 @0728B88 ?>;>2>3> GC2AB20. 04> A:070BL, GB> MB0 D@8384=>ABL A>2A5< =5 >1O70B5;L=> 1K205B C 65=I8= 8=D0=B8;L=KE. =0 <>65B =01;N40BLAO 8 C F25BCI8E 65=I8= A E>@>H> @0728BK<8 2B>@8G=K<8 ?>;>2K<8 ?@87=0:0<8. >;LHCN @>;L 2 55 2>7=8:=>25=88 83@0NB 8=48284C0;L=K5 >A>15==>AB8 B5<?5@0<5=B0. "0:, 2AB@5G0NBAO 65=I8=K, C :>B>@KE ?>AB>O==> =0ABC?05B >@307< C65 G5@57 =5A:>;L:> A5:C=4 ?>A;5 =0G0;0 ?>;>2>3> 0:B0, 8 >=8 <>3CB ?5@56820BL 53> <=>3> @07 ?>4@O4; 4@C385 65 =8:>340 =5 <>3CB MB>3> 4>AB83=CBL. '@57<5@=0O AB@>3>ABL 2>A?8B0=8O, 254CI0O : @57:><C ?>402;5=8N A5:AC0;L=>AB8 452CH:8, <>65B =5A:>;L:> B>@<>78BL @0728B85 ?>;>2>3> GC2AB20, >A>15==> 2 =0G0;5 70<C65AB20. -B> >G5=L O@:> ?>:070=> 8 45 >?0AA0=>< 2 @><0=5 «87=L» 8 @O45 @0AA:07>2. =>385 65=I8=K A D@8384=>ABLN MB>3> B8?0 @0AA:07K20NB, GB> 4> 70<C65AB20 >=8 ?>GB8 =5 8A?KBK20;8 ?>;>2>3> 2;5G5=8O.  ?>;>2>< >B=>H5=88 E>;>4=K<8 >AB020;8AL 8 2 ?5@2K5 3>4K 70<C65AB20, >4=0:> 40;55 2> 2@5<O >4=>3> 87 ?>;>2KE 0:B>2 A <C65<, =5>6840==> 4;O A51O 8A?KB0;8 >@307<, ?>A;5 G53> =0G8=0;8 8A?KBK20BL 53> G0AB>. > <=>3>< E0@0:B5@=> A;54CNI55, E>BO 8 =5 A>2A5< >1KG=>5, =01;N45=85. ., 30 ;5B, 2@0G, @0AA:070;0, GB> 70<C6 2KH;0 19 ;5B 70 <>;>4>3> G5;>25:0 =0 3 3>40 AB0@H5 55. 8;0 A =8< 5 ;5B. C6 >1;040; =>@<0;L=>9 ?>;>2>9 A?>A>1=>ABLN. =0 4> 70<C65AB20 =8:>340 =8 2 :>3> =5 1K;0 2;N1;5=0, =8:>340 =5 8A?KBK20;0 65;0=8O ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8, M@>B8G5A:8E A=>2845=89 8;8 :0:8E-;81> ?@87=0:>2 ?>;>2>3> 2>71C645=8O.  A2>53> 1C4CI53> <C60 B0:65 =5 1K;0 2;N1;5=0, E>BO >B=>A8;0AL : =5<C ?>;>68B5;L=>; 2 1@0: 2ABC?8;0 ?> A>25BC @>48B5;59.  B5G5=85 2 ½ ;5B 70<C65AB20 >AB020;0AL D@8384=>9.  =0G0;C ?>;>2>3> 0:B0 2>7=8:0;0 38?5@5<8O =0@C6=KE ?>;>2KE >@30=>2 2K45;O;AO A5:@5B 65;57, C2;06=O2H8E 2E>4 2> 2;030;8I5, >4=0:> 8 B5G5=85 2A53> :>8BCA0 >AB020;0AL @02=>4CH=0 8 ?>;>2>3> 2>71C645=8O =5 8A?KBK20;0. ;8B5;L=>ABL ?>;>2>3> 0:B0 1K;0 >:>;> 3 <8=CB  21 3>4 =5>6840==> 2?5@2K5 2 687=8 2;N18;0AL 2 <C6G8=C  A2>53> A>A;C682F0 ., A :>B>@K< 4> MB>3> 87@54:0 2AB@5G0;0AL =0 @01>B5. C@=0O AB@0ABL : =5<C =5>6840==> 2A?KE=C;0, :>340 2<5AB5 A =8< 70 AB>;>< 2K?>;=O;0 7040=85. !2>8 GC2AB20 >B =53> A:@K;0 ><0 >B >4=>9 <KA;8 > =5< GC2AB2>20;0 60@ 2 ;8F5, A5@4F5185=85. C60 =5 E>B5;>AL 2845BL. >GLN 2> 2@5<O ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 A <C65< ?@54AB028;0 A515, GB> =0E>48BAO 2 >1JOB8OE , 8 BCB 2?5@2K5 8A?KB0;0 ?>;>2>5 C4>2;5B2>@5=85. ! MB>3> 2@5<5=8 >@307< AB0; =0ABC?0BL ?@8<5@=> G5@57 3 <8=CBK ?@8 :064>9 ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 (8=>340 4> 2 @07 70 =>GL) ! . =8:>340 2 1;87:8E >B=>H5=8OE =5 1K;0. C60 ?>;N18;0 . E>@>H> A;>65=0 0AB8B5;L=>ABL =0 ;>1:5 ?> 65=A:><C B8?C 54@0 C7:85, ?;5G8 A@02=8B5;L=> H8@>:85 5=AB@C0F88 A ('/3;5B, ?> 3 4=O, =5>18;L=K5 K;0 >4=0 15@5<5==>ABL, 70:>=G82H0OAO =>@<0;L=K<8 @>40<8. >;0305B, GB> 7015@5<5=5;0 2 B>B 45=L, :>340 2?5@2K5 8A?KB0;0 >@307<. > E0@0:B5@C >1I8B5;L=0O, C@02=>25H5==0O 0B5@8=A:>5 GC2AB2> A8;L=> @0728B>  40==>< A;CG05 8<5;0AL =51>;LH0O @5B0@40F8O ?>;>2>3> @0728B8O, > G5< 3>2>@8B 70?>740;>5 =0G0;> <5=AB@C0F89 8 >BACBAB285 ?@>O2;5=89 ?>;>2>3> 2;5G5=8O 4> 22-;5B=53> 2>7@0AB0. !0<>CAB@0=5=85 MB>9 @5B0@40F88 >7=0<5=>20;>AL ?>O2;5=85< GC2AB20 2;N1;5==>AB8 8 8AG57=>25=85< D@8384=>AB8. !2>5>1@07=> B>, GB> 2> 2@5<O ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 A <C65< ?@54AB02;5=8O > 4@C3>< (;N18<><) G5;>25:5, ?> 2A59 25@>OB=>AB8, ?>2KA8;8 ?>;>2CN 2>71C48<>ABL 8 B5< A0<K< A?>A>1AB2>20;8 2>7=8:=>25=8N >@307<0. > Kinsey, >B<5G05BAO >?@545;5==0O :>@@5;OF8O <564C >=0=87<>< 4> 1@0:0 8 D@8384=>ABLN. > MB8< 40==K<, :>340-;81> A>25@H0;8 >=0=8AB8G5A:85 0:BK 62% 65=I8= 8 93% <C6G8=. 7 65=I8=, =5 70=8<02H8EAO >=0=87<><, 2 ?5@2K9 3>4 70<C65AB20 =5 ?5@568;8 >@307<0 35%, 0 A@548 70=8<02H8EAO  ;8HL 15%. !@548 ?5@2KE ?>;>2>5 C4>2;5B2>@5=85 ?@8 ?>;>2>< 0:B5 8A?KBK20;> 2A5340 8;8 ?>GB8 2A5340 2 ?5@2K9 3>4 70<C65AB20 >:>;> 35%, A@548 2B>@KE  45%- =>385 65=I8=K, 4065 ?>A;5 30 8;8 40 ;5B 2?5@2K5 =0CG82H85AO >=0=8@>20BL 8 2K7K20BL C A51O >@307<, 70B5< =0G8=0;8 @53C;O@=> 8A?KBK20BL 53> ?@8 ?>;>2>< 0:B5. «=0=87<, ?8H5B Kinsey, 87;5G8; >B ?>;>2>9 E>;>4=>AB8 1>;LH5 65=I8=, G5< 2A5 2@0G8 2<5AB5 27OBK5». 04> A:070BL, GB> 8=>340 >BACBAB285 >@307<0 C 65=I8=K 2 ?5@2K5 <5AOFK 70<C65AB20 >1CA;>2;5=> =5 55 D@8384=>ABLN, 0 48A30<859, 2 G0AB=>AB8 =54>AB0B>G=K< ?@8A?>A>1;5=85< AC?@C3>2 4@C3 : 4@C3C. !8<?B><0B8G5A:0O D@8384=>ABL. !8<?B><0B8G5A:0O D@8384=>ABL ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 ?@>O2;5=85 :0:>9-;81> >A=>2=>9 1>;57=8, =0?@8<5@ >@30=8G5A:8E 701>;520=89 3>;>2=>3> 8;8 A?8==>3> <>730, E@>=8G5A:8E 8=B>:A8:0F89 A28=F><, =0@:>B8:0<8, M=4>:@8==KE =0@CH5=89, 38?>?;0788 ?>;>2>3> 0??0@0B0, A8;L=>9 1>;8 ?@8 :>8BCA5 87-70 retroflexiouteri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v =8E >@307<0 8 <>65B 1KBL >4=8< 87 4803=>AB8G5A:8E :@8B5@852. @8G8=0 MB>9 D>@<K D@8384=>AB8 =58725AB=0. >7<>6=>, GB> 8=>340 (25AL<0 @54:>) 2 >A=>25 55 ;568B A:@KB8O =5>A>7=0205<0O 3><>A5:AC0;L=0O CAB0=>2:0. -B><C ?@54?>;>65=8N ?@>B82>@5G8B B>, GB> 65=I8=K - 3><>A5:AC0;8AB:8 =5 D@8384=K (. . !2O4>I 8 . . 5@528=A:0O) ?>;>2>5 2;5G5=85 C =8E 4>AB0B>G=> A8;L=>5, => =0?@02;5=> =0 ;8F >4=>8<5==>3> ?>;0. > <=5=8N ?A8E>0=0;8B8:>2 (Bergler), <>6=> 2K45;8BL B@8 B8?0 D@8384=KE 65=I8=. 1. «@0;L=>» D8:A8@>20==K9 B8?  E>;>4=K5 :>:5B:8 A @072O7=K< ?>2545=85<. < :065BAO, GB> 2A5 A =8<8 =5A?@0254;82K. =8 >1;040NB >A>1K< B0;0=B>< 2K18@0BL <C659, AB@040NI8E ?@56452@5<5==>9 MO:C;OF859.  >A=>25 ;568B «?@>B5AB ?@>B82 G@57<5@=>9 7028A8<>AB8 >B <0B5@8 A =565;0=85< 8<5BL :0:85-;81> 40@K >B =55» 8 >BAN40 ?@>B5AB ?@>B82 ?>;CG5=8O >B <C60 «?>40@:0» 2 2845 >@307<0. 2. "8? A @53@5AA859 2 0=0;L=CN D07C. -B> 0A:5B8G=K5 65=I8=K A ?>2KH5==K< 2;5G5=85< : G8AB>B5, ?>@O4:C, B@C4>;N18N, B@52>35 8 15A?>:>9AB2C 70 4@C38E. K18@0NB <C6G8= ?0AA82=KE.  15AA>7=0B5;L=>< G5@BK <07>E87<0. 3. "8? «D0;;8G5A:>9» @53@5AA88. "0:85 65=I8=K G0AB> 2KE>4OB 70<C6 70 ?>68;KE <C6G8=, B0: :0: 284OB 2 =8E A2>53> >BF0. '0AB> 2 >45645 8 <0=5@0E ?>4@060NB <C6G8=0<; ;N1OB 2B>@30BLAO 2 GC685 1@0:8, GB>1K >B18BL <C60.  >A=>25 ;568B 7028ABL : B><C, GB> <C6G8=K >1;040NB penis. «=8 ;N1OB 2=5H=5 45<>=AB@8@>20BL A2>5 =5C2065=85 : <C6G8=0<, GB> 4>;6=> >1>7=0G0BL, GB> <C6A:>9 ?>;>2>9 >@30= 8< =5 =C65=». 028ABL : <C6G8=5 8 AB@0E ?>2@5645=8O 35=8B0;89, ?8H5B Kroger, 2> <=>38E A;CG0OE O2;ONBAO 3;02=>9 ?@8G8=>9 8AB8==>9 D@8384=>AB8. B25@30O ?A8E>0=0;8B8G5A:85 ?>;>65=8O, <K 2<5AB5 A B5< >B25@305< 8 2A5 C:070==K5 ?>?KB:8 >1JOA=5=8O ?@8G8= D@8384=>AB8. !@548 :>=AB8BCF8>=0;L=> D@8384=KE <=>3> A>25@H5==> 74>@>2KE, >1KG=KE 65=I8=, =5 40NI8E =8:0:8E >A=>20=89 ?@54?>;030BL C =8E «>@0;L=CN» 8;8 «D0;;8G5A:CN» @53@5AA8N. =65=5@-E8<8: . 2 2>7@0AB5 19 ;5B ?> ;N128 2KH;0 70<C6 70 A2>53> >4=>:C@A=8:0, :>B>@K9 1K; =0 4 3>40 AB0@H5 55. C6  D878G5A:8 74>@>2K9 <>;>4>9 G5;>25:, E>@>H89 A?>@BA<5=. > 7=0:><AB20 A . 8<5; @O4 A;CG09=KE A2O759. 0: <C6G8=0 >B;8G0;AO 2KA>:>9 ?>B5=F859 8 ?>;L7>20;AO 1>;LH8< CA?5E>< C 65=I8=. $878G5A:8 1K; 65=5 ?@8OB5=, >=0 ;N18;0 53> :0: G5;>25:0, => ?@8 ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 2A5340 >AB020;0AL A>25@H5==> @02=>4CH=>9. @307< =8:>340 =5 =0ABC?0;. C6 >B=>A8;AO : =59 2A5340 >G5=L E>@>H>. =0;, GB> >=0 D@8384=0, => =5 AG8B0; A51O 2 MB>< 28=>20BK<, HCBO 3>2>@8; ., GB> >=0 >G5=L ;53:0O 8 =5B@51>20B5;L=0O 65=0. # . 42>5 45B59. K;> 5 01>@B>2. 5@5<5=5;0 2A5340 >G5=L ;53:>. >A;5 12 ;5B A>2<5AB=>9 687=8 <C6 ?>381 2> 2@5<O =5AG0AB=>3> A;CG0O. 0<C6 1>;LH5 =5 2KE>48;0. K; @O4 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 4;8B5;L=KE 2=51@0G=KE A2O759. > 2@5<O ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 >AB020;0AL A>25@H5==> @02=>4CH=>9. B A2>59 D@8384=>AB8 =5 AB@0405B. >A;54=85 3>4K A:@K20;0 55, A8<C;8@CO ?5@56820=85 >@307<0. $878G5A:8 . F25BCI0O 65=I8=0. > E0@0:B5@C 6820O, >1I8B5;L=0O, 25A5;0O, M=5@38G=0O, 701>B;820O <0BL. N18B ?>;L7>20BLAO CA?5E>< C <C6G8=. ;87:> : 65=I8=0< A :>=AB8BCF8>=0;L=>9 D@8384=>ABLN ?@8<K:0NB 65=I8=K A >G5=L =87:8< ?>;>2K< 2;5G5=85<. =8 1C:20;L=> <5AOF0<8 =5 8A?KBK20NB ?>B@51=>AB8 2 ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8. @307< 2>7=8:05B ;8HL =5A:>;L:> @07 2 B5G5=85 3>40, 0 8=>340 8 2A59 687=8. # MB8E 65=I8= A5:AC0;L=0O AB>@>=0 83@05B >G5=L <0;5=L:CN @>;L, ?@8G5< =5 O2;O5BAO 8AB>G=8:>< =52@>7>2. $@8384=K<8 8;8 <0;>B5<?5@0<5=B=K<8 O2;O5BAO, 25@>OB=>, =5 <5=55 30% 65=I8=. K;> 1K 3;C1>:> >H81>G=> AG8B0BL, GB> D@8384=K5 65=I8=K =5A?>A>1=K : ;N128, GB> 8< =54>ABC?=> A5<59=>5 AG0ABL5 8;8 GB> >=8 =5 <>3CB 53> >15A?5G8BL <C6C 8 45BO<. -B> >?@>25@305BAO <=>3>G8A;5==K<8 =01;N45=8O<8. !/ 8A30<8O, B. 5. 48A30@<>=8O ?>;>2KE >B=>H5=89 <564C AC?@C30<8, 2K7K20NI0O ?>;>2CN =5C4>2;5B2>@5==>ABL, 2 >B;8G85 >B D@8384=>AB8 BO65;> ?5@568205BAO 65=I8=>9, 2545B : A5<59=><C @07;04C 8 <>65B O2;OBLAO >4=>9 87 ?@8G8= 2>7=8:=>25=8O =52@>7>2. CH52=K9 :>=D;8:B AB0=>28BAO >A>15==> BO65;K<, 5A;8 65=I8=0 ;N18B <C60 :0: G5;>25:0, :0: >BF0 A2>8E 45B59 8 2 B> 65 2@5<O E>B5;0 1K >AB028BL 53>, B0: :0: >= =5 C4>2;5B2>@O5B 55 :0: <C6G8=0. @8 48A30<88 65=I8=0 G0I5 2A53> 60;C5BAO =0 B>, GB> <C6G8=0 70:0=G8205B ?>;>2>9 0:B A;8H:>< @0=>  4> B>3>, :0: >=0 CA?5205B ?>;CG8BL ?>;>2>5 C4>2;5B2>@5=85, 8 >AB02;O5B 55 2 A>AB>O=88 ?>;>2>3> 2>71C645=8O. 04> A:070BL, GB> A8BC0F8O MB0 >:07K205B BO65;>5 C3=5B0NI55 459AB285 8 =0 <C6G8=C, :>B>@K9 GC2AB2C5B A51O >1KG=> 28=>20BK< 2 B><, GB> =5 A<>3 2K?>;=8BL A2>9 «<C6A:>9 4>;3». !:>@>ABL =0ABC?;5=8O >@307<0 C 65=I8=K 7028A8B >B <=>38E ?@8G8=. >;LHCN @>;L 83@0NB 8=48284C0;L=K5 >A>15==>AB8 B5<?5@0<5=B0. "0:, C =5:>B>@KE 65=I8= >@307<, :0: ?@028;>, =0ABC?05B A@07C 65 8;8 G5@57 =5A:>;L:> 45AOB:>2 A5:C=4 ?>A;5 =0G0;0 ?>;>2>3> 0:B0, C 4@C38E 65 ;8HL G5@57 10 <8=CB ?>A;5 53> =0G0;0. !@54=OO 4;8B5;L=>ABL ?>;>2>3> 0:B0 (>B <><5=B0 8<8AA88 4> >@307<0) C <C6G8=K, :0: C65 C:07K20;>AL, >B 1 4> 5 <8=CB, C 65=I8=K  2 ?>;B>@0-420 @070 4>;LH5. 5:>B>@K5 65=I8=K CA?520NB 2 3 @070 ?5@568BL >@307<, ?>:0 <C6G8=0 A>25@H8B >48= ?>;>2>9 0:B.  1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG052 C <C6G8=K >= 2>7=8:05B ;53G5 8 1KAB@55, G5< C 65=I8=K. # 65=I8=K >@307< >1KG=> 4;8BAO =5A:>;L:> 4>;LH5, G5< C <C6G8=K, 8 ?@5:@0I05BAO 1>;55 ?>AB5?5==>. # G0AB8 65=I8= ?>2B>@=K9 >@307<, B0: 65 :0: 8 C <C6G8=, <>65B =0ABC?8BL ;8HL ?>A;5 ?0C7K 2 20 30 <8=CB, 0 8=>340 2 =5A:>;L:> G0A>2 8;8 ACB>:. 5@54:> 2AB@5G0NBAO 65=I8=K A 70BO6=K< 2>;=>>1@07=K< >@307<><, 4;OI8<AO 1 1 ½ G0A0 8 4>;LH5. C6G8=0< >1KG=> C405BAO 8E C4>2;5B2>@8BL, ;8HL ?@81530O : 4>?>;=8B5;L=><C 4;8B5;L=><C <0=C0;L=><C @074@065=8N >1;0AB8 :;8B>@0. 4=0 =0H0 1>;L=0O, 19 ;5B, 2 B5G5=85 2 G0A>2 8 4>;LH5 =5?@5@K2=> A>25@H0;0 ?>;>2K5 0:BK A <C6G8=0<8. @307<K A;54>20;8 C =55 4@C3 70 4@C3>< 8 2A5 65 =0AKI5=8O =5 =0ABC?0;>. >2545=85 55 1K;> ?5@2K< ?@>O2;5=85< 701>;520=8O H87>D@5=859. 04> A:070BL, GB> <C6G8=0 8 65=I8=0, ?> Kinsey (!(), 4>AB830NB >@307<0 ?@8 >=0=87<5 A >48=0:>2>9 A:>@>ABLN (45% 65=I8= 2 B5G5=85 1 3 <8=CB, 24%  70 3 4 <8=CBK, 19%  70 6 10 <8=CB). ">, GB> 2> 2@5<O ?>;>2>9 687=8 65=I8=5 2 A@54=5< B@51C5BAO 1>;LH0O 4;8B5;L=>ABL ?>;>2>3> 0:B0, G5< <C6G8=5, >1JOA=O5BAO, ?> 2A59 25@>OB=>AB8, =5A>25@H5=AB2>< B5E=8:8 ?>;>2>3> 0:B0  B5<, GB> =5 2A5340 >15A?5G8205BAO E>BO 1K :@0B:>2@5<5==>5, => =5?@5@K2=>5 402;5=85 8 @8B<8G=>5 @074@065=85 ?>;>2KE >@30=>2, 2 G0AB=>AB8 >1;0AB8 :;8B>@0 8 <0;KE 3C1, C <=>38E 65=I8= =5?>A@54AB25==> 254CI55 : >@307<C. !:>@>ABL =0ABC?;5=8O >@307<0 <>65B 7=0G8B5;L=> :>;510BLAO C >4=>9 8 B>9 65 65=I8=K 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B 4;8B5;L=>AB8 ?>;>2>3> 2>745@60=8O 8 8=B5=A82=>AB8 ?>;>2>3> 2;5G5=8O, AB5?5=8 ?>;>2>3> 2>71C645=8O ?5@54 =0G0;>< ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8, D878G5A:>3> A>AB>O=8O (CB><;5=8O), <5=AB@C0;L=>3> F8:;0 8 B. ?. 57:>5 =5A>>B25BAB285 B5<?5@0<5=B>2 AC?@C3>2, 2 G0AB=>AB8 =87:0O ?>;>20O 2>71C48<>ABL 65=I8=K, 8=>340 <>65B 1KBL ?@8G8=>9 48A30<88. >;L=0O ., E@C?:0O <8=80BN@=0O 1;>=48=:0 32 ;5B, ?>ABC?8;0 2 =0HC :;8=8:C A O2;5=85< =52@>B8G5A:>9 45?@5AA88. KOA=8;>AL, GB> 701>;520=85 A2O70=> A ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI8<8 ?5@56820=8O<8 A5:AC0;L=>3> E0@0:B5@0. 8 ;5B =0704 >AB028;0 <C60, B0: :0: >= =5 C4>2;5B2>@O; 55 2 ?>;>2>< >B=>H5=88. @307< =0ABC?0; C =55, 5A;8 ?>;>2>9 0:B A>25@H0;AO 8=B5=A82=> 8 =5?@5@K2=> =5 <5=55 G5< 2 B5G5=85 20 <8=CB, 0 C <C60 >= 2>7=8:0; G5@57 5 <8=CB. >A;5 CE>40 >B <C60 8<5;0, ?> 55 A;>20<, A2KH5 10 A2O759 A <C6G8=0<8 8 2A5 >=8 55 2A:>@5 >AB02;O;8. >A;54=89 87 =8E, =0 20 ;5B AB0@H5 ., ?>A;5 B>3> :0: 2K720; C =55 ?>;>2>5 C4>2;5B2>@5=85, A:070;: «! B>1>9 =8 >48= <C6G8=0 68BL =5 1C45B. "51O >G5=L B@C4=> C4>2;5B2>@8BL». #E>4 53> 8 2K720; =52@>B8G5A:CN 45?@5AA8N. 04> A:070BL, GB> 4065 ?@8 7=0G8B5;L=>9 @07=8F5 B5<?5@0<5=B>2 AC?@C38 <>3CB ?@8A?>A>18BLAO 4@C3 : 4@C3C 8 2 :>=F5 :>=F>2 4>AB830BL >4=>2@5<5==>3> =0ABC?;5=8O >@307<0.  MB><C <K 5I5 25@=5<AO ?@8 @0AA<>B@5=88 2>?@>A>2 B5@0?88. 4=>9 87 ?@8G8= 48A30<88 <>3CB 1KBL :0: G@57<5@=> :@C?=K5 @07<5@K <C6A:8E ?>;>2KE >@30=>2, B0: 8 8E @57:>5 =54>@0728B85, =5 ?>72>;ONI55 >15A?5G8BL 4>AB0B>G=>5 @074@065=85 M@>35==KE 7>= 2> 2@5<O ?>;>2>3> 0:B0. @8 M@5:F88 >1J5< <C6A:>3> ?>;>2>3> >@30=0 2 =5A:>;L:> @07 C25;8G8205BAO. 07<5@K 53> 2 A>AB>O=88 M@5:F88 A>AB02;ONB, AG8B0O >B ;>1:>2>9 :>AB8, 2 A@54=5< 10 15, @54:> 20 A< (<0:A8<0;L=K5 >?8A0==K5 2 ;8B5@0BC@5 @07<5@K, ?> Oliver, 35 A<). !@54=OO 4;8=0 2;030;8I0 7 10 A<, ?@8G5< C 27@>A;>9 65=I8=K >=> >1;0405B @0ABO68<>ABLN. 0AAB>O=85 >B 2E>40 2> 2;030;8I5 4> H59:8 <0B:8 2 A@54=5< ;8HL 4 6, @54:> 8 A<.  7028A8<>AB8 >B ?>;>65=8O <0B:8 (retro 8;8 anteflexio uteri) 2> 2@5<O ?>;>2>3> 0:B0 <C6A:>9 ?>;>2>9 >@30= >1KG=> ?@>E>48B 2KH5 8;8 =865 H59:8 <0B:8  2 ;53:> @0ABO68<K9 ?5@54=89 8;8 704=89 A2>4 2;030;8I0. %>BO 8 25AL<0 @54:>, => 2AB@5G0NBAO A;CG08, :>340 ?>;>20O 687=L AB0=>28BAO =52>7<>6=>9 87-70 ?0B>;>38G5A:8 :@C?=KE @07<5@>2 <C6A:8E ?>;>2KE >@30=>2, 2K7K20NI8E 1>;L ?@8 A=>H5=8OE. 7 ;5G82H8EAO C =0A 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 425 87-70 MB>3> 2K=C645=K 1K;8 >AB028BL A2>8E <C659. 04> A:070BL, GB> =5B AB@>3>9 :>@@5;OF88 <564C @>AB>< <C6G8=K 8;8 65=I8=K 8 @07<5@0<8 8E ?>;>2KE >@30=>2. 5 >1=0@C65=> 8 :0:8E-;81> @0A>2KE >B;8G89 2 MB>< >B=>H5=88. ;03>40@O A?>A>1=>AB8 AB5=>: 2;030;8I0 : A>:@0I5=8O< >=> >1KG=> ?@8A?>A01;8205BAO : @07<5@0< <C6A:>3> ?>;>2>3> >@30=0. ?0A5=8O =5:>B>@KE <C6G8=, GB> =525AB0 >G5=L <8=80BN@=0 8 ?>MB><C >=8 55 A;8H:>< ?>@0=OB ?@8 45D;>@0F88, 8;8, =0>1>@>B, GB> 8E ?>;>2K5 >@30=K =54>AB0B>G=> 25;8:8, GB>1K C4>2;5B2>@8BL 55, >1KG=> =5>1>A=>20=K. =>385 65=I8=K >B<5G0NB, GB> 2 =0ABC?;5=88 >@307<0 4;O =8E 3;02=CN @>;L 83@05B 8E ?A8E8G5A:>5 A>AB>O=85, AB5?5=L 8E ?A8E>M@>B8G5A:>9 3>B>2=>AB8 : ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8, 0 =5 @07<5@K <C6A:8E ?>;>2KE >@30=>2. Kroger 8 Freed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arjani, ?>74=55 ?>4B25@645==K< Landis, C =5:>B>@KE 65=I8= 1K205B >G5=L 2KA>:>5 @0A?>;>65=85 :;8B>@0, 2A;54AB285 G53> >= =5 ?>;CG05B 4>AB0B>G=KE @074@065=89 2> 2@5<O ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 8 ?>;>2>5 C4>2;5B2>@5=85 =5 =0ABC?05B. 5=I8=K, C :>B>@KE @0AAB>O=85 <564C :;8B>@>< 8 =0@C6=K< >B25@AB85< <>G58A?CA:0B5;L=>3> :0=0;0 1K;> 1>;55 2,5 A< (>=8 A>AB02;O;8 30% >1A;54>20==KE ?> MB8< 40==K<), =8:>340 =5 8A?KBK20;8 >@307<0 2> 2@5<O ?>;>2>3> 0:B0. G5284=>, 2 MB8E A;CG0OE >B <C6G8=K B@51C5BAO 4>?>;=8B5;L=>5 ?0;LF52>5 @074@065=85 :;8B>@0 2> 2@5<O ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 2> 871560=85 48A30<88. 7 108 65=I8= 2 5=5, >1A;54>20==KE Helene Stourzh, 23 C:070;8, GB> >=8 8A?KBK20;8 >@307< B>;L:> 2 B>< A;CG05, 5A;8 2> 2@5<O ?>;>2>3> 0:B0 8E :;8B>@ ?>425@30;AO 4>?>;=8B5;L=><C ?0;LF52><C @074@065=8N ?0@B=5@><. «5=I8=0< A;54C5B >1JOA=8BL, ?8H5B Stourzh (1962), GB> B0:>5 @074@065=85 :;8B>@0 =5 ?@8=>A8B :0:>3>-;81> 2@540 74>@>2LN 8 157CA;>2=> 4>?CAB8<> 2 <>@0;L=>< >B=>H5=88». '0AB>9 ?@8G8=>9 48A30<88 O2;O5BAO ?@56452@5<5==0O MO:C;OF8O C <C6G8=K, 0 B0:65 ?@0:B8:>20=85 <C6G8=>9 ?@5@20==>3> ?>;>2>3> A=>H5=8O (coitus interruptus) 2 :0G5AB25 A@54AB20 ?@54>E@0=5=8O >B 15@5<5==>AB8.  ?>A;54=5< A;CG05 <C6G8=0 ?@5@K205B ?>;>2>9 0:B 70 =5A:>;L:> <3=>25=89 4> =0ABC?;5=8O >@307<0 8 MO:C;OF8O =0ABC?05B 2=5 B5;0 65=I8=K. ><5=B ?@81;865=8O >@307<0 C <C6G8=K <=>385 65=I8=K >ICI0NB 8 =0ABC?;5=85 53> O2;O5BAO 4;O =8E A8;L=59H8< @074@068B5;5<, @57:> CA8;820NI8< 8E ?>;>2>5 2>71C645=85. =570?=>5 ?@5@K20=85 ?>;>2>3> 0:B0 2 MB> 2@5<O =5@54:> 2545B : B><C, GB> >=8 >AB0NBAO =5C4>2;5B2>@5==K<8 2 A>AB>O=88 A8;L=>3> ?>;>2>3> 2>71C645=8O. 0: A?@0254;82> 70<5B8; Freud, coitus interruptus O2;O5BAO >4=>9 87 G0ABKE ?@8G8= =52@>B8G5A:8E AB@0E>2 C 65=I8=K. >7=8:=>25=8N 48A30<88 <>65B A?>A>1AB2>20BL =5>48=0:>20O AB5?5=L 8AE>4=>3> 2>71C645=8O <C6G8=K 8 65=I8=K : =0G0;C ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8. '0AB> <C6G8=0 =0G8=05B ?>;>2>9 0:B =0<=>3> 1>;55 2>71C645==K<, G5< 65=I8=0 (5A;8 C =53> =5B M@5:F88, B. 5. 7=0G8B5;L=>3> ?>;>2>3> 2>71C645=8O, >= =5 <>65B 53> =0G0BL).  @57C;LB0B5 MO:C;OF8O C <C6G8=K <>65B 2>7=8:=CBL 704>;3> 4> =0ABC?;5=8O >@307<0 C 65=I8=K, 8 >= >:07K205BAO =5 2 A>AB>O=88 ?@>4>;68BL ?>;>2>9 0:B, E>BO 65=I8=0 8 8A?KBK205B 2 MB>< ?>B@51=>ABL. 848<>, MB> 2AB@5G05BAO =5 AB>;L @54:>, B0: :0: 402=> ?@82;5:;> 2=8<0=85 F5@:28. I5 2 1870 3. 35=5@0;L=K9 28:0@89 Craison1 2 =0AB02;5=88 A2OI5==8:0<, ?@8=8<0NI8< 8A?>254L, ?8A0;: «A;8 C <C60 =0ABC?8B MO:C;OF8O 4> B>3>, :0: 65=0 ?>;CG8;0 C4>2;5B2>@5=85, B> 59 @07@5H05BAO ?>;CG8BL 53> ?CB5< A0<>@074@065=8O ?>;>2KE >@30=>2. 5 O2;O5BAO 3@5E><, 5A;8 65=I8=0 ?5@54 =0G0;>< ?>;>2>3> 0:B0 ?@8:>A=>25=85< : ?>;>2K< >@30=0< 2K7>25B C A51O A8;L=>5 ?>;>2>5 2>71C645=85, :>B>@>5 ?><>65B 59 ?>;CG8BL C4>2;5B2>@5=85 2> 2@5<O ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8». 87:0O AB5?5=L ?>;>2>3> 2>71C645=8O : =0G0;C ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 C <=>38E 65=I8= >1JOA=O5BAO B5<, GB> 2 A8;C A2>8E 8=48284C0;L=KE >A>15==>AB59 CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K5 A5:AC0;L=K5 @074@068B5;8 >:07K20NB =0 =8E, :0: C:07K20;>AL, <5=55 A8;L=>5 2;8O=85, G5< =0 <C6G8=. @><5 B>3>, 8 A0<0 ?A8E>M@>B8G5A:0O =0AB@>5==>ABL =0 ?>;>2CN 1;87>ABL, 2 7=0G8B5;L=>9 <5@5 >?@545;ONI0O C@>25=L 2>71C48<>AB8 F5@51@0;L=KE A8AB5<, A 45OB5;L=>ABLN :>B>@KE A2O70=> ?5@56820=85 >@307<0, C 65=I8=K B@C4=55 2>7=8:05B 8, :0: C:07K20;>AL, ;53G5 457>@30=87C5BAO, G5< C <C6G8=K. "0:, =0?@8<5@, >701>G5==>ABL 65=I8= G5<-;81>, =54>2>;LAB2> ?0@B=5@><, >B@8F0B5;L=>5 >B=>H5=85 : ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 :0: : G5<C-B> 3@O7=><C, 0<>@0;L=><C, >1CA;>2;5==>5 =5?@028;L=K< 2>A?8B0=85<, =51;03>?@8OB=0O >1AB0=>2:0, 2K<K20NI0O GC2AB2> A<CI5=8O (=0?@8<5@, @>48B5;8 A?OB 8 B>9 65 :><=0B5), 2A5 MB> <>65B ?@5?OBAB2>20BL ?>;CG5=8N ?>;=>BK A5:AC0;L=KE >ICI5=89, B>@<>78BL 2>7=8:=>25=85 >@307<0, 2K7K20BL ?>B@51=>ABL 2 1>;LH59 4;8B5;L=>AB8 ?>;>2>3> 0:B0 4;O 53> =0ABC?;5=8O. 074@065=85 ?>;>2KE >@30=>2 65=I8=K, 5A;8 >=0 ?A8E8G5A:8 =5 =0AB@>5=0 =0 ?>;CG5=85 A5:AC0;L=>3> C4>2>;LAB28O, >1KG=> 2545B ;8HL : ?@>B5:0=8N >3@0=8G5==>3> @5D;5:B>@=>3> 0:B0 =0 C@>2=5 A?8=0;L=>3> @5D;5:A0 157 2A59 ?>;=>BK ?A8E>M@>B8G5A:8E >ICI5=89. 0: =5@54:> >B<5G0NB 65=I8=K, 4;O B>3> GB>1K C =8E 2>7=8:0;0 ?A8E>M@>B8G5A:0O 3>B>2=>ABL : ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8, 65;0=85 55, ?>;>2>5 2>71C645=85, 8< B@51C5BAO ?@5420@8B5;L=0O ?>43>B>2:0 2 2845 =56=>AB8, ;0A:8 2A53> B5;0, 0 70B5< M@>35==KE 7>= 35=8B0;L=>9 >1;0AB8 (>A>15==> :;8B>@0) 8 60;CNBAO, GB> <C6G8=K MB>3> =5 >15A?5G820NB. C6G8=K 2 !( 2 ?5@8>4 ?>43>B>2:8 : ?>;>2><C 0:BC ?@8<5=ONB ?> >B=>H5=8N : 65=0< ?>F5;C8 2 99,4% A;CG052, @074@065=85 <>;>G=KE 65;57 @C:>9  2 98%, @074@065=85 65=A:8E ?>;>2KE >@30=>2 @C:>9 (2 B>< G8A;5 4838B0;L=>5 @074@065=85 :;8B>@0) 2 95%, >@0;L=>5 @074@065=85 <>;>G=KE 65;57  2 93%, @0AH8@5==CN B5E=8:C 3;C1>:>3> ?>F5;CO  2 87% 8 >@0;L=>5 @074@065=85 65=A:8E ?>;>2KE >@30=>2  2 54% A;CG052 (Kinsey). =>38< <>;>4K< <C6G8=0< 4;O 2>7=8:=>25=8O ?>;>2>3> 2>71C645=8O =5 B@51C5BAO ?@5420@8B5;L=>3> @074@065=8O 8E M@>35==KE 7>=. =8 53> 4065 871530NB, >?0A0OAL, GB> >=> A;8H:>< ?>2KA8B C =8E 8 157 B>3> 4>AB0B>G=> 2KA>:CN ?>;>2CN 2>71C48<>ABL, 2 A2O78 A G5< A;8H:>< 1KAB@> =0ABC?8B MO:C;OF8O. 5:>B>@K5 <C6G8=K A =52KA>:>9 ?>;>2>9 2>71C48<>ABLN <>3CB =C640BLAO 2 ?@5420@8B5;L=>< @074@065=88 M@>35==KE 7>=, 157 G53> M@5:F8O C =8E =5 2>7=8:05B. A;8 65=0, =0?@8<5@, 87 GC2AB20 ABK4;82>AB8 8;8 ;>6=>9 A:@><=>AB8 =5 <>65B MB>3> >15A?5G8BL <C6C, 2>7=8:05B 48A30<8O 2 ?>;>2KE >B=>H5=8OE. > 40==K< <5@8:0=A:>3> A5:A>;>38G5A:>3> 8=AB8BCB0, 2 !( 65=I8=K =K=5H=53> ?>:>;5=8O 2 ?>;>2>< >B=>H5=88 AB0;8 1>;55 0:B82=K. "0:, 87 65=I8=, @>482H8EAO 4> 1900 3., @074@060;8 <C6A:85 ?>;>2K5 >@30=K @C:>9 80%, >@0;L=>  37%, 87 @>482H8EAO ?>A;5 1920 3. A>>B25BAB25==> 95% 8 52%. =>340 70=8<0;8 2> 2@5<O ?>;>2>3> 0:B0 0:B82=>5 ?>;>65=85 (A25@EC <C6G8=K) 52%. !?0;8 3>;K<8 87 @>482H8EAO 2 1900 3. 37%, 87 @>482H8EAO ?>A;5 120 3. 59% 65=I8=. >;>20O E>;>4=>ABL AB0;0 2AB@5G0BLAO 2 !( C 65=I8=, @>482H8EAO ?>A;5 1920 3., 2 2 @070 @565, G5< C ?>:>;5=8O, @>482H53>AO 4> 1900 3., GB> A2O7K20NB A 1>;55 A2>1>4=K< >B=>H5=85< 65=I8= =K=5H=53> ?>:>;5=8O !( : ?>;>2>9 687=8. ?@545;5==K9 @8B< D@8:F89, 4>?>;=8B5;L=>5 @074@065=85 :;8B>@0, D>@<0 A5:AC0;L=KE ;0A: ?5@54 =0G0;>< ?>;>2>3> 0:B0, AB02H85 ?@82KG=K<8" 2> 2@5<O ?@54H5AB2>202H59 ?>;>2>9 687=8 8;8 >=0=87<0, <>3CB 70D8:A8@>20BLAO 8 AB0BL >1O70B5;L=K< CA;>285< 4;O B>3>, GB>1K >@307< =0ABC?0;. 'C2AB2> A<CI5=8O, 1>O7=L >BB>;:=CBL AC?@C30 8;8 >B:07 53> 2K?>;=8BL MB8 CA;>28O <>3CB ?@5?OBAB2>20BL =0ABC?;5=8N >@307<0 8 25AB8 : 48A30<88, >A>15==> C ;8F, A:;>==KE : >1@07>20=8N >G5=L ?@>G=KE CA;>2=KE A2O759. 5@54:> 65=I8=K AB5A=ONBAO @0AA:070BL >1 MB8E A2>8E ?>B@51=>ABOE =5 B>;L:> <C6C, => 8 2@0GC, >A>15==> ?@8 ?5@2>< 7=0:><AB25. "0:, >4=0 =0H0 1>;L=0O 42 ;5B @0AA:070;0 > =8E 65=I8=5-2@0GC ;8HL ?>A;5 <=>3>;5B=53> 7=0:><AB20, 2> 2@5<O B@5BL53> ?>ABC?;5=8O 2 :;8=8:C ?> ?>2>4C =02O7G82>3> «AB@0E0 703@O7=5=8O». :070;>AL, GB> 2 16-;5B=5< 2>7@0AB5 >=0 1K;0 >G5=L 2;N1;5=0 2 <>;>4>3> G5;>25:0 8 ?>72>;O;0 5<C ;N1K5 A5:AC0;L=K5 459AB28O, ;8HL 1K >=8 =5 25;8 : ;8H5=8N 55 =528==>AB8.  B5G5=85 =5A:>;L:8E <5AOF52 >=8 ?@0:B8:>20;8 2708<=> >@0;L=>-35=8B0;L=K9 :>=B0:B. @8 MB>< >@0;L=>5 @074@065=85 :;8B>@0 2K7K20;> A8;L=59H89 >@307<. 1;0ABL 2;030;8I0, :0: 2 40;L=59H5< 2KOA=8;>AL, 1K;0 C =55 <0;> GC2AB28B5;L=0.  19 ;5B >=0 2KH;0 70<C6 70 8=65=5@0 =0 6 ;5B AB0@H5 55. C60 >G5=L AB5A=O;0AL. > 2@5<O ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 A =8< >@307< =5 =0ABC?0;. 5@54 =0G0;>< ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 <C6 25; A51O ?> >B=>H5=8N : 65=5 >G5=L A45@60==>. =0 65 =5 @5H0;0AL A:070BL 5<C, 2 :0:>9 ?@5420@8B5;L=>9 ?>43>B>2:5 >=0 =C6405BAO, B0: :0: >?0A0;0AL, GB> >= @0AF5=8B 55 ?@>AL1C :0: «3@O7=>5 872@0I5=85». >AB5?5==> AB0;0 D@8384=0 ?> >B=>H5=8N : <C6C.  MB> 2@5<O 2>7=8: AB@0E 703@O7=5=8O, A2O70==K9 A MB8<8 A5:AC0;L=K<8 ?5@56820=8O<8. 4=064K =0 :C@>@B5 87<5=8;0 <C6C. N1>2=8: ?5@54 =0G0;>< 0:B0 ?@>45;0; B>, GB> 45;0; <>;>4>9 G5;>25: 4> 1@0:0. >;>2>9 0:B =0G0;0, :>340 4>AB83;0 ?@5420@8B5;L=>3> A8;L=>3> ?>;>2>3> 2>71C645=8O. A?KB0;0 A8;L=59H55 ?>;>2>5 C4>2;5B2>@5=85.  B5G5=85 =5A:>;L:8E 4=59 ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 > AB@0E5 703@O7=5=8O =5 4C<0;0. @8 2>72@0I5=88 4><>9 AB0;0 8A?KBK20BL GC2AB2> @0A:0O=8O, GB> 87<5=8;0 <C6C, 8 «GC2AB2> ABK40 ?5@54 4>G5@L<8, =8 > G5< =5 ?>4>7@5202H8<8». 02O7G82K9 AB@0E 703@O7=5=8O CA8;8;AO. 0B53>@8G5A:8 >B:070;0AL >B B>3>, GB>1K 2@0G ?>3>-2>@8; A <C65< > 55 A5:AC0;L=>9 ?>B@51=>AB8. 848<>, 8=>340 2 2>7=8:=>25=88 48A30<88 <>65B 83@0BL @>;L C30A0=85 A5:AC0;L=>3> 8=B5@5A0 2A;54AB285 G@572KG09=>3> >4=>>1@078O ?>;>2KE >B=>H5=89. -B> >BG5B;82> 2KABC?05B 2 A;54CNI5< =01;N45=88 . . 20=>20, 2 :>B>@>< C 65=I8=K, :@><5 B>3>, 2>7=8:;0 ?>B@51=>ABL 2 >@0;L=>-35=8B0;L=>< :>=B0:B5 2 ?>43>B>28B5;L=>< ?5@8>45 ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8. >;L=0O . . ., 34 ;5B, =0E>48;0AL ?>4 =01;N45=85< A5=BO1@L =>O1@L 1950 3. ?> ?>2>4C 60;>1 =0 =5CAB>9G82>ABL =0AB@>5=8O, ?>2KH5==CN 2?5G0B;8B5;L=>ABL, ?@5>1;040=85 B>A:;82>3> A>AB>O=8O, 2 :>B>@>< 1>;L=>9 «=8G53> =5 <8;>, A0<0 O =8:><C =5 =C6=0, 2A5, GB> O =8 45;0;0, A>?@>2>6405BAO 2>?@>A><  =C, : G5<C MB> 2A5?» >2KH5==0O CB><;O5<>ABL, 1>;8 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0 I5<OI53> E0@0:B5@0. >;57=5==>5 A>AB>O=85 1>;L=0O 40B8@C5B 3>4>2>9 402=>ABLN «B> ;CGH5, B> EC65, => ?>AB>O==> AB0=>28BAO 2A5 BO65;55 8 BO65;55». @8 2>?@>A5 > E0@0:B5@5 A5:AC0;L=>9 687=8 A=0G0;0 871530;0 A>>1I8BL ?>4@>1=>AB8, C:070;0, GB> <C6 :0: G5;>25: >G5=L E>@>H89, 70B5< ?@8 =0AB>9G82KE 2>?@>A0E 2@0G0 A> A;570<8 A>>1I8;0 > B><, GB> >1 MB>< 3>2>@8BL 59 BO65;> 8, ?> ?@54;>65=8N 2@0G0, 87;>68;0 25AL <0B5@80; 2 ?8AL<5==>< 2845, :>B>@K9 <K 745AL ?@82545<: «45AL C <5=O, 4>:B>@, 1>;L=>5 <5AB>, ?>-2848<><C, =5?>?@028<>5. / 70<C65< 9 ;5B: ?5@2K5 ?OBL ;5B 68;0 157 >A>1KE >A;>6=5=89, H;0 =02AB@5GC 65;0=8O< <C60, 8<5;0, E>BO 8 =5 2A5340, =C6=CN @07@O4:C.. 0B5< :0:-B> ?>;CG8;>AL B0:, GB> =0H8 2AB@5G8 ?@8=O;8 A>25@H5==> >48=0:>2K9 E0@0:B5@, ?>GB8 >4=0 8 B0 65 3@0<<>D>==0O ?;0AB8=:0, 2 :>B>@>9 2A5  8 =0G0;> 8 F5=B@0;L=0O <5;>48O 8 :>=F>2:0  2A5 MB> :064K9 @07 A>25@H5==> >48=0:>2>. / AB0;0 GC2AB2>20BL, GB> B0: <=5 =5 E>@>H>, <5=O C65 ?5@54 =0G0;>< 1;87>AB8 1@0;0 4>A040, O 70@0=55 ?@542845;0 :064K9 HB@8E ?@54AB>OI53>, 8 <=5 >B MB>3> 2A5 A8;L=55 8 A8;L=55 E>B5;>AL >B:070BLAO... 0B5< O, 4>:B>@, 4>3040;0AL, G53> <=5 =5 E20B05B, GB>1K 2A5 1K;> 8=0G5... >1 MB>< >G5=L B@C4=> A:070BL... O 2K@06C MB> B0:: 5A;8 A0<C 1;87>ABL C?>4>18BL >?5@5, B> <=5 AB0;> <CG8B5;L=> =5 E20B0BL E>@>H59 :@0A82>9 C25@BN@K, 8 O 4>3040;0AL, :0:>9 8<5==> 4;O <5=O >=0 4>;6=0 1K 1KBL...  2>B =0 A54L<>< 3>4C A>2<5AB=>9 687=8 O >A<5;8;0AL A:070BL <>6C > B><, GB> <=5 1K;> 1K =C6=>, GB>1K ;CGH5 <K 2AB@5G0;8AL... A;8 1K 2K 7=0;8, 4>:B>@, :0: 2@06451=> MB> 1K;> 2AB@5G5=>, :0: ?>B>< 2 B5G5=85 4>;3>3> 2@5<5=8 >= =5 25@8; <=5 8 2A5 4>?@0H820; <5=O, A :5< O 5<C 87<5=8;0, >B :>3> =0CG8;0AL @072@0BC. >A;5 MB>3> O ?>=O;0, GB> 745AL =8G53> =5;L7O 87<5=8BL, A=>20 AB0;0 B5@?5BL =0H8 2AB@5G8, => GC2AB2CN, GB> A:>@> O MB> C65 =5 A<>3C, O 8 A59G0A =5=0286C <><5=B, :>340 C304K20N C <C60 65;0=85. =5 ?@8E>48BAO 1>@>BLAO A A>1>9 8 >A>15==> B@C4=> MB> 2 B5G5=85 ?>A;54=53> 3>40». ! A>3;0A8O 1>;L=>9, 2@0G 2K720; 55 <C60. ! =8< >:070;>AL A>2A5< ;53:> CAB0=>28BL :>=B0:B. = >E>B=> ?@8=O; A>25B 2@0G0 > 1>;LH5< 480?07>=5 ?@5420@8B5;L=>9 ;0A:8, 2 @57C;LB0B5 1>;L=0O ?5@5AB0;0 ?>A5I0BL 48A?0=A5@, 0 G5@57 <5AOF ?@8A;0;0 2@0GC ?8AL<> A 8725I5=85< > A2>5< E>@>H5< A0<>GC2AB288 2> 2A5E >B=>H5=8OE.  40==>< A;CG05, ?><8<> ?@>G53>, >1@0I05B 2=8<0=85 8 60;>10 1>;L=>9 =0 >4=>>1@0785, AB5@5>B8?=>ABL ?>;>2KE >B=>H5=89, :>B>@K5 ?@82>4OB : B><C, GB> : =8< CB@0G8205BAO 8=B5@5A. > Levin, BCB <>6=> 1K;> 1K 3>2>@8BL >1 >4=>< 87 ?@>O2;5=89 «?A8E8G5A:>9 =0AKI05<>AB8», A2O7L :>B>@>9 A >@85=B8@>2>G=>9 @50:F859 8 <5E0=87<>< 25@>OB=>AB=>3> ?@>3=>78@>20=8O >BG5B;82> 2KABC?8;0 2 =0H8E =01;N45=8OE =04 1>;L=K<8 H87>D@5=859. « ;N128, ?8A0; =0B>;L $@0=A, O ?@54?>G8B0N AB0@K5 <5B>4K». 04> A:070BL, GB> <=>385 ;N48 3>40<8 ?@845@6820NBAO >4=>9 8 B>9 65 C4>2;5B2>@ONI59 8E D>@<K A5:AC0;L=KE >B=>H5=89 8 =5 8A?KBK20NB =8:0:>9 ?>B@51=>AB8 2 20@80F8OE 8 ?5@5<5=0E. 4=0:> 8=>340 2AB@5G0NBAO ;8F0 A 2KA>:>9 «?A8E8G5A:>9 =0AKI05<>ABLN», C :>B>@KE MB0 ?>B@51=>ABL 8<55BAO; >B=>A8BAO MB> =5 B>;L:> : 65=I8=0<, => 8 : <C6G8=0<. Wershub 2 A2>59 :=835 «>;>20O A;01>ABL <C6G8=K» ?>A2OI05B A?5F80;L=CN 3;02C «DC=:F8>=0;L=>9 8<?>B5=F88, 2K720==>9 A:C:>9», 2 :>B>@>9 >1@0I05B 2=8<0=85 =0 MBC AB>@>=C. = F8B8@C5B A;54CNI85 A;>20 8=4CA0 %0<0 !CB@0, :>B>@K5 ?@82>48B :0: :C@L57: «#<=0O 65=0  <0AB5@8F0 2 45;0E D878G5A:>9 ;N128. =0 7=05B <=>3> A?>A>1>2, ?@8 ?><>I8 :>B>@KE <>65B 2K720BL 65;0=85 <C60, >1;0405B 1>30BK< @5?5@BC0@>< ;N1>2=KE ;0A:, :>B>@K5 H8@>:> 20@L8@C5B. 0: 60;L, GB> =5 ?>AK;0NB <>;>4KE =5>?KB=KE 65= : >?KB=K< 65=I8=0< ?5@540BL 8< 8A:CAAB2>, B0: 65 :0: ?>AK;0NB 8E CG8BLAO 2:CA=> ?@83>B>2;OBL ?8IC». 04> A:070BL, GB> «Ars amatoria» («A:CAAB2> ;N128» 28489 07>=) 2KA>:> AB>O;> 2 0=B8G=>< <8@5 8 2 =488. ! ?@>=8:=>25=85< 0A:5?B8G5A:8E 8459, AB02H8E 3>A?>4AB2CNI8<8 2 2@>?5 2 M?>EC A@54=525:>2LO, >=> ?@8H;> 2 C?04>:. 564C B5< =5?@028;L=>5 ?>2545=85 AC?@C3>2 2> 2@5<O ?>;>2>3> 0:B0, =5C<5=85 4>AB830BL 2708<=>3> ?>;>2>3> C4>2;5B2>@5=8O, 8=>340 87-70 =5>?KB=>AB8, =54>AB0B>G=>3> 7=0:><AB20 A D878>;>3859 ?>;>2>9 687=8 8;8 G@57<5@=>9 ABK4;82>AB8, O2;O5BAO >4=>9 87 =081>;55 G0ABKE ?@8G8= 48A30<88.  70:;NG5=85 E>G5BAO >B<5B8BL, GB> =8:0:>5 «Ars amatoria» A0<> ?> A515, =8:0:85 B5E=8G5A:85 ?@85<K =5 2 A>AB>O=88 ?@825AB8 : 8AB8==>9 30@<>=88 A5:AC0;L=>9 687=8, A45;0BL 55 459AB28B5;L=> ?>;=>F5==>9. >A;54=55 2>7<>6=> ;8HL ?@8 =0;8G88 2=CB@5==53> 4CE>2=>3> @>4AB20 AC?@C3>2, 2708<=>3> C2065=8O 8 ;N128 2 2KA>:>< A<KA;5 MB>3> A;>20.  D>@<8@>20=88 2708<=>9 ?@82O70==>AB8 AC?@C3>2 8<55B 7=0G5=85 =5 B>;L:> A5:AC0;L=0O AB>@>=0. 3@><=CN @>;L 83@05B 2KA>:>5 <>@0;L=>5 C4>2;5B2>@5=85 >B A>2<5AB=>9 687=8, GC2AB20, A2O70==K5 A 2>A?8B0=85< 45B59, >1I=>ABLN 4CE>2=KE 8=B5@5A>2, 87102;5=85< >B >48=>G5AB20, ?@>O2;5=8O<8 =56=>AB8 8 2=8<0=8O, =5 =>AOI59 2K@065==>9 M@>B8G5A:>9 =0?@02;5==>AB8, 8 B. 4. '5< A;0155 ?>;>2>5 2;5G5=85, B5< <5=LHCN @>;L >=> 83@05B 2 A5<59=KE >B=>H5=8OE. 038=87< 038=87<>< (>B ;0B. vagina  2;030;8I5) =07K20NB A8=4@>< AC4>@>6=>3> A>:@0I5=8O <KHF 2;030;8I0 8 B07>2>3> 4=0, 2>7=8:0NI89 ?>4 459AB285< CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=KE @074@068B5;59 ?@8 ?>?KB:5 A>25@H5=8O ?>;>2>3> 0:B0 8;8 38=5:>;>38G5A:>3> 8AA;54>20=8O. !C4>@>6=> A>:@0I0NBAO ?@8 MB>< 8=>340 8 <KHFK 1545@, 0 B0:65 1@NH=>9 AB5=:8. !C4>@>6=>5 A>:@0I5=85 <KHF, 45;0NI55 =52>7<>6=K< 4>ABC? 2> 2;030;8I5, =01;N405BAO =5 B>;L:> ?@8 2038=87<5. "0:, >=> <>65B =0ABC?0BL ?@8 ?@8:>A=>25=88 : ?>;>2K< >@30=0< 65=I8=K, 2K7K20NI5< C =55 A8;L=CN 1>;L, =0?@8<5@, 2A;54AB285 =0@CH5=8O F5;>AB8 =0@C6=KE ?>;>2KE >@30=>2, B@5I8= 2 >1;0AB8 704=53> ?@>E>40, 2C;L2>2038=8B0.  MB>< A;CG05 A>:@0I5=85 <KHF =>A8B E0@0:B5@ 70I8B=>9 157CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=>9 @50:F88, =5 O2;O5BAO ?0B>;>38G5A:8< 8 2 >B;8G85 >B 2038=87<0 =07K205BAO ?A524>2038=87<><. @8 2038=87<5 @50:F8O 2K7K205BAO 8=D>@<0F8>==K< 7=0G5=85< @074@068B5;O 8;8 A;540 53> (?@54AB02;5=8O), B. 5. ?A8E>35==K<8 D0:B>@0<8. K @07;8G05< A;54CNI85 B@8 AB5?5=8 2K@065==>AB8 2038=87<0: I AB5?5=L  @50:F8O =0ABC?05B ?@8 22545=88 <C6A:>3> ?>;>2>3> >@30=0 2> 2@5<O ?>;>2>3> 0:B0 8;8 ?@8 22545=88 2@0G>< 8=AB@C<5=B0 8;8 ?0;LF0 2> 2;030;8I5; II AB5?5=L  @50:F8O =0ABC?05B ?@8 ?@81;865=88 8E : ?>;>2K< >@30=0< 8;8 =0@C6=>< ?@8:>A=>25=88 : =8<; III AB5?5=L  @50:F8O =0ABC?05B ?@8 >4=>< ?@54AB02;5=88 > ?>;>2>< 0:B5 8;8 38=5:>;>38G5A:>< 8AA;54>20=88. 038=87< <>65B 2AB@5G0BLAO ?@8 @07;8G=KE =52@>70E =52@0AB5=88, =52@>75 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89, 0 B0:65 8AB5@88. @8 ?5@2KE 42CE D>@<0E =52@>7>2 G0I5 2A53> 2038=87< 2>7=8:05B ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: 65=I8=0 8A?KB0;0 A8;L=CN D878G5A:CN 1>;L 2> 2@5<O ?>;>2>3> 0:B0. @8G8=>9 MB>9 1>;8 <>65B 1KBL 3@C10O, >G5=L 1>;57=5==0O 45D;>@0F8O, 2K7K20NI0O, :@><5 B>3>, 8 @07>G0@>20=85 2 ?>;>2>9 687=8, 8;8, :0: C:07K20;>AL, =0;8G85 2>A?0;8B5;L=KE O2;5=89 8 4@C38E ?@8G8=. $878>35==> >1CA;>2;5==0O 1>;L 2K7K205B 157CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=CN 70I8B=CN @50:F8N 2 2845 AC4>@>6=>3> A>:@0I5=8O <KHF B070 8 ?>@>6405B 1>O7=L ?>;>2>3> 0:B0, 0 8=>340 : MB><C 2545B B>;L:> 1>O7=L, GB> ?@8:>A=>25=85 : ?>;>2K< >@30=0< 2K7>25B 1>;L. BAN40 2>7=8:05B AB@0E 38=5:>;>38G5A:>3> 8AA;54>20=8O. !C4>@>6=>5 A>:@0I5=85 <KHF B070 A2O7K205BAO A ?@54AB02;5=8O<8 > ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 8;8 38=5:>;>38G5A:>< 8AA;54>20=88 8 =0G8=05B 2>7=8:0BL CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K< ?CB5< ?>4 459AB285< ?>A;54=8E. @8 MB>< 2 A;CG05 2038=87<0, >B=>AOI53>AO : =52@0AB5=88 (=52@0AB5=8G5A:89 2038=87<), 701>;520=85 G0I5 2A53> =01;N405BAO C 65=I8=, ;53:> 2>71C48<KE, 0AB5=8G=KE, A5=78B82=KE. 0 ?5@54=89 ?;0= 2KABC?05B =5?@>872>;L=0O CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=0O 70I8B=0O AC4>@>6=0O @50:F8O, 0 =5 GC2AB2> AB@0E0 ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 8;8 B@52>6=>5 >6840=85 =0ABC?;5=8O 1>;8. >MB><C >1KG=> 45;> =5 845B 40;LH5 I, @54:> II AB5?5=8 2038=87<0, 8 65=I8=0 2=>2L 8 2=>2L ?KB05BAO =0G0BL 8;8 ?@>4>;68BL ?>;>2CN 687=L. @8 2038=87<5, >B=>AOI5<AO : =52@>7C =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 8;8 ?A8E0AB5=88, =0 ?5@54=89 ?;0= 2KABC?05B D>18O (D>18G5A:89 2038=87<) =02O7G82K9 AB@0E ?>;>2>3> 0:B0. >;L=K5 ?>=8<0NB =5>1>A=>20==>ABL MB>3> AB@0E0, ?KB0NBAO 53> ?@5>4>;5BL, => =5 <>3CB. 2830B5;L=0O AC4>@>6=0O @50:F8O >BE>48B =0 704=89 ?;0=. =0 O2;O5BAO ;81> ?@>872>;L=> 2K7K205<K< 70I8B=K< 459AB285<, ;81> A>?CBAB2CNI8< =02O7G82K< 0:B><. >A:>;L:C >A=>2=>5 745AL  1>O7=L ?>;>2>3> 0:B0 8;8 38=5:>;>38G5A:>3> 8AA;54>20=8O, C65 >4=> ?@83>B>2;5=85 : ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 8;8 284 0:CH5@A:>3> :@5A;0, 0 B0:65 8=>340 B>;L:> <KA;L > =8E 2K7K20NB 1C@=CN M<>F8N AB@0E0 (?@8 MB>< B50B@0;L=>ABL 2 ?>2545=88 B0:8< 1>;L=K< =5 A2>9AB25==0). 01;N405BAO 2038=87< II 8 III AB5?5=8.  40==>9 D>@<5 701>;520=8O 1>;55 A:;>==K 65=I8=K B@52>6=>-<=8B5;L=K5, 1>O7;82K5; =5@54:> C =8E 1K20NB 8;8 1K;8 2 ?@>H;>< :0:85-;81> 4@C385 D>188, =0?@8<5@ 1>O7=L B5<=>BK. @8G8=>9 8AB5@8G5A:>3> 2038=87<0 2 >B;8G85 >B >?8A0==KE 2KH5 D>@<, :0: <K C2848<, O2;O5BAO >A>7=0205<>5 8;8 =5>A>7=0205<>5 =565;0=85 1>;L=>9 68BL ?>;>2>9 687=LN A 40==K< ;8F><. 038=87< 65 O2;O5BAO ;8HL :0: 1K A@54AB2>< 4;O 4>AB865=8O MB>9 F5;8. = 2>7=8:05B ?> <5E0=87<C «153AB20 2 1>;57=L», «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0», =>A8B G5@BK B50B@0;L=>AB8, 3@>B5A:0, 4@0<0B8G5A:>3> 87>1@065=8O >B2@0I5=8O 8 1>O7=8 ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 8 =5@54:> A>?@>2>6405BAO 60;>10<8 =0 «63CG85 1>;8», 2>7=8:0NI85 ?@8 <0;59H5< ?@8:>A=>25=88 : ?>;>2K< >@30=0<. %0@0:B5@5= 2038=87< II AB5?5=8. @8G8=K, ?>@>640NI85 =565;0=85 1>;L=>9 68BL A 40==K< ;8F>< ?>;>2>9 687=LN, ?@8 MB>< <>3CB 1KBL @07;8G=K, =0?@8<5@ 2K=C645==K9 1@0:, D878G5A:85 8;8 <>@0;L=K5 :0G5AB20 <C6G8=K, 2K7K20NI85 >B2@0I5=85, 53> ?>;>20O A;01>ABL. 5A?>A>1=>ABL <C60 : 45D;>@0F88 2545B 8=>340 : 2>7=8:=>25=8N 65;0=8O 2>>1I5 =5 =0G8=0BL A =8< ?>;>2CN 687=L, GB> 8 ?@82>48B : 2038=87<C. 5G5=85 2A5E MB8E D>@< 2038=87<0 @07;8G=>.   /'+% !!"/ 02O7G82K5 O2;5=8O 8725AB=K 402=>. =8 >?8AK20;8AL 5I5 Platter 2 1617 3. Esquirol (1827) >B=>A8; 8E : <>=><0=8O<, Falret >?8A0; >4=C 87 D>@< =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=88 1>;57=L A><=5=89 (folie de doute). . . 0;8=A:89 (1858) >B<5B8;, GB> >1I8< 4;O 2A5E =8E O2;O5BAO GC64>ABL A>7=0=8N, 8 ?@54;>68; @CAA:89 B5@<8= «=02O7G82K5 A>AB>O=8O». Westphal 2 1877 3. C:070;, GB> >=8 2A?;K20NB 2 A>7=0=88 G5;>25:0 ?><8<> 53> 2>;8 ?@8 =570B@>=CB>< 2 4@C38E >B=>H5=8OE 8=B5;;5:B5 8 =5 <>3CB 1KBL 8< 873=0=K 87 A>7=0=8O. -B>B 02B>@ ?>;030;, GB> 2 >A=>25 8E ;568B @0AAB@>9AB2> <KH;5=8O, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: Morel ?@8G8=>9 8E AG8B0; =0@CH5=8O M<>F89.  =0G0;5 XX 25:0 Janet 2K45;8; 87 =52@0AB5=88 Beard 701>;520=85, >4=8< 87 E0@0:B5@=KE ?@87=0:>2 :>B>@>3> AG8B0; O2;5=8O =02O7G82>AB8, 8 =0720; 53> ?A8E0AB5=859 "5@<8= MB>B AB0; H8@>:> ?@8<5=OBLAO 2> D@0=FC7A:>9 8 >B5G5AB25==>9 ;8B5@0BC@5, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: 2 =5<5F:>9 2 :0G5AB25 53> A8=>=8<0 C?>B@51;O;AO B5@<8= «=52@>7 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89» (Zwangspneurose). 02O7G82>ABL 2 =3;88 ?5@52>4OB B5@<8=>< obsession, 2 !(  compulsion, ?>MB><C 2 0=3;89A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@5 =52@>7 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 >1KG=> =07K20NB >1A5AA82=K< =52@>7><, 2 !(  :><?C;LA82=K< 8;8 >1A5AA82=>-:><?C;LA82=K< =52@>7><, ?@8G5< D>18N 2K45;ONB 2 >A>1CN D>@<C =52@>70 8 >B=>AOB 55 2 A>>B25BAB288 A 273;O40<8 Freud : 8AB5@88 AB@0E0. A8E0AB5=8O :0: A0<8< Janet, B0: 8 @O4>< ?>A;54CNI8E 02B>@>2 @0AA<0B@820;0AL :0: 701>;520=85, >A=>2=>9 ?@8G8=>9 :>B>@>3> O2;ONBAO 2@>645==K5 >A>15==>AB8 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K. Kraepelin ?><5I0; 55 2 3@C??C =5 ?A8E>35=89, 0 «:>=AB8BCF8>=0;L=KE 4CH52=KE 701>;520=89» =0@O4C A <0=80:0;L=>-45?@5AA82=K< ?A8E>7>< 8 ?0@0=>59. . . A8?>2 >?8AK20; ?A8E0AB5=8N 2 3@C??5 ?@8@>645==KE ?A8E>?0B8G5A:8E A>AB>O=89, . . C@528G, . !. 75@5F:>2A:89, . . >@B=>2 8 . . $54>B>2  2 3@C??5 ?A8E>?0B89. . . %>@>H:>, E>BO 8 2:;NG8; ?A8E0AB5=8N 2 <>=>3@0D8N > =52@>70E, >4=0:> ?>4G5@:820;, GB> ?@8G8=>9 701>;520=8O O2;ONBAO «:>=AB8BCF8>=0;L=K5 >A>15==>AB8», «?A8E>?0B8G5A:>5 ?@54@0A?>;>65=85». >?KB:8 =5:>B>@KE 02B>@>2 >B=5AB8 ?A8E0AB5=8N (=52@>7 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89) : H87>D@5=88 8;8 F8:;>B8<88 >:070;8AL =5C1548B5;L=K<8. Kolle 2KA:07K205B ?@54?>;>65=85 > B><, GB> =52@>7 MB>B ?> ACI5AB2C O2;O5BAO >A>1>9 A0<>AB>OB5;L=>9 M=4>35==>9 1>;57=LN, >B;8G=>9 >B H87>D@5=88 8 <0=80:0;L=>-45?@5AA82=>3> ?A8E>70. 4=0:> MB8 273;O4K >AB0NBAO 5I5 <0;>>1>A=>20==K<8. .  8;O@>2A:89, !. . 02845=:>2, . . OA8IQ2, . . 0::5;L, . . /:>2;520, . $. !;CG52A:89, !. . >F5=:>, . /. 5@2><09A:89 8 <=>385 4@C385 >B=>AOB ?A8E0AB5=8N : =52@>70<. "5@<8= «?A8E0AB5=8O» 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O 8<55B 420 7=0G5=8O. < >1>7=0G0NB, 2>-?5@2KE, >4=C 87 D>@< =52@>7>2, 2>-2B>@KE, >4=C 87 D>@< ?A8E>?0B89. K 1C45< ?>;L7>20BLAO MB8< B5@<8=>< ;8HL 2 53> ?5@2>< 7=0G5=88, 2> 2B>@>< 65 1C45< C?>B@51;OBL B5@<8= «?A8E0AB5-=>84=0O ?A8E>?0B8O» 8 @073@0=8G820BL ?>=OB8O ?A8E0AB5=88 (=52@>70) 8 ?A8E0AB5=>84=>9 ?A8E>?0B88. "0:, =0?@8<5@, >48= 87 1>;L=KE >1@0B8;AO : =0< A 60;>10<8 =0 B>, GB> >= 2A5340 >G5=L <=8B5;L=K9, B@52>6=K9, =5@5H8B5;L=K9, ;53:> CB><;O5<K9 8 GB> MB> <5H05B 53> ACI5AB2>20=8N. 0:8<8-;81> =02O7G82>ABO<8 =5 AB@040;. >;L=>9 MB>B O2;O;AO ?A8E0AB5=8:><  ?A8E0AB5=>84=K< ?A8E>?0B><, => =5 1K; 1>;L=K< =52@>7><. A8E0AB5=8O-=52@>7 <>65B, :0: <K C2848<, ;53:> 2>7=8:0BL C B0:8E ;8F, => <>65B 8 =5 2>7=8:=CBL C =8E 2AN 687=L. =0 O2;O5BAO =52@>7>< =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89, @072820NI8<AO C ;8F <KA;8B5;L=>3> B8?0 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K, ?> . . 02;>2C, >1KG=> ?A8E0AB5=>84=KE ?A8E>?0B>2. 5:>B>@K5 02B>@K @0AA<0B@820NB ?A8E0AB5=8N-=52@>7 8 =52@>7 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89, 2>7=8:0NI89 C ;8F, =5 O2;ONI8EAO ?A8E0AB5=>84=K<8 ?A8E>?0B0<8, 2 :0G5AB25 42CE A0<>AB>OB5;L=KE D>@< =52@>7>2. "0:>5 @073@0=8G5=85, >A=>20==>5 ;8HL =0 @07;8G88 ?>G2K, =0 :>B>@>9 2>7=8:05B 1>;57=L, =0< :065BAO =54>AB0B>G=> >1>A=>20==K<. @C385 02B>@K 2>>1I5 =5 ?@87=0NB ACI5AB2>20=85 =52@>70 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 2 :0G5AB25 A0<>AB>OB5;L=>9 D>@<K.  >A=>2C :;0AA8D8:0F88 =52@>7>2 >=8 :;04CB B8?>;>38G5A:CN ?@8=04;56=>ABL 701>;52H53>. @8 MB>< ;N1>5 ?A8E>35==>5 701>;520=85 C ;8F0 EC4>65AB25==>3> B8?0 >B=>AOB : 8AB5@88, A@54=53> B8?0  : =52@0AB5=88 8 <KA;8B5;L=>3> B8?0  : ?A8E0AB5=88. @8 MB><, =0?@8<5@, : =52@0AB5=88 >B=>AOB 3>40<8 4;OI85AO D>188, A>?@>2>640NI85AO @8BC0;0<8, 0 B0:65 H>:>2K5 ?A8E8G5A:85 @50:F88, 5A;8 >=8 2>7=8:0NB C ;8F0 A> A@54=8< B8?>< =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K. @8 B0:>< ?>4E>45 ?@8H;>AL 1K 8 8AB5@8G5A:89 ?0@0;8G 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B B8?>;>38G5A:>9 ?@8=04;56=>AB8 701>;52H53> >B=>A8BL B> : 8AB5@88, B> : =52@0AB5=88, GB> ;8H8;> 1K MB8 B5@<8=K 8E >1I5?@8=OB>3> :;8=8G5A:>3> A>45@60=8O. K ?@87=05< ACI5AB2>20=85 =52@>70 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 2 :0G5AB25 A0<>AB>OB5;L=>9 D>@<K 8 >B=>A8< : =5<C 701>;520=85, >A=>2=K< ?@87=0:>< :>B>@>3> O2;ONBAO ?A8E>35==> >1CA;>2;5==K5 =02O7G82K5 A>AB>O=8O 8 2 ?0B>35=575 :>B>@>3> (2 >B;8G85 >B 8AB5@88) =5 83@05B @>;8 <5E0=87< «153AB20 2 1>;57=L», «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8»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«3@O7=K< =54>?CAB8<K<»  @57C;LB0B5 2>7=8:0NI59 AH81:8 <>65B 2>7=8:=CBL >G03 ?0B>;>38G5A:8 8=5@B=>3> 2>71C645=8O, :>B>@K9 ?@>O28BAO 2 2845 =02O7G82>3> «AB@0E0 703@O7=5=8O». -B0 AH81:0, ?@82>4OI0O 2 :>=F5 :>=F>2 : 1>;57=8, <>65B 1KBL 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 4;8B5;L=>9 8 ?5@8>48G5A:8 ?>2B>@ONI59AO. @8 MB>< 701>;520=85 C 452CH:8 <>65B 2A?KE=CBL 2 ?5@8>4 CA8;5=8O ?>;>2>3> 2;5G5=8O, =0?@8<5@ 2 ?5@8>4 ?>;>2>3> A>7@520=8O 8;8 ?> 2@5<O CE06820=8O 70 =59 <>;>4>3> G5;>25:0. =0;>38G=K< >1@07>< 2>7=8:H55 GC2AB2> =5=028AB8 : 1;87:><} G5;>25:C, 65;0=85 53> A<5@B8, ?@84O 2 AB>;:=>25=85 A ?@54AB02;5=8O<8 > =54>?CAB8<>AB8 MB8E 65;0=89, <>65B ?@825AB8 2 @57C;LB0B5 AH81:8 =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2 : 2>7=8:=>25=8N =02O7G82>3> AB@0E0 >AB@KE ?@54<5B>2 8 A;>6=><C 70I8B=><C @8BC0;C. 0B>35==>9 <>65B >:070BLAO :0: ?5@20O AH81:0, B0: 8 >4=0 87 ?>A;54CNI8E.  A2O78 A MB8< ?@54AB02;ONB 8=B5@5A M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=K5 40==K5, ?>;CG5==K5 Gantt. 0 >A=>20=88 <=>3>;5B=8E >?KB>2 =0 682>B=KE MB>B 02B>@ ?>:070;, GB> =081>;55 BO65;K5 ?@>O2;5=8O =52@>70 2>7=8:0NB =5 ?@8 =5?>A@54AB25==>< 53> 2K7K20=88, 0 ?>A;5 ?@>4>;68B5;L=>3> >B4KE0, :>340 682>B=K5 A?CABO <5AOFK 8;8 3>4K 2=>2L ?>?040NB 2 BC M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=CN >1AB0=>2:C, 2 :>B>@>9 C =8E D>@<8@>20;AO =52@>7. "0:8< >1@07><, @074@068B5;8, =5 2K7K202H85 ?5@2>=0G0;L=> @57:8E, 3@C1KE =0@CH5=89 =5@2=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, <>3CB 2K720BL B0:>2K5 ?@8 ?>2B>@=>< 459AB288 4065 A?CABO 3>4K. 52@>7 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 <>65B 2>7=8:0BL C ;8F A @07;8G=K<8 B8?>;>38G5A:8<8 >A>15==>ABO<8. > =0H8< =01;N45=8O<, >= G0AB> 2AB@5G05BAO C ;8F A> A;01>ABLN 8;8 =54>AB0B>G=>9 ?>4286=>ABLN =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2. > . . 0==CH:8=C, C ?A8E>?0B8G5A:8E ;8G=>AB59, ?@58<CI5AB25==> M<>B82=>-;018;L=KE 0AB5=8:>2 8 H87>84>2, <>65B 2>7=8:0BL ?>4 459AB285< A25@EA8;L=KE ?A8E8G5A:8E B@02< («H>:>2KE ?5@56820=89»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«B0: A:070BL»), =5:>B>@K5 =02O7G82K5 B8:8 8 B. ?. 4=0:> A@548 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8, >1@0I0NI8EAO 70 2@0G51=>9 ?><>ILN, 1>;L=K5 =52@>7>< =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 8 ?A8E0AB5=859 2AB@5G0NBAO A@02=8B5;L=> @54:>. "0:, ?> . . OA8I52C, 1>;L=K5 =52@>7>< =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 A>AB02;O;8 10% (?>4AG5B =0H. . !.) 8 ?A8E0AB5=859  1,7% >B >1I53> G8A;0 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8, ;5G82H8EAO 2 5=8=3@04A:>< ?A8E>=52@>;>38G5A:>< 8=AB8BCB5 8<5=8 . . 5EB5@520 2 1962 3. > =0H8< =01;N45=8O<, 1>;L=K5 =52@>7>< =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 A>AB02;O;8 13% 8 ?A8E0AB5=859  3% >B >1I53> G8A;0 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 8 @50:B82=K<8 A>AB>O=8O<8 (?> 40==K< ?A8E80B@8G5A:>9 :;8=8:8 <548F8=A:>3> 8=AB8BCB0 8 ?A8E>=52@>;>38G5A:>3> 48A?0=A5@0 3>@. 0@030=4K). A=>2=K< A8<?B><>< 701>;520=8O O2;ONBAO =02O7G82K5 A>AB>O=8O. -B> >1@07K, <KA;8, GC2AB20 8;8 459AB28O, =5?@>872>;L=> 2B>@30NI85AO 2 A>7=0=85, =5>1>A=>20==>ABL :>B>@KE 1>;L=K5 ?>=8<0NB, A :>B>@K<8 >=8 1>@NBAO, => ?@5>4>;5BL 8E =5 <>3CB. =65=5@ . ?@5:@0A=> A?@02;O5BAO A @01>B>9. 8:B> 87 A>A;C682F52 =5 7=05B, GB> C =53> AB@0E ?5@5E>48BL G5@57 <>ABK. «/ 1>NAL, 3>2>@8B >=, GB> <>AB <>65B @CE=CBL, :>340 O ?> =5<C 1C4C 84B8. / 286C, :0: ?> <>ABC 54CB B@0<208, 02B><0H8=K, E>4OB ;N48. / ?>=8<0N, GB> <>AB :0?8B0;L=K9 8 =5 ?@>20;8BAO. / ?>=8<0N 48:>ABL, =5;5?>ABL, 01AC@4=>ABL <>59 1>O7=8, => ?>45;0BL A A>1>9 =8G53> =5 <>3C. 420 O ?KB0NAL 70AB028BL A51O ?@>9B8 ?> <>ABC, <5=O >E20BK205B =5?@5>4>;8<K9 AB@0E, 1C:20;L=> C60A, 8 O 2K=C645= >BABC?8BL.  B> 65 2@5<O O =5 1>NAL ?5@55760BL ?> MB><C 65 <>ABC 2 B@0<205 8;8 02B><0H8=5, E>BO ?@8 MB>< =03@C7:0 =0 <>AB 1>;LH5, G5< 5A;8 O 84C ?> =5<C >48=. / ?KB0NAL 1>@>BLAO A MB8< =5;5?K< AB@0E><, => ?@5>4>;5BL 53> =5 <>3C». «>340 O 54C =0 @01>BC, @0AA:07K205B 4@C3>9 1>;L=>9, 273;O4 <>9 ?@8:>20= : >:=0< 4><>2, <8<> :>B>@KE <K ?@>57605<. / 4>;65= AG8B0BL :>;8G5AB2> >:>= 2 MB8E 4><0E. 5;0N O MB> >G5=L 1KAB@>. > 4;O G53> <=5 7=0BL, GB> 2 MB>< 4><5 3X12=36 8;8 3X8=24 >:=0? 0:>5 <=5 4> MB>3> 45;>? / ?>=8<0N =5;5?>ABL MB>3> 70=OB8O, => =5 <>3C >B =53> 871028BLAO». «> =5A:>;L:C @07 2 45=L, :>340 O A86C A?>:>9=> 8;8 ?KB0NAL G8B0BL, @0AA:07K205B (., ?><8<> <>59 2>;8 <=5 ;57CB 2 3>;>2C <KA;8 > B><, :0: 1C45B ;5B5BL 2=87 65=I8=0, 5A;8 >=0 2K?@K3=5B 87 >:=0 25@E=53> MB060. / 2K=C645=0 ?@54AB02;OBL A515, :0: :>;>:>;>< @074C205BAO 55 N1:0, 8 284=K :@C652=K5 ?0=B0;>=K, :0: >=0 45@68B @C:8 2> 2@5<O ?>;5B0, ?>2>@0G8205BAO 2 2>74CE5... / 1 E>B5;0 >1 MB>< =5 4C<0BL. / ?>=8<0N =5;5?>ABL, 01AC@4=>ABL @07<KH;5=8O =0 MBC B5<C. / E>GC 871028BLAO >B MB8E <KA;59, => ?><8<> <>59 2>;8 >=8 ;57CB <=5 2 3>;>2C». «/ ?>=8<0N, GB> O =5 1>;5= @0:><, 3>2>@8B "., => <KA;L > B><, GB> C <5=O <>65B 1KBL @0:, <=>N B> 8 45;> >2;045205B 8 O =5 <>3C >B =55 >A2>1>48BLAO. =>340 >=0 <5=O =0AB>;L:> >E20BK205B, GB> O =0G8=0N B5@OBL 3>;>2C, 8 25@8BL, GB> C <5=O @0:». =>340 :@8B8G5A:>5 >B=>H5=85 =0 2KA>B5 ?5@56820=8O <>65B 2@5<5==> CB@0G820BLAO 1>;L=K<8 (=0?@8<5@, =02O7G82K9 AB@0E 701>;5BL A8D8;8A>< <>65B 2@5<5==> ?5@59B8 C 1>;L=>3> 2 C25@5==>ABL 2 B><, GB> >= 1>;5= A8D8;8A><), 8 B>340 =02O7G82>5 ?5@56820=85 ?5@5E>48B G0I5 2A53> 2 A25@EF5==CN, @565 2 1@54>2CN 845N. 07;8G0NB =02O7G82K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O, <KA;8, AB@0E8 (D>188) 8 459AB28O (8<?C;LA88)1. 02O7G82K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O G0AB> =>AOB E0@0:B5@ O@:8E =02O7G82KE 2>A?><8=0=89. !N40 >B=>AOBAO =5:>B>@K5 <5;>488, >B45;L=K5 A;>20 8;8 D@07K, >B 72C:>2KE >1@07>2 :>B>@KE 1>;L=>9 =5 <>65B >A2>1>48BLAO, 0 B0:65 7@8B5;L=K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O. =>340 >=8 =>AOB O@:CN GC2AB25==CN >:@0A:C, A2>9AB25==CN >ICI5=8O<, 8 ?@81;860NBAO : =02O7G82K< ?A8E>35==K< 30;;NF8=0F8O<. >3CB >=8 =>A8BL B0:65 B0:B8;L=K9 E0@0:B5@. "0:, >4=0 1>;L=0O 8A?KBK20;0 >ICI5=85 :CA>G:0 A5@4F528=K O1;>:0, 70AB@O2H59 2 3>@;5. 5@54:> C 1>;L=KE =52@>7>< =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 >B<5G05BAO =02O7G82>5 AB@5<;5=85 2K7K20BL C A51O >?@545;5==K5 >1@07K, =0?@8<5@ B>3> 8;8 8=>3> C2845==>3> ;8F0, >1=065==KE ?>;>2KE >@30=>2 8;8 =5G8AB>B. ;87:> : MB><C AB>OB 8 =02O7G82K5 2>A?><8=0=8O, ?@8 :>B>@KE 1>;L=>9 «4>;65=» 2A?><=8BL C2845==K5 8< ?@54<5BK 8;8 2A5 45B0;8 :0:>3>-;81> =5?@8OB=>3> A>1KB8O. 02O7G82K5 2>A?><8=0=8O =5@54:> >B;8G0NBAO >A>15==K< ?>AB>O=AB2><. 02O7G82K5 >1@07K >G5=L G0AB> 2>7=8:0NB 2 2845 G@572KG09=> O@:8E =02O7G82KE 2>A?><8=0=89, >B@060NI8E 2K7202H55 8E ?A8E>B@02<8@>202H55 2>7459AB285. 02O7G82K5 <KA;8 <>3CB 2K@060BLAO 2 2845 =02O7G82KE A><=5=89, >?0A5=89, 2>A?><8=0=89, :>IC=AB25==KE 8;8 «EC;L=KE» <KA;59 8 <C4@AB2>20=89. @8 =02O7G82KE A><=5=8OE >1KG=> 2>7=8:05B <CG8B5;L=0O =5C25@5==>ABL 2 ?@028;L=>AB8 8;8 7025@H5==>AB8 B>3> 8;8 8=>3> 459AB28O A> AB@5<;5=85< 2=>2L 8 2=>2L ?@>25@OBL 53> 2K?>;=5=85. >;L=0O A =02O7G82K< A><=5=85<, B0: ;8 >=0 2K?>;=O5B 4><0H=NN @01>BC, 45AOB:8 @07 ?5@5B8@0;0 B0@5;:8, A>B=8 @07 ?>?@02;O;0 ?>;>65==CN =0 AB>; A:0B5@BL 8;8 @0AAB02;5==CN ?>AC4C. @C3>9 1>;L=>9 CB@0B8; B@C4>A?>A>1=>ABL 87-70 <CG8B5;L=>3> A><=5=8O, ?@028;L=> ;8 >= 2K?8A0; @5F5?B, 8 AB@5<;5=8O 2=>2L 8 2=>2L 53> ?@>25@8BL. 5F5?B 45AOB:8 @07 A25@O;AO 8< A @5F5?BC@=K< A?@02>G=8:>< 8 2A5 65 <KA;L, GB> >= <>3 >H818BLAO, =5 ?>:840;0 53>. "@5B89 A><=520;AO, =5 701K; ;8 >= =0:;58BL <0@:C =0 :>=25@B, ?@028;L=> ;8 >= =0?8A0; 04@5A. 065 ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: >= =5A:>;L:> @07 ?@>25@O; ?@028;L=>ABL =0?8A0=8O 04@5A0, <CG8B5;L=>5 A><=5=85 2>7>1=>2;O;>AL, 5420 ?8AL<> 1K;> >?CI5=> 2 OI8:. 02O7G82K5 A><=5=8O 8=>340 <>3CB 70AB02;OBL 1>;L=>3> G0A0<8, 4> 87=5<>65=8O ?@>25@OBL ?@028;L=>ABL 2K?>;=5==>3> 459AB28O. @8 =02O7G82KE >?0A5=8OE 1>;L=K5 <CG8B5;L=> 1>OBAO, GB> >=8 =5 A<>3CB A>25@H8BL B> 8;8 8=>5 459AB285 8;8 2K?>;=8BL B>B 8;8 8=>9 0:B, :>340 MB> ?>B@51C5BAO, =0?@8<5@ AK3@0BL ?5@54 ?C1;8:>9 =0 <C7K:0;L=>< 8=AB@C<5=B5 8;8 2A?><=8BL A;>20 @>;8, >B25B8BL, =5 ?>:@0A=52 (M@59B>D>18O), A>25@H8BL ?>;>2>9 0:B, ?><>G8BLAO 2 ?@8ACBAB288 ?>AB>@>==8E, CA=CBL, =0G0BL E>48BL, 2AB02 ?>A;5 1>;57=8 A ?>AB5;8, ?@>3;>B8BL ?8IC 8 B. ?. 02O7G82>5 >?0A5=85 8=>340 <>65B 25AB8 : =0@CH5=8N A>>B25BAB2CNI59 DC=:F88 8 B>340, :0: <K C2848<, 4020BL :0@B8=C =52@>70 >6840=8O. @8 =02O7G82KE 2>A?><8=0=8OE <>3CB 2>7=8:0BL =5 B>;L:> =02O7G82K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O (>1@07K), => 8 =02O7G82K5 <KA;8. 0?@8<5@, 1>;L=>9 4>;65= <CG8B5;L=> 2A?><8=0BL B5 8;8 8=K5 35>3@0D8G5A:85 =0720=8O, 8<5=0, AB8E>B2>@5=8O. @8 =02O7G82KE :>IC=AB25==KE 8;8 «EC;L=KE» <KA;OE, ?><8<> 2>;8 1>;L=>3>, 2 A>7=0=88 2A?;K20NB <KA;8, ?> A>45@60=8N ?@>B82>?>;>6=K5 B5<, :>B>@K5 >B@060NB 459AB28B5;L=>5 >B=>H5=85 G5;>25:0 : B5< 8;8 8=K< 25I0<  <KA;8 F8=8G=>3> A>45@60=8O 2 >B=>H5=88 C20605<KE ;8F, 1>3>EC;L=K5 <KA;8 C @5;838>7=>3> G5;>25:0. @8 =02O7G82KE <C4@AB2>20=8OE («C<AB25==>9 620G:5») 1>;L=K5 2K=C645=K 15A:>=5G=> @07<KH;OBL ?> ?>2>4C B5E 8;8 8=KE 25I59, :>B>@K5 4;O =8E =5 8<5NB =8:0:>3> 7=0G5=8O 8 =5 ?@54AB02;ONB 8=B5@5A0, =0?@8<5@, @07<KH;OBL > B><, GB> A;CG8BAO, 5A;8 =0 75<;5 =0ABC?8B A>AB>O=85 =525A><>AB8 8;8 5A;8 G5;>25G5AB2> ;8H8BAO >4564K 8 2A5 4>;6=K 1C4CB E>48BL >1=065==K<8 8;8 5A;8 C ;N459 A7048 2K@0AB5B 5I5 ?> 425 @C:8, :0: B>340 ;N48 1C4CB @01>B0BL, >4520BLAO. # >4=>3> 87 =0H8E 1>;L=KE <C4@AB2>20=8O 2K@060;8AL 2 2845 =02O7G82KE A@02=5=89, ?@8G5< 25I59, =5 8<5NI8E <564C A>1>9 =8G53> >1I53> «-B8 <KA;8, 3>2>@8B >=, ?>O2;ONBAO C <5=O G0I5 2A53>, :>340 O A86C A?>:>9=>. >340 O =0E>6CAL 2 42865=88 8;8 70=OB 8=B5@5A=K< 45;><, O 701K20N 4C<0BL > =8E. / 27O; :=86:C 8 B>340 704C<0;AO, GB> ;CGH5: :=86:0 8;8 DC@06:0 (>=0 ;560;0 @O4><). C, 4C<0N, DC@06:C =045=C, MB> 5@C=40, 0 :=86:C <>6=> G8B0BL 8 B. 4. / ?>=8<0N, GB> MB> 3;C?K5 <KA;8, GB> 4C<0BL >1 MB>< =5 =04>, => A45;0BL A A>1>9 =8G53> =5 <>3C».  4@C3>9 @07 MB>B 65 1>;L=>9 =02O7G82> >14C<K20;, GB> ;CGH5: 02B>@CG:0 8;8 H:>;0. 4=> 2@5<O 53> =5 ?>:840;8 =02O7G82K5 <KA;8, :0: >= ?>=8<0; 1K @CAA:CN @5GL, 5A;8 1K 1K; =5 @CAA:8<. @8 MB>< >= <KA;5==> ?><=>3C @07 ?@>87=>A8; >4=> 8 B> 65 @CAA:>5 A;>2>, GB>1K 4>25AB8 A51O 4> B>3>, GB> >= ?5@5AB0=5B ?>=8<0BL => A<KA;, 8 B>340 A<>65B A515 ;CGH5 ?@54AB028BL, :0: >=> 1C45B 2>A?@8=8<0BLAO G5;>25:><, =5 ?>=8<0NI8< 53> A>45@60=8O. 02O7G82K5 AB@0E8 (D>188) =081>;55 @07=>>1@07=K 8 2AB@5G0NBAO G0I5 2A53>. !N40 >B=>A8BAO 1>O7=L A<5@B8 or 2A52>7<>6=KE ?@8G8=  701>;520=8O A5@4F0 (:0@48>D>18O), 2>7<>6=>AB8 ?>:>=G8BL 687=L A0<>C189AB2>< (=0?@8<5@, 2K1@>A8BLAO 87 >:=0, 1@>A8BLAO 2 2>4C A <>AB0, =0=5AB8 A515 @0=5=85 >AB@K< ?@54<5B><), 1>O7=L ?>381=CBL ?>4 >1;><:0<8 740=8O 8;8 2> 2@5<O 65;57=>4>@>6=>9 :0B0AB@>DK, 1KBL ?>@065==K< <>;=859 8 B. ?., 1>O7=L 70@065=8O A8D8;8A>< (A8D8;>D>18O), 15H5=AB2><, A0?><, 701>;520=8O @0:>< (:0=F5@>D>18O), 8=D0@:B>< <8>:0@40 (8=D0@:B>D>18O), ?A8E8G5A:8<8 8 ?@>G8<8 701>;520=8O<8, AB@0E 703@O7=5=8O, 1>O7=L 2KA>BK 8 3;C18=K, 1>O7=L >B:@KB>3> ?@>AB@0=AB20, C;8F, H8@>:8E ?;>I0459, 70:@KBKE ?><5I5=89 (:;0CAB@>D>18O), AB@0E 70 AC4L1C A2>8E 1;87:8E, 1>O7=L >4=><C E>48BL ?> C;8F5 8;8 >1@0B8BL =0 A51O 2=8<0=85 8 B><C ?>4>1=>5. >2545=85 1>;L=KE =5@54:> ?@8=8<05B A>>B25BAB2CNI89 E0@0:B5@. >;L=>9 A> AB@0E>< >AB@KE ?@54<5B>2 ?@>A8B 4><0H=8E C18@0BL 8 ?@OB0BL 8E, 1>;L=>9 A> AB@0E>< ?;>I0459 >1E>48B 8E 8;8 ?>;L7C5BAO B@0=A?>@B><, GB>1K G5@57 =8E ?5@55E0BL. @8 ?>A5I5=88 =0 :20@B8@5 1>;L=KE A =02O7G82K< AB@0E>< 703@O7=5=8O =0< =5@54:> 1@>A0;>AL 2 3;070, GB> >=8 F5;K<8 4=O<8 <K;8 @C:8 4> ?>O2;5=8O M:A:>@80F89 =0 :>65, :8?OB8;8 B@O?>G:C 8 ?>;>B5=F5, GB>1K A45;0BL 8E «AB5@8;L=K<8» 8, >1<>B02 8<8 @C:8, 27OBL «3@O7=K9» ?@54<5B. "0:85 1>;L=K5 >160@820;8 4065 E;51 A=0@C68, GB>1K «AB5@8;87>20BL» 53> 8 87153=CBL 703@O7=5=8O.  B> 65 2@5<O 2 4><5 C =8E G0AB> 1K;0 =525@>OB=0O 3@O7L. 7 AB@0E0 703@O7=5=8O =5:>B>@K5 1>;L=K5 =5 @07@5H0;8 =8:><C C18@0BL C =8E 2 :><=0B5 8 A0<8 <5AOF0<8 55 =5 C18@0;8, =5 @07@5H0;8 A<5=8BL A515 15;L5.  A2O78 A >A=>2=>9 B5<>9 AB@0E0 <>65B ?>O28BLAO @O4 D>189, A2O70==KE A =59 ?> A>45@60=8N. # >4=>9 =0H59 1>;L=>9 1K; AB@0E A<5@B8. =0 1>O;0AL, GB> ?>B>;:8 2KA>:8E 740=89 <>3CB C?0ABL 59 =0 3>;>2C, ?>MB><C =5 <>3;0 70E>48BL 2 MB8 740=8O; 1>O;0AL A:>?;5=8O ;N459 87-70 AB@0E0 ?5@54 ?0=8:>9, 2> 2@5<O :>B>@>9 55 <>3CB @074028BL, ?>MB><C >=0 =5 <>3;0 E>48BL 2 B50B@K, 5748BL 2 02B>1CA0E 8 B@0<20OE. "0:>=5F, >=0 1>O;0AL >4=0 2KE>48BL =0 C;8FC: «4@C3 A;CG8BAO A5@45G=K9 ?@8?04>: 8 =8:B> =5 >:065B ?><>I8».  A2O78 A MB8< >=0 2A5340 =>A8;0 A A>1>9 1CBK;>G:C A =0H0BK@=K< A?8@B>< 8 «:><?@5AA 4;O A5@4F0». >;L=0O 871530;0 C?>B@51;OBL A;>2> «75<;O» 8 59 1K;> =5?@8OB=>, :>340 >=0 53> A;KH0;0, B0: :0: MB> A;>2> 2K7K20;> C =55 ?@54AB02;5=85 > A<5@B8. @><5 B>3>, 1>;L=0O 4>;6=0 1K;0 A>25@H0BL @O4 A;>6=KE @8BC0;>2 ?@8 >4520=88 8 545, GB>1K «70I8B8BL» A51O >B 2>7<>6=>9 A<5@B8. @8 MB>< >=0 ?>=8<0;0 =5;5?>ABL, 01AC@4=>ABL 2A5E MB8E O2;5=89, => ?@5>4>;5BL 8E =5 <>3;0. A;8 65 >=0 ?KB0;0AL 8E ?@5>4>;5BL, ?>O2;O;>AL A8;L=>5 GC2AB2> AB@0E0. «>4C<09B5, 3>2>@8;0 >=0, 740=85 F5@:28 AB>8B 200 ;5B 8 <>65B =025@=>5 ?@>AB>OBL 5I5 AB>;L:> 65, 0 O 1>NAL 2 =53> 2>9B8, 1>NAL, GB> :C?>; C?045B <=5 =0 3>;>2C 8 <5=O 704028B. 0:0O =5;5?>ABL, 0 ?>45;0BL A A>1>9 =8G53> =5 <>3C. A;8 ?KB0NAL 709B8, <5=O >E20BK205B =525@>OB=K9 AB@0E! ;8 O 1>NAL, 3>2>@8;0 >=0, >4=0, 157 7=0:><KE, E>48BL ?> C;8F5, 24@C3 <=5 AB0=5B ?;>E> 8 =5:><C 1C45B <=5 ?><>GL. > 5A;8 A> <=>9 845B B@5E;5B=89 @515=>:, :>B>@K9 254L =8G5< <=5 ?><>GL =5 <>65B, =0>1>@>B, =C6405BAO 2 <>59 ?><>I8, O A?>:>9=0. A;8 O E>BL 8740;8 286C 53> H0?>G:C, O A?>:>9=0, => AB>8B 5<C A:@KBLAO 87 284C, :0: <5=O >E20BK205B =525@>OB=K9 AB@0E 8 O 2K=C645=0 AB@5<3;02 1560BL 4><>9!» =>340 D>18O <>65B 25AB8 : 2>7=8:=>25=8N «?>@>G=>3> :@C30». 0?@8<5@, ?>G5<C-;81> 2>7=8:H0O (G0AB> D878>35==> >1CA;>2;5==0O) 1>;L 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0 <>65B ?@825AB8, >A>15==> C B@52>6=>-<=8B5;L=>9 ;8G=>AB8 8;8 C G5;>25:0, A;KH02H53> >1 >?0A=>AB8 8=D0@:B0 <8>:0@40, : AB@0EC A<5@B8 >B «?0@0;8G0 A5@4F0». 'C2AB2> AB@0E0 8 D8:A0F8O 2=8<0=8O =0 45OB5;L=>AB8 A5@4F0 A?>A>1=K CA8;820BL =5?@8OB=K5 >ICI5=8O 2 MB>9 >1;0AB8 8 :0: A;54AB285 MB>3>  CA8;820BL AB@0E 8 B. 4. >7=8:05B B8?8G=0O :0@B8=0 :0@48>D>188  1>O7=8 70 45OB5;L=>ABL A5@4F0. >O2;ONBAO ?A8E>35==> >1CA;>2;5==K5 >ICI5=8O 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0 8 2B>@8G=> 2>7=8:05B 1>O7=L D878G5A:>9 =03@C7:8 (=0?@8<5@, E>4L1K), AB@0E >AB020BLAO >4=><C 4><0 8;8 C5760BL 40;5:> >B 2@0G59 («=5:><C 1C45B ?><>GL»), <KA;8 > =587156=>9 A:>@>9 A<5@B8. =>385 1>;L=K5, ?KB0OAL >1;53G8BL A515 ?@5>4>;5=85 =02O7G82>3> AB@0E0, =0G8=0NB A>25@H0BL 70I8B=K5 459AB28O, A>74020O F5;K5 @8BC0;K, :>B>@K5 4>;6=K «?@54>B2@0B8BL» B>, G53> >=8 1>OBAO. "0:, 1>;L=0O A> AB@0E>< 703@O7=5=8O <K;0 @C:8 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 ?C7K@8 87 <K;L=>9 ?5=K =5 ?>O2OBAO 9X9 = 81 @07, 8 ;8HL ?>A;5 MB>3> GC2AB2>20;0 CA?>:>5=85. A;8 65 >=0 1K;0 2K=C645=0 ?@5@20BL MBC ?@>F54C@C @0=LH5, 2>7=8:0;> GC2AB2> AB@0E0 =0?@O65==>AB8. @C30O 1>;L=0O A> AB@0E>< 70@065=8O <>3;0 5ABL, =5 1>OAL 70@078BLAO, B>;L:> ?@5420@8B5;L=> A;>682 >?@545;5==K< >1@07>< 28;:8 8 =>68 8 ?>ABCG02 3 @070 =>3>9 > =>6:C AB>;0. 48= 1>;L=>9 4>;65= 1K; A>AG8B0BL 2 C<5 AC<<C :204@0B>2 ?5@2KE ?OB8 F8D@, GB>1K «?@54>B2@0B8BL» >68405<>5 =5AG0ABL5. 5:>B>@K5 1>;L=K5 A>25@H0NB A;>6=K9 @8-1C0; ?@8 >4520=88 8;8 C:;04K20=88 :> A=C, 70B@0G820O =5A:>;L:> G0A>2 =0 MBC ?@>F54C@C 8 ?>2B>@OO 55 2=>2L, 5A;8 «:0:0O-;81> G0ABL 55 1K;0 A45;0=0 =5 B0:». 06=>9 >A>15==>ABLN D>189 O2;O5BAO B>, GB> AB@0E ?@8 =8E :>=48F8>=0;5= (?> ;0B. conditio  CA;>285), B. 5. ?>O2;O5BAO ;8HL ?@8 >?@545;5==KE CA;>28OE  2 B>9 8;8 8=>9 A8BC0F88 8;8 ?@8 2>7=8:=>25=88 >?@545;5==KE ?@54AB02;5=89 8 =5 2>7=8:05B 2=5 MB>3>. 0?@8<5@, 1>;L=0O 03>@0D>1859 1>8BAO >4=0 ?5@5E>48BL H8@>:85 ?;>I048. =0 8A?KBK205B AB@0E, 5A;8 ?KB05BAO ?5@59B8 ?;>I04L 157 ?>AB>@>==59 ?><>I8. !B@0E <>65B 2>7=8:=CBL C =55 >B >4=>9 <KA;8 > ?5@5E>45 ?;>I048. 4=0:> 2=5 MB>9 A8BC0F88 8;8 2=5 A2O78 A MB8<8 ?@54AB02;5=8O<8 >=0 AB@0E0 =5 8A?KBK205B. >;L=0O 8=D0@:B>D>1859 1>8BAO, GB> C =55 <>65B 2>7=8:=CBL 8=D0@:B («A;CG8BAO ?;>E> A A5@4F5<»), 8 =8:B> =5 >:065B 59 ?><>I8. >MB><C >=0 1>8BAO C5760BL 40;5:> >B <548F8=A:8E @01>B=8:>2.  :018=5B5 2@0G0 >=0 A848B A>25@H5==> A?>:>9=>, AB@0E0 =5 8A?KBK205B, ?>=8<05B =5>1>A=>20==>ABL A2>53> AB@0E0, ?@>A8B 871028BL >B =53>, >4=0:> ?@8 ?>?KB:5 2K5E0BL =0 <0H8=5 70 3>@>4 («=5B 2@0G0 ?>1;87>AB8») 55 >E20BK205B ?0=8G5A:89 C60A 8 >=0 2K=C645=0 =5<54;5==> 25@=CBLAO 2 3>@>4. "0:8< >1@07><, D>18O  MB> AB@0E, A2O70==K9 A >?@545;5==>9 A8BC0F859 8;8 3@C??>9 ?@54AB02;5=89 8 =5 2>7=8:0NI89 2 8E >BACBAB285, G5<, :0: C2848<, >=0 >B;8G05BAO >B AB@0E0 ?@8 =52@>75 AB@0E0. >6=> @07;8G0BL A;54CNI85 B@8 AB5?5=8 2K@065==>AB8 =02O7G82KE AB@0E>2 (. . A0B80=8), :>B>@K5 <>3CB ?5@5E>48BL >4=0 2 4@C3CN: ?@8 I AB5?5=8 AB@0E ?@>O2;O5BAO ;8HL ?>4 459AB285< B@02<8@CNI53> @074@068B5;O, ?@8 =5?>A@54AB25==>< A>?@8:>A=>25=88 A =8<; ?@8 II AB5?5=8, :@><5 B>3>, 8 ?@8 >6840=88 @50;L=>3> ?@54AB>OI53> AB>;:=>25=8O A >1J5:B>< AB@0E0; ?@8 III AB5?5=8  C65 ?@8 >4=>< ?@54AB02;5=88 > B0:>< AB>;:=>25=88.  ?>A;54=5< A;CG05 =02O7G82K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O <>3CB =0AB>;L:> >E20BK20BL 1>;L=>3>, GB> >= =5 <>65B 2 B5G5=85 =5A:>;L:8E G0A>2 8;8 4=59 2AB0BL A ?>AB5;8 («?>AB5;L=K9 ?5@8>4») 8;8 2K9B8 87 :><=0BK. %0@0:B5@=> A;54CNI55 =0H5 =01;N45=85. >;L=0O . 2 B5G5=85 8 ;5B AB@0405B =02O7G82K< AB@0E>< 703@O7=5=8O 8 1>O7=LN >AB@KE ?@54<5B>2. =0 ?>=8<05B 53> =5;5?>ABL, 01AC@4=>ABL, => ?@5>4>;5BL 53> =5 <>65B. 0 2@5<O 1>;57=8 AB5?5=L 2K@065==>AB8 AB@0E>2 7=0G8B5;L=> :>;510;0AL. K20;8 ?5@8>4K 2 B5G5=85 1 2 ;5B, :>340 D>18O 1K;0 =5@57:> 2K@065=0. >;L=0O <>3;0 @01>B0BL, CG8BLAO. !B@0E 2>7=8:0; B>;L:> ?@8 =5?>A@54AB25==>< A>?@8:>A=>25=88 A «3@O7=K<8» 8;8 >AB@K<8 ?@54<5B0<8. K20;8 ?5@8>4K 2 B5G5=85 =5A:>;L:8E <5AOF52 8 4065 11/2 ;5B, :>340 . A>25@H5==> CB@0G820;0 @01>B>A?>A>1=>ABL, G0A0<8 <K;0 @C:8, =8 4=5<, =8 =>GLN =5 A=8<0;0 ?5@G0B:8, >A>1K< >1@07>< ?@>E>48;0 2 425@L (B0:, GB>1K =5 ?@8:>A=CBLAO : 55 :@0N), 70AB02;O;0 @>48B5;59 ?@>45;K20BL A;>6=K9 @8BC0; 2KB8@0=8O =>3 8 ?> =5A:>;L:C @07 ?>2B>@OBL 53>, 5A;8 59 ?>:070;>AL, GB> >=8 2KB5@;8 =>38 =54>AB0B>G=> E>@>H>. E20G5==0O AB@0E><, >4=> 2@5<O 2 B5G5=85 =545;8 =5 2AB020;0 A ?>AB5;8, 1>OAL 703@O7=5=8O. >3;0 5ABL B>;L:> 2 B>< A;CG05, 5A;8 54C 59 ?>4020;8 >A>1K< >1@07><  70@0=55 ?>;>682 55 =0 AB>;8:, 8 ?>B>< ?>4>42830;8 AB>;, =5 ?@81;860OAL : 55 :@>20B8. 0 «?>AB5;L=K< ?5@8>4><» 1>;57=8 2=>2L ?>A;54>20;> C;CGH5=85, 2> 2@5<O :>B>@>3> @01>B0;0 181;8>B5:0@5<, E>BO D>18O 8 A>E@0=8;0AL. 02O7G82K5 459AB28O C 1>;L=KE =>AOB G0I5 2A53> E0@0:B5@ >?8A0==KE 2KH5 <5@ «?@5>4>;5=8O» D>189. =>340 >=8 <>3CB 8<5BL 8 A0<>AB>OB5;L=>5 7=0G5=85. 5@54:> 2AB@5G05BAO =02O7G82>5 AB@5<;5=85 ?5@5AG8B0BL 157 2AO:>9 =5>1E>48<>AB8 ?>?040NI85 2 ?>;5 7@5=8O ?@54<5BK, >:=0, ?@>5760NI85 02B><>18;8 8;8 ?@>E>68E =0 C;8F5 (0@8B<><0=8O), 0 B0:65 =02O7G82K5 42865=8O, :>B>@K5 =>AOB E0@0:B5@ :0:>3>-;81> ?@>AB>3> ?@>872>;L=>3> 0:B0. 0?@8<5@, 1>;L=>9 =02O7G82> IC@8B 3;070, H<K305B =>A><, >1;87K205B 3C1K, 2KBO38205B H5N 8 428305B 5N, A;>2=> 5<C <5H05B 2>@>B=8G>:, @0A?>;0305B ?@54<5BK =0 AB>;5 2 >?@545;5==>< ?>@O4:5, 5A;8 ?@8:>A=C;AO @C:>9 : ?@54<5BC, >1O70B5;L=> ?@8:0A05BAO : =5<C 5I5 2 3 @070, ?>ABC:8205B =5A:>;L:> @07 ;>6:>9 > :@09 AB>;0 ?5@54 B5<, :0: =0G0BL 5ABL, 8 B. ?. !N40 65 >B=>AOBAO 8 =5:>B>@K5 B8:8  :>@>B:85, AB5@5>B8?=> ?>2B>@ONI85AO 42865=8O, A>25@H05<K5 1>;L=K<8. !@548 =8E <>3CB 1KBL 3@8<0AK, ?>4<83820=8O, ?>I5;:820=85 O7K:><, 65AB ?>?@02;5=8O 2>;>A 8;8 2>@>B=8G:0. 2865=8O MB8 =5 >3@0=8G820NBAO <KHF0<8, 8==5@28@C5<K<8 B>;L:> >4=8< =5@2><, 0 =>AOB E0@0:B5@ 4>2>;L=> A;>6=KE 0:B>2. -;5<5=B0@=K5 =02O7G82K5 42865=8O G0I5 2A53> 2>7=8:0NB 2 45BA:>< 2>7@0AB5. 5@2>=0G0;L=> >=8 <>3CB 1KBL A2O70=K A =5C4>1=>9 >4564>9, @50:F859 A<CI5=8O» =5?@8OB=K<8 >ICI5=8O<8 8;8 ?>4@060=85<.  40;L=59H5< ?@8 <=>3>:@0B=>< ?>2B>@5=88 >=8 AB0=>2OBAO ?@82KG=K<8, D8:A8@CNBAO.  >B;8G85 >B 8AB5@8G5A:8E B8:>2 2 ?0B>35=575 8E =5 CG0AB2C5B <5E0=87< «153AB20 2 1>;57=L», «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0. 0745;5=85 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 =0 =02O7G82K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O, <KA;8, AB@0E8 8 459AB28O O2;O5BAO 25AL<0 CA;>2=K<, B0: :0: 2 :064>< =02O7G82>< O2;5=88 2 B>9 8;8 8=>9 AB5?5=8 A>45@60BAO 8 ?@54AB02;5=8O, 8 GC2AB20, 8 2;5G5=8O, B5A=> <564C A>1>9 A2O70==K5. # >4=>3> 1>;L=>3> <>65B 1KBL @O4 =02O7G82KE O2;5=89 8 @8BC0;>2. > <=5=8N . . 20=>20-!<>;5=A:>3>, 2A5 =02O7G82K5 O2;5=8O <>6=> @0745;8BL =0 425 =5@57:> @07;8G0NI85AO 3@C??K. 5@20O  =02O7G82K5 O2;5=8O 2>71C645=8O. =8 <>3CB 1KBL 2 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>9 AD5@5 (=02O7G82K5 8458, ?@54AB02;5=8O, 2>A?><8=0=8O, 65;0=8O, 0AA>F80F88), 2 M<>F8>=0;L=>9 AD5@5 (G0I5 2A53> =02O7G82K5 AB@0E8) 8 2 42830B5;L=>9 AD5@5 (=02O7G82K5 42865=8O, 459AB28O, ?>ABC?:8). B>@0O 3@C??0  =02O7G82K5 7045@6:8, 1>;57=5==K5 B>@<>65=8O, ?@5?OBAB2CNI85 1>;L=><C ?@>872>48BL :0:>5-;81> ?@>872>;L=>5 42865=85 8;8 459AB2>20BL ?@8 AB@>3> >?@545;5==KE CA;>28OE. !N40 >B=>A8BAO 1>O7=L 2KA>:8E <5AB 8;8 3;C18=K, C7:8E <5AB, AB@0E >B:@KBKE ?@>AB@0=AB2, 1>O7=L 2KABC?;5=8O ?5@54 0C48B>@859, C CG0I8EAO  ?5@54 :;0AA><, C 0:B5@>2  ?5@54 7@8B5;L=K< 70;>< 8 B. ?. > . . !=56=52A:><C, =02O7G82K5 O2;5=8O 45;OBAO =0 425 D>@<K: >B2;5G5==K5, 157@07;8G=K5 ?> A2>5<C A>45@60=8N, 8 >1@07=K5, A 0DD5:B82=K<, =5@54:> :@09=5 BO3>AB=K< A>45@60=85<.  ?5@2>9 >B=>A8BAO 15A?;>4=>5 <C4@AB2>20=85, =02O7G82K9 AG5B, =02O7G82>5 2>A?@>872545=85 2 ?0<OB8 701KBKE 8<5=, @07;>65=85 A;>2 =0 A;>38. AB0;L=K5 ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 >1@07=CN =02O7G82>ABL. @8 M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>< 8AA;54>20=88 2KAH59 =5@2=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 1>;L=KE =52@>7>< =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 !. . >F5=:> >B<5G0; 2K@065==K5 O2;5=8O 8=5@B=>AB8 2>71C48B5;L=>3> ?@>F5AA0 8 ;8HL C =57=0G8B5;L=>9 G0AB8 1>;L=KE  8=5@B=>ABL >1>8E =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2. > . . !5@548=>9, >G03 ?0B>;>38G5A:8 8=5@B=>3> 2>71C645=8O, ;560I89 2 >A=>25 B>3> 8;8 8=>3> =02O7G82>3> A>AB>O=8O, 2K7K205B 2 <>73>2>9 :>@5 1>;L=>3> O2;5=8O >B@8F0B5;L=>9 8=4C:F88, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, 8 70?@545;L=>3> B>@<>65=8O  A 4@C3>9. AA;54>20=85 :>@:>2>9 48=0<8:8 C MB8E 1>;L=KE C:070;> =0 =54>AB0B>G=>ABL C =8E ?@>F5AA>2 2=CB@5==53> 0:B82=>3> B>@<>65=8O. 0: ?>:07K20NB =0H8 =01;N45=8O, =0 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<5 2 A>AB>O=88 ?>:>O C 1>;L=KE =52@>7>< =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89, 2 B>< G8A;5 4;8B5;L=> 8 BO65;> 1>;5NI8E, 2 1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG052 :0:8E-;81> >B:;>=5=89 >B =>@<K =5 >1=0@C68205BAO. > 40==K< . . /:>2;52>9, 2 A;CG0OE «=52@>70 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 @50:B82=>9 D>@<K» =0 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<5 G0AB> =0E>4OB =5CAB>9G82>ABL @8B<>2 2 >B25B =0 A;>25A=K5 @074@068B5;8 ?>402;5=85 0;LD0-@8B<0, ?>O2;5=85 =5 B>;L:> 1KAB@KE, => 8 <54;5==KE, >AB@>:>=5G=KE @8B<>2, GB>, ?> <=5=8N MB>3> 02B>@0, C:07K205B =0 A;01>ABL, =5CAB>9G82>ABL =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2. K@065==K5 @50:F88 A> AB>@>=K 18>B>:>2 <>730 =0 M<>F8>=0;L=> 7=0G8<K5 A;>25A=K5 @074@068B5;8 E0@0:B5@=K 4;O 1>;L=KE =52@>7>< =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 ?> A@02=5=8N A 4@C38<8 1>;L=K<8 (. . /:>2;520).  >B;8G85 >B MB>3> =0 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<5 C 1>;L=KE ?A8E0AB5=859 . . /:>2;520 >B<5G0;0 2K@065==>5 ?@5>1;040=85 15B0-@8B<0 2> 2A5E 4>;OE 8 A;01> 2K@065==CN @50:F8N =0 2=5H=85 @074@068B5;8, GB> :>A25==> <>65B C:07K20BL =0 ?@5>1;040=85 @074@068B5;L=>3> ?@>F5AA0 2 :>@5.  >A=>25 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89, :0: C:07K205B . . 02;>2, ;568B ?0B>;>38G5A:0O 8=5@B=>ABL =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2. -B>9 8=5@B=>ABLN ?@>F5AA0 2>71C645=8O >1JOA=O5BAO =52>7<>6=>ABL 4;O 1>;L=KE ?>4028BL O2;5=8O =02O7G82>AB8 CA8;85< 2>;8, <CG8B5;L=>5 GC2AB2> 15AA8;8O 2 1>@L15 A =8<8, 0 B0:65 =52>7<>6=>ABL 1KAB@> 70:>=G8BL 459AB285, =>AOI55 =02O7G82K9 E0@0:B5@, >BACBAB285 GC2AB20 C4>2;5B2>@5==>AB8 ?@8 53> >:>=G0=88. -B8< 65 >1JOA=O5BAO 8 B>, GB> O2;5=85 =02O7G82>AB8 ;8HL A 1>;LH8< B@C4>< ?>4405BAO ?>402;5=8N, =0?@8<5@ ?@8 >B2;5G5=88 2=8<0=8O, 8 GB> 459AB285 @07;8G=KE =>2KE @074@068B5;59 4;O MB>3> G0AB> >:07K205BAO A;8H:>< A;01K<. I5 2 1913 3. . . A0B80=8 C:07K20;, GB> 2 >A=>25 @O40 D>189 ;568B <5E0=87< >1@07>20=8O ?0B>;>38G5A:>9 CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=>9 A2O78. ">, GB> CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=0O A2O7L, 2>7=8:H0O <564C B5< 8;8 8=K< @074@068B5;5< 8 ?5@56820=85<, AB02H8< =02O7G82K<, >B;8G05BAO 8A:;NG8B5;L=>9 CAB>9G82>ABLN, 4;8B5;L=> =5 C30A05B, B0:65 >1JOA=O5BAO ?0B>;>38G5A:>9 8=5@B=>ABLN ?@>F5AA0 2>71C645=8O. 8F0, C :>B>@KE 8<55BAO =54>AB0B>G=0O ?>4286=>ABL =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2, =0?@8<5@ ?A8E0AB5=8:8 8 1>;L=K5 A >@30=8G5A:8<8 ?>@065=8O<8 3>;>2=>3> <>730, 5AB5AB25==>, A:;>==K : B><C, GB>1K C =8E 2>7=8:0;8 B0:85 ?0B>;>38G5A:85 CA;>2=>-@5D;5:B>@=K5 A2O78.  ?0B>35=575 D8:A0F88 2>7=8:H59 CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=>9 A2O78 <>65B CG0AB2>20BL <5E0=87< «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0.  MB>< A;CG05 701>;520=85 >B=>A8BAO : 8AB5@88. 5;L7O A>3;0A8BLAO A <=5=85< Freud, GB> =52@>B8G5A:85 A8<?B><K, 2 B>< G8A;5 8 O2;5=8O =02O7G82>AB8, 2A5340 ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 «70<5=C ?>;>2>3> C4>2;5B2>@5=8O» 8 GB> D8:A8@>20==>ABL 1>;57=5==KE A8<?B><>2 2A5340 7028A8B >B «15AA>7=0B5;L=> 8A?KBK205<>3> C4>2;5B2>@5=8O», 70AB02;ONI53> 1>;L=>3> A>E@0=8BL A8<?B><. >;L=K5 =52@>7>< =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89, 2 B>< G8A;5 ?A8E0AB5=859, >1KG=> =5 8A?KBK20NB >B =8E :0:>3>-;81> C4>2;5B2>@5=8O, 0 1>@NBAO A =8<8, =5 8<5O 2>7<>6=>AB8 871028BLAO >B =8E 2A;54AB285 ?0B>;>38G5A:>9 8=5@B=>AB8 =5@2=>3> ?@>F5AA0. G03 ?0B>;>38G5A:>3> 8=5@B=>3> 2>71C645=8O, ;560I89 2 >A=>25 O2;5=89 =02O7G82>AB8, :0: C:07K205B . . 0::5;L, <>65B =>A8BL E0@0:B5@ 4><8=0=BK.  MB8E A;CG0OE =5 B>;L:> 045:20B=K5, => 8 2A5 =>2K5 @074@068B5;8 <>3CB 2K7K20BL 53> CA8;5=85. "0:, C >4=>3> 1>;L=>3>, BO65;> ?5@568202H53> A<5@BL >BF0, ?>A;5 A<5@B8 ;N18<>9 65=I8=K @0728;8AL =02O7G82K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O :0@B8=K A<5@B8, @07;>65=8O B@C?>2. @8 MB>< @07;8G=K5 @074@068B5;8 (284 ?C1;8:8 2 B@0<205 8;8 =0 C;8F5) 2K7K20;8 ?@54AB02;5=8O > B@C?0E, @04>AB=K5 <5;>488, A<5E, ;N1K5 @073>2>@K  ?@54AB02;5=85 > ?>E>@>==>< ?5=88, AB>=0E 8 :@8:0E C<8@0NI8E.  >A=>25 B@0=AD>@<0F88 =02O7G82>9 8458 2 845N ?@>B82>?>;>6=>3> A>45@60=8O, 0 B0:65 2 >A=>25 8459, ?@>B82>?>;>6=KE >A=>2=><C A>45@60=8N A>7=0=8O 1>;L=>3>, ;568B, ?> 2A59 25@>OB=>AB8, @0728B85 C;LB@0?0@04>:A0;L=>9 D07K 2 >G035 ?0B>;>38G5A:8 8=5@B=>3> 2>71C645=8O. -B8< >1JOA=ONBAO =02O7G82K5 1>3>EC;L=K5 <KA;8 C @5;838>7=>3> G5;>25:0, 2;5G5=85 A>25@H8BL 459AB285, :>B>@>3> 1>;L=>9 1>8BAO. "0:, =0?@8<5@, C =0H53> 1>;L=>3>, AB@0402H53> 1>O7=LN C?0ABL A 2KA>BK, :>340 >= =0E>48;AO =0 25@E=8E MB060E 8 2845; >B:@KB>5 >:=>, ?>O2;O;>AL =02O7G82>5 65;0=85 2K1@>A8BLAO 2 =53>. # <>;>4>9 65=I8=K, =5C4>2;5B2>@5==>9 2 1@0:5, 65;0=85 ?5@568BL ;N1>2=CN A2O7L 2> 2@5<O ?>574:8 2 ?>5745 B@0=AD>@<8@>20;>AL 2 AB@0E 574K ?> 65;57=>9 4>@>35. O4 1>;L=KE, ?KB0OAL ?@5>4>;5BL =02O7G82>5 A>AB>O=85, A>25@H0NB B5 8;8 8=K5 459AB28O, =>AOI85 8=>340 E0@0:B5@ @8BC0;0, ?>A;5 G53> GC2AB2CNB 8725AB=>5 >1;53G5=85.  >A=>25 MB>3>, 25@>OB=>, ;568B <5E0=87< >B@8F0B5;L=>9 8=4C:F88 87 =>2>3> >1@07>202H53>AO 70AB>9=>3> ?C=:B0 =0 >G03, 2K7K20NI89 O2;5=8O =02O7G82>AB8. >;LH>9 8=B5@5A ?@54AB02;ONB >?8A0==K5 M:>;>30<8 /2;5=8O 8<?@8=B8=30 C 682>B=KE  70?5G0B;5=85 ?@54<5B0, ?>?02H53> 2 ?>;5 7@5=8O =>2>@>645==>3>, >:07K20NI55 3;C1>:>5 2;8O=85 =0 ?>A;54CNI55 ?>2545=85. /2;5=8O 8<?@8=B8=30 C G5;>25:0, 2>7<>6=>, 83@0NB @>;L 2 2>7=8:=>25=88 A;CG052 3><>A5:AC0;87<0, D5B8H87<0, A0487<0, <07>E87<0 8 4@C38E 0=><0;89 ?>;>2>3> 2;5G5=8O, 2>7=8:H8E 2 @57C;LB0B5 70:@5?;5=8O A2O78 <564C ?5@2K< ?@>O2;5=85< ?>;>2>3> GC2AB20 8 A>2?02H8< A =8<8 >1J5:B><. >65B 1KBL, <5E0=87<K, 1;87:85 : 8<?@8=B8=3C, ;560B 8 2 >A=>25 =5:>B>@KE =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89, 2 B>< G8A;5 D>189, >1CA;>2;820O 8E AB>9:>ABL. > A2>5<C 35=57C =02O7G82K5 A>AB>O=8O <>3CB 1KBL @0745;5=K =0 M;5<5=B0@=K5 8 :@8?B>35==K5 (. . !2O4>I, 1959). 5@2K5 87 =8E 2>7=8:0NB =5?>A@54AB25==> 2A;54 70 459AB285< 2K7202H53> 8E A25@EA8;L=>3> @074@068B5;O, ?@8G5< ?@8G8=0 8E 2>7=8:=>25=8O >G5284=0, 1>;L=K5 >B40NB A515 >BG5B 2 B><, GB> 2K720;> 8E 701>;520=85. !N40 >B=>A8BAO, =0?@8<5@, AB@0E 574K ?> 65;57=>9 4>@>35, @07282H89AO ?>A;5 65;57=>4>@>6=>9 :0B0AB@>DK, 1>O7=L 682>B=KE C 45B59, 8A?C30==KE MB8< 682>B=K<, AB@0E :0G0BLAO =0 :0G5;OE ?>A;5 ?045=8O A =8E, 0 B0:65 =5:>B>@K5 80B@>35=88.  >B;8G85 >B MB>3> :@8?B>35==K5 (>B 3@5G. «:@8?B>A»  A:@KBK9) =02O7G82K5 A>AB>O=8O 2>7=8:0NB, :070;>AL 1K, 157 2=5H=53> ?>2>40, 8 ?@8G8=0 8E 2>7=8:=>25=8O A:@KB0. >;L=K5 >1KG=> =5 <>3CB C:070BL, GB> O28;>AL ?@8G8=>9 2>7=8:=>25=8O 701>;520=8O. "0:>5 @073@0=8G5=85 <K AG8B05< ?@0:B8G5A:8 206=K<, B0: :0: =5 B>;L:> ?0B>35=57, =>, :0: <K C2848<, 8 ;5G5=85 8E @07;8G=K.  >A=>25 B>3>, GB> ?@8 :@8?B>35==KE =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=8OE A2O7L 701>;520=8O A 2K7202H59 53> ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<>9 >AB05BAO A:@KB>9, ?> 2A59 25@>OB=>AB8, ;568B, :0: ?>;0305B . . 0::5;L, ?5@5@K2 DC=:F8>=0;L=>9 A2O78 <564C A>45@60=85< >1A5AA88 8 >AB0;L=K<8 ?5@56820=8O<8; MB8< 65 >1JOA=O5BAO >ICI5=85 GC64>AB8 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89, A>7=0=85 8E =5;5?>AB8, =5?>=OB=>AB8, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: 0=0;87 CAB0=02;8205B 8E 7028A8<>ABL >B ?@56=8E ?5@56820=89 8 2?5G0B;5=89. %0@0:B5@=> A;54CNI55 =0H5 =01;N45=85. >;L=>9 X., 28 ;5B, >4=064K, A?CA:0OAL CB@>< ?> ;5AB=8F5, GB>1K ?>9B8 =0 @01>BC, 24@C3 >AB0=>28;AO, B0: :0: ?>O28;0AL <KA;L, =5 >AB0;0AL ;8 425@L >B:@KB>9. 5@=C;AO, ?@>25@8;  425@L 1K;0 ?;>B=> 70:@KB0. ! MB>3> 2@5<5=8 53> AB0;> ?@5A;54>20BL =02O7G82>5 A><=5=85: «5 >AB0;0AL ;8 425@L >B:@KB>9?». @8 CE>45 X. 87 4><C 425@L 70:@K20;0AL 65=>9 =0 70A>2K, 704286:8, 70<:8 8 B5< =5 <5=55 >= ?><=>3C @07 2 45=L, >AB0282 @01>BC, 2K=C645= 1K; 2>72@0I0BLAO 4><>9, GB>1K ?@>25@8BL, =5 >AB0;0AL ;8 425@L >B:@KB>9. = ?>=8<0; =5>1>A=>20==>ABL A2>59 B@52>38, 1>@>;AO A =59, => =5 <>3 55 ?@5>4>;5BL. !>AB>O=85 MB> 45@60;>AL A2KH5 3 <5AOF52. > E0@0:B5@C 1>;L=>9 ?540=B8G=K9, 0::C@0B=K9, >1I8B5;L=K9, A B@C4>< ?5@5:;NG05BAO A >4=>3> 2840 45OB5;L=>AB8 =0 4@C3>9; ?@87=0:>2 ?@5>1;040=8O >4=>9 87 A83=0;L=KE A8AB5< =04 4@C3>9 =5 >1=0@C68205B.  ?@>H;>< :0:8E-;81> =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 =5 =01;N40;>AL. 5@8>48G5A:8 >B<5G0;8AL :>;510=8O =0AB@>5=8O  AB0=>28;AO >G5=L @074@068B5;L=K<, 2A?K;LG82K<. !0< 1>;L=>9 =5 <>3 A2O70BL A2>5 701>;520=85 A :0:>9-;81> ?@8G8=>9. => :070;>AL 5<C 2>7=8:H8< 157 2AO:>3> 2=5H=53> ?>2>40. >;L=>9 65=0B 2B>@8G=>. 5@2CN 65=C >G5=L ;N18;, ?@>68; A =59 >:>;> 2 ;5B.  :>=FC MB>3> ?5@8>40 AB0; >G5=L 2A?K;LG82K<, @074@068B5;L=K<, 2>@G;82K<. B=>H5=8O A 65=>9 AB0;8 CEC4H0BLAO. 4=064K, ?@84O 4><>9, >= =0H5; 425@L 2 :20@B8@C >B:@KB>9 8 =0 AB>;5  70?8A:C >B 65=K, 2 :>B>@>9 >=0 A>>1I0;0, GB> CH;0 >B =53> : 4@C3><C. = >G5=L 1>;57=5==> ?5@568; MB>, ?@>A8; 55 25@=CBLAO, => >=0 1K;0 =5?@5:;>==0. '5@57 l ½ 3>40 65=8;AO 2B>@8G=>. @0: >:070;AO C40G=K<. @>68;8 2<5AB5 >:>;> 2 ;5B. 4=064K 2=570?=> @0728;>AL >?8A0==>5 2KH5 1>;57=5==>5 A>AB>O=85. 5=0 >B<5B8;0, GB> ?>A;54=85 =545;8 1>;L=>9 AB0; >G5=L 2A?K;LG82K<, @074@068B5;L=K<, 2>@G;82K<.  A2O78 A MB8< >B=>H5=8O <564C =8<8 CEC4H8;8AL. !0< 1>;L=>9 MB>3> =5 70<5G0;.  40==>< A;CG05 =02O7G82>5 A><=5=85 :065BAO 1>;L=><C 2>7=8:H8< 157 2=5H=53> ?>2>40, 2=5 A2O78 A 53> ?5@56820=8O<8.  459AB28B5;L=>AB8 65 1>O7=L, GB> 425@L >AB0;0AL >B:@KB>9, A2O70=0 A ?5@56820=8O<8 1>;L=>3>. =0 >7=0G05B 2 A:@KB>9, 702C0;8@>20==>9 D>@<5 1>O7=L CE>40 2B>@>9 65=K. >340 CEC4H8;8AL >B=>H5=8O A ?5@2>9 65=>9, >4=064K, ?@84O 4><>9, 1>;L=>9 70AB0; 425@L >B:@KB>9 8 B>340 C7=0;, GB> 65=0 53> 1@>A8;0. >7=8:;0 A2O7L <564C ?@54AB02;5=85< >1 >B:@KB>9 425@8 8 CE>40 65=K. "5?5@L, :>340 AB0;8 CEC4H0BLAO >B=>H5=8O A> 2B>@>9 65=>9, ?>O28;AO AB@0E ?>B5@OBL 55. 4=0:> <KA;L > B><, GB> 2B>@0O 65=0 <>65B C9B8, >:070;0AL AB>;L BO3>AB=>9, GB> >=0 1K;0 ?>402;5=0, 2KB5A=5=0, =5 =0H;0 4>AB0B>G=>3> >B@065=8O 2 A>7=0=88, >AB0;0AL =5>A>7=0==>9 8 ?@>@20;0AL 2 A:@KB>9 A8<2>;8G5A:>9 D>@<5  2 2845 1>O7=8 70AB0BL 425@L >B:@KB>9. 0: 1K 1>;L=>9 =5 70?8@0; A2>N 425@L, MB> =5 4020;> 5<C CA?>:>5=8O, =5 CAB@0=O;> 8AB8==>3> 8AB>G=8:0 B@52>38, B0: :0:, 5A;8 1K 65=0 70E>B5;0 C9B8, >=0 2A5 @02=> A<>3;0 1K >B:@KBL 87=CB@8 ;N1K5 70?>@K. 0C70;L=0O ?A8E>B5@0?8O, 2 ?@>F5AA5 :>B>@>9 1>;L=><C 1K;0 @07JOA=5=0 A2O7L 53> 701>;520=8O A ?@54AB02;5=85< >1 CE>45 65=K, ?@825;0 : ?>;=><C 87;5G5=8N, ?>4B25@482 B5< A0<K< ?@028;L=>ABL ?@54?>;>65=8O > @>;8 MB8E ?5@56820=89 2 2>7=8:=>25=88 1>;57=8. C6=> >B<5B8BL, GB> 0<=578O ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<K, 2K7202H59 701>;520=85, G0I5 2A53> =01;N405BAO ?@8 8AB5@88. @8 =52@>75 65 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 8 ?A8E0AB5=88 2> <=>38E A;CG0OE 45;> =5 2 B><, GB> 1>;L=K5 =5 ?><=OB ?A8E>B@02<8@>202H55 A>1KB85, ;560I55 2 >A=>25 =02O7G82>3> O2;5=8O, 0 2 B><, GB> >=8 =5 <>3CB CAB0=>28BL A2O7L <564C MB8< A>1KB85< 8 =02O7G82K< A8<?B><>< 2 B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 ?>A;54=89 2 ?@O<>9 D>@<5 53> =5 >B@0605B. "0:, 1>;L=0O ?A8E0AB5=859, C :>B>@>9 =02O7G82K9 AB@0E 703@O7=5=8O O2;O;AO A;54AB285< «:>=D;8:B=>9 A8BC0F88», 2K720==>9 2;5G5=85< : >=0=87<C, 8 ?@54AB02;5=85< > B><, GB> 70=OB85 8< O2;O5BAO «<5@7:8<, 3@O7=K<», ?><=8;0 > B><, GB> >=0 70=8<0;0AL >=0=87<><, ?><=8;0 >1 C3@K75=8OE A>25AB8 ?> MB><C ?>2>4C, => =5 7=0;0, GB> AB@0E 703@O7=5=8O 2K720= MB>9 :>=D;8:B=>9 A8BC0F859. <5AB5 A B5< >=0 >B<5G0;0, GB> <KA;8 >1 MB>< «3@5E5» 402=> ?5@5AB0;8 55 70=8<0BL, ?5@5AB0;8 3>A?>4AB2>20BL 2 A>7=0=88, E>BO 8 =5 ?>425@30;8AL 0<=5788. $>188, ?> . . 02;>2C, O2;ONBAO ?0B>;>38G5A:8<8 ?0AA82=>->1>@>=8B5;L=K<8 @50:F8O<8. 57:>5 CA8;5=85 ?0AA82=>->1>@>=8B5;L=>3> 8=AB8=:B0 8 2 A2O78 A MB8< A:;>==>ABL : D>18O< <>3CB 2>7=8:=CBL ?@8 2708<>459AB288 157CA;>2=KE @5D;5:A>2 (8=AB8=:B>2), ?@8 :>B>@>< ?0AA82=>->1>@>=8B5;L=K9 @5D;5:A >:07K205BAO CA8;5==K< =5 2 @57C;LB0B5 A;01>AB8 4@C38E 157CA;>2=KE @5D;5:A>2, 0 2A;54AB285 8@@0480F88 =0 =53> 2>71C645=8O 8;8 ?>;>68B5;L=>9 8=4C:F88 A> AB>@>=K 4@C3>3> 157CA;>2=>3> @5D;5:A0, =0?@8<5@ ?>;>2>3>. BAN40 =5@54:> ?>2KH5==0O A:;>==>ABL : ?0AA82=>->1>@>=8B5;L=K< @50:F8O< (D>18O<) C ;8F, C :>B>@KE 2A;54AB285 coitus interruptus 8;8 4@C38E ?@8G8= ?>;>2>5 C4>2;5B2>@5=85 =5 =0ABC?05B. ! =>@<0;870F859 ?>;>2>9 687=8 2 MB8E A;CG0OE 8AG5705B 8 ?>2KH5==0O A:;>==>ABL : ?0AA82=>->1>@>=8B5;L=K< @50:F8O<. %0@0:B5@=> A;54CNI55 =01;N45=85. >:B>@ B5E=8G5A:8E =0C:, ?@>D5AA>@ ., :>340 5<C 1K;> 42 3>40, =0E>4OAL 2 :><0=48@>2:5, A;CG09=> ?>7=0:><8;AO A >4=>9 CG8B5;L=8F59 8 ?@>25; A =59 =>GL. 0CB@> CG8B5;L=8F0 24@C3 >:8=C;0 53> :@8B8G5A:8< 273;O4>< 8 A?@>A8;0: « BK G8ABK9?» « ?5@2K9 <><5=B, @0AA:07K20; >=, 4> <5=O 4065 =5 4>H5; A<KA; 55 2>?@>A0. >B>< O ?>4C<0; >=0 A?@0H8205B, =5 1>;5= ;8 O 25=5@8G5A:8< 701>;520=85<. 07 65=I8=0 <>65B >1 MB>< 4C<0BL, B>, 2>7<>6=>, >=0 A0<0 1>;5;0. E20B8;> GC2AB2> AB@0E0. 5 ?>:840;0 <KA;L: 0 24@C3 O 70@078;AO A8D8;8A><?» . ?>H5; : 25=5@>;>3C, => B>B =8G53> =5 >1=0@C68;. >OA=8;, GB> @50:F8O 0AA5@<0=0 AB028BAO =5 @0=LH5 G5< G5@57 2 <5AOF0 ?>A;5 70@065=8O. -B> 2@5<O ?@>68; 2 A>AB>O=88 AB@0H=>9 B@52>38. 0B5< 4 @070 ?@>25@O; A2>N :@>2L =0 @50:F8N 0AA5@<0=0. B25B 1K; >B@8F0B5;L=K9. >=8<0;, GB> A8D8;8A =5 >1=0@C65=, => MB> =5 4020;> CA?>:>5=8O. CG8B5;L=0O =02O7G820O <KA;L, GB> >= <>65B 1KBL 1>;5= A8D8;8A><, =5 ?>:840;0. @>G5; AB0BLN > B><, GB> 1K205B A:@KBK9 A8D8;8A. >5E0; : CG8B5;L=8F5. #3>2>@8; 55 ?@>25@8BL :@>2L =0 @50:F8N 0AA5@<0=0. !8D8;8A C =55 >1=0@C65= =5 1K;, >4=0:> 8 MB> =5 CA?>:>8;>. !B@0E 45@60;AO 8 <5AOF52. @8H5; : >4=><C 284=><C 18>E8<8:C 8 AB0; ?@>A8BL 53>, GB>1K >= 27O; :@>2L 8 5I5 @07 ?>AB028; @50:F8N 0AA5@<0=0. 8>E8<8: A?@>A8;: «/720 =0 ?>;>2>< G;5=5 1K;0?» B25B8;, GB> =5B. «5 1C4C 45;0BL 0=0;87, B25@4> A:070; B>B, 157 O72K MB>3> =5 1K205B!»  2>B MB8 =5A:>;L:> A;>2 CA?>:>8;8 8 CAB@0=8;8 GC2AB2> =02O7G82>3> AB@0E0, 45@602H53>AO 8 <5AOF52. ! MB>3> 2@5<5=8 12 ;5B AB@0405B A8D8;>D>1859 !>AB>O=85 @57:> :>;51;5BAO K20NB ?5@8>4K >B =5A:>;L:8E G0A>2 4> =5A:>;L:8E <5AOF52, :>340 . 2;0455B <KA;L > B><, GB> >= 1>;5= A8D8;8A><.  MB> 2@5<O . >E20G5= A8;L=59H8< GC2AB2>< AB@0E0, >BG0O=8O, =5 =0E>48B A515 <5AB0, A B@C4>< <>65B @01>B0BL. KB05BAO A515 ;>38G5A:8 4>:070BL, GB> >?0A5=8O 53> =5@50;L=K, GB> A8D8;8A0 =53, GB> MB> D>18O. =>340 MB> C405BAO 8 AB@0E ?@>E>48B. 4=0:> G0I5 2A53> AB@0E 45@68BAO, =5A<>B@O =0 2A5 4>2>4K @0AAC4:0. >GB8 =5 C405BAO B>340 871028BLAO >B AB@0E0 8 ?CB5< >B2;5G5=8O 2=8<0=8O. A;8 AB@0E =5 ?@>E>48B, >= 3>2>@8B A515: «>AB02;N @50:F8N 0AA5@<0=0. A;8 >B25B 1C45B >B@8F0B5;L=K9  A8D8;8A0 =5B, 5A;8 ?>;>68B5;L=K9  =5<54;5==> :>=GC 687=L A0<>C189AB2><. 8BL A B0:8< ?>7>@>< =5 <>3C». @8E>48BAO 640BL 2 <5AOF0 >B <><5=B0 ?@54?>;0305<>3> 70@065=8O 4> ?>AB0=>2:8 @50:F88. -B8 2 <5AOF0 4;O =53> A?;>H=0O ?KB:0. >340 ?>4E>48B 2@5<O AB028BL @50:F8N, =0ABC?05B =5:>B>@>5 >1;53G5=85: «"5?5@L A:>@> :>=5F A><=5=8O<. C45B >?@545;5==>ABL  8;8... 8;8». @>2L A405B >4=>2@5<5==> 2 425 ;01>@0B>@88 8 @50:F8N ?>2B>@O5B 2 :064>9 87 =8E 42064K («2> 871560=85 >H81:8»). >340 C7=05B, GB> >B25B @50:F88 0AA5@<0=0 >B@8F0B5;5=, AB@0E ?@>E>48B 8 . 87102;O5BAO >B <KA;8, GB> >= 1>;5= A8D8;8A><. 0ABC?05B >B=>A8B5;L=> A25B;K9 ?5@8>4, :>B>@K9 4;8BAO >B =5A:>;L:8E 4=59 4> 1 ½ ;5B 8 A<5=O5BAO =>2K< @5F8482>< AB@0E0.  A25B;>< ?@><56CB:5 =5 8A?KBK205B M<>F8>=0;L=>9 =0?@O65==>AB8, =5 A><=5205BAO 2 B><, GB> >= 74>@>2, >4=0:> 8A?KBK205B 1>O7=L, GB> <>65B 2=>2L =0ABC?8BL @5F8482 AB@0E0 ^70@078BLAO A8D8;8A>< 2=5?>;>2K< ?CB5< «# <5=O, 3>2>@8B >=, «1@K73>D>18O», B. 5. =02O7G820O 1>O7=L 70@078BLAO A8D8;8A>< G5@57 :0?5;L:8 A;N=K  1@K738. / ?>=8<0N =5@50;L=>ABL MB>3> >?0A5=8O, ?>@>9 53> ?>;=CN =5;5?>ABL, => =8G53> =5 <>3C A45;0BL. =>340 A>25@H5==> =57=0G8B5;L=K9 ?>2>4 <>65B 2K720BL C <5=O ?>O2;5=85 ;81> «<0;>3> =0?;K20 AB@0E0», ?@>4>;60NI53>AO <8=CBK, 4=8 8;8 =545;8, ;81> «1>;LH>3> =0?;K20 AB@0E0», 4;OI53>AO <5AOFK. A;8 21;878 <5=O :B>-;81> :0H;O=C;, MB> <>65B 2K720BL «<0;K9 =0?;K2 AB@0E0»; B>340 O A>25@H0N 70I8B=>5 @8BC0;L=>5 459AB285 3 @070 ?>2>@0G820NAL, GB>1K =5 70@078BLAO. -B> 8=>340 ?><>305B, => G0AB> =5 ?@54>B2@0I05B «=0?;K20 AB@0E0». 4=064K A>A54:0 ?> AB>;C 2 A0=0B>@88 G8E=C;0. >O28;0AL <KA;L: «@K738 <>3;8 4>;5B5BL». >7=8:;> GC2AB2> AB@0E0. 5<54;5==> C5E0; 87 A0=0B>@8O». !B@0E <>65B 8=>340 2>7=8:=CBL 8 2 B>< A;CG05, 5A;8 2A?><=8B, GB> :B>-B> :0H;O=C;, :>340 >= H5; ?> C;8F5. C:2K «?@» G0AB> A>?@>2>640NBAO 1@K730<8 A;N=K, :>340 8E ?@>87=>AOB, ?>MB><C A;>2> «?@>HC», A:070==>5 G5;>25:><, 1;87:> >B =53> AB>OI8<, G0AB> 2K7K205B B@52>3C. 8DB5@H0 A:070;0 5<C: «@>HC ?@>9B8!» -B> 2K720;> «<0;K9 =0?;K2 AB@0E0», 45@602H89AO =5A:>;L:> G0A>2 (A;KH0;, GB> ;8DB5@H0 2 <>;>4>AB8 O:>1K 1K;0 ;53:><KA;5==>9). «>A;54=89 3>4, 3>2>@8B >=, C <5=O ?>O2;O;8AL 8=>340 AB5=>:0@48G5A:85 1>;8 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0. @8ABC? 1>;8 >4=064K 2>7=8:, :>340 H5; G5@57 ?;>I04L. AB0=>28; ?@>57602H55 B0:A8 8 @5H8; ?>A845BL 2 <0H8=5, ?>:0 ?@8ABC? 1>;8 =5 ?@>945B. > H>D5@, >B:@K2 425@FC <0H8=K, A:070; «@>HC!». >O28;AO AB@0E 1@K73 A;N=K, >B:070;AO A5ABL 2 <0H8=C 8 ?>H5; ?5H:>< 50;L=0O C3@>70 A<5@B8 >B 8=D0@:B0 <8>:0@40 4;O <5=O <5=55 AB@0H=0, G5< <=8<0O >?0A=>ABL 70@078BLAO A8D8;8A>< G5@57 :0?5;L:C A;N=K». > 871560=85 2>7<>6=>AB8 70@065=8O 1>;L=>9 =5 ?L5B 2>4C =0 C;8F5, 1@55BAO 2A5340 C >4=>3> 8 B>3> 65 ?0@8:<0E5@0, 1>8BAO ?>4=OBL C?02HCN 25IL. «0:-B> CB@><, 3>2>@8B >=, C@>=8; =0 ?>; ?0?8@>AC. 5G5@>< ?>4=O; 55, ?>4C<0;: «;54=0O A?8@>E5B0 6825B 2=5 >@30=87<0 B>;L:> 20 <8=CB, ?0?8@>A0 =5 70@07=0 8 70:C@8; 55.  2A5 65 MB> 2K720;> «=0?;K2 AB@0E0», ?@>45@602H89AO 3 =545;8». 5@2=K<8 8 ?A8E8G5A:8<8 701>;520=8O<8 =8:B> 2 A5<L5 . =5 AB@040;. >A 8 @072820;AO =>@<0;L=>, =8G5< =5 1>;5;. > E0@0:B5@C >1I8B5;L=K9, >B7K2G82K9, A<5;K9, =5 B@52>6=>-<=8B5;L=K9, => A>25AB;82K9, A ?>2KH5==> @0728BK< GC2AB2>< 4>;30. 8<8:0 8 65ABK 682K5, M:A?@5AA82=K5. 1;0405B 40@>< O@:>, C2;5:0B5;L=> @0AA:07K20BL, =5<=>3> ?>5B, 83@05B.  1937 3. 2KABC?8; 2 70I8BC =5?@028;L=> >128=5==>3> G5;>25:0, E>BO 8 ?>=8<0;, GB> AB028B A51O B5< A0<K< ?>4 C40@. K; 0@5AB>20=.  BN@L<5 3 <5AOF0 =0E>48;AO 2 1>;LH>9 >1I59 :0<5@5 A C3>;>2=K<8 ?@5ABC?=8:0<8. #<5@O; 2A?KE8202H85 <564C =8<8 AA>@K, ?5; ?5A=8, @0AA:07K20; C2;5:0B5;L=K5 8AB>@88, 5; A =8<8 87 >4=>9 <8A:8, ?8; 87 >4=>9 :@C6:8, 8 ?@8 MB>< =5 1>O;AO G5<-=81C4L 70@078BLAO. G5=L <C65AB25==> 25; A51O =0 4>?@>A0E. K; >A2>1>645=. 7 GC2AB20 1;03>40@=>AB8 65=8;AO =0 A>A;C6828F5, :>B>@0O AB0;0 =0 53> 70I8BC 8 A>459AB2>20;0 53> >A2>1>645=8N. 5=0B =0 =59 27 ;5B 5=0  =0CG=K9 @01>B=8:. G5=L ;N18B 55 :0: G5;>25:0, C20605B, >4=0:> ?>;>2>3> 2;5G5=8O : =59 =8:>340 =5 8A?KBK20;. A5340 2K=C645= 1K; 2K7K20BL >1@07K 4@C38E 65=I8=, GB>1K 1KBL A =59 2 1;87:8E >B=>H5=8OE. <55B 42>8E 27@>A;KE 45B59, :>B>@KE >G5=L ;N18B . 0AB5=8:, A@54=53> @>AB0. >A;54=89 3>4 >1=0@C65=K =5@57:> 2K@065==K5 O2;5=8O <8>:0@48>48AB@>D88. @B5@80;L=>5 402;5=85 125/80 << @B, AB. ! =52@>;>38G5A:>9 AB>@>=K 157 >A>15==>AB59. 5E0=87< 2>7=8:=>25=8O D>188 C ., :070;>AL 1K, >G52845=. !;CG09=0O ?>;>20O A2O7L 2K720;0 >1>A=>20==>5 >?0A5=85 70@065=8O A8D8;8A><, GB> 8 O28;>AL ?@8G8=>9 1>;57=8. 4=0:> <=>3>5 >AB05BAO =5?>=OB=K<. >G5<C 2>?@>A CG8B5;L=8FK: « BK G8ABK9?» >:070; AB>;L A8;L=>5 ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI55 459AB285, GB> 2K720; A8D8;>D>18N, 45@60ICNAO 12 ;5B? . =5 O2;O5BAO ?A8E0AB5=>84=K< ?A8E>?0B>< (?A8E0AB5=8:><), C :>B>@>3> @07;8G=K5 D>188 <>3CB 2>7=8:0BL ?>4 2;8O=85< =57=0G8B5;L=KE ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI8E 2>7459AB289. = A:>@55 2A53> >B=>A8BAO : ;8F0< A A8;L=K< B8?>< =5@2=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 157 ?@5>1;040=8O >4=>9 87 A83=0;L=KE A8AB5<. # =53> >1=0@C6820NBAO A>G5B0=8O G5@B E0@0:B5@0, :>B>@K5 1K20NB @57:> 2K@065=K ?@8 8AB5@88 (CA8;5==0O M<>B82=>ABL, G5@BK «EC4>65AB25==>3>»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«1@K73>D>18N»), ?>G5<C, :070;>AL 1K, =57=0G8B5;L=K5 @074@068B5;8 (G8E=C; 2AB@5G=K9 ?@>E>689) AB0;8 2K7K20BL 4;8B5;L=K5, <CG8B5;L=K5 A>AB>O=8O M<>F8>=0;L=>9 =0?@O65==>AB8 (AB@0E0) A <KA;O<8 > B><, GB> >=, 2>7<>6=>, 70@078;AO A8D8;8A><? -B> 5I5 <>3;> 1K 1KBL ?>=OB=>, 5A;8 8 @0=LH5 1>O7=L 70@078BLAO A8D8;8A>< 2=5?>;>2K< ?CB5< 1K;0 1K 5<C A2>9AB25==0, =0?@8<5@ ?@828B0 2 ?@>F5AA5 2>A?8B0=8O 8;8 2K720=0 :0:8<8-;81> ?5@56820=8O<8. 4=0:> MB>3> =5 1K;>.  BN@L<5 . 5; 87 >4=>9 <8A:8 A 4@C38<8, ?8; 87 >4=>9 :@C6:8 8 =5 1>O;AO 70@078BLAO A8D8;8A><. "5G5=85 701>;520=8O 8<5;> 5I5 >4=C 206=CN >A>15==>ABL, :>B>@CN ?>4<5B8; A0< 1>;L=>9. >A;5 1;87:8E >B=>H5=89 A CG8B5;L=8F59 C =53> 1K;8 5I5 B@8 A2O78 A 65=I8=0<8, 4;82H85AO >B 2 4> 6 <5AOF52 :0640O. =8 4>AB02;O;8 5<C 1>;LH>5 ?>;>2>5 C4>2;5B2>@5=85, => 2K7K20;8 GC2AB2> @0A:0O=8O 2 A2O78 A <KA;O<8 >1 87<5=5 65=5, ?>MB><C >= A0< 8E ?>@K20;. > 2A5E MB8E A;CG0OE, ?>:0 4;8;0AL A2O7L, ?@8ABC?K AB@0E0 70@065=8O («=0?;K2K AB@0E0») =5 2>7=8:0;8, =>, :0: B>;L:> >=0 ?>@K20;0AL, A@07C 65 2>7>1=>2;O;8AL. G5284=>, =5C40G=> A;>682H0OAO A5<59=0O 687=L ?@825;0 C . : AH81:5 =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2, :>=D;8:BC <564C 4>;3>< 8 65;0=85< 8 ?>402;5=8N ?>;>2>3> 2;5G5=8O. >402;5==>5 2;5G5=85 ?@825;> : CA8;5=8N ?0AA82=>->1>@>=8B5;L=>3> @5D;5:A0, 2 A2O78 A G5< : A>AB>O=8N ?>2KH5==>9 3>B>2=>AB8 : @50:F88 AB@0E0. >A;54=OO, >4=0:>, =5 ?@8>1@5;0 E0@0:B5@0 15AA>45@60B5;L=>3>, 0B5<0B8G5A:>3>, «A2>1>4=> 28B0NI53> AB@0E0», :0: MB> E0@0:B5@=> 4;O =52@>70 AB@0E0, 0 2K720;0 D>18N, B. 5. ?>H;0 ?> 2>7=8:H5<C C7:><C @CA;C. >A;5 2?5@2K5 ?5@568B>3> 1>;LH>3> ?>;>2>3> C4>2;5B2>@5=8O 2> 2@5<O ?5@2>9 87<5=K 65=5 «AH81:0» CA8;82H53>AO A5:AC0;L=>3> 2;5G5=8O A ?@>B82>1>@AB2CNI8<8 5<C ?@54AB02;5=8O<8 8 A>740;0 1;03>?@8OB=CN ?>G2C 4;O B>3>, GB>1K A;>20 CG8B5;L=8FK « BK G8ABK9» ?@825;8 : 2>7=8:=>25=8N AB@0E0 70@065=8O A8D8;8A><. !2O7L AB@0E0 70@065=8O A8D8;8A>< A A5:AC0;L=K< 2;5G5=85< >BG5B;82> 2KABC?05B 8 2 A;54CNI5< @0AA:070==>< . M?87>45: «4=064K ?>=@028;0AL <=5 >4=0 65=I8=0-?0@8:<0E5@. !5; : =59 1@8BLAO. >A;5 CE>40 ?>O28;AO AB@0E  =5 1K; ;8 1>;5= A8D8;8A>< :;85=B, A8452H89 C =55 4> <5=O». >;>2>5 GC2AB2> C . ?@>O28;>AL 2 B><, GB> 53> 2=8<0=85 ?@82;5:;0 ?0@8:<0E5@H0.  A2>N >G5@54L 284 ?@82;5:0B5;L=>9 <>;>4>9 65=I8=K <>3 CA8;8BL MB> GC2AB2>. >;L=>9 1>@>;AO A =8< («O =5 A:070; 59 =8 A;>20»), 8 ?>402;5==>5 ?>;>2>5 2;5G5=85 B@0=AD>@<8@>20;>AL 2 GC2AB2> AB@0E0, 0 MB> ?@825;> : >682;5=8N ?@54AB02;5=8O > B><, GB>, 2>7<>6=>, ?@54K4CI89 :;85=B 1K; 1>;5= 8 >= <>3 >B =53> 70@078BLAO. 070;>AL 1K, ?5@568B>5 GC2AB2> AB@0E0 ?>A;5 A2O78 A CG8B5;L=8F59 ?> <5E0=87<C CA;>2=>3> @5D;5:A0 4>;6=> 1K;> 1K >682;OBLAO ?@8 :064>9 =>2>9 A;CG09=>9 A2O78 8 AB@0E 70@065=8O 4>;65= 1K; 1K ?@825AB8 : ?>;=><C >B:07C >B A;CG09=KE A2O759 8;8 @5F8482C ?@8 2>7=8:=>25=88 A2O78. 4=0:> MB>3>-B> 8 =5 =0ABC?8;>. 'C2AB2> AB@0E0 ?>H;> ?> 1>:>2><C ?CB8  1>O7=8 2=5?>;>2>3> 70@065=8O A8D8;8A><, >AB0282 4>@>3C : 87<5=0< 65=5 >B:@KB>9.  2 MB>< A:070;0AL A;>6=0O 1>@L10 A8;, =0?@02;5==KE =0 C4>2;5B2>@5=85 ?>;>2>3> 2;5G5=8O 8 ?@>B82>1>@AB2CNI8E 8< ?@54AB02;5=89, A2O70==KE A GC2AB2>< 4>;30, ?@82O70==>ABLN : 65=5. >;LHCN @>;L 2 35=575 40==>3> 701>;520=8O (2>7=8:=>25=88 :>=D;8:B0 <564C 4>;3>< 8 2;5G5=85<) AK3@0;8 E0@0:B5@>;>38G5A:85 >A>15==>AB8 ;8G=>AB8 701>;52H53>, 53> 687=5==K5 CAB0=>2:8. «=>340, 3>2>@8; >=, C <5=O ?>O2;O;0AL <KA;L, =5 >AB02;OO 65=K 8 45B59, @53C;O@=> ?>445@6820BL A2O7L A 4@C3>9 65=I8=>9, GB>1K =5 8A?KBK20BL AB@0E0. > O =5 <>3C 42>8BLAO. >;57=L <>O =5>B45;8<0 >B E0@0:B5@0  MB> =5 B>, GB> ?>25@=C; 28=B8:...». 5G5=85 38?=>7>< 8 =0@:>?A8E>B5@0?88 =5 40;8 MDD5:B0. CB>35==0O B@5=8@>2:0 ?>72>;8;0 ;53G5 1>@>BLAO A «<0;K<8 =0?;K20<8 AB@0E0», 8=>340 ?@54C?@5640BL 8E ?>O2;5=85. C@A 0<8=078=0 8 8=AC;8=>B5@0?8O =5 ?><>3;8. <8=078= 8 0=40:A8= =5<=>3> >A;01;ONB GC2AB2> AB@0E0, M<>F8>=0;L=>9 =0?@O65==>AB8. <8=078= A=8<05B 8E ?@8 ACB>G=>9 4>75 >:>;> 300 <3. 4=0:> MB0 4>70 2K7K205B A:>20==>ABL, @57:CN ?A8E><>B>@=CN 70B>@<>65==>ABL 8 ;8H05B . B@C4>A?>A>1=>AB8, ?>MB><C 4;O =53> =5?@85<;5<0. ?B8<0;L=>9 >:070;0AL 4>70 0<8=078=0 ?> 25 mi CB@>< 8 25G5@><. @>2545=> ;5G5=85 =>78=0=>< 8 AB5;078=><. 0G0B0 CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=0O B5@0?8O ?> >;L?5 2 A>G5B0=88 A A0<>2=CH5=85<. 5=57 D>188 8=>340 <>65B 1KBL B5A=> A2O70= A >A>15==>ABO<8 @0728B8O ;8G=>AB8, A45;02H8<8 55 8718@0B5;L=> GC2AB28B5;L=>9 : >?@545;5==K< @074@068B5;O<. >;L=0O ., 56 ;5B, N@8A:>=AC;LB, =0 ?@>BO65=88 13 ;5B AB@0405B AB@0E>< >B:@KBKE ?;>I0459. =0 1>8BAO A0<>AB>OB5;L=> ?5@5E>48BL H8@>:85 3>@>4A:85 ?;>I048, ?>:@KBK5 0AD0;LB><. 5?@8OB=> 59 84B8 8 ?> H8@>:>9 0AD0;LB8@>20==>9 ?0=5;8, 0 B0:65 ?5@5E>48BL H8@>:85 70;K 8 25AB81N;8 A 3;04:8< ?>;><. @><5 B>3>, 1>8BAO ?5@5E>48BL H8@>:CN C;8FC, 5A;8 =5240;5:5 42865BAO B@0=A?>@B («24@C3 87-70 AB@0E0 =5 A<>3C 1KAB@> ?5@59B8»). >8BAO ?5@5H03=CBL 4065 C7:CN :0=02C 8;8 A> ABC?5=L:8 ?>5740 A>9B8 =0 ?;0BD>@<C, 5A;8 <564C ?>574>< 8 ?;0BD>@<>9 B0:>5 @0AAB>O=85, GB> =>30 <>3;0 1K 2 =53> ?@>9B8 (1>O7=L, GB> «H03=5B 2 ?@>?0ABL», ?@>20;8BAO). @8 ?>?KB:5 ?5@59B8 H8@>:CN 0AD0;LB8@>20==CN ?;>I04L 8A?KBK205B A8;L=K9 AB@0E. KHFK AB0=>2OBAO =0?@O65==K<8, 2A5 B5;> :0<5=55B, 8 >=0 =5 <>65B 428=CBLAO A <5AB0. 5 1>8BAO ?5@5E>48BL ?;>I04L, 5A;8 :B>-;81> 55 45@68B ?>4 @C:C 8;8 E>BO 1K ?@8:0A05BAO : 55 ?;5GC. 5 1>8BAO >4=0 E>48BL B0<, 345 =5B @>2=>9 3;04:>9 ?>25@E=>AB8: ?> <>@A:><C ?;O6C, ?>;O<, ;C30<, ;5A0<, ?5@5E>48BL =5H8@>:85 ?;>I048, ?>:@KBK5 1C;K6=8:><, 0 B0:65 E>48BL ?> C;8F0< 8 ?;>I04O<, ?>:@KBK< @>2=K< <O3:8< A;>5< A25652K?02H53> A=530.  A2O78 A >A=>2=>9 B5<>9 AB@0E0 AB>8B 1>O7=L 574K 2 02B>1CA0E («24@C3 02B>1CA >AB0=>28BAO ?>A@548 ?;>I048 8 ?0AA068@0< ?@54;>60B 2K9B8 87 <0H8=K»). # 1>;L=>9 2KA>:>@0728BK9 8=B5;;5:B, OA=K9 :@8B8G5A:89 C< 8 >=0 ?@5:@0A=> ?>=8<05B =5;5?>ABL, =5>1>A=>20==>ABL A2>53> AB@0E0, => ?@5>4>;5BL 53> =5 <>65B. K=C645=0 84B8 =0 @01>BC, >1E>4O ?;>I048, 2K18@0O C;8FK ?>C65. A;8 ?5@59B8 G5@57 H8@>:CN 0AD0;LB8@>20==CN C;8FC, =5?@5<5==> 45@68B :>3>-;81> ?>4 @C:C. >40 4 =0704 2 B5G5=85 =5A:>;L:8E 4=59 2>>1I5 1>O;0AL 2K9B8 =0 C;8FC: >B >4=>9 <KA;8, GB> ?@845BAO ?5@5E>48BL ?;>I04L, >E20BK20; C60A. 01>;520=85 A2>5 A:@K205B >B A>A;C682F52 8 7=0:><KE. >;L=0O @>48;0AL 2 835 2 1>30B>9 A5<L5. 0BL, >G5=L 701>B;820O, <=8B5;L=0O, 2A5340 G@572KG09=> >?5:0;0 4>GL, B0: :0: C =55 1K;0 @57:0O 1;87>@C:>ABL (7 48>?B@89). A5340 3>2>@8;0 59 «C4L >AB>@>6=0, BK 1;87>@C:0, =5 >ABC?8AL, >G5=L >AB>@>6=> ?5@5E>48 C;8FC, BK <>65HL =5 70<5B8BL <0H8=C». 0?@5I0;0 :0B0BLAO =0 ;>4:5, =0 25;>A8?545, 70=8<0BLAO A?>@B><. !0<0 1>;L=0O A 45BAB20 1>O;0AL ?5@59B8 G5@57 :0=02C ?> 1@52=C 8;8 C7:>9 4>A:5, AB@5<8;0AL ?>A:>@55 ?5@51560BL C;8FC. A5340 GC2AB2>20;0 A51O =0 =>30E =5A:>;L:> =5C25@5==>9. :>=G8;0 N@848G5A:89 D0:C;LB5B C=825@A8B5B0. 01>B05B N@8A:>=AC;LB><. 5=AB@C0F88 A 13 ;5B, @53C;O@=K5, ?> 3 4 4=O, G5@57 28 4=59 4> =0AB>OI53> 2@5<5=8. 0<C65< A 27 ;5B. <55B 27@>A;CN 4>GL 8 2=C:0. Coitus interruptus 2 B5G5=85 20 ;5B, >4=0:> ?>;>2>5 C4>2;5B2>@5=85 2A5340 CA?5205B 8A?KBK20BL.  45BA:>< 2>7@0AB5 ?5@5=5A;0 :>@L, 2 N=>AB8  1>;57=L >B:8=0. > 2@5<O <548F8=A:>3> >A<>B@0 6 ;5B =0704 A;CG09=> >1=0@C65=0 38?5@B>=8O. @B5@80;L=>5 402;5=85 AB>9:> ?>2KH5=>: 170 180/110 << @B. AB.  B5G5=85 @O40 ;5B AB@0405B 3>;>2=K<8 1>;O<8, 8=>340 ?>H0BK205B ?@8 E>4L15. >;0305B, GB> 38?5@B>=8G5A:0O 1>;57=L C =55 8<5;0AL 5I5 4> 701>;520=8O =52@>7><. !5@4F5 =8:>340 =5 1>;5;>, >4=0:> G0AB> >ICI0;0 53> ?5@51>8. > E0@0:B5@C @5H8B5;L=0O, M=5@38G=0O, =8:>340 =5 B5@O;0AL 2 <8=CBC >?0A=>AB8, A?>:>9=0O, A45@60==0O, 2 B> 65 2@5<O ?>2KH5==> A>25AB;820O, >G5=L ?@82K:05B : >1AB0=>2:5 8 =5 ;N18B <5=OBL @07 CAB0=>2;5==K9 ?>@O4>:. "5;>A;>65=85 ?8:=>-0B;5B8G5A:>5, 3@0=8FK A5@4F0 =5A:>;L:> @0AH8@5=K 2;52>, B>=K 3;CE85, =0 M;5:B@>:0@48>3@0<<5  O2;5=8O <8>:0@48>48AB@>D88. 0 =>30E 2K@065==K5 >B5:8. 5=K @0AH8@5=K. @B5@80;L=>5 402;5=85 ?@8 >A<>B@5 180/110 << @B. AB. !B@0E >B:@KBKE ?;>I0459 2>7=8: 2 2>7@0AB5 43 ;5B, 2 :>=F5 78<K, 2A:>@5 ?>A;5 B>3> :0: ?>A:>;L7=C;0AL, C?0;0 =0 C;8F5 8 A8;L=> CH81;0 :>?G8:. AN 78<C >G5=L =5@2=8G0;0, B0: :0: 1@0B 1K; >1JO2;5= «2@03>< =0@>40», 0 <C60 2K7K20;8 =0 4>?@>AK. ?0A0;0AL 0@5AB0. ! MB>3> 2@5<5=8 D>18O 45@60;0AL =5?@5@K2=> 13 ;5B. >;L=0O ?KB0;0AL ;5G8BLAO 38?=>7><, => 10 A50=A>2 2=CH5=8O 2 A>AB>O=88 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 II AB5?5=8 =5 40;8 A:>;L:>-=81C4L 7=0G8B5;L=>3> MDD5:B0. =40:A8=, 0<8=078=, @575@?8= 2@5<5==> =5A:>;L:> C<5=LH0;8 8=B5=A82=>ABL AB@0E0, => =5 CAB@0=O;8 D>188. 5=57 55 2>7=8:=>25=8O 1K; >1AC645= A>2<5AB=> A 1>;L=>9. >;L=0O >1CG5=0 B5E=8:5 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:8 8 ?@>3@5AA82=>9 <KH5G=>9 @5;0:A0F88 A B5<, GB>1K >=0 A<>3;0 :C?8@>20BL <KH5G=>5 =0?@O65=85 8 GC2AB2> AB@0E0, 2>7=8:0NI85 ?@8 ?>?KB:5 ?@81;865=8O : >B:@KB>9 ?;>I048, 8;8 70@0=55 =5 4>?CAB8BL 8E ?>O2;5=8O. @54;>65=> ?@>2545=85 A50=A>2 A0<>2=CH5=8O, =0?@02;5==KE =0 CAB@0=5=85 D>188, 8 :C@A ?>AB5?5==>9 B@5=8@>2:8 2 E>4L15 G5@57 >B:@KBK5 ?;>I048 ?> ?@82545==><C =865 <5B>4C C30H5=8O CA;>2=>9 A2O78. >A;5 2-<5AOG=>3> ;5G5=8O 1>;L=0O A<>3;0 A0<>AB>OB5;L=> ?5@5E>48BL ?;>I048 8 H8@>:85 C;8FK, =5 1>OAL B@0=A?>@B0, E>BO 8 8A?KBK20;0 ?@8 MB>< =5?@8OB=>5 >ICI5=85. '5@57 3 <5AOF0 ?>A;5 ?5@5=5A5==>9 8=B5@:C@@5=B=>9 8=D5:F88 8 CEC4H5=8O >1I53> A>AB>O=8O =0ABC?8; @5F8482 D>188, => 70B5< 8=B5=A82=>ABL AB@0E0 2=>2L 7=0G8B5;L=> A=878;0AL.  40==>< A;CG05 701>;520=85 2>7=8:;> C 65=I8=K, >B=>AOI59AO A:>@55 2A53> : ;8F0< A A8;L=K< A@54=8< B8?>< =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K, A:;>==>9 : >1@07>20=8N >G5=L ?@>G=KE CA;>2=KE A2O759. >;LHCN @>;L 2 35=575 701>;520=8O AK3@0;8 >A>15==>AB8 D>@<8@>20=8O ;8G=>AB8 2 45BA:>< 2>7@0AB5. 0BL G@57<5@=> >?5:0;0 452>G:C, >3@0=8G820;0 @0728B85 55 <>B>@8:8 8 A 45BAB20 ?@828;0 59 ?@54AB02;5=85 > B><, GB> >=0 4>;6=0 >G5=L >AB>@>6=> E>48BL, B0: :0: 1;87>@C:0, 2=CH8;0 59 1>O7=L ?5@5H03=CBL 4065 G5@57 =51>;LHCN :0=02C. >7=8:02H55 8=>340 GC2AB2> ?>H0BK20=8O ?@8 E>4L15, A2O70==>5 A 38?5@B>=8G5A:>9 1>;57=LN, >B5:8 8 @0AH8@5=85 25= =0 =>30E, @57:0O 1;87>@C:>ABL  2A5 MB> A?>A>1AB2>20;> >682;5=8N 8 ?>445@60=8N ?@54AB02;5=8O > 2>7<>6=>9 =5C40G5 0:B0 E>4L1K. 045=85 =0 ?;>I048 8 ?>;CG5==K5 CH81K ?>A;C68;8 ?>2>4><, :>B>@K9 2K720; AB@0E E>48BL ?> 3;04:8< A:>;L7:8< ?>25@E=>ABO< 8 >A>15==> H8@>:8< ?;>I04O<: BCB =5 70 GB> C45@60BLAO 8 =04> ?@5>4>;5BL 1>;LH>5 ?@>AB@0=AB2> 4> A?0A8B5;L=>9 ?0=5;8, 5A;8 ?>O28BAO 4286CI89AO B@0=A?>@B. >7=8:=>25=8N 8 4;8B5;L=>9 D8:A0F88 D>189 A?>A>1AB2>20;> B>, GB> GC2AB2> AB@0E0 ?>445@6820;>AL @O4>< ?@8G8=. =0G0;5 >=> 1K;> >1CA;>2;5=> C3@>7>9 0@5AB0. 0;55 1>;LHCN @>;L <>3;8 AK3@0BL =5?>;04:8 2 A5:AC0;L=>9 687=8 (4;8B5;L=K9 coitus interruptus), 87<5=5=85 =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2 ?>4 2;8O=85< 38?5@B>=8G5A:>9 1>;57=8, 0 B0:65 CA8;5=85 M<>F88 AB@0E0, 2K720==>5 A5@45G=>-A>AC48ABK< 701>;520=85<. "0:8< >1@07><, 2 35=575 701>;520=8O B5A=K< >1@07>< ?5@5?;5;8AL >A>15==>AB8 D>@<8@>20=8O ;8G=>AB8, ?A8E>35==K5 8 A><0B>35==K5 D0:B>@K. CB>35==0O B@5=8@>2:0 2 A>G5B0=88 A ;5G5=85< ?> <5B>4C C30H5=8O CA;>2=>9 A2O78 40;0 ?>;>68B5;L=K9 @57C;LB0B. "5G5=85 =52@>70 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 1K205B =5?@5@K2=K< 8;8 @5F84828@CNI8<.  ?5@2>< A;CG05 >=> <>65B 2K@060BLAO 2 2845 >4=>3> ?@8ABC?0, 4;OI53>AO >B =5A:>;L:8E 4=59 4> =5A:>;L:8E <5AOF52 8 4065 45AOB:>2 ;5B, 2> 2B>@><  ?5@8>4K 1>;57=8 A<5=ONBAO ?5@8>40<8 ?>;=>3> 74>@>2LO. !B5?5=L 2K@065==>AB8 A8<?B><>2 <>65B 1KBL @07;8G=>9  >B ;53:8E O2;5=89 =02O7G82>AB8, 70<5B=> =5 >B@060NI8EAO =0 @01>B>A?>A>1=>AB8 8 1KB5 1>;L=>3>, 4> BO65;>3> =02O7G82>3> A>AB>O=8O, 2K2>4OI53> 1>;L=>3> 87 AB@>O 8 ?@52@0I0NI53> 53> 687=L 2 ?KB:C. 07=0O AB5?5=L BO65AB8 701>;520=8O >BG5B;82> 2KABC?05B 2 ?@82545==KE =865 B@5E =01;N45=8OE. >;L=0O .., 51 3>40, =0 ?@>BO65=88 <=>38E ;5B AB@0405B =02O7G82K< AB@0E>< ?5@5E>48BL >B:@KBK5 ?;>I048. !B@0E ?>O2;O5BAO =5 B>;L:> ?@8 ?>?KB:5 ?5@59B8 ?;>I04L, => 4065 5A;8 >=0 B>;L:> A>18@05BAO 2K9B8 87 4><0 A B0:8< =0<5@5=85<. =0 CA?5H=> 70254C5B :0D54@>9 2 <548F8=A:>< 8=AB8BCB5. 8 ABC45=BK, =8 A>B@C4=8:8 =5 7=0NB > 55 701>;520=88.  G5<-;81> 4@C3>< 701>;520=85 =5 ?@>O2;O5BAO. # >4=>9 ?@0:B8G5A:8 74>@>2>9 65=I8=K 87>;8@>20==K9 =02O7G82K9 AB@0E ?B8GL8E ?5@L52 =5?@5@K2=> 45@68BAO ?>GB8 50 ;5B. !B@0E 2>7=8:05B =5 B>;L:> 2 A;CG05 ?@8:>A=>25=8O : ?5@LO< ;N1>9 ?B8FK, 682>9 8;8 C18B>9, => 8 ?@8 <0;59H59 C3@>75 ?@8:>A=>25=8O. "0:, :C@8F0 2> 42>@5 2K7K205B GC2AB2> AB@0E0, 5A;8 >=0 =0G8=05B ?@81;860BLAO : 1>;L=>9. =B5@5A=> >B<5B8BL, GB> 65=I8=0 MB0 ?> E0@0:B5@C =5 1>O7;820O 8 =5 <=8B5;L=0O. ! 8A:;NG8B5;L=K< <C65AB2>< ?5@5=5A;0 BO65;59H85 8A?KB0=8O 2 2>5==>5 2@5<O 8 70B5< 2 =5<>;>4>< 2>7@0AB5 70>G=> CA?5H=> 70:>=G8;0 8=AB8BCB. 1I8B5;L=0, 687=5@04>AB=0.  B5G5=85 =5A:>;L:8E ;5B 2KABC?0;0 2 B50B@0;L=KE ?>AB0=>2:0E 8 >1=0@C68;0 4@0<0B8G5A:85 A?>A>1=>AB8.  B> 65 2@5<O >=0  G5;>25: A ?>2KH5==K< GC2AB2>< 4>;30, ?>2KH5==>9 A>25AB;82>ABLN. # =55 >B<5G05BAO @54:>5 A>G5B0=85 8AB5@8G5A:8E 8 ?A8E0AB5=8G5A:8E G5@B E0@0:B5@0. !B@0E ?5@L52 2>7=8: 2 45BA:>< 2>7@0AB5, 2848<>, ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: >=0 8A?C30;0AL :8B09A:>3> 2>;0=G8:0 87 ?B8GL8E ?5@L52 (?>4>185 <OG8:0, @0=LH5 ?@8<5=O2H53>AO 4;O 83@K 2 104<8=B>=), =5>6840==> ?>?02H53> 59 2 ;8F>. >;L=>9 . AB@0405B AB@0E>< 70@065=8O, 2 A2O78 A G5< 1>8BAO ?@8:>A=>25=8O : =5<C ?>AB>@>==8E ;8F, 0 B0:65 ?>?040=8O 3@O78 =0 A2>N >4564C. 545;O<8 =5 2KE>48B 87 4><C, >E20G5==K9 AB@0E><, GB> :B>-=81C4L =0 C;8F5 : =5<C A;CG09=> ?@8:>A=5BAO  B5G5=85 5 <5AOF52 ;560; 2 ?A8E80B@8G5A:>9 :;8=8:5 2 <0;5=L:>9 ?0;0B5, =8:>3> =5 4>?CA:0O : A515, 1>OAL 2K9B8 87 AB@0E0 ?@8:>A=>25=8O 8 15A:>=5G=>, G0A0<8, AB@OE820O <=8<CN ?K;L 8 3@O7L A> A2>59 >4564K 8 ?>AB5;8 40 AB028;0AL 5<C =0 BC<1>G:C C 425@8, 8 >= 55 1@0; B>;L:> B>340, :>340 ?@8=5AH0O 55 A0=8B0@:0 >BE>48;0. @5<5=0<8 C60A >E20BK20; 53> =5 B>;L:>, :>340 :B>-;81> : =5<C ?@8:0A0;AO 8;8 1K;0 @50;L=0O C3@>70 B0:>3> ?@8:>A=>25=8O, => 4065 ?@8 >4=>9 <KA;8 > B0:>9 2>7<>6=>AB8». 7-70 AB@0E0 70@065=8O 8 A;>6=KE ?@>F54C@ C<K20=8O, AB@OE820=8O >4564K, «70I8BK» >B ?@8:>A=>25=8O 687=L 53> 8 1;87:8E ?@52@0B8;0AL 2 ?KB:C. !0< >= 3>40<8 1K; D0:B8G5A:8 ;8H5= B@C4>A?>A>1=>AB8 8 =C640;AO 2 CE>45. #A8;5=85 =02O7G82>AB8 C 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 8=>340 <>65B 2>7=8:0BL, :070;>AL 1K, 157 >A>1>3> 2=5H=53> ?>2>40 ?>4 2;8O=85< ?5@8>48G5A:8 =0ABC?0NI8E ;53:8E :>;510=89 =0AB@>5=8O, A>?@>2>640NI8EAO CA8;5=85< GC2AB20 B@52>38, 15A?>:>9AB20. 4=0:> G0I5 2A53> >=> 2K7K205BAO ?>2B>@=K< 459AB285< ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI8E @074@068B5;59. "0:, =0?@8<5@, AB@0E A>9B8 A C<0 2>7>1=>28;AO C =0H59 1>;L=>9 ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: >=0 CA;KH0;0 @0AA:07 > ?A8E8G5A:>< 701>;520=88, 2>7=8:H5< C 7=0:><>3> 55 A>A;C682F0. !B@0E 2=>2L ?>2B>@8;AO ?>A;5 ?@>A<>B@0 :8=>D8;L<0, >48= 87 35@>52 :>B>@>3> A>H5; A C<0. 02O7G82K5 O2;5=8O =5@54:> CA8;820NBAO ?@8 >A;01;5=88 B>=CA0 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K, =0?@8<5@ : 25G5@C ?@8 CB><;5=88, ?@8 =54>AK?0=88, ?>A;5 ?5@5=5A5==>9 8=D5:F88, 0 B0:65 2> 2@5<O <5=AB@C0F89. 0>1>@>B, :>340 B>=CA >@30=87<0 2KA>:, >=8 >A;01520NB 8;8 C<5=LH0NBAO. "0: MB> 1K205B CB@>< ?>A;5 >A2560NI53> A=0, 0 B0:65 ?@8 2>71C645=88, 2K720==>< ;8E>@04>G=K< 701>;520=85<, ?@8 0:B82=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, >E20BK20NI59 1>;L=>3>, M<>F8>=0;L=>< ?>4J5<5.  CA;>28OE D@>=B>2>9 >1AB0=>2:8, 2> 2@5<O =0;5B>2 2@065A:>9 0280F88, =02O7G82K5 O2;5=8O ?>;=>ABLN 8AG570;8. @8<5G0B5;L=> B>, GB> AB@0E A<5@B8 CAB@0=O;AO ?@8 @50;L=>9 C3@>75 687=8 8 2>7>1=>2;O;AO A 55 8AG57=>25=85<. !5@45G=>-A>AC48ABK5, B>:A8G5A:85 8;8 8=K5 =0@CH5=8O, 2K7K20NI85 GC2AB2> AB@0E0 D878>35==K< ?CB5<, 2<5AB5 A B5< <>3CB >6828BL, 0:BC0;878@>20BL AB0@K5, 402=> C30AH85 D>188. "0:, AB@0E A>9B8 A C<0 G5@57 32 3>40 2=>2L ?>O28;AO ?>4 2;8O=85< GC2AB20 B@52>38, 2K720==>3> @07282H59AO 38?5@B>=859.  4@C3>< A;CG05 :0@48>D>18G5A:89 A8=4@>< 8 2 A2O78 A MB8< 1>O7=L 5748BL 2 B@0=A?>@B5 A 02B><0B8G5A:8 70:@K20NI8<8AO 425@O<8 («24@C3 AB0=5B ?;>E>, 0 425@L 70:@KB0 8 =5 2K9B8») 2>7>1=>2;O;8AL C 1>;L=>3> 38?>B>=859 :064K9 @07, :>340 C =53> ?040;> 0@B5@80;L=>5 402;5=85. !;54C5B >B<5B8BL, GB> . . 5B@>20 =01;N40;0 @5F8482K D>188 C A>10:, =0ABC?82H85 ?>4 2;8O=85< 8AB>I0NI8E =5@2=CN A8AB5<C 2>7459AB289. @8 MB>< C A>10:8, ?0402H59 @0=LH5 2 ?@>;5B ;5AB=8FK, 2>7=8:;0 D>18O 3;C18=K, C ?>;CG82H59 2 ?@>H;>< >6>3  D>18O >3=O. @8 @5F84825 =52@>70 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 >1KG=> ?>2B>@ONBAO @0=55 8<52H85AO O2;5=8O =02O7G82>AB8, B. 5. B5 65 A8<?B><K, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: ?@8 @5F84825 8AB5@88 G0AB> 2>7=8:0NB =>2K5 A8<?B><K. 0A?>7=020=85 =52@>70 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 =5 ?@54AB02;O5B 70B@C4=5=89, 5A;8 A2O7L =02O7G82>3> A>AB>O=8O A 2K7202H59 53> ?@8G8=>9 >G5284=0.  B5E 65 A;CG0OE, :>340 ?@8G8=0 1>;57=8 =5 >A>7=05BAO 1>;L=K< 8 701>;520=85 2>7=8:05B :0: 1K 157 2=5H=53> ?>2>40, 4;O 2KOA=5=8O MB>9 A2O78 <>65B ?>B@51>20BLAO 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 4;8B5;L=>5 2@5<O. 02O7G82>5 A>AB>O=85 O2;O5BAO A8<?B><><, :>B>@K9 <>65B 1KBL ?@8 A0<KE @07;8G=KE 701>;520=8OE 8 8<5BL @07=K9 35=57. @8 A>AC48ABKE 701>;520=8OE 3>;>2=>3> <>730, M?8;5?A88, <0=80:0;L=>-45?@5AA82=>< ?A8E>75 2 A25B;>< ?@><56CB:5, ?@5<>@184=>< ?5@8>45 H87>D@5=88, >@30=8G5A:8E ?>@065=8OE 3>;>2=>3> <>730 ?>4 459AB285< ?A8E8G5A:8E B@02< <>3CB 2>7=8:0BL =02O7G82K5 A>AB>O=8O, >B=>AOI85AO : =52@>7C =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89. ><8<> B>3>, ?@8 C:070==KE 2KH5 701>;520=8OE <>3CB 1KBL =02O7G82K5 A>AB>O=8O, O2;ONI85AO ;8HL A8<?B><>< >A=>2=>9 1>;57=8. @8 8E @0A?>7=020=88 83@05B @>;L CAB0=>2;5=85 E0@0:B5@=KE A8<?B><>2 >A=>2=>3> 701>;520=8O. 4=0:> 8 A0<8 O2;5=8O =02O7G82>AB8 8<5NB =5:>B>@K5 :;8=8G5A:85 >A>15==>AB8. "0:, 4;O =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 A>AC48AB>3> 35=570, =0?@8<5@ =0 ?>G25 38?5@B>=8G5A:>9 1>;57=8, 38?>B>=88 8;8 F5@51@0;L=>3> 0B5@>A:;5@>70, E0@0:B5@=K D>188. =8 A2O70=K A GC2AB2>< AB@0E0, 2K720==K< D878>35==K< ?CB5< (38?>:A5<8O 2A;54AB285 =0@CH5=8O :@>2>A=0165=8O <>730). 57CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=>5 2>71C645=85, ;560I55 2 >A=>25 D878>35==>3> AB@0E0, @0A?@>AB@0=82H8AL ?> CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K< ?CBO<, 8 2K7K205B 2 MB8E A;CG0OE >G03 ?0B>;>38G5A:8 8=5@B=>3> 2>71C645=8O, ;560I89 2 >A=>25 =02O7G82>AB8. %0@0:B5@=> A;54CNI55 =01;N45=85. >;L=0O ., 2@0G, 40 ;5B, >1@0B8;0AL A 60;>10<8 =0 ?5@8>48G5A:>5 ?>O2;5=85 AB@0E0 A>9B8 A C<0. =>340 AB@0E ?@8=8<0; E0@0:B5@ 27@K20 >BG0O=8O A >ICI5=85< C60A0, >E20BK202H53> 1>;L=CN. =0 E20B0;0AL 70 3>;>2C, ;><0;0 @C:8, 27K20;0 > ?><>I8. @5<5=0<8 AB@0E ?>GB8 ?>;=>ABLN ?@5:@0I0;AO, 8 1>;L=0O, ?>=8<0O 53> =5>1>A=>20==>ABL, 1>@>;0AL A =8<, => ?@5>4>;5BL =5 <>3;0. >;L=0O AG8B05B, GB> AB@0E C =55 2K720= G8AB> ?A8E>35==K<8, @50:B82=K<8 ?@8G8=0<8  ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<>9: 2>7=8: >= 2 3>40 =0704, ?>A;5 B>3> :0: >=0 C7=0;0, GB> A>A54:0 A>H;0 A C<0 8 ?>:>=G8;0 687=L A0<>C189AB2><. BAN40, 3>2>@8B 1>;L=0O, 8 C =55 ?>O28;0AL 1>O7=L A>9B8 A C<0. >;55 45B0;L=K9 0=0;87 ?>:070;, GB> AB@0E ?>O28;AO A?CABO =545;8 425 ?>A;5 A<5@B8 A>A54:8.  A515 1>;L=0O @0AA:070;0, GB> 2 A5<L5 =5@2=K<8 8 ?A8E8G5A:8<8 701>;520=8O<8 =8:B> =5 AB@040;. >A;0 8 @072820;0AL =>@<0;L=>. :>=G8;0 10 :;0AA>2 8 <548F8=A:89 8=AB8BCB. 01>B05B 2@0G>< 17 ;5B 5=AB@C0F88 A 14 ;5B, ?> 3 4 4=O, @53C;O@=K5. >;>20O 687=L A> 2@5<5=8 70<C65AB20  A 26 ;5B =>@<0;L=0O. <55B 2 45B59. ! <C65< >B=>H5=8O E>@>H85 > E0@0:B5@C >1I8B5;L=0O, <O3:0O, =5A:>;L:> B@52>6=>-<=8B5;L=0O.  45BAB25 ?5@5=5A;0 :>@L 8 :>:;NH, 2 H:>;L=K5 3>4K  <0;O@8N.  2>7@0AB5 34 ;5B >1=0@C65=0 38?>B>=8O. ! B>3> 2@5<5=8 =0 ?@>BO65=88 1 ;5B 0@B5@80;L=>5 402;5=85 G0AB> 1K20;> 70/50  80/60 << @B. AB. => =5 ?>4=8<0;>AL 2KH5 95/70 <<. # 1>;L=>9 4>2>;L=> G0AB> >B<5G0;0AL 3>;>2=0O 1>;L, ?>2KH5==0O CB><;O5<>ABL, HC< 2 CH0E. =>340 2>7=8:0;> >ICI5=85 «BC?>AB8 2 3>;>25», GC2AB2> B@52>38 A >6840=85< :0:>9-B> =042830NI59AO 154K.  >48= 87 B0:8E <><5=B>2 2 3>40 =0704, :>340 0@B5@80;L=>5 402;5=85 1K;> 70/50 <<, 8 ?>O28;AO AB@0E A>9B8 A C<0. = @57:> CA8;820;AO 2 ?5@8>4K CEC4H5=8O A0<>GC2AB28O 8 AB0=>28;AO =57=0G8B5;L=K<, :>340 A0<>GC2AB285 C;CGH0;>AL, E>BO =02O7G820O <KA;L > ?A8E8G5A:>< 701>;520=88 55 =5 ?>:840;0. !B@0E 42064K :@0B:>2@5<5==> CA8;820;AO ?>4 2;8O=85< @50:B82=KE <><5=B>2  2 >1>8E A;CG0OE ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: 1>;L=0O A;KH0;0 @0AA:07 > B><, GB> ?>4 2;8O=85< 2>7=8:H59 ?A8E8G5A:>9 1>;57=8 1K;0 A>25@H5=0 ?>?KB:0 A0<>C189AB20. G5284=>, AB@0E 1>;L=>9 2?5@2K5 1K; 2K720= =5 @50:B82=K<8, 0 D878>35==K<8 D0:B>@0<8  38?>B>=8G5A:8< :@87><, 38?>:A5<859. $878>35==> 2>7=8:H55 GC2AB2> AB@0E0 >6828;> B5A=> A2O70==K5 A =8<8 A;54K. >A:>;L:C 1>;L=0O =5704>;3> 4> B>3> C7=0;0, GB> A>A54:0 A>H;0 A C<0, MB>B A;54 8 >6828;AO. >7=8:=>25=8N 8<5==> AB@0E0 A>9B8 A C<0 ?@8 A>AC48ABKE 701>;520=8OE 3>;>2=>3> <>730 <>3CB A?>A>1AB2>20BL ?5@8>48G5A:8 2>7=8:0NI85 >ICI5=8O BO65AB8, BC?>AB8 2 3>;>25, 0 MB>, ?>=OB=>, ?A8E>;>38G5A:8 2545B : 2>7=8:=>25=8N >?0A5=8O 70 A2>5 ?A8E8G5A:>5 74>@>2L5.  :>=:@5B=>-?A8E>;>38G5A:>< A>45@60=88 AB@0E0 1>;LHCN @>;L <>65B 83@0BL ?A8E>35==K9 D0:B>@, E>BO A0<0 ?> A515 D>18O 8 O2;O5BAO D878>35==> >1CA;>2;5==>9. 01>G89 :8@?8G=>3> 702>40, 56 ;5B, 25G5@>< 7/XI 2K?8; 28=0, 1K; HC<;82. 0CB@> 65=0 A:070;0: «"K ?LO=K9 8 704CH8BL, 8 B>?>@>< 70@C18BL <5=O <>65HL». ">340 >= =5 ?@840; 55 A;>20< >A>1>3> 7=0G5=8O. '5@57 3 =545;8 ?>A;5 MB>3> ?@>A=C;AO =>GLN >B :>H<0@=>3> A=>2845=8O. !8;L=> 1>;5;0, ?>B>< :@C68;0AL 3>;>20. K;0 B@52>30. !=8;>AL, GB> >= ?LO=K9 70@C18; 65=C. ! MB>3> 2@5<5=8 C65 1 3>4 8 2 <5AOF0 53> =5 ?>:8405B GC2AB2> B@52>38 8 =02O7G82>5 >?0A5=85  «24@C3 O ?LO=K9 65=C 70@C1;N». >?@>A8; C=5AB8 87 4><C B>?>@. @>A8; 45B59 70?8@0BL 53> =0 :;NG 2 :><=0B5, C=>A8BL :;NG >B 2E>4=>9 425@8, GB>1K >= =5 <>3 4>AB0BL B>?>@. >;L=>9 >B<5G05B ?>A;54=89 3>4 ?>AB>O==K9 HC< 2 CH0E, G0ABK5 3>;>2>:@C65=8O, A=865=85 ?0<OB8. !B0; M<>F8>=0;L=> ;018;5=. 5@8D5@8G5A:85 A>AC4K C?;>B=5=K /2;5=8O :0@48>A:;5@>70. @B5@80;L=>5 402;5=85 110/90 << @B. AB. @8 =52@>;>38G5A:>< 8AA;54>20=88 >B<5G05BAO =5A:>;L:> 2O;0O @50:F8O 7@0G:>2 =0 A25B 8 0::><>40F8N, ;53:0O 45280F8O O7K:0 2?@02>, =5@57:> 2K@065==K9 A8<?B>< ><15@30, =0<5: =0 A8<?B>< 0@8=5A:> A?@020. G5284=>, 2 40==>< A;CG05 8 :>H<0@=>5 A=>2845=85, 8 ?>A;54CNI89 AB@0E 70@C18BL 65=C 1K;8 2K720=K D878>35==>-A>AC48ABK< :@87><. 4=0:> :>=:@5B=>-?A8E>;>38G5A:>5 A>45@60=85 AB@0E0, B. 5. 2>7=8:=>25=85 8<5==> AB@0E0 70@C18BL 65=C, 1K;> >1CA;>2;5=> ?A8E>35==K< D0:B>@><.  >B;8G85 >B ?A8E0AB5=88 8 =52@>70 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 ?@8 =02O7G82>AB8 A>AC48AB>3> 35=570 =0< =5 ?@8E>48;>AL 2AB@5G0BL =02O7G82K5 <KA;8 8=48DD5@5=B=>3> A>45@60=8O (=0?@8<5@, =02O7G82>3> <C4@AB2>20=8O), =02O7G82KE 459AB289 8 @8BC0;>2, 0 B0:65 :@8?-B>35==KE =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89, :0:, =0?@8<5@, AB@0E0 703@O7=5=8O.  MB> =5 A;CG09=>, B0: :0: 2 35=575 =02O7G82>AB8 ?@8 A>AC48ABKE 701>;520=8OE 1>;LH0O @>;L ?@8=04;568B D878>35==> >1CA;>2;5==><C AB@0EC, ?>A;54=89 65 =5 <>65B ?>@>640BL ?5@56820=8O, A GC2AB2>< AB@0E0 0AA>F80B82=> =5 A2O70==K5, :0:, =0?@8<5@, =02O7G82>5 <C4@AB2>20=85. 02O7G82K5 A>AB>O=8O ?@8 H87>D@5=88 2AB@5G0NBAO @54:> (<5=55 G5< 2 1% A;CG052). ?8A0=8O 8E ?@82>4OB Bleuler, !. . >=AB>@C<, . . >@>7>2 8 . . 0460@>2, . !. 75@5F:>2A:89, !. .. 5@70:, . . >;>20=L 8 4@. =8 E0@0:B5@87CNBAO A;54CNI8<8 >B;8G8B5;L=K<8 >A>15==>ABO<8: 2=570?=>ABLN 8 =5<>B828@>20==>ABLN 2>7=8:=>25=8O, 0 B0:65 =5;5?K< 8 =5?>=OB=K< A>45@60=85< (>48= =0H 1>;L=>9 1>O;AO ?K;LFK 101>G5:), AB>9:>ABLN, <>=>B>==>ABLN, >1KG=> =5?>40B;82>ABLN ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:><C 2>7459AB28N, 2>7<>6=>ABLN ?5@5E>40 ?@8 C3;C1;5=88 1>;57=5==>3> ?@>F5AA0 2 1@54>2K5, 0CB>EB>==K5 8458, 0 B0:65 2 AB5@5>B8?88 8 O2;5=8O =0A8;LAB25==>AB8. "0: =07K205<K5 @8BC0;K, :>B>@K<8 MB8 =02O7G82K5 A>AB>O=8O >1@0AB0NB, >B;8G0NBAO A2>59 15AA<KA;5==>ABLN, =5;5?>ABLN, =5@54:> =>AOB A8<2>;8G5A:89 E0@0:B5@. >;L=K5 =5@54:> ?0AA82=> >B=>AOBAO : =02O7G82K< AB@0E0<, =5 1>@NBAO A =8<8, >4=0:> AB0=>2OBAO 0:B82=K<8 1>@F0<8 70 A>1;N45=85 @8BC0;>2. <5AB5 A B5< =02O7G82K5 A>AB>O=8O 8 @8BC0;K >1;040NB, :0: =0< ?@8E>48;>AL =01;N40BL, 1>;LH>9 A8;>9 ?@8=C645=8O 4;O A>7=0=8O, 8 1>;L=K5 >G5=L G0AB> 3>2>@OB, GB> >=8 «4>;6=K»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anet, 4;O =8E E0@0:B5@=> >BACBAB285 @5H8<>AB8, 2>;52>9 @5H8B5;L=>AB8, C25@5==>AB8, A:;>==>ABL : A><=5=8O<, 15A?>:>9AB2C 8 AB@0E0<, =5A?>A>1=>ABL 8A?KBK20BL GC2AB2> 2 A>>B25BAB288 A 40==K< ?>;>65=85<, «>A;01;5=85 DC=:F88 @50;L=>3>»2, @0AAB@>9AB2> 2 AE20BK20=88 @50;L=>3> 8 =0AB>OI53> ?CB5< 2>A?@8OB8O 8 459AB28O.  >A=>25 MB>3>, ?> <=5=8N Janet, ;568B ?>=865=85 «?A8E8G5A:>3> =0?@O65=8O»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«8=AB8=:B0 ?>@O4:0». 5@54 B5< :0: A5ABL 8;8 27OBL GB>-;81>, =5A:>;L:> @07 4>B@03820;AO @C:>9 4> A>>B25BAB2CNI53> ?@54<5B0, =0?@8<5@ =5A:>;L:> @07 ?@8:0A0;AO : ABC;C 4> B>3>, :0: =0 =53> A5ABL, >B:@K20; 8 70:@K20; >48= 8 B>B 65 OI8: AB>;0 &8D@C «3» AG8B0; «AG0AB;82>9», F8D@C «17», =0?><8=02HCN > =5?@8OB=>< A>1KB88 2 53> 687=8, =5 ;N18;. @>A=C2H8AL =>GLN, 7 @07 >B:@K20; 8 70:@K20; 3;070, 65;0O C1548BLAO, GB> >= =5 C<5@  >A=>25 E0@0:B5@>;>38G5A:8E >A>15==>AB59 1>;L=KE ?A8E0AB5=859 ;568B, :0: C:07K20;>AL ?@8 >?8A0=88 <KA;8B5;L=>3> B8?0, A;01>ABL ?>4:>@:8 8 ?5@2>9 A83=0;L=>9 A8AB5<K, 0 B0:65 ?0B>;>38G5A:>5 ?@5>1;040=85 2B>@>9 A83=0;L=>9 A8AB5<K =04 ?5@2>9. !;01>ABLN ?>4:>@:8, ?> . . 02;>2C, >1JOA=O5BAO A;01>ABL 8=AB8=:B>2 C 1>;L=KE ?A8E0AB5=859 8 A:;>==>ABL 8E : ?0AA82=>->1>@>=8B5;L=K< @50:F8O<, B0: :0: «8=AB8=:B >AB>@>6=>AB8, ?0AA82=>->1>@>=8B5;L=K9  A0<K9 45BA:89 <>;>G=K9 8=AB8=:B» =5 CAB@0=O5BAO A8;>9 4@C38E 8=AB8=:- B>2 8 >AB05BAO =0 2AN 687=L. BAN40 A:;>==>ABL : D>18O<. !;01>ABLN ?>4:>@:8 8 ?5@2>9 A83=0;L=>9 A8AB5<K >1JOA=O5BAO >BACBAB285 C 1>;L=KE ?A8E0AB5=859 GC2AB20 @50;L=>3>, ?>AB>O==>5 >ICI5=85 =5?>;=>BK 687=8, 0 B0:65 A:;>==>ABL : 15A?;>4=K< 8 8A:065==K< C<AB2>20=8O<. 5@5H8B5;L=>ABL MB8E 1>;L=KE, 70B@C4=5=8O ?@8 2K1>@5 B>3> 8;8 8=>3> @5H5=8O 2A;54AB285 2>7=8:=>25=8O ?@>B82>?>;>6=KE ?@54AB02;5=89 >1JOA=ONBAO B5<, GB> «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». . . 0::5;L 8 !. . 02845=:>2 ?>4G5@:820NB, GB> 4;O 1>;L=KE ?A8E0AB5=859 E0@0:B5@=0 8=5@B=>ABL =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2. BAN40 A:;>==>ABL : 2>7=8:=>25=8N ?0B>;>38G5A:8 ?@>G=KE CA;>2=KE A2O759 8 B0:85 G5@BK E0@0:B5@0, :0: @CB8=5@AB2>, ?540=B87<, 1>O7=L =>2>3>. . . 20=>2-!<>;5=A:89 ?>:070;, GB> C 1>;L=KE ?A8E0AB5=859 =01;N405BAO 70<54;5=85 2@5<5=8 ?@>AB>9 @50:F88 A C25;8G5=85< 0<?;8BC4K 53> :>;510=89, A=865=85 ?@>F5AA0 A>A@54>B>G5=8O, ?>=865=85 @01>B>A?>A>1=>AB8 8 1KAB@>5 =0@0AB0=85 CB><;O5<>AB8.  A>1AB25==KE 8AA;54>20=8OE (1949) <K >1=0@C68;8 C 1>;L=KE ?A8E0AB5=859 70B@C4=5=8O ?@8 ?5@5E>45 >B =0G0B>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 : 4@C3>9. @8 1KAB@KE G0ABKE ?5@5:;NG5=8OE ?> A83=0;C A >4=>3> 2840 45OB5;L=>AB8 =0 4@C3>9 C =8E ;53:> 2>7=8:0;0 @57:0O 2535B0B82=0O @50:F8O 8 =0@CH0;0AL A?>A>1=>ABL ?@>4>;60BL @01>BC. >;L=K5 >B<5G0;8 ?>O2;O2HCNAO @0AB5@O==>ABL, =5A?>A>1=>ABL A>1@0BLAO A <KA;O<8, ?CAB>BC 2 3>;>25, 70B>@<>65==>ABL, 2A:>@5 8AG5702H85.  >A=>25 MB>3> ;568B, ?> 2A59 25@>OB=>AB8, ?5@5=0?@O65=85 ?>4286=>AB8 =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2. A8E0AB5=8O E0@0:B5@87C5BAO @0728B85< ?A8E>35==> 2K720==KE =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89, ?@>B5:0NI8E =0@O4C A C:070==K<8 2KH5 E0@0:B5@>;>38G5A:8<8 >A>15==>ABO<8, A2>9AB25==K<8 ?A8E0AB5=>84=K< ?A8E>?0B0<. 0 >?8A0=88 ?0B>35=570 8 A8<?B><0B>;>388 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 <K >AB0=02;820;8AL ?@8 @0AA<>B@5=88 =52@>70 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89. >MB><C 745AL C:065< ;8HL =0 B5 >A>15==>AB8, :>B>@K<8 >B;8G0NBAO >15 MB8 D>@<K.  A2O78 A B5<, GB> =52@>7 ?A8E0AB5=8O @0728205BAO C ?A8E0AB5=>84=KE ?A8E>?0B>2, 4;O =55 E0@0:B5@=> A;54CNI55. >-?5@2KE, =02O7G82K5 A>AB>O=8O <>3CB 2>7=8:0BL ?>4 2;8O=85< ?A8E8G5A:8E 2>7459AB289 =51>;LH>9 8=B5=A82=>AB8. 0?@8<5@, 1>;L=>9 CA;KH0; 72C: >B40;5==>3> 2KAB@5;0, :>340 ?5@5E>48; ?;>I04L, 8 C =53> ?>O28;AO AB@0E ?;>I0459; ?>:070;>AL, GB> «A><=8B5;L=K9 G5;>25:» ?8; 87 AB0:0=0  ?>O28;AO AB@0E 701>;5BL A8D8;8A><; CA;KH0;, GB> C A>A540 ?A8E8G5A:>5 701>;520=85, 2>7=8: AB@0E «A>9B8 A C<0». >-2B>@KE, =02O7G82>AB8 2>7=8:0NB G0AB> 2> <=>65AB25==>< G8A;5, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: 4;O =52@>70 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 1>;55 E0@0:B5@5= 548=8G=K9 E0@0:B5@ =02O7G82>AB59 (<>=>B5<0B8G=K5 =02O7G82K5 ?5@56820=8O, :>B>@K5 <>3CB 4;8BLAO 3>40<8 8 >1@0AB0BL 2B>@8G=K<8 «70I8B=K<8 @8BC0;0<8»).  A;CG05, :>340 ?@8 ?A8E0AB5=88 =02O7G82K5 O2;5=8O ;53:> ?>440NBAO CAB@0=5=8N, >=8 >1KG=> 2A:>@5 2>7=8:0NB 2=>2L 2 2845 =>2KE O2;5=89 =02O7G82>AB59. -B@5BL8E, =02O7G82>AB8 =5@54:> A>?@>2>640NBAO 70>AB@5=85< B@52>6=>-<=8B5;L=KE G5@B E0@0:B5@0: ?>O2;5=85< :@09=59 =5@5H8B5;L=>AB8, A><=5=89 ?@8 =5>1E>48<>AB8 ?@8=OBL ;N1>5 @5H5=85 8 AB@5<;5=85< ?@>25@OBL A2>8 ?>ABC?:8. 02O7G82K5 A>AB>O=8O, 2 B>< G8A;5 :@8?B>35==K5, :0: ?@8 ?A8E0AB5=88, B0: 8 ?@8 =52@>75 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 2A5340 ?A8E>35==> >1CA;>2;5=K. %0@0:B5@=K5 >A>15==>AB8 ?A8E0AB5=88 >BG5B;82> 2KABC?0NB 2 A;54CNI5< =01;N45=88. >;L=0O ., 28 ;5B, <0B5<0B8:. > E0@0:B5@C 2A5340 B@52>6=>-<=8B5;L=0O, ;53:> CB><;O5<0O, A B@C4>< ?5@5:;NG0NI0OAO A >4=>3> 2840 45OB5;L=>AB8 =0 4@C3>9 '0AB> >B<5G0;0 >ICI5=85 =5?>;=>BK 687=8. A5340 1K;0 A:;>==0 : 01AB@0:B=>-;>38G5A:><C <KH;5=8N, «2A5340 ;CGH5 2A53> ?>=8<0;0 B>, GB> 2K@065=> A;>20<8 8;8 D>@<C;0<8». 5=AB@C0F88 A 14 ;5B, @53C;O@=K5. >;>20O 687=L A> 2@5<5=8 70<C65AB20  A 21 3>40.  <C6C 1K;0 ?@82O70=0. '5@57 4 3>40 ?>A;5 70<C65AB20 <C6 55 >AB028;. <55B 4>GL 4 ;5B, ;N18B 55.  45BA:>< 2>7@0AB5 ?5@5=5A;0 ;8HL :>@L 8 A:0@;0B8=C, ?@>B5:02H85 ;53:>. ! 45BAB20 8A?KBK20;0 AB@0E B5<=>BK.  12-;5B=5< 2>7@0AB5 B>=C;0 2 @5:5, ?>A;5 G53> =0 2AN 687=L >AB0;AO AB@0E 2>4K (3;C18=K); 1>8BAO 2E>48BL 2 2>4C 4065 C 15@530  15 ;5B ?>A;5 =0?@O65==>9 ?>43>B>2:8 : M:70<5=0< 2 H:>;5 8 ?5@5=5A5==>3> 3@8??0, @57:> 70>AB@8;8AL B@52>6=>-<=8B5;L=K5 G5@BK E0@0:B5@0: AB0;0 ?@>25@OBL ?> =5A:>;L:C @07, 70:@K;0 ;8 4><0 425@L, ?>30A8;0 ;8, CE>4O, A25B, 2K:;NG8;0 ;8 M;5:B@8G5A:85 ?@81>@K. >A;5 B>3>, :0: C7=0;0, GB> C >4=>9 7=0:><>9 452CH:8 2>7=8:;> ?A8E8G5A:>5 701>;520=85, ?>O28;AO AB@0E «A>9B8 A C<0», 45@602H89AO 2 B5G5=85 ?>;C3>40.  B> 65 2@5<O ?>O28;AO AB@0E 701>;5BL 15H5=AB2>< ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: A>10:0 AE20B8;0 1>;L=CN 70 ?;0BL5. -B>B AB@0E 45@60;AO >:>;> <5AOF0.  16 ;5B 1K;0 >G5=L C2;5G5=0 >4=8< <>;>4K< G5;>25:><. B=>H5=8O =>A8;8 ?;0B>=8G5A:89 E0@0:B5@.  B>B ?5@8>4 ?>O28;AO AB@0E 703@O7=5=8O, :>B>@K9 45@68BAO 4> =0AB>OI53> 2@5<5=8, B> =5A:>;L:> >A;01520O, B> CA8;820OAL.  A2O78 A =8< 2>7=8: =02O7G82K9 @8BC0; <KBLO @C:  <>5B 8E, ?>:0 =5 ?>O28BAO 3X7=21 @07 :@C?=K9 <K;L=K9 ?C7K@L. A;8 ?><5H0NB <KBL @C:8, ?>O2;O5BAO AB@0E, 5A;8 >H81;0AL ?@8 AG5B5 ?C7K@59, 2=>2L <>5B @C:8 8 =0G8=05B AG8B0BL A=0G0;0.  ?>A;54=89 3>4 2>7=8: AB@0E >AB@KE ?@54<5B>2, >A>15==> 4><0. >A;54=55 A2O7K205B A <KA;LN > B><, GB> <>65B A;CG09=> @0=8BL 8<8 @515=:0. !0<0 1>;L=0O >B<5G05B, GB> 2>7=8:=>25=85 AB@0E0 2>4K (3;C18=K), 1>O7=8 «A>9B8 A C<0» 8 701>;5BL 15H5=AB2>< 59 2?>;=5 ?>=OB=K. >O2;5=85 65 C =55 AB@0E0 703@O7=5=8O 8 AB@0E0 >AB@KE ?@54<5B>2 4;O =55 A>25@H5==> =5?>=OB=> 8 =8 A :0:8<8 A>1KB8O<8 A2>59 687=8 >=0 8E A2O70BL =5 <>65B; 2>7=8:;8 >=8, ?> 55 <=5=8N, 157 2=5H=53> ?>2>40. =8 :06CBAO GC64K<8 55 ;8G=>AB8, =5;5?K<8, =5?@8OB=K<8 >;L=0O A =8<8 1>@5BAO, => ?@5>4>;5BL =5 <>65B.  40==>< A;CG05 =52@>7 2>7=8: C ?A8E0AB5=>84=>9 ;8G=>AB8. >;L=0O A:>@55 2A53> >B=>A8BAO : A;01><C <KA;8B5;L=><C B8?C, > G5< A2845B5;LAB2CNB ?>2KH5==0O CB><;O5<>ABL, 1>O7;82>ABL, >ICI5=85 =5?>;=>BK 687=8, A;01>ABL =03;O4=>->1@07=>3> 8 ?@5>1;040=85 01AB@0:B=>-;>38G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O. <5AB5 A B5< C =55 >B<5G0;0AL 8 =54>AB0B>G=0O ?>4286=>ABL =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2, > G5< 3>2>@8B 70B@C4=5==>ABL 1KAB@>3> ?5@5:;NG5=8O A >4=>3> 2840 45OB5;L=>AB8 =0 4@C3>9, 0 B0:65 =0;8G85 B@52>6=>-<=8B5;L=KE G5@B E0@0:B5@0. >;57=5==K5 ?@>O2;5=8O C >?8A0==>9 1>;L=>9 <>6=> @0745;8BL =0 B@8 3@C??K. 5@2CN 3@C??C A>AB02;ONB ?@>O2;5=8O, A2O70==K5 A 70>AB@5=85< 55 E0@0:B5@>;>38G5A:8E >A>15==>AB59 (45:><?5=A0F859 ?A8E>?0B88). =8 ?>O28;8AL, :>340 1>;L=0O <=>3> 8 =0?@O65==> @01>B0;0 8 1K;0 0AB5=878@>20=0 ?5@5=5A5==K< 3@8??><, 8 2K@060;8AL 2 @57:>< CA8;5=88 55 <=8B5;L=>AB8, =5C25@5==>AB8 2 A2>8E ?>ABC?:0E, AB@5<;5=88 ?@>25@OBL A2>8 459AB28O (70:@KB0 ;8 425@L, ?>30H5= ;8 A25B 8 B. ?.). !N40 65 >B=>A8BAO 8 A2>9AB25==>5 1>;L=>9 >ICI5=85 =5?>;=>BK 687=8 8 ?>2KH5==0O 1>O7;82>ABL. > 2B>@>9 3@C??5 >B=>AOBAO M;5<5=B0@=K5 D>188  AB@0E 2>4K (3;C18=K), AB@0E «A>9B8 A C<0» 8 AB@0E 701>;5BL 15H5=AB2><, 45@602H85AO >4=> 2@5<O. >7=8:=>25=85 8E ?> <5E0=87<C CA;>2=>3> @5D;5:A0 >G5284=> 4;O A0<>9 1>;L=>9. ">, GB> @0AA:07 > ?A8E8G5A:>< 701>;520=88 C 7=0:><>9 ?@825; : 2>7=8:=>25=8N AB@0E0 «A>9B8 A C<0»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«3@O7=>, <5@7:>, 2@54=> 8 =5 4>72>;5=>»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«3@O7=>, =54>?CAB8<>»), >A>15==> CA8;82H0OAO 2 16-;5B=5< 2>7@0AB5 2> 2@5<O ?>2KH5=8O ?>;>2>3> 2;5G5=8O, 8 ?@825;0 : 2>7=8:=>25=8N >G030 ?0B>;>38G5A:>3> 8=5@B=>3> 2>71C645=8O, 2K@0782H53>AO 2 2845 =02O7G82>3> AB@0E0 703@O7=5=8O.  >B=>H5=88 AB@0E0 >AB@KE ?@54<5B>2 >:070;>AL, GB> 2 45BAB25 1>;L=0O >G5=L @52=>20;0 A2>8E @>48B5;59 : <;04H59 A5AB@5, G0AB> <KA;5==> 65;0;0 59 A<5@B8. @8 MB>< 83@0;8 @>;L ?@54AB02;5=8O >1 >AB@KE ?@54<5B0E :0: > ?@8G8=5 55 3815;8. <5AB5 A B5< 1>;L=0O ;N18;0 A5AB@C 8 3;C1>:> @0A:0820;0AL 2 MB8E D0=B078OE. !59G0A ;N18<0O 4>GL 2 :0:>9-B> <5@5 AB0;0 ?><5E>9 =0 ?CB8 : CAB@>9AB2C ;8G=>9 687=8. BAN40 >682;5=85 AB0@>3> C30AH53> AB5@5>B8?0, 2K@0782H53>AO 2 =02O7G82>< AB@0E5 ?5@54 >AB@K<8 ?@54<5B0<8. @82545==K5 2KH5 ?@54?>;>65=8O > <5E0=87<5 2>7=8:=>25=8O AB@0E0 703@O7=5=8O 8 AB@0E0 >AB@KE ?@54<5B>2 ?>;CG8;8 A2>5 ?>4B25@645=85 > B><, GB> ?CB5< :0C70;L=>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88, 2> 2@5<O :>B>@>9 1>;L=0O ?>7=0;0 8E 35=57, C40;>AL 4>AB83=CBL 87102;5=8O >B MB8E D>189. A=>2=K5 E0@0:B5@>;>38G5A:85 >A>15==>AB8 55, 0 B0:65 AB@0E 2>4K (3;C18=K) 8 AB@0E B5<=>BK >AB0;8AL.   / 52@>7 >6840=8O 2K@0605BAO 2 70B@C4=5=88 2K?>;=5=8O B>9 8;8 8=>9 ?>2A54=52=>9 DC=:F88 2A;54AB285 =02O7G82>3> >?0A5=8O =5C40G8. A=>2=K<, ?5@28G=K< O2;O5BAO B@52>6=>5 >?0A5=85 =52>7<>6=>AB8 2K?>;=5=8O DC=:F88, 2B>@8G=K<  A0<0 =52>7<>6=>ABL 55 2K?>;=5=8O. BAN40, :0: =0< :065BAO, ?@028;L=55 2A53> AG8B0BL 701>;520=85 =5 >A>1>9, A0<>AB>OB5;L=>9 D>@<>9 =52@>70, :0: ?>;030; @O4 02B>@>2 (Kraepelin, 2K45;82H89 8 >?8A02H89 53> 2 =0G0;5 XX AB>;5B8O, . . A8?>2, . . 8;O@>2A:89, . . C@528G, . . !2O4>I, . . >?>2 8 4@.), 0 ;8HL >A>1K< 284>< =52@>70 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89. A>15==>ABLN 40==>9 D>@<K O2;O5BAO B>, GB> =02O7G82>5 >?0A5=85 2545B : =0@CH5=8N :0:>9-;81> ?>2A54=52=>9 DC=:F88; 2>7=8:H85 65 @0AAB@>9AB20 MB>9 DC=:F88 CA8;820NB >?0A5=8O =52>7<>6=>AB8 55 2K?>;=5=8O, A>74020O «?>@>G=K9 :@C3»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raepelin, 4>;6=0 1KBL >B=5A5=0 >?8A0==0O Moebius akinesia algera, ?@8 :>B>@>9 1>;L=K5 60;CNBAO =0 A8;L=59H85 1>;8 2 3>;>25 8 2> 2A5< B5;5 ?@8 ?>?KB:5 A>25@H8BL ?@>872>;L=K5 42865=8O. 5GL 8 42865=8O 3>;>2>9 1571>;57=5==K. >;8 =5 2>7=8:0NB, 5A;8 1>;L=K5 ;560B =5?>4286=>. 7-70 @57:8E 1>;59 >=8 3>40<8 >AB0NBAO ?@8:>20==K<8 : ?>AB5;8. 0@CH5=85 ?8AL<0, 2>7=8:H55, =0?@8<5@, 2A;54AB285 ?5@5CB><;5=8O @C:8 2K=C645==> 1KAB@K< 8;8 4;8B5;L=K< ?8AL<><, >A>15==> 2 CA;>28OE @57:>3> M<>F8>=0;L=>3> =0?@O65=8O, 8;8 2@5<5==>5 70B@C4=5=85 0:B0 ?8AL<0 2A;54AB285 B@02<0B8G5A:>3> ?>@065=8O :>AB=>-A2O7>G=>3> 0??0@0B0 @C:8 <>3CB >:070BLAO 8AB>G=8:0<8 2>7=8:=>25=8O B@52>6=>3> >6840=8O =5C40G8 0:B0 ?8AL<0 8 ?@825AB8 : 53> =0@CH5=8N. >A;54=55 G0I5 2A53> 2K@0605BAO 2 2845 45702B><0B870F88 0:B0 ?8AL<0, 2 A2O78 A G5< =0@CH05BAO 53> A:>@>ABL 8 ?;02=>ABL ?8AL<0 8 >4=>2@5<5==> ?>O2;ONBAO AC4>@>6=K5 4>102>G=K5 42865=8O 8;8 ?0@5AB5788. !N40 65 >B=>AOBAO =5:>B>@K5 D>@<K B0: =07K205<>3> ?8AG53> A?07<0. =0;>38G=K< >1@07>< =0@CH5=85 GB5=8O 2 @57C;LB0B5, =0?@8<5@, ?5@5=5A5==>9 B@02<K G5@5?0, ?>AB8=D5:F8>==>9 0AB5=88, A>AC48AB>3> @0AAB@>9AB20 8;8 @57:>9 1;87>@C:>AB8 <>65B 2K7K20BL 2 40;L=59H5< ?@8 ?>?KB:5 : =5<C <5;L:0=85 2 3;070E, ?>O2;5=85 A5B:8 8;8 BC<0=0 ?5@54 3;070<8, A25B>1>O7=8, 1>;8 2 3;070E, 3>;>2=>9 1>;8, @57:>9 A;01>AB8, >ICI5=8O 60@0 8 B. ?. @8 =0@CH5=88 A?>A>1=>AB8 83@K =0 <C7K:0;L=KE 8=AB@C<5=B0E 2A;54AB285 =52@>70 >6840=8O 2>7=8:0NB 87;8H=85 42865=8O ?0;LF52 @C:, A?07<K, <KH5G=>5 =0?@O65=85, <5H0NI85 42865=8O<, 0 ?@8 83@5 =0 4CE>2KE 8=AB@C<5=B0E, :@><5 B>3>, =0@CH5=85 0:B0 4KE0=8O. 52>7<>6=>ABL CA=CBL, 2K720==0O 2>7=8:=>25=85< M<>F88 AB@0E0, @04>AB8, ?5G0;8 8;8 :0:>9-;81> 4@C3>9 ?@8G8=>9, <>65B ?@825AB8 : 2>7=8:=>25=8N B@52>6=>3> >6840=8O =0@CH5=8O DC=:F88 A=0 8 70B@C4=5=8N 70AK?0=8O. %0@0:B5@=> 2 MB>< >B=>H5=88 A;54CNI55 =01;N45=85 . . "0=FN@K. >;L=>9 ., 48 ;5B, ?>ABC?8; 2 A0=0B>@89 2 1956 3. A 60;>10<8 =0 15AA>==8FC, :>B>@0O 4;8BAO 3 3>40. 0G0;> 701>;520=8O A2O7K205B A ?5@8>4><, :>340 5<C ?@8H;>AL <=>3> @01>B0BL =04 48AA5@B0F859 8 >= «A8;>9 2>;8» 8 2>71C640NI8<8 <548:0<5=B0<8 >1@K20; A>==>5 A>AB>O=85, GB>1K @01>B0BL =>G0<8. >7=0:><82H8AL A ;8B5@0BC@>9 > B><, :0: G5;>25:C =5>1E>48< A>= 8 : G5<C ?@82>48B 53> >BACBAB285, 1>;L=>9 @5H8;, GB> C65 ?@8G8=8; A515 7;>, 8 ?>MB><C B25@4> @5H8; A?0BL. KA;L, GB> =04> A?0BL, =5 4020;0 5<C ?>:>O. «5AA>==8F0  MB> A<5@BL <>O», 3>2>@8; 1>;L=>9. >MB><C, C:;04K20OAL A?0BL, >= CA8;5==> 4C<0; > A=5, AG8B0; ?> BKAOG0<, 2=CH0; A515: «/ 1C4C A?0BL» 8 F5;K5 =>G8 =5 A?0;. >340 ?@8=8<0; A=>B2>@=>5, B> :>=B@>;8@>20; A2>8 >ICI5=8O, ?>4AB5@530; =0G0;> A=0 8 4> CB@0 =5 A?0;, ?>4=8<0OAL @0718BK< 8 CAB0;K< 2 >6840=88 «C60A=>3> :>=F0».  ?>A;54=85 6 <5AOF52 >AB028; @01>BC, AB0; =5;N48<, =8:>3> =5 E>B5; 2845BL 8 2A5 4C<0;, :0: ?>1>@>BL 15AA>==8FC.  A0=0B>@88 1>;L=><C 1K;8 =07=0G5=K 0,2 3 10@10<8;0 =0 =>GL 8 D878>B5@0?52B8G5A:85 ?@>F54C@K, => 1>;L=>9 =5 A?0;, B0: :0: «;>28; <><5=B 70AK?0=8O». @>2545= A50=A 38?=>70, => 2> 2@5<O ?5@5E>40 ?5@2>9 38?=>B8G5A:>9 D07K 2> 2B>@CN 1>;L=>9 274@>3=C; 8, @0A:@K2 3;070, ?@>3>2>@8;: «/ GC2AB2>20;, GB> ?@>20;8;AO... =5 =04>». ">340 A 1>;L=K< 1K;0 ?@>2545=0 15A540 ?> ?>2>4C 53> 701>;520=8O A ?@54;>65=85< ;5GL 2 ?>AB5;L 8 AB0@0BLAO =5 70AK?0BL, <KA;5==> ?>2B>@OO: «5 =04> A?0BL». AO:85 A=>B2>@=K5 1K;8 >B<5=5=K. 0 A;54CNI55 CB@> 1>;L=>9 @04>AB=> 70O28;, GB> 70 3 3>40 MB> 1K;0 ?5@20O =>GL, :>340 >= E>@>H> A?0;. !=>20 1K;8 ?@>2545=K 15A54K 2 B0:>< 65 =0?@02;5=88 8 1>;L=>9 AB0; E>@>H> A?0BL, 70O282: «=5 C65 =5 =04> 70AB02;OBL 8;8 =5 70AB02;OBL A51O A?0BL. / ;>6CAL 8 70AK?0N 157 <KA;59». 0@CH5=8O 3;>B0=8O, <>G58A?CA:0=8O 8 ?>;>2>9 DC=:F88, A2O70==K5 A B@52>6=K< >6840=85< =5C40G8, 1K;8 >B=5A5=K Kraepelin : =52@>7C >6840=8O. "0: :0: 2 2>7=8:=>25=88 8E, ?><8<> B@52>6=>3> >6840=8O, 1>;LHCN @>;L 83@0NB <5E0=87<K, =01;N405<K5 ?@8 =52@0AB5=8G5A:8E @0AAB@>9AB20E DC=:F88 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2, <K @0AA<>B@5;8 8E A>2<5AB=> A ?>A;54=8<8. 5A><=5==>, GB> 8<?>B5=F8O C <C6G8=, ?@>O2;ONI0OAO 2 8AG57=>25=88 M@5:F88 «2 A0<K9 >B25BAB25==K9 <><5=B»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«A0<>2=CH5==KE 1>;59 8 =0@CH5=89 DC=:F89» ?>A;5 ?5@5=5A5==KE A><0B8G5A:8E 701>;520=89 4>;6=K 1KBL >B=5A5=K : =52@>7C >6840=8O. =>340 1>;L=K5 MB8< =52@>7>< ;5G0BAO C E8@C@3>2, 38=5:>;>3>2, >:C;8AB>2 8 =52@>?0B>;>3>2 ?> ?>2>4C :0:8E-B> =5OA=KE «>@30=8G5A:8E» 8;8 =5@2=KE 701>;520=89. 8DD5@5=F8@>20BL =52@>7 >6840=8O ?@8E>48BAO 3;02=K< >1@07>< >B 8AB5@88 8 D>189 ?@8 =52@>75 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 8 ?A8E0AB5=88.  8AB5@88 4>;6=K 1KBL >B=5A5=K B5 =0@CH5=8O DC=:F88, 2 >A=>25 :>B>@KE ;568B <5E0=87< «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0. 1=0@C65=85 B>3>, GB> 2>7=8:H55 =0@CH5=85 DC=:F88 O2;O5BAO 4;O 1>;L=>3> «CA;>2=> ?@8OB=K< 8;8 65;0B5;L=K<», GB> >=> 87102;O5B 53> >B :0:8E-;81> =5?@8OB=KE 4;O =53> >1O70==>AB59 8;8 ?>72>;O5B 5<C ?>;CG8BL :0:85-B> 65;05<K5 4;O =53> ?@58<CI5AB20, GB> =5 2A5340 ;53:> 2KOA=8BL, A2845B5;LAB2C5B >1 8AB5@8G5A:>< E0@0:B5@5 701>;520=8O.  ?>;L7C 8AB5@88 3>2>@8B B0:65 ?>O2;5=85 B0:8E 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2, :0: 8AB5@8G5A:85 ?@8?04:8, ?0@0;8G8 8 B. ?. B3@0=8G5=85 =52@>70 >6840=8O >B =5:>B>@KE D>189 A >G5284=K< <5E0=87<>< 2>7=8:=>25=8O 8=>340 ?@54AB02;O5B =5<0;K5 B@C4=>AB8. A>15==> MB> 1K205B 70B@C4=8B5;L=>, :>340, ?><8<> B@52>6=>3> >6840=8O 8 =0@CH5=8O DC=:F88, ?@8 ?>?KB:5 55 2K?>;=5=8O 2>7=8:05B GC2AB2> AB@0E0. A=>2=>5 >B;8G85 MB8E 701>;520=89 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, GB> ?@8 D>188 1>;L=>9 <>65B 2K?>;=8BL DC=:F8N, => 1>8BAO MB> A45;0BL; ?@8 =52@>75 65 >6840=8O =0@CH5=> A0<> 2K?>;=5=85 DC=:F88. "0:, 1>;L=>9 A D>1859 ?5@5E>40 ?;>I048 ?>=8<05B =5;5?>ABL MB>3> AB@0E0, 1>@5BAO A =8<, => ?@5>4>;5BL 53> =5 <>65B. = =5 <>65B ?5@59B8 ?;>I04L =5 ?>B><C, GB> C =53> =0@CH5= 0:B E>4L1K, 0 B0: :0: ?@8 ?>?KB:5 A45;0BL MB> 53> >E20BK205B A8;L=K9 AB@0E, A>?@>2>640NI89AO 2535B0B82=K<8 =0@CH5=8O<8. @8 =52@>75 >6840=8O 8<55BAO =5 =02O7G82K9 AB@0E ?5@54 2K?>;=5=85< :0:>9-;81> >1K45==>9 DC=:F88, 0 B@52>6=>5 >6840=85, GB> 2K?>;=8BL MBC DC=:F8N =5 C40ABAO, 8 70B@C4=5=85 ?@8 ?>?KB:5 55 2K?>;=5=8O, =5 >1CA;>2;5==>5 GC2AB2>< AB@0E0, 0 2K720==>5, =0?@8<5@, 1>;LN, A;01>ABLN, =0?@O65=85< <KHF 8;8 0B0:A859 ;81> ?@>AB> =0ABC?82H59 7045@6:>9 2535B0B82=>9 DC=:F88  M@5:F88, 0:B0 <>G58A?CA:0=8O, 0:B0 3;>B0=8O. !" / "5@<8= «8AB5@8O» ?@>8AE>48B >B 3@5G5A:>3> A;>20 hystera  <0B:0. = >B@0605B =082=K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O 2@0G59 @52=59 @5F88 > A2O78 701>;520=8O A 1;C640=85< <0B:8 2 >@30=87<5. 0CG=>5 87CG5=85 8AB5@88 =0G0;>AL A> 2B>@>9 ?>;>28=K XIX 25:0  A> 2@5<5= @01>B Briquet 8 Charcot >A;54=89 @0AA<0B@820; 8AB5@8N :0: A0<>AB>OB5;L=>5 701>;520=85. @8G8=>9 55 >= AG8B0; =0A;54AB25==K5 8;8 :>=AB8BCF8>=0;L=K5 D0:B>@K.  40;L=59H5< <=>385 02B>@K >B:070;8AL >B 273;O40 =0 8AB5@8N :0: =0 >A>1CN =>7>;>38G5A:CN D>@<C 2 B>< A<KA;5, :0: 55 ?>=8<0; Charcot, 8 AB0;8 @07;8G0BL, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, 8AB5@>84=CN ?A8E>?0B8N, 0 A 4@C3>9  8AB5@8G5A:85 @50:F88. @8 MB>< 8AB5@>84=0O ?A8E>?0B8O @0AA<0B@820;0AL :0: 2@>645==>5 C@>4AB2> E0@0:B5@0. 5:>B>@K5 02B>@K ?@54;030;8 A>E@0=8BL >1>7=0G5=8O «8AB5@8O» ;8HL 4;O 8AB5@8G5A:8E @50:F89, 2>7=8:0NI8E C 8AB5@>84=KE ?A8E>?0B>2. 4=0:> ?@8 B0:>< ?>4E>45 8AB5@8G5A:89 <CB87< 8;8 8AB5@8G5A:89 ?0@0;8G C 8AB5@>84=>3> ?A8E>?0B0 (8AB5@8:0) >B=>A8;AO 1K : 8AB5@88, 0 C ;8F0, =5 O2;ONI53>AO B0:>2K<, 4>;65= 1K; 1KBL >B=5A5= =5 : 8AB5@88, 0 : :0:><C-B> 4@C3><C 701>;520=8N, GB> O2=> =5@0F8>=0;L=>. >4 8AB5@859 8;8 8AB5@8G5A:8< =52@>7><1 <K 1C45< ?>=8<0BL 701>;520=85, 2K720==>5 459AB285< ?A8E8G5A:8E B@02<, 2 ?0B>35=575 :>B>@>3> 83@05B @>;L <5E0=87< «153AB20 2 1>;57=L», «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0. >A:>;L:C MB>B <5E0=87< B5A=> A2O70= A >AB0;L=K<8 ?0B>35=5B8G5A:8<8 <5E0=87<0<8 8AB5@88, F5;5A>>1@07=> @0AA<>B@5BL 53> A>2<5AB=> A =8<8.  >A=>25 8AB5@88, ?> . . 02;>2C, ;568B A;01>ABL =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K (3;02=K< >1@07>< :>@K), ?@5>1;040=85 ?>4:>@:>2>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 =04 :>@:>2>9 8 ?5@2>9 A83=0;L=>9 A8AB5<K =04 2B>@>9.  ?>A;54=85 3>4K 687=8 - . . 02;>2 CA<0B@820; 2 8AB5@8G5A:8E =52@>70E =5 AB>;L:> A;01>ABL :>@B8:0;L=KE DC=:F89, A:>;L:> =0@CH5=85 ?@028;L=KE, 045:20B=KE 2708<>>B=>H5=89 <564C :>@:>2>9 8 ?>4:>@:>2>9 45OB5;L=>ABLN, O@:> 2K@065==>5 ?@5>1;040=85 ?>A;54=59. @5>1;040=85< ?>4:>@:>2>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 =04 :>@:>2>9 . . 02;>2 >1JOA=O5B «?>AB>O==>5 A?;>H=>5 >A>1>5 A>AB>O=85 8AB5@8G=KE»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«"5< 65 <5E0=87<>< A0<>2=CH5=8O C 8AB5@8:0 ?@>87>945B 8 <0AA0 4@C38E A8<?B><>2, :0: 4>2>;L=> >1KG=KE 8 G0ABKE, B0: 8 G@572KG09=KE 8 2 2KAH59 AB5?5=8 A2>5>1@07=KE»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«> 153AB25 2 1>;57=L», «2>;5 : 1>;57=8» (Freud) :0: > E0@0:B5@=59H59 G5@B5 8AB5@88. -B0 >A>15==>ABL 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2 >BG5B;82> 2KABC?8;0 2> 2@5<O ?5@2>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K. !B0;> >G5284=>, GB> 2 >A=>25 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?@8?04:>2, ?0@0;8G59, 3;CE>=5<>BK, 38?5@:8=57>2 8 B><C ?>4>1=KE @0AAB@>9AB2 C A>;40B ;568B AB@0E ?5@54 2>72@0I5=85< =0 D@>=B, 2 A2O78 A G5< Kraepelin 2 A2>5< @C:>2>4AB25 ?> ?A8E80B@88 >1>7=0G8; MB8 @50:F88 :0: «A>AB>O=8O ?@>B5AB0 ?@>B82 2>72@0I5=8O 8 0 D@>=B». @8 MB>< «153AB2> 2 1>;57=L» AB0;> @0AA<0B@820BLAO ;81> :0: ?@>O2;5=85 :0:>9-B> >A>1>9 15AA>7=0B5;L=>9 2>;8, O:>1K ?@8ACI59 MB8< 1>;L=K< (38?>1C;8:0 ?> Kretschmer), ;81> ?@>AB> :0: ?@>O2;5=85 «7;>9 2>;8», «45D5:B>2 A>25AB8» 2 2>?@>A0E 74>@>2LO, ;81> :0: A8<C;OF8O. . . 02;>2, ?@87=020O, GB> «153AB2> 2 1>;57=L», «2>;O : 1>;57=8» O2;O5BAO E0@0:B5@=59H59 G5@B>9 8AB5@88, ?>:070;, GB> 2@5<5==K5 =0@CH5=8O DC=:F88 >@30=87<0, 40NI85 G5;>25:C BC 8;8 8=CN 687=5==CN 2K3>4C, =0?@8<5@ C40;5=85 87 >?0A=>9 4;O 687=8 >1AB0=>2:8, <>3CB ?@8>1@5AB8 G5@BK «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 8 ?> <5E0=87<C >1@07>20=8O CA;>2=>3> @5D;5:A0 70:@5?8BLAO. -B> 8 ;568B 2 >A=>25 8AB5@8G5A:>9 D8:A0F88 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0. A>15==> G0AB> B0:>9 <5E0=87< 1C45B 459AB2>20BL «C A;01>3> AC1J5:B0, :>B>@K9 O2;O5BAO 687=5==K< 8=20;84><, =5 A?>A>1=K< ?>;>68B5;L=K<8 :0G5AB20<8 2K720BL : A515 2=8<0=85, C2065=85, @0A?>;>65=85», => >= <>65B 1KBL 8 C =>@<0;L=>3> AC1J5:B0. «>9=0 :0: ?>AB>O==0O 8 A5@L57=0O C3@>70 687=8, ?8A0; . . 02;>21, :>=5G=>, 5ABL =0BC@0;L=59H89 8<?C;LA : AB@0EC, AB@0E ?@54AB02;O5B 8725AB=K5 D878>;>38G5A:85 A8<?B><K, :>B>@K5 C ;N459 A A8;L=>9 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<>9 8;8 A>2A5< =5 ?>O2;ONBAO, ?>402;ONBAO, 8;8 1KAB@> 8AG570NB, 0 C A;01KE ;N459 70BO3820NBAO =0 =5:>B>@>5 2@5<O 8 45;0NB 8E =5A?>A>1=K<8 : 40;L=59H5<C CG0AB8N A59G0A 65 2 2>5==KE 459AB28OE, >A2>1>640O 8E, B0:8< >1@07><, >B >1O70B5;LAB20 40;LH5 ?>425@30BL 687=L >?0A=>AB8. -B8 70BO=C2H85AO A8<?B><K <>3;8 1K B>65 A> 2@5<5=5< 873;048BLAO A0<8 A>1>9, => C A;01>9 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K 8<5==> 2 A8;C MB>9 A;01>AB8 ?@8102;O5BAO ?>445@6820NI89 8E <5E0=87<. AB0NI85AO A=0G0;0 A8<?B><K AB@0E0 8 2@5<5==0O 157>?0A=>ABL 687=8 1;03>40@O 8<, B0:8< >1@07><, A>2?040NB 2> 2@5<5=8 8 4>;6=K 1C4CB ?> 70:>=C CA;>2=>3> @5D;5:A0 0AA>F88@>20BLAO, A2O70BLAO. BAN40 >ICI5=85 MB8E A8<?B><>2 8 ?@54AB02;5=8O > =8E ?>;CG0NB ?>;>68B5;L=CN M<>F8>=0;L=CN >:@0A:C 8, 5AB5AB25==>, ?>2B>@=> 2>A?@>872>4OBAO. ">340 >=8 ?> 70:>=C 8@@0488@>20=8O 8 AC<<8@>20=8O 87 :>@K ?>445@6820NB 8 CA8;820NB =87H85 F5=B@K @5D;5:B>@=KE A8<?B><>2 AB@0E0, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, A 4@C3>9  1C4CG8 M<>F8>=0;L=> 70@O65=K, 2 A;01>9 :>@5 A>?@>2>640NBAO A8;L=>9 >B@8F0B5;L=>9 8=4C:F859 8 B0:8< >1@07>< 8A:;NG0NB 2;8O=85 4@C38E ?@54AB02;5=89, :>B>@K5 <>3;8 1K ?@>B82>1>@AB2>20BL ?@54AB02;5=8N >1 CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8 MB8E A8<?B><>2. ">340 4;O =0A =5 >AB05BAO 4>AB0B>G=>3> >A=>20=8O 3>2>@8BL, GB> 2 40==>< A;CG05 5ABL C<KH;5==>5 A8<C;8@>20=85 A8<?B><>2. -B> A;CG09 @>:>2KE D878>;>38G5A:8E >B=>H5=89». 0: 284=>, ?> . . 02;>2C, ?@54AB02;5=8O > 1>;57=5==>< A8<?B><5, O2;ONI5<AO «CA;>2=> ?@8OB=K< 8;8 65;0B5;L=K<», 1C4CG8 «M<>F8>=0;L=> 70@O65==K<8», <>3CB 25AB8, 2>-?5@2KE, : CA8;5=8N C65 8<5NI53>AO =0@CH5=8O DC=:F88 ?CB5< 8@@0488@>20=8O 8;8 AC<<8@>20=8O 2>71C645=8O 87 :>@K (=0?@8<5@, CA8;5=8N 38?5@:8=570), 2>-2B>@KE, : 2>7=8:=>25=8N =>2>3> 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0 ?> <5E0=87<C A0<>2=CH5=8O, B0: :0: 2 A;01>9 8;8 >A;01;5==>9 :>@5 1C4CB A>?@>2>640BLAO A8;L=>9 >B@8F0B5;L=>9 8=4C:F859, 8A:;NG0NI59 2;8O=85 =0 =8E 4@C38E ?@54AB02;5=89, :>B>@K5 <>3;8 1K 8< ?@>B82>1>@AB2>20BL. @><5 B>3>, 1>;57=5==K9 A8<?B><, O2;ONI89AO «CA;>2=> ?@8OB=K< 8;8 65;0B5;L=K<» 4;O 1>;L=>3>, <>65B 70:@5?8BLAO C =53> ?> <5E0=87<C CA;>2=>9 A2O78 (8AB5@8G5A:0O D8:A0F8O)2. @8>1@5BCB ;8 C G5;>25:0 ?@54AB02;5=8O > B>< 8;8 8=>< 1>;57=5==>< A8<?B><5 E0@0:B5@ «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8», 7028A8B, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, >B >A>15==>AB59 B>9 A8BC0F88, 2 :>B>@>9 >= =0E>48BAO, A 4@C3>9  >B 53> ?@>H;>3> >?KB0, 8<5NI8EAO C =53> A8AB5< CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=KE A2O759, >?@545;ONI8E 53> MB8G5A:85 8 =@02AB25==K5 CAB>8. "0:, C ?@5ABC?=8:0, 4@>60I53> >B AB@0E0 ?5@54 >B25BAB25==>ABLN 70 A>25@H5==>5 45O=85, =5 @07>2L5BAO 8AB5@8G5A:89 38?5@:8=57, =0?@8<5@, ?CB5< CA8;5=8O 8 D8:A0F88 MB>3> 4@>60=8O, =5 @07>2L5BAO 8AB5@8G5A:0O 3;CE>B0 =0 >4=> CE> 8;8 8AB5@8G5A:0O A;5?>B0 =0 >48= 3;07, 4065 5A;8 2 <><5=B 0@5AB0 8;8 4> MB>3> >48= 3;07 8;8 CE> 1>;5;8, =5 @07>2L5BAO 8 8AB5@8G5A:89 ?0@0;8G @C:8, 4065 5A;8 2 MB> 2@5<O >= 1K; @0=5= 2 @C:C. @54AB02;5=8O >1 MB8E 1>;57=OE =5 <>3CB C =53> ?@8>1@5AB8 E0@0:B5@0 «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8» 8<5==> 2 40==>9 A8BC0F88. 1JOA=O5BAO MB> B5<, GB> 4@>60=85 @C:8 8;8 3>;>2K, 3;CE>B0 =0 >4=> CE> 8;8 A;5?>B0 =0 >48= 3;07 =5 >A2>1>4OB 53> >B >B25BAB25==>AB8 70 A>25@H5==>5 45O=85. =>5 45;> ?@54AB02;5=85 > B><, GB> C =53> 2>7=8:;> AC<0AH5AB285 => >1;0405B 4;O =53> «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>ABLN 8;8 65;0B5;L=>ABLN».  459AB28B5;L=>, ?>4 2;8O=85< 8=D>@<0F88 > =5>1E>48<>AB8 >B25B8BL 70 A>25@H5==>5 ?@5ABC?;5=85 G0I5 2A53> 2>7=8:05B ?A524>45<5=F8O, A8=4@>< 0=75@0, 8AB5@8G5A:89 ABC?>@ 8;8 B><C ?>4>1=K5 D>@<K. 0>1>@>B, :0: ?>:07K205B :;8=8:0 B0: =07K205<KE @5=B=KE =52@>7>2, ?>A;5 CH810 3>;>2K, ?>;CG5==>3> 2 @57C;LB0B5 =5AG0AB=>3> A;CG0O =0 ?@>872>4AB25, <>65B @0728BLAO =0@0AB0NI0O 8AB5@8G5A:0O A;5?>B0 8;8 3;CE>B0 =0 B>9 AB>@>=5, =0 :>B>@>9 1K;0 B@02<0, ?>A;5 @0=5=8O @C:8  8AB5@8G5A:0O <>=>?;538O. !>>1@065=8O > <0B5@80;L=>9 :><?5=A0F88 (@5=B5) 70 ?>;CG5==>5 C25GL5 45;0NB 2 MB8E A;CG0OE ?@54AB02;5=85 > ?>B5@5 7@5=8O, A;CE0 8;8 ?0@0;8G5 @C:8, 2>7=8:H5< O:>1K 2 @57C;LB0B5 ?@>872>4AB25==>9 B@02<K, «CA;>2=> ?@8OB=K< 8;8 65;0B5;L=K<» 8 254CB : 8E 2>7=8:=>25=8N, D8:A0F88 8;8 B><C 8 4@C3><C. 4=0:> ?@8 MB>< >1KG=> =5 @0728205BAO 4;OI89AO =5A:>;L:> ;53 ?A524>:0B0B>=8G5A:89 8AB5@8G5A:89 ABC?>@, B@51CNI89 A>45@60=8O 2 ?A8E80B@8G5A:>9 1>;L=8F5, B0: :0: 2 40==>9 A8BC0F88 >= =5 <>65B =>A8BL E0@0:B5@0 «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8». BAN40 ?>=OB=>, ?>G5<C ?@8 8AB5@88 A8<?B><K ?>@060NB A2>59 «@0F8>=0;L=>ABLN», ?>@060NB B5<, GB> 2>7=8:05B 8<5==> B>B A8<?B><, :>B>@K9 2 40==KE CA;>28OE «C4>15=», «2K3>45=» 4;O 1>;L=>3>. >=OB85 >1 «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0 C40G=55 >B@0605B ACI5AB2> O2;5=8O ?@8 8AB5@88, G5< ?>=OB85 > «153AB25 2 1>;57=L», A>45@60I55 M;5<5=B <>@0;L=>9 >F5=:8 8 2A5340 ?@54?>;030NI55 CG0AB85 2>;8. => =0?@02;5=> =0 D878>;>38G5A:>5 >1JOA=5=85 O2;5=8O, 2 A2O78 A G5< <K 8 1C45< 8< ?>;L7>20BLAO. 5E0=87< «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0 O2;O5BAO, =0 =0H 273;O4, A?5F8D8G5A:8< 4;O 8AB5@88 8 405B ?@02> ?>;L7>20BLAO 8< 2 :0G5AB25 206=>3> :@8B5@8O 4;O >B3@0=8G5=8O 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2 >B =58AB5@8G5A:8E. @8 4@C38E 701>;520=8OE >= =5 2AB@5G05BAO 8;8, 2> 2AO:>< A;CG05, =5 83@05B A:>;L:>-=81C4L ACI5AB25==>9 @>;8 2 8E ?0B>35=5753. K =5 >B@8F05< @>;8 4@C38E ?0B>35=5B8G5A:8E <5E0=87<>2 8AB5@88, => =5 AG8B05< 8E A?5F8D8G5A:8<8 8 ?>MB><C 8<5NI8<8 B0:>5 1>;LH>5 4803=>AB8G5A:>5 7=0G5=85, :0: 40==K9 <5E0=87<. 59AB28B5;L=>, @07>2L5BAO ;8 C 1>;L=>3> 8AB5@8G5A:89 ?0@0;8G, ?@8?04>:, 0<02@>7 8;8 ;N1>9 4@C3>9 8AB5@8G5A:89 A8<?B><, 2> 2A5E A;CG0OE 8<55BAO «CA;>2=0O ?@8OB=>ABL 8;8 65;0B5;L=>ABL» MB>3> 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0 4;O 1>;L=>3> >=OB=>, GB> C >18=7>=0 @C7> =0 =5>18B05<>< >AB@>25 =5 <>3;0 1K 2>7=8:=CBL 8AB5@8O, 4065 5A;8 1K >= 1K; 8AB5@>84=K< ?A8E>?0B><. >340 =5B «7@8B5;59», >1KG=> =5B 8 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?@>O2;5=89, B0: :0: =5 2>7=8:05B «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==KE A8<?B><>2.  A2O78 A> AB@5<;5=85< ?>:070 8E AB>OB 45<>=AB@0B82=>ABL 2 ?>2545=88, 0 8=>340 8 ?@O<0O 033@020F8O, E0@0:B5@=K5 4;O 1>;L=KE 8AB5@859. 5@54:> 8AB5@8G5A:85 A8<?B><K 2>7=8:0NB ?>4 459AB285< :0:>3>-;81> A25@EA8;L=>3> @074@068B5;O, 2K7K20NI53> 8A?C3.  MB8E A;CG0OE, :070;>AL 1K, <5E0=87< «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0 <>65B =5 83@0BL =8:0:>9 @>;8. 4=0:> MB> =5 B0:. >4 459AB285< A83=0;0 >1 >?0A=>AB8 <>65B 2>7=8:=CBL ;81> D878>;>38G5A:89 0DD5:B 8A?C30, A>?@>2>640NI89AO, :0: 8725AB=>, @O4>< A><0B>-2535B0B82=KE A8<?B><>2 (4@>60=85< 8 4@.), ;81> O2;5=8O H>:>2>3> 8;8 M<>F8>35==>3> =52@>70, :>B>@K5 >?8AK20NBAO =865. "5 8;8 8=K5 =0@CH5=8O, 2K720==K5 8A?C3><, <>3CB 70:@5?8BLAO, 70D8:A8@>20BLAO (8AB5@8G5A:0O D8:A0F8O)' 8;8 CA8;8BLAO 2 @57C;LB0B5 459AB28O 8AB5@8G5A:8E <5E0=87<>2. "0:, 4@>60=85, 2>7=8:H55 2> 2@5<O 0DD5:B0 8A?C30, ?@52@0B8BAO 2 8AB5@8G5A:89 38?5@:8=57, 0DD5:B82=>-H>:>2K9 ABC?>@, =5 >B=>AOI89AO : 8AB5@88, <>65B 70D8:A8@>20BLAO 8 ?@52@0B8BLAO, :0: 1C45B A:070=> =865, 2 8AB5@8G5A:89 ABC?>@, 8AB5@8G5A:CN 3;CE>=5<>BC 8;8 8AB5@8G5A:89 ?0@0;8G. $8:A0F8O 65 2A5E MB8E >AB@KE M<>F8>35==KE =0@CH5=89 8;8 2>7=8:=>25=85 =>2KE A8<?B><>2, :0: <K C2848< ?@8 0=0;875 2>7=8:=>25=8O 8AB5@8G5A:8E AC<5@5G=KE A>AB>O=89, >ACI5AB2;O5BAO ?> <5E0=87<C «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0, 8 B>340 >=8 >B=>AOBAO : 8AB5@88. >7=8:H85 ?>A;5 8A?C30 8AB5@8G5A:85 ?@8?04:8, 0AB078O-01078O 8;8 8AB5@8G5A:>5 AC<5@5G=>5 A>AB>O=85 ;8HL 2 =082=>< ?@54AB02;5=88 >1K20B5;O 2K720=K MB8< 8A?C3><.  459AB28B5;L=>AB8 >=8 >1CA;>2;5=K ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI59 A8BC0F859, 254CI59 : B><C, GB> ?@54AB02;5=8O >1 MB8E 1>;57=5==KE A8<?B><0E AB0=>2OBAO «CA;>2=> ?@8OB=K<8 8;8 65;0B5;L=K<8». @5<5==>5 B>@<>65=85 :>@K, 2K720==>5 8A?C3><, <>65B A>740BL CA;>28O, A?>A>1AB2CNI85 ?>O2;5=8N 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2.  :0G5AB25 >A=>2=>3> :@8B5@8O 4;O >B3@0=8G5=8O 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2 >B ?@>G8E 5I5 Babinski 2K42830;AO :@8B5@89 8E 2>7=8:=>25=8O, 0 B0:65 CAB@0=8<>AB8 ?CB5< 2=CH5=8O, B>G=55 ?CB5< C15645=8O. Babinski 4065 ?@54;>68; >1>7=0G8BL 8AB5@8N B5@<8=>< «?8B80B87<» >B 3@5G5A:8E A;>2 peido (2=CH5=85) 8 iatos (87;5G8<K9). 5A><=5==>, GB> <5E0=87< 2=CH5=8O 4>2>;L=> G0AB> 83@05B @>;L 2 2>7=8:=>25=88 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2. 4=0:> ?>4 2;8O=85< 2=CH5=8O <>3CB 2>7=8:=CBL =5 B>;L:> 8AB5@8G5A:85 A8<?B><K, => B0:65 80B@>35=88, O2;5=8O 8=4CF8@>20==>3> ?><5H0B5;LAB20, =5:>B>@K5 A25@EF5==K5 8458, =5 >B=>AOI85AO : 8AB5@88. >;LHCN @>;L A0<>2=CH5=85 83@05B 2 ?0B>35=575 =52@>70 >6840=8O 8 B5E D>@< =52@0AB5=88, ?@8 :>B>@KE =0@CH05<AO DC=:F8O 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2. >6=> A:070BL, GB> 5A;8 2 2>7=8:=>25=88 2=CH5==>3> 8;8 A0<>2=CH5==>3> A8<?B><0 CG0AB2C5B <5E0=87< «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0, B> A8<?B>< MB>B 8AB5@8G5A:89, 5A;8 =5 CG0AB2C5B  =58AB5@8G5A:89. "0:8< >1@07><, 2>7=8:=>25=85 A8<?B><0 ?CB5< 2=CH5=8O 8;8 A0<>2=CH5=8O 5I5 =5 3>2>@8B >1 53> 8AB5@8G5A:>9 ?@8@>45. 5 A2845B5;LAB2C5B >1 MB>< 8 CAB@0=8<>ABL 53> ?CB5< 2=CH5=8O, B0: :0: 2=CH5=85< <>3CB 1KBL CAB@0=5=K O2;5=8O, =5 >B=>AOI85AO : 8AB5@88, =0?@8<5@, @>4>2K5 8 ?>A;5>?5@0F8>==K5 1>;8. O4 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2, B0:8E, :0: 8AB5@8G5A:85 38?5@:8=57K, <>65B 2>7=8:0BL 8 157 CG0AB8O 2=CH5=8O, ?CB5< D8:A0F88 ?5@2>=0G0;L=> =58AB5@8G5A:>3> A8<?B><0 ?> <5E0=87<C «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0. 57:> ?>2KH5==0O 2=CH05<>ABL =5 O2;O5BAO G5<-B> A?5F8D8G5A:8< 4;O 8AB5@88. =0 <>65B 1KBL 8 ?@8 4@C38E A>AB>O=8OE, =0?@8<5@ ?@8 >@30=8G5A:8E 701>;520=8OE <>730, H87>D@5=88. @8 8AB5@88 >A>15==> ;53:> <>3CB 1KBL 2=CH5=K 8;8 87<5=5=K ?>4 2;8O=85< 2=CH5=8O A8<?B><K, 5A;8 >=8 =>AOB E0@0:B5@ «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 8, =0>1>@>B, 2=CH5=85< 8=>340 =5 C405BAO CAB@0=8BL 8AB5@8G5A:85 A8<?B><K, 5A;8 <5E0=87< «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» ?@>4>;605B 459AB2>20BL. %>BO 2=CH5=85 8 83@05B 1>;LHCN @>;L 2 ?0B>35=575 <=>38E 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2, >4=0:> >=> =5 O2;O5BAO A?5F8D8G=K< 4;O 8AB5@88 8 >=0 =5 <>65B 1KBL A2545=0 : ?8B80B87<C Babinski. # 1>;L=KE 8AB5@859 G0AB> >B<5G05BAO ?>2KH5==0O M<>B82=>ABL, >4=0:> >=0 =5 O2;O5BAO A?5F8D8G=>9 4;O MB>3> 701>;520=8O. >2KH5==0O M<>B82=>ABL ?>AB>O==> >1=0@C68205BAO 2 B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 701>;520=85 2>7=8:05B C ;8F, O2;ONI8EAO 8AB5@8:0<8 2 ?02;>2A:>< A<KA;5, 8 <5=55 ?>AB>O==>  C ;8F A 4@C38<8 B8?>;>38G5A:8<8 >A>15==>ABO<8. "0:, =0?@8<5@, 8=>340 >=0 =5 =01;N405BAO ?@8 ?A524>45<5=F88, 8AB5@8G5A:>< ABC?>@5, 8AB5@8G5A:>< AC@4><CB87<5, => 2AB@5G05BAO ?@8 @07;8G=KE 701>;520=8OE, :>340 ?@5>1;0405B ?>4:>@:0 =04 :>@>9, >A>15==> G0AB>  ?@8 B@02<0B8G5A:8E ?>@065=8OE 3>;>2=>3> <>730 (B@02<0B8G5A:85 M=F5D0;>?0B88), 8=B>:A8:0F8OE (?@8 0;:>3>;L=>< >?LO=5=88), @07;8G=KE >@30=8G5A:8E 701>;520=8OE 3>;>2=>3> <>730 8 B. ?. "8?8G=K 4;O 8AB5@88 ?@>O2;5=8O ?>2KH5==>9 M<>B82=>AB8, =>AOI85 E0@0:B5@ B50B@0;L=>AB8, 45<>=AB@0B82=>AB8 8 =0@>G8B>AB8 8 >1;040NI85 G5@B0<8 «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 4;O 1>;L=>3>. !0<0 ?> A515 M<>B82=>ABL =5 <>65B O2;OBLAO 4803=>AB8G5A:8< :@8B5@85< 4;O >B3@0=8G5=8O 8AB5@88 >B 4@C38E 701>;520=89. A5 87;>65==>5 2KH5 40;> =0< >A=>20=85 2K428=CBL ?>;>65=85 > B><, GB> 8AB5@8G5A:8< A;54C5B AG8B0BL B>B A8<?B><, :>B>@K9 2>7=8:05B ?> <5E0=87<C «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0. AB5@8O :0: =52@>7 <>65B 2>7=8:=CBL 2 A;CG05 ?@51K20=8O G5;>25:0 2 ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI59 A8BC0F88. BAN40 2>7<>6=>ABL 2>7=8:=>25=8O 701>;520=8O, =0?@8<5@, 2 =51;03>?@8OB=>9 A5<59=>9 >1AB0=>2:5, 2 CA;>28OE C3@>7K 687=8 8;8 ?>B5@8 8<CI5AB20, BN@5<=>3> 70:;NG5=8O 8 4@. A8E>B@02<8@CNI85 @074@068B5;8, 2K7K20NI85 8AB5@8G5A:89 =52@>7, 2 >B;8G85 >B A25@EA8;L=KE @074@068B5;59, 2K7K20NI8E H>:>2K5 =52@>7K, E0@0:B5@87CNBAO <5=LH59 8=B5=A82=>ABLN, => 1>;LH59 4;8B5;L=>ABLN 459AB28O. 8HL 2 A;CG0OE, :>340 2=570?=>5 459AB285 A25@EA8;L=>3> @074@068B5;O O2;O5BAO >4=>2@5<5==> =0G0;>< 2>7=8:=>25=8O =51;03>?@8OB=>9 ?0B>35==>9 A8BC0F88 8;8 B0:>20O C65 8<5;0AL : <><5=BC 459AB28O @074@068B5;O, MB> 2545B : ?>O2;5=8N 8AB5@88. 01>;520=85 <>65B 2>7=8:=CBL C G5;>25:0 A ;N1K< B8?>< =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K. 53G5 2A53> >=> =0ABC?05B C ;8F A> A;01K< B8?>< =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K, ?@5>1;040=85< ?>4:>@:>2>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 =04 :>@:>2>9 8 ?5@2>9 A83=0;L=>9 A8AB5<K =04 2B>@>9. BAN40 ?>=OB=>, GB> ;53G5 2A53> 8AB5@8O 2>7=8:05B C ;8F EC4>65AB25==>3> B8?0, =5@2=0O A8AB5<0 :>B>@KE >:070;0AL >A;01;5==>9 :0:8<-;81> 2@54=K< 2>7459AB285<, 8 C 8AB5@>84=KE ?A8E>?0B>2 (8AB5@8:>2). 0 >?8A0=88 EC4>65AB25==>3> B8?0, 40==>3> . . 02;>2K<, <K >AB0=02;820;8AL ?@8 @0AA<>B@5=88 MB8>;>388 =52@>7>2. >MB><C 745AL >AB0=>28<AO ;8HL =0 8AB5@>84=KE ?A8E>?0B0E (8AB5@8:0E), 4;O :>B>@KE A 45BAB20 E0@0:B5@=0 A;01>ABL =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K, ?0B>;>38G5A:>5 ?@5>1;040=85 ?5@2>9 A83=0;L=>9 A8AB5<K =04 2B>@>9 8 ?>4:>@:>2KE @50:F89 =04 :>@:>2K<8. < A2>9AB25==0 A:;>==>ABL : 3@570< 8 D0=B078O<, B50B@0;L=>ABL, ;682>ABL, AB@5<;5=85 2> GB> 1K B> =8 AB0;> >1@0B8BL =0 A51O 2=8<0=85 >:@C60NI8E, «AB@5<;5=85 :070BLAO 1>;LH5, G5< MB> 5ABL =0 A0<>< 45;5» (Jaspers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«CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>ABLN 8;8 65;0B5;L=>ABLN». @54AB02;5=8O 65 MB8 <>3CB 1KBL G@572KG09=> @07=>>1@07=K<8. -B0 >A>15==>ABL 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2 40;0 ?>2>4 Sydenham 5I5 2 XVII 25:5 ?8A0BL, GB> 8AB5@8O  MB> @>B59, :>B>@K9 ?@8=8<05B 15A:>=5G=>5 <=>65AB2> @07;8G=KE 284>2, E0<5;5>=, :>B>@K9 15A?@5AB0==> <5=O5B A2>8 F25B0, 8 GB> >=0 <>65B A8<C;8@>20BL ?>GB8 2A5 4@C385 1>;57=8.  459AB28B5;L=>, @07=>>1@0785 :0@B8=, =0?@8<5@ 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?@8?04:>2, G@572KG09=> 25;8:>. => <>65B 1KBL B0: 65 25;8:>, :0: 25;8:> C ;N459 @07=>>1@0785 ?@5D>@<8@CNI8E MB>B 1>;57=5==K9 A8<?B>< ?@54AB02;5=89. >AB0B>G=> 2A?><=8BL >?8A0=8O ?@8?04:>2 2@5<5= 45<>=><0=8G5A:8E M?845<89, >?8A0=85 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?@8?04:>2 Charcot 8 Richer (1889) 8 ?@8?04:8, =01;N405<K5 2 =0H5 2@5<O. ! ?>O2;5=85< =>2KE 1>;57=5==KE :0@B8=, 2K720==KE 459AB285< =0 G5;>25:0 =>2KE 2@54=KE D878G5A:8E, E8<8G5A:8E 8;8 8=KE 035=B>2, <>3CB ?>O2;OBLAO 8 =>2K5, 8<8B8@CNI85 8E 459AB28O, 8AB5@8G5A:85 :0@B8=K. "0:, 2> 2@5<O ?5@2>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K, 2A:>@5 ?>A;5 B>3> :0: =5<F0<8 1K;8 ?@8<5=5=K 307K, 2 >4=>9 87 G0AB59 0<5@8:0=A:>3> M:A?548F8>==>3> :>@?CA0 2A?KE=C;0 M?845<8O «307>2>9 8AB5@88», >E20B82H0O 500 G5;>25:; ?@8 MB>< 8<8B8@>20;8AL A8<?B><K, =01;N405<K5 C >B@02;5==KE. 0<8 (1952) 1K;> 2KA:070=> ?@54?>;>65=85, GB> 2 A;CG05 ?@8<5=5=8O O45@=>3> >@C68O <>3CB 2>7=8:=CBL :0@B8=K 8AB5@8G5A:>9 ?A524>;CG52>9 1>;57=8, 0 B0:65 8AB5@8G5A:0O 3;CE>B0 8 A;5?>B0, 8<8B8@CNI85 =0@CH5=8O A;CE0 8 7@5=8O, 2K720==K5 459AB285< 27@K2=>9 2>;=K 8 2A?KH:8 A25B0. K =5 AB028< A2>59 7040G59 >?8A0BL 2A5 A8<?B><K, 2AB@5G0NI85AO ?@8 8AB5@88. 284C 8E 8A:;NG8B5;L=>3> @07=>>1@078O B0:0O 7040G0 1K;0 1K 4;O =0A =52K?>;=8<0. @82545< ;8HL 3;02=59H85 87 =8E. @8 @0AA<>B@5=88 A8<?B><0B>;>388 8AB5@88 <K >AB0=>28<AO =0 =5:>B>@KE >1I8E >A>15==>ABOE, A2>9AB25==KE MB8< 1>;L=K<, 70B5< =0 >?8A0=88 AC4>@>6=KE ?@8?04:>2, =0@CH5=89 A> AB>@>=K 42830B5;L=>9 AD5@K, GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8, 2535B0B82=KE DC=:F89, >@30=>2 GC2AB2, @5G8 8 ?A8E8G5A:>9 AD5@K. >A:>;L:C 4;O 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2 E0@0:B5@=0 «CA;>2=0O ?@8OB=>ABL 8;8 65;0B5;L=>ABL», C 1>;L=KE >1=0@C68205BAO A2>5>1@07=>5 42>9AB25==>5 >B=>H5=85 : =8<. ! >4=>9 AB>@>=K, >=8 G0AB> ?@>AOB 871028BL 8E >B MB8E A8<?B><>2, A 4@C3>9 2A5 8E ?>2545=85 >1KG=> .A2845B5;LAB2C5B > B><, GB> >=8 =5 BO3>BOBAO 8<8, =5 AB@5<OBAO : 2K74>@>2;5=8N. "0:, =0?@8<5@, 1>;L=>9 A >@30=8G5A:8 >1CA;>2;5==K< ?0@0;8G>< =>3 C4@CG5=, BO65;> ?5@568205B A2>N 1>;57=L, 1>;L=>9 65 A 8AB5@8G5A:8< ?0@0;8G>< =5@54:> ;568B A 4>2>;L=K< 284>< 8 =5 BO3>B8BAO A2>8< 701>;520=85<, =5 >1=0@C68205B 3;C1>:>9 B@52>38 ?> ?>2>4C A2>53> A>AB>O=8O >;L=>9 A >@30=8G5A:8 >1CA;>2;5==>9 3;CE>B>9 AB@5<8BAO G8B0BL ?> 3C10<, A<>B@8B 2 ;8F> A>15A54=8:C, 8I5B A?>A>1 ?>=OBL, GB> 3>2>@OB >:@C60NI85, 0 1>;L=>9 A 8AB5@8G5A:>9 3;CE>B>9 >1KG=> =5 A<>B@8B 2 AB>@>=C 2@0G0 8 =5 ?KB05BAO G8B0BL ?> 3C10<. A5 ?>2545=85 1>;L=KE =>A8B G0AB> 45<>=AB@0B82=K9 E0@0:B5@. =8 A:;>==K : CB@8@>20=8N A2>8E 1>;57=5==KE =0@CH5=89, 0 8=>340 8 : ?@O<>9 033@020F88. 5@8>48G5A:8 ?>O2;ONI85AO 8AB5@8G5A:85 A8<?B><K, =0?@8<5@ ?@8?04:8 8;8 @5F8482K ?0@0;8G59, 38?5@:8=57>2, 2>7=8:0NB >1KG=> >G5=L «:AB0B8» 4;O 1>;L=>3>, B. 5. B>340, :>340 >=8 >1;040NB 4;O =53> «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>ABLN 8;8 65;0B5;L=>ABLN», ?><>30NB 5<C =09B8 2KE>4 87 2>7=8:H59 A8BC0F88. 4=>9 87 >A>15==>AB59, E0@0:B5@=KE 4;O >?8AK205<>3> 701>;520=8O, O2;O5BAO ?>2KH5==0O 2=CH05<>ABL. =0 <>65B >1=0@C6820BLAO, 2 G0AB=>AB8, 2 1KAB@>9 70<5=5 >4=>3> 8AB5@8G5A:>3> A8<?B><0 4@C38< 8;8 ?>O2;5=88 =>2KE A8<?B><>2 ?>4 2;8O=85< @5?;8:8 2@0G0 8;8 2840 ?@>O2;5=89 1>;57=8 C 4@C3>3> 1>;L=>3>. # 8AB5@>84=KE ?A8E>?0B>2, 0 B0:65 C ;8F, C :>B>@KE A:;>==>ABL : 8AB5@8G5A:8< @50:F8O< 2>7=8:;0 ?>4 459AB285< M:7>35==KE 2@54=>AB59, >B<5G05BAO ?>2KH5==0O M<>B82=>ABL A 1C@=K<8 M<>F8>=0;L=K<8 @50:F8O<8 4065 ?> =57=0G8B5;L=><C ?>2>4C. @><5 B>3>, C =8E >1KG=> >B<5G05BAO A:;>==>ABL : 2K<KA;0< 8 D0=B078O<.   AB5@8G5A:85 ?@8?04:8, :0: C:07K20;>AL 2KH5, >B;8G0NBAO 1>;LH8< @07=>>1@0785< 8 <5=ONB A2>8 ?@>O2;5=8O 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B ?@5D>@<8@CNI8E 1>;57=5==K9 A8<?B>< ?@54AB02;5=89. "0:, =0G8=0O A XI 25:0, =0 A525@5, =0 B5@@8B>@88 =K=5H=8E 5@<A:>9 8 @E0=35;LA:>9 >1;0AB59, ?>O28;8AL A2>5>1@07=K5 8AB5@8G5A:85 ?@8?04:8, ?>;CG82H85 =0720=85 «8:>B:8»1. 0ABC?0;8 >=8 2 A2O78 A =5?@8OB=K<8 ?5@56820=8O<8 8 2K@060;8AL, ?> . . C:><A:><C, AC4>@>6=K<8 ?@8?04:0<8, A>?@>2>6402H8<8AO ;81> :@8:>< 8 ?;0G5<, ;81> ?@8ABC?0<8 <CB87<0 («=5<0O 8:>B0»), ;81> A?>=B0==>9 @5G52>9 ?@>4C:F859, ?@8G5< 1>;L=K5 2 MB> 2@5<O A0<8 3>2>@8;8, => =0 2>?@>AK =5 >B25G0;8 («8:>B:0-3>2>@CE0»), ;81> A>AB>O=85< M:AB070 A> AB>=0<8, ?>?KB:0<8 @20BL =0 A515 2>;>AK, ?045=85< =0 ?>; 8 8=>340 «?@>@8F0=85< 1C4CI53>». . . C:><A:89 =01;N40; ?@8ABC?K «8:>B:8», A>?@>2>6402H85AO 8<8B0F859 :0@:0=LO 2>@>=.  :>=F5 XIX AB>;5B8O Charcot 8 Richer >?8A0;8 ?@8?04:8, ?>;CG82H85 =0720=85 ?@8?04:>2 «1>;LH>9 8AB5@88». @8?04>: =0G8=0;AO A D07K «M?8;5?B>84=KE» AC4>@>3, 2> 2@5<O :>B>@>9 =01;N40;8AL >1I85 B>=8G5A:85 AC4>@>38 8 :;>=8G5A:85 42865=8O. -B0 D070 1K;0 :@0B:>2@5<5==>9 8 ?5@5E>48;0 2 D07C 1>;LH8E 42865=89, 8;8 :;>C=87<0.  MB> 2@5<O 1>;L=K5 A>25@H0;8 :@C?=K5, @07<0H8ABK5 42865=8O 8 873810;8AL 4C3>9 («8AB5@8G5A:0O 4C30»), >?8@0OAL ?@8 MB>< =0 3>;>2C 8 ?OB:8, 18;8AL BC;>28I5< 8 3>;>2>9 > :CH5B:C, =0 :>B>@>9 ;560;8, A>25@H0;8 42865=8O coitus. 0B5< @072820;0AL D070 «AB@0AB=KE ?>7», 2> 2@5<O :>B>@>9 <8<8:0 1>;L=KE >B>1@060;0 0DD5:B 3=520, C60A0, A>AB>O=85 M:AB070 8 B. ?. 0;55 =0ABC?0;0 D070 30;;NF8=0B>@=>-45;8@8>7=KE ?5@56820=89.  MB> 2@5<O 1>;L=K5 ?;0:0;8, A<5O;8AL, GB>-B> =52=OB=> H5?B0;8, AB@OE820;8 A A51O «304>2 8 =0A5:><KE», : G5<C-B> ?@8A;CH820;8AL. ;8;AO ?@8?04>: >B ?>;CG0A0 4> G0A0, 8=>340 70BO3820OAL =0 =5A:>;L:> G0A>2. @>8AE>4OI55 2> 2@5<O ?@8?04:0 1>;L=K5 >1KG=> ?><=8;8, E>BO 8 =5 <>3;8 2>A?@>8725AB8 <=>38E 45B0;59. "0:85 ?@8?04:8, 2K@0602H85AO 2 70:>=><5@=>9 A<5=5 G5BK@5E D07, =01;N40;8AL C 1>;LH>3> G8A;0 1>;L=KE, A>1@0==KE 2 :;8=8:5 Charcot 2 !0;L?5B@85@5. >;L 2=CH5=8O, 2708<=>3> ?>4@060=8O 2 MB8E A;CG0OE >BG5B;82> 2KABC?0;0.  3>4K ?5@2>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K 8 ?>A;52>5==K9 ?5@8>4, :>340 2 3>A?8B0;OE 1K;> A>1@0=> 7=0G8B5;L=>5 G8A;> 1>;L=KE, AB@0402H8E 8AB5@8G5A:8<8 ?@8?04:0<8, >=8 2K@060;8AL >1KG=> 2> 2=570?=KE 2K:@8:0E A;>2 :><0=4K 8 AC4>@>30E 2 2845 @07<0H8ABKE 42865=89. @8 MB>< ?@8?04>: =0G8=0;AO A=0G0;0 C >4=>3> 1>;L=>3>, 4@C3>9 >:07K20; 5<C 2 MB> 2@5<O ?><>IL, 70B5< BCB 65 C =53> A0<>3> =0G8=0;AO 0=0;>38G=K9 ?@8?04>:, 70B5< C A;54CNI53> 1>;L=>3> 8 B. 4. -B8 ?@8?04:8 ?>;CG8;8 =0720=85 «:><0=4=>9 8AB5@88». >340 1>;L=K5 =5 =0E>4OBAO 2 B5A=>< :>=B0:B5 8 =5 <>3CB =01;N40BL, :0: ?@>B5:05B 701>;520=85 C 4@C38E, ?@8?04:8 =5 =>AOB AB>;L >4=>>1@07=>3> E0@0:B5@0.  =0AB>OI55 2@5<O ?@8?04:8, >?8A0==K5 Charcot 8 Richer, A>25@H5==> 8AG57;8. > 2@5<O 8 ?>A;5 2B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K ?@8?04:8 «:><0=4=>9 8AB5@88» AB0;8 2AB@5G0BLAO :@09=5 @54:>, B>340 :0: 2> 2@5<O ?5@2>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K >=8 1K;8 A@02=8B5;L=> G0ABK. "5?5@L G0I5 2A53> 2AB@5G0NBAO ?@8?04:8, 2K@060NI85AO ?045=85< 8 AC4>@>30<8, =>AOI8<8 E0@0:B5@ @07<0H8ABKE 42865=89, 8=>340 «8AB5@8G5A:>9 4C38». 5@54:> 42865=8O =>AOB 2K@078B5;L=K9 E0@0:B5@, 2:;NG0NB 70I8B=K5 42865=8O (>BB0;:820=85 :>3>-B>, A68<0=85 1545@), A>?@>2>640NBAO ?@>87=5A5=85< >B45;L=KE A;>2, 8<5=.  MB8E A;CG0OE 42865=8O >1KG=> >B@060NB ?5@568B>5 1>;L=K< BO3>AB=>5 4;O =53> A>1KB85. 0;K5 8AB5@8G5A:85 ?@8?04:8 =5 A>?@>2>640NBAO ?045=85<. >;L=>9 A>E@0=O5B 0:B82=>5 ?>;>65=85 B5;0. '0I5 2A53> >=8 ?@>B5:0NB 2 2845 «8AB5@8:»  ?@8ABC?>2 @K40=89, 8=>340 ?@5@K20NI8EAO 3@><:8< E>E>B><, ?0B5B8G5A:8<8, B50B@0;L=K<8 65AB0<8, ?>?KB:0<8 @20BL =0 A515 2>;>AK, F0@0?0BL B5;>, @20BL >4564C, @071@0AK20=85< ?>?040NI8EAO ?>4 @C:C ?@54<5B>2. =>340 ?@8?04:8 2K@060NBAO 2 60;>10E =0 GC2AB2> 4C@=>BK («EC4> AB0;>»), 2 CG0I5==>< 4KE0=88 8 4@>60=88 B5;0. '0AB> 1>;L=K5, ?>GC2AB2>202 A5@4F5185=85 8;8 A60B85 2 >1;0AB8 3>@;0 (globus hystericus), A04OBAO 8;8 ;>60BAO, 8A?KBK20NB 70B@C4=5=85 4KE0=8O, GC2AB2> 4C@=>BK, ;8F> C =8E :@0A=55B, @565 1;54=55B. C;LA >AB05BAO C4>2;5B2>@8B5;L=>3> =0?>;=5=8O. >;L=K5 45;0NB 15A?>@O4>G=K5 42865=8O @C:0<8, 8=>340 ?;0GCB 8;8 A<5NBAO ;81> =5A:>;L:> <3=>25=89 >AB0NBAO =5?>4286=K<8. > 40==K< Titeca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retschmer, 2 >A=>25 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?@8?04:>2 ;568B 8=AB8=:B82=0O D>@<0 ?>2545=8O 682>B=KE 2> 2@5<O >?0A=>AB8  «@5D;5:A 42830B5;L=>9 1C@8». «G5;0, ?>?02H0O 2 :><=0BC, ?8A0; >=, =5 A048BAO 2 C3>; 8 =5 >14C<K205B A2>53> ?>;>65=8O, =5 8AA;54C5B >=0 B0:65 ?;0=><5@=> >:>= 8 425@59 2 ?>8A:0E >B:@KB>3> ?@>AB@0=AB20.  8=AB8=:B82=>< AB@5<;5=88 : A25BC >=0 @0728205B F5;CN 1C@N ?>@E0NI8E, B@5?5ICI8E, 15AF5;L=> =0?@02;5==KE B> AN40, B> BC40 42865=89, :>B>@K5 ?>2B>@ONBAO 2 2845 ?@8ABC?>2 2A5 A=>20 8 A=>20, ?>:0 >4=> 87 =8E A;CG09=> =5 ?@82545B 55 : >B25@AB8N 2 >:=5». @8?04:8 B8?0 «42830B5;L=>9 1C@8» =5@54:> 2AB@5G0NBAO C 1>;L=KE 8AB5@859. @8 ?@8?04:0E B0:>3> B8?0 C G5;>25:0 2>7=8:05B F5;K9 D595@25@: 2A5E <KA;8<KE ?@>872>;L=KE, 2K@078B5;L=KE 8 @5D;5:B>@=KE 42865=89.  >A=>25 MB8E ?@8?04:>2, ?> 2A59 25@>OB=>AB8, ;568B B>@<>65=85 :>@K 3>;>2=>3> <>730 ?>4 459AB285< A25@EA8;L=>3> @074@068B5;O, A @0AB>@<>65=85< 8=AB8=:B82=KE D>@< ?>2545=8O, A2O70==KE A 45OB5;L=>ABLN ?>4:>@:8. A>15==> E0@0:B5@=K B0:85 ?@8?04:8 4;O <0;5=L:8E 45B59, 0 B0:65 4;O >;83>D@5=>2 8 =>AOB C =8E E0@0:B5@ ?@8<8B82=>9 @50:F88. 4=0:> ?@8?04:8 «8:>B:8», «1>;LH>9 8AB5@88» Charcot  Richer, «:><0=4=>9 8AB5@88», ?@8?04:8 2 2845 2K@078B5;L=KE 42865=89 A 2K:@8:0<8 =5 <>3CB 1KBL A2545=K : «42830B5;L=>9 1C@5».  ?0B>35=575 8E CG0AB2CNB ?@5D>@<8@CNI85 1>;57=5==K9 A8<?B>< ?@54AB02;5=8O.  >1;0AB8 MB8E ?@54AB02;5=89 2 :>@5 2>7=8:05B >G03 :>=F5=B@8@>20==>3> 2>71C645=8O ?> >?8A0==><C 2KH5 <5E0=87<C «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0. 7 MB>3> >G030 2>71C645=85 8@@0488@C5B 2 42830B5;L=K5 (@5G542830B5;L=K5 8;8 4@C385) >1;0AB8 :>@K 8 =865;560I85 ?>4:>@:>2K5 >B45;K (?@8G5< B0< ;53G5, G5< 2KH5 8E 2>71C48<>ABL) 8 2K7K205B A>>B25BAB2CNI89 8AB5@8G5A:89 ?@8?04>:.  7028A8<>AB8 >B ?@5D>@<8@CNI8E 1>;57=5==K9 A8<?B>< ?@54AB02;5=89 >= <>65B, =0?@8<5@, C 452CH:8, :>B>@>9 ?@54AB>8B =565;0==K9 1@0:, 2K@060BLAO 2 2845 ?0=B><8<K >BG0O=8O 8 ?@>B5AB0. @8?04>: <>65B =0?><8=0BL M?8;5?B8-D>@<=K9, 5A;8 1>;L=><C @0=LH5 ?@8E>48;>AL 2845BL B0:85 ?@8?04:8. # CG0AB=8:0 2>5==KE 459AB289 ?@8 7045@60=88 53> 70 ?@02>=0@CH5=85 ?@8?04>: <>65B ?@>8AE>48BL 2 2845 E0>B8G=KE 42865=89 A 2K:@8:820=85< A;>2 :><0=4K. "0:>9 ?@8?04>: 4;O =53> O2;O5BAO «CA;>2=> ?@8OB=K< 8;8 65;0B5;L=K<», B0: :0: <>65B «>?@0240BL» ?@02>=0@CH5=85 B5<, GB> G5;>25: «?>B5@O; 74>@>2L5 =0 2>8=5» 8 ?>MB><C AB0; =5@2=K<, «?@8?04>G=K<»1. %0@0:B5@=K5 >A>15==>AB8 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?@8?04:>2 2KABC?0NB 2 A;54CNI5< =01;N45=88. >;L=0O ., 24 ;5B, B5E=8:, >1;040NI0O EC4>65AB25==K< 40@>20=85<. > E0@0:B5@C C?@O<0O, M:>F5=B@8G=0O, A:;>==0 : 3@570<, D0=B078O< 8 B50B@0;L=>AB8, ;53:> CB><;O5<0O, ?>2KH5==> M<>B82=0O. 1@0B8;0AL A 60;>10<8 =0 AC4>@>6=K5 ?@8?04:8, 2K@060NI85AO 2 ?>O2;5=88 GC2AB20 :><:0, ?>4:0BK20NI53> : 3>@;C, 8 AC4>@>30E 2 2845 @07<0H8ABKE 42865=89, A>?@>2>640NI8EAO @K40=8O<8, AB>=0<8 8 M:A?@5AA82=K<8 42865=8O<8 2 B5G5=85 ^<8=CB.  MB> 2@5<O @50:F8O 7@0G:>2 =0 A25B A>E@0=5=0. > 2@5<O ?@8?04:0 CA?5205B ;5GL 2 ?>AB5;L. @>8AE>4OI55 2> 2@5<O ?@8?04:0 ?><=8B A<CB=>. @8:CA0<8 O7K:0 8 =5?@>872>;L=K< <>G58A?CA:0=85< ?@8?04:8 =5 A>?@>2>640NBAO. 0ABC?0NB >=8 B>;L:> ?@8 2>;=5=88, ?@8G5< B>;L:> 2 ?@8ACBAB288 <C60, 2> 2@5<O A5<59=KE AF5=. "5@@>@878@C5B <C60 A2>8<8 ?@8?04:0<8 8 70AB02;O5B 53> 2K?>;=OBL A2>8 ?@8E>B8. . A>>1I8;0, GB> 701>;520=85 C =55 2>7=8:;> 2?5@2K5, :>340 >=0 ?@>3C;820;0AL A <>;>4K< G5;>25:><  55 1C4CI8< <C65<. 4@C3 4>=5AAO =5 >G5=L 3@><:89 @0A:0B 27@K20. =0 8A?C30;0AL, 59 AB0;> «EC4>», 8 @0728;0AL «8AB5@8:0».  40;L=59H5< 8AB5@8G5A:85 ?@8?04:8 AB0;8 ?>2B>@OBLAO 2 B>9 A8BC0F88, 8 2 B> 2@5<O, :>340 >=8 O2;O;8AL 4;O 1>;L=>9 «CA;>2=> ?@8OB=K<8 8;8 65;0B5;L=K<8». =B5@5A5= ?@8 MB>< 35=57 ?5@2>3> ?@8?04:0, >1CA;>2;5==>3> 2708<>459AB285< @O40 D0:B>@>2, =0 :>B>@>< <K 1>;55 ?>4@>1=> 8 >AB0=>28<AO. >6=> ?@54?>;>68BL, GB> ?5@2K9 ?@8?04>: 2 40==>< A;CG05 =0ABC?8; 2 A2O78 A B5<, GB> >B40;5==K9 72C: 27@K20, O2;ONI89AO A83=0;>< >?0A=>AB8, >:070;AO A25@EA8;L=K< @074@068B5;5<, 2K720; 70?@545;L=>5 B>@<>65=85 :>@K A @0AB>@<>65=85< ?>4:>@:8, GB> 8 ?@>O28;>AL 2 2845 ?@8?04:0. -B>B @074@068B5;L >:070;AO ?0B>35==K<, ?> 2A59 25@>OB=>AB8, 1;03>40@O A;54CNI8< >1AB>OB5;LAB20<. 1.  3>4K 2>9=K 452CH:0 =5 @07 A;KH0;0 72C:8 27@K2>2, 8A?KBK20;0 ?@8 MB>< AB@0E, >4=0:> 25;0 A51O <C65AB25==> 8 =5 B5@O;0 A0<>>1;040=8O. G5284=>, 2A;54AB285 =0?@O65=8O 2=CB@5==53> B>@<>65=8O 59 C4020;>AL ?>402;OBL 2>7=8:02HCN M<>F8>=0;L=CN @50:F8N AB@0E0. #A;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=0O A2O7L <564C 72C:>< 27@K20 8 M<>F859 AB@0E0 2A5 65 2>7=8:;0 8 A>E@0=8;0AL, B0: :0: A MB>3> 2@5<5=8 72C:8, =0?><8=02H85 27@K2, AB0;8 59 >G5=L =5?@8OB=K. 2. >;>4>9 G5;>25: 59 >G5=L =@028;AO, 4;8B5;L=> 70 =59 CE06820;, >4=0:> 25; A51O A =59 A;8H:>< A45@60==>, =5@5H8B5;L=>, 0 >=0 >6840;0 A 53> AB>@>=K ?@87=0=8O 2 ;N128. "0:8< >1@07>< =5@2=0O 2>71C48<>ABL >:070;0AL @57:> ?>2KH5==>9 2A;54AB285 8@@0480F88 ?>;>2>3> 2>71C645=8O 87 ?>4:>@:8. >71C645=85 >B CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=>3> @074@068B5;O (>B40;5==>3> 72C:0 27@K20), AC<<8@COAL A 8<52H8<AO ?>4:>@:>2K< 2>71C645=85<, ;53G5 A<>3;> AB0BL A25@EA8;L=K<. 3. >7=8:H0O C 452CH:8 @50:F8O O28;0AL B>;G:><, CA:>@82H8< 4>;3>640==>5 >1JOA=5=85 2 ;N128. > MB>3> >=0 7=0;0, GB> >1<>@>:8 8 B><C ?>4>1=K5 A>AB>O=8O «15A?><>I=>AB8» 8=>340 <>3CB A?>A>1AB2>20BL A1;865=8N, >4=0:> =5 4C<0;0 >1 MB><. 5E0=87< «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0 ?@8 MB>< AK3@0; A2>N @>;L.  40;L=59H5< 8AB5@8G5A:85 ?@8?04:8 A2O70;8AL ?> <5E0=87<C CA;>2=>3> @5D;5:A0 A A8BC0F859, ?@8 :>B>@>9 B@51>20;>AL 4>18BLAO CABC?:8 A> AB>@>=K <C60, 2 A2O78 A G5<, :0: B>;L:> ?>O2;O;0AL MB0 A8BC0F8O, 2>7=8:0; 8 ?@8?04>:. B 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?@8?04:>2 >B;8G0NBAO @07;8G=K5 ?@>O2;5=8O 2>71C645=8O ?>4:>@:8 ?@8 >@30=8G5A:8E ?>@065=8OE <>730, 0 B0:65 E0>B8G5A:>5 42830B5;L=>5 2>71C645=85 C >G5=L <0;5=L:8E 45B59 8 42830B5;L=K5 @07@O4K C >;83>D@5=>2. =8 1>;55 M;5<5=B0@=K ?> AB@C:BC@5 8 2 8E ?0B>35=575 =5 83@0NB @>;8 ?@5D>@<8@CNI85 1>;57=5==K9 A8<?B>< ?@54AB02;5=8O. AB5@8G5A:85 ?@8?04:8 G0I5 2A53> ?@8E>48BAO 48DD5@5=F8@>20BL A M?8;5?B8G5A:8<8. "0: C65 1K;> >B<5G5=>, 8AB5@8G5A:85 ?@8?04:8 <>3CB 2>7=8:0BL ;8HL B>340, :>340 >=8 O2;ONBAO 4;O 1>;L=>3> «CA;>2=> ?@8OB=K<8 8;8 65;0B5;L=K<8». #A;>2=> ?@8OB=K< 8;8 65;0B5;L=K< ?@8?04>: <>65B 1KBL B>;L:> 2 B>< A;CG05, 5A;8 8<5NBAO ;N48, 45<>=AB@0F8O :>B>@K< ?@8?04:0 1>;L=><C 65;0B5;L=0. >MB><C 8AB5@8G5A:85 ?@8?04:8 2>7=8:0NB B>;L:> B>340, :>340 5ABL «7@8B5;8»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«CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0 @>;8 =5 83@05B.  A2O78 A MB8< M?8;5?B8G5A:85 ?@8?04:8 <>3CB 2>7=8:0BL, :>340 1>;L=>9 =0E>48BAO >48=, 0 B0:65 =0 C;8F5, =0 @01>B5, 2> 2@5<O A=0. @8 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?@8?04:0E 1>;L=K5, ?@54GC2AB2CO =0ABC?;5=85 ?@8?04:0, CA?520NB A5ABL 8;8 ;5GL. A;8 65 >=8 MB> =5 CA?520NB A45;0BL, B> ?040NB <O3:>, =5 CH810OAL A8;L=>. "O65;K5 CH81K, @0=5=8O 8;8 >6>38 2A;54AB285 ?045=8O =0 @0A:0;5==K5 ?@54<5BK, :0: ?@028;>, =5 2AB@5G0NBAO. # 1>;L=KE M?8;5?A859 =0 B5;5 G0AB> >1=0@C6820NBAO @C1FK ?>A;5 >6>3>2 8 CH81>2, ?>;CG5==KE 2> 2@5<O ?@8?04:0 (8=>340 1>;L=>9 =5 7=05B, :>340 8 ?@8 :0:8E >1AB>OB5;LAB20E >=8 C =53> 2>7=8:;8). ;O 1>;L=KE 8AB5@8G5A:8<8 ?@8?04:0<8 MB> =5 E0@0:B5@=>, >4=0:> =04> CG5ABL, GB> 8=>340 C >4=>3> 8 B>3> 65 1>;L=>3> <>3CB =01;N40BLAO, :@><5 8AB5@8G5A:8E, 5I5 8 M?8;5?B8G5A:85 ?@8?04:8. AB5@8G5A:85 ?@8?04:8 =5 A>?@>2>640NBAO @57:8< F80=>7>< ;8F0, BO65;K<8 ?@8:CA0<8 O7K:0, A;54K :>B>@KE G0AB> <>3CB 1KBL >1=0@C65=K C :>@=O O7K:0, =5?@>872>;L=K< <>G58A?CA:0=85< 8 45D5:0F859. ;O M?8;5?B8G5A:8E ?@8?04:>2 C:070==K5 O2;5=8O E0@0:B5@=K, E>BO 8 =5 >1O70B5;L=K. 50:F8O 7@0G:>2 =0 A25B ?@8 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?@8?04:0E 2 1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG052 A>E@0=5=0, =0@CH5=85 A>7=0=8O 2> 2@5<O ?@8?04:0 =5 =>A8B AB>;L 3;C1>:>3> E0@0:B5@0, :0: ?@8 M?8;5?A88. 50:F8O =0 1>;52K5 8 B0:85 @57:85 @074@068B5;8, :0:, =0?@8<5@, 70?0E =0H0BK@=>3> A?8@B0, 2> 2@5<O 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?@8?04:>2 G0AB> A>E@0=5=0. !C4>@>38 2> 2@5<O 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?@8?04:>2 >1KG=> =>AOB E0@0:B5@ :@C?=KE, @07<0H8ABKE 8;8 2K@078B5;L=KE 42865=89, 8=>340 B5;> 8738105BAO 2 2845 «8AB5@8G5A:>9 4C38». ;O B8?8G=KE 1>;LH8E M?8;5?B8G5A:8E ?@8?04:>2 E0@0:B5@=0 :@0B:>2@5<5==0O D070 B>=8G5A:8E AC4>@>3, A<5=ONI0OAO D07>9 :;>=8G5A:8E AC4>@>3. =>340 AC4>@>38 2> 2@5<O 8AB5@8G5A:>3> ?@8?04:0 <>3CB 2=5H=5 =5 8<8B8@>20BL B0:>2K5 ?@8 M?8;5?A88.  ?>A;54=5< A;CG05 2> 2@5<O D07K B>=8G5A:8E AC4>@>3 ?@8 A60B88 @C:8 2 :C;0: 2284C ?@5>1;040=8O <KHF B5=0@0 =04 @073810B5;O<8 ?0;LF52 1>;LH>9 ?0;5F >BE>48B 2=CB@L 8 >:07K205BAO ?>4 >AB0;L=K<8 ?0;LF0<8, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: ?@8 8AB5@8G5A:8E 8 A8<C;OB82=KE B>=8G5A:8E AC4>@>30E =5 >B<5G05BAO B5=45=F88 : ?@82545=8N 1>;LH>3> ?0;LF0 2=CB@L 8, 5A;8 @C:0 A68<05BAO 2 :C;0:, B> 1>;LH>9 ?0;5F >:07K205BAO :=0@C68 >B >AB0;L=KE ?0;LF52. > 2@5<O :;>=8G5A:8E AC4>@>3 ?@8 B8?8G=KE 1>;LH8E M?8;5?B8G5A:8E ?@8?04:0E 2>7=8:0NB G0ABK5 @8B<8G=K5 A>:@0I5=8O <KHF ;8F0; ?@8 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?@8?04:0E <K MB>3> =8:>340 =5 =01;N40;8. -?8;5?B8G5A:85 ?@8?04:8 4;OBAO >1KG=> =5 1>;LH5 5 <8=CB 8 ?>A;5 ?@8?04:0 4>2>;L=> G0AB> =0ABC?05B 3;C1>:89 A>= 8;8 A>AB>O=85 >3;CH5=8O; 8AB5@8G5A:85 65 ?@8?04:8 4;OBAO 7=0G8B5;L=> 4>;LH5 (10 20 <8=CB 8 1>;55) 8 ?>A;54CNI8< A=>< 8;8 A>AB>O=85< >3;CH5=8O >1KG=> =5 A>?@>2>640NBAO. >A;5 M?8;5?B8G5A:>3> ?@8?04:0 C 1>;L=KE =5@54:> C3=5B5=K ACE>68;L=K5 @5D;5:AK 8 ?>O2;ONBAO ?8@0<84=K5 7=0:8, ?>A;5 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?@8?04:>2 MB>3> =5 1K205B.  B> 2@5<O :0: 48DD5@5=F80F8O 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?@8?04:>2 >B B8?8G=KE 1>;LH8E M?8;5?B8G5A:8E ?@8?04:>2 >1KG=> =5 ?@54AB02;O5B B@C40, >B3@0=8G5=85 8E >B 0B8?8G=KE 8 01>@B82=KE M?8;5?B8G5A:8E ?@8?04:>2 8=>340 ?@54AB02;O5B 7=0G8B5;L=K5 B@C4=>AB8. -B> A2O70=> A B5<, GB> ;N1>9 E0@0:B5@=K9 A><0B8G5A:89 :><?>=5=B M?8;5?B8G5A:>3> ?@8?04:0 =5>1O70B5;5=. =0G5 3>2>@O, <>65B 1KBL M?8;5?B8G5A:89 ?@8?04>: 157 B>=8G5A:8E 8;8 :;>=8G5A:8E AC4>@>3 A A>E@0==>9 @50:F859 7@0G:>2 =0 A25B (>G5=L @54:>), 157 ?@8:CA>2 O7K:0, 157 =5?@>872>;L=>3> <>G58A?CA:0=8O 8 B. ?. A>15==> 1>;LH>5 7=0G5=85 4;O 4803=>AB8:8 2 MB8E A;CG0OE <>65B 40BL 0=0;87 CA;>289 2>7=8:=>25=8O 701>;520=8O. >7=8:=>25=85 ?@8?04:0 2 CA;>28OE, 8A:;NG0NI8E CG0AB85 <5E0=87<0 «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0, «153AB20 2 1>;57=L», 2A5340 3>2>@8B 2 ?>;L7C M?8;5?A88. =5H=5 <>3CB ?>E>48BL =0 8AB5@8G5A:85 ?@8?04:8 M?8;5?B8G5A:85 M:2820;5=BK, ?@>B5:0NI85 2 2845 ?@8ABC?>2 70B5<=5=8O A>7=0=8O A :@0B:>2@5<5==K<8 =5@57:> 2K@065==K<8 B>=8G5A:8<8 AC4>@>30<8 8 ?@8ABC?0<8 02B><0B8G5A:8E ?A524>M:A?@5AA82=KE 42865=89, G0AB> =>AOI8E AB5@5>B8?=K9 E0@0:B5@ 8 8=>340 A>?@>2>640NI8EAO A;57>B5G5=85<. 169 . !. (<0@LO=>< >?8A0=K ?A524>8AB5@8G5A:85 ?@8ABC?K =0A8;LAB25==>3> A<5E0 8;8 ?;0G0 A 1;5D0@>A?07<><, >1I8< 4@>60=85< 8 2>71C645=85< C 1>;L=KE A >?CE>;O<8 ;>1=KE 4>;59. =0;>38G=K5 ?@8ABC?K, 2> 2@5<O :>B>@KE, :@><5 B>3>, ?@8=8<0;8AL AB@0AB=K5 ?>7K, <K =01;N40;8 2 5=8=3@04A:>< =59@>E8@C@38G5A:>< 8=AB8BCB5 8<5=8 . . >;5=>20 C 1>;L=>3> A >?CE>;LN ;>1=>9 4>;8. 0ABC?0;8 >=8 157 2=5H=53> ?>2>40 8 =57028A8<> >B >:@C60NI59 >1AB0=>2:8. A524>8AB5@8G5A:85 ?@8?04:8 ?@8 B@02<0B8G5A:>9 M?8;5?A88 >?8A0=K . . >E;8=K< 8 4@. 5@54:> 70B@C4=5=8O 4;O >B3@0=8G5=8O >B 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?@8?04:>2 ?@54AB02;ONB ?@8?04:8 48M=F5D0;L=>9 M?8;5?A88, >?8A0==K5 . . @8=HB59=><, . . F5=:> 8 Penfield. @8?04:0< 48M=F5D0;L=>9 M?8;5?A88, :0: C:07K205B . $. 02845=:>20-C;L:>20, =5@54:> ?@54H5AB2CNB 0=>@5:A8O, A0;820F8O, CG0I5==K5 ?>7K2K =0 <>G58A?CA:0=85 8;8 45D5:0F8N, 8=>340 A>AB>O=85 B>A:;82>AB8 8;8 ?>2KH5==>9 @074@068B5;L=>AB8. !0< ?@8?04>: E0@0:B5@87C5BAO @0728B85< @O40 2535B0B82=KE =0@CH5=89: 87<5=5=85< A> AB>@>=K 207><>B>@>2  38?5@5<859 8;8 ?>1;54=5=85< :>68, 8;8 A<5=>9 >4=>3> 4@C38<, 38?5@384@>7><, 2>71C645=85< ?8;><>B>@>2 («3CA8=0O :>60»), 87<5=5=85< 0@B5@80;L=>3> 402;5=8O (G0I5 ?>2KH5=85<), =0@CH5=85< A5@45G=>3> (G0I5 B0E8:0@48O) 8 4KE0B5;L=>3> @8B<0, @0728B85< M:7>DB0;L<0 2<5AB5 A <84@807>< 8;8 87>;8@>20==>3> <84@8070 A ?>A;54CNI8< <8>7><, >A;01;5=85< 8;8 ?>;=K< 8AG57=>25=85< A25B>2>9 @50:F88 7@0G:>2, A;57>B5G5=85<. '0AB> 2> 2@5<O ?@8?04:0 =01;N40NBAO @0AAB@>9AB20 B5@<>@53C;OF88 (>7=>1, ?>2KH5==0O B5<?5@0BC@0, @565 38?>B5@<8O), @0AAB@>9AB2> A;N=>>B45;5=8O (38?>- 8;8 38?5@A0;820F8O), 65;C4>G=>-:8H5G=K5 =0@CH5=8O (8:>B0, 1>;8 2 ?>4;>65G=>9 >1;0AB8, 8=>340 ?>7K2K =0 45D5:0F8N 8, >G5=L @54:>, @2>B0, B>H=>B0, >B@K6:0), 1C;8<8O, @0AAB@>9AB2> 2>4=>3> >1<5=0 2 2845 ?>;848?A88, 8<?5@0B82=K5 ?>7K2K =0 <>G58A?CA:0=85 A 2K45;5=85< >18;L=>3> :>;8G5AB20 A25659 <>G8 8;8 7045@6:>9 <>G8, ?>2KH5==>5 :>;8G5AB2> A0E0@0 2 :@>28. 0 D>=5 C:070==KE 2KH5 2535B0B82=KE =0@CH5=89 8=>340 <>3CB 2>7=8:0BL B>=8G5A:85 AC4>@>38, 0 B0:65 A2>5>1@07=K5 M<>B82=K5 A>AB>O=8O (G0I5 AB@0E, B@52>30), 8=>340 A ?A524>M:A?@5AA82=K<8 42865=8O<8, :>B>@K5 <>3CB 40BL ?>2>4 4;O A<5H5=8O A 8AB5@8G5A:8< ?@8?04:><. ;OBAO ?@8?04:8 48M=F5D0;L=>9 M?8;5?A88 >B =5A:>;L:8E <8=CB 4> =5A:>;L:8E G0A>2 8 G0AB> A;54CNB A5@8O<8, :0: MB> =5@54:> 1K205B C 1>;L=KE M?8;5?A859.  >B;8G85 >B 8AB5@8G5A:8E 4;O ?@8?04:>2 48M=F5D0;L=>9 M?8;5?A88 E0@0:B5@=> 2>7=8:=>25=85 157 2=5H=53> ?>2>40, =57028A8<> >B >1AB0=>2:8, 2 :>B>@>9 1>;L=>9 =0E>48BAO. ",+ !!" !" 2830B5;L=K5 @0AAB@>9AB20 <>3CB 2K@060BLAO, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, ?0@570<8 8 ?0@0;8G0<8, :>=B@0:BC@0<8, =52>7<>6=>ABLN 2K?>;=5=8O A;>6=KE 42830B5;L=KE 0:B>2, A 4@C3>9  @07;8G=K<8 38?5@:8=570<8. AB5@8G5A:85 ?0@0;8G8 8 :>=B@0:BC@K >1KG=> >E20BK20NB G0ABL B5;0, A>>B25BAB2CNICN >1I5?@8=OB><C 45;5=8N (@C:C, :8ABL, ?0;5F 8 B. ?.), G0AB> @57:> >3@0=8G820O ?>@065=85 ?> ACAB02=>9 ;8=88, =57028A8<> >B B>3>, 8==5@28@C5BAO MB0 G0ABL B5;0 >4=8< 8;8 =5A:>;L:8<8 =5@20<8. 4=0:>, 5A;8 1>;L=>9 ?5@5=5A 2 ?@>H;>< >@30=8G5A:89 ?0@0;8G (=0?@8<5@, ?0@0;8G ;>:B52>3> 8;8 ;CG52>3> =5@20) 8;8 =01;N40; MB> 701>;520=85 C 4@C38E, 8AB5@8G5A:89 ?0@0;8G <>65B @0A?@>AB@0=OBLAO =0 B5 65 3@C??K <KHF, =0 :>B>@K5 @0A?@>AB@0=O;AO >@30=8G5A:89 ?0@0;8G. AB5@8G5A:85 ?0@0;8G8 <>3CB >E20BK20BL 87>;8@>20==CN :>=5G=>ABL (<>=>?;5388), >15 :>=5G=>AB8 =0 >4=>9 AB>@>=5 (35<8?;5388), >15 @C:8 8;8 >15 =>38 (?0@0?;5388), 0 B0:65 2A5 G5BK@5 :>=5G=>AB8 (B5B@0?;5388). '0I5 2A53> =01;N40NBAO ?0@0;8G8 <KHF :>=5G=>AB59. 0@0;8G8 <KHF O7K:0, H58 8;8 4@C38E 3@C?? <KHF 2AB@5G0NBAO @54:>. AB5@8G5A:85 :>=B@0:BC@K G0I5 2A53> ?>@060NB <KHFK :>=5G=>AB59, H58 (8AB5@8G5A:0O :@82>H5O) 8;8 BC;>28I0 (8AB5@8G5A:0O :0<?B>:>@<8O). =>340 2AB@5G05BAO 8AB5@8G5A:89 A?07< :@C3>2>9 <KHFK 3;07 (8AB5@8G5A:89 1;5D0@>A?07<). 5@54:> 8AB5@8G5A:85 :>=B@0:BC@K D8:A8@CNB B5;> 2 2KGC@=>9 ?>75, =5 =01;N405<>9 ?@8 >@30=8G5A:8E :>=B@0:BC@0E. !CE>68;L=K5 @5D;5:AK, 0 B0:65 B>=CA <KHF ?@8 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?0@0;8G0E, ?0@570E 8 :>=B@0:BC@0E =5 87<5=ONBAO. @8 8AA;54>20=88 ACE>68;L=KE @5D;5:A>2 G0AB> >B<5G05BAO =5A:>;L:> =0@>G8B>5 274@03820=85 2A53> B5;0 8;8 45<>=AB@0B82=>5 CA8;5=85 @5D;5:A0. => <>65B =01;N40BLAO 8 B>340, :>340 2@0G ?>A;5 1 2 8AA;54>20=89 @5D;5:A0, A45;02 65AB C40@0 <>;>B>G:>< ?> ACE>68;8N, =5>6840==> 7045@68205B <>;>B>G5:, =5 ?@8:>A=C2H8AL : 1>;L=><C. >6=K5 @5D;5:AK, :>B>@K5 <>3CB 1KBL ?@>872>;L=> 7045@60=K (?>4>H25==K9), 8=>340 =5 2K7K20NBAO, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: @5D;5:AK, :>B>@K5 =5 <>3CB 1KBL ?@>872>;L=> 7045@60=K (@5D;5:A =0 m. cremaster), A>E@0=ONBAO. "@>D8G5A:85 =0@CH5=8O <KHF =57=0G8B5;L=K 4065 ?@8 4;8B5;L=KE 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?0@0;8G0E, ?@8G5< =5 A>?@>2>640NBAO :0G5AB25==K<8 @0AAB@>9AB20<8 M;5:B@>2>71C48<>AB8. > 2@5<O A=0, 0 B0:65 2 A>AB>O=88 0DD5:B0 8AB5@8G5A:85 ?0@0;8G8 8 :>=B@0:BC@K <>3CB 8AG570BL. 0@0;8G8 8 ?0@57K =>AOB >1KG=> 8718@0B5;L=K9, M;5:B82=K9 E0@0:B5@. =8 >1=0@C6820NBAO 2 >4=>9 A8BC0F88 8 =5>6840==> <>3CB 8AG57=CBL 2 4@C3>9. "0:, =0?@8<5@, «?0@0;87>20==0O» <KHF0 <>65B 24@C3 A>4@C65AB25==> A>:@0B8BLAO ?@8 ?>445@6820=88 @02=>25A8O B5;0, ?@8 >1>@>=8B5;L=KE 8;8 <8<8G5A:8E 42865=8OE, 0 B0:65 5A;8 ?>4=OBCN ?0@0;87>20==CN :>=5G=>ABL >?CABOB (?0405B ?;02=>, 0 =5 :0: ?;5BL). A5 MB> 3>2>@8B > B><, GB> ?@8 8AB5@88 @5GL 845B =5 > ?0@0;8G0E 2 1C:20;L=>< A<KA;5 A;>20, 0 > =52>7<>6=>AB8 ?@>872>;L=>3> 2K?>;=5=8O 42865=89, > «=542830=L5». 0: A?@0254;82> 70<5G0NB !. . >F5=:> 8 . /. 5@2><09A:89 (1964), =5 1K205B 87>;8@>20==KE 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?0@0;8G59 <KHF, =0?@8<5@ ?0@0;8G0 m. biceps brachii ?@8 A>E@0==>9 DC=:F88 B. brachio-radialis. @8 8AB5@8G5A:8E 35<8?;538OE 2 >B;8G85 >B >@30=8G5A:8E ?0@0;8G =5 @0A?@>AB@0=O5BAO =0 <KHFK ;8F0 8 O7K:0. 5 A>?@>2>6405BAO >= B0:65 8 @0AAB@>9AB2>< @5G8 4065 2 B>< A;CG05, 5A;8 C ?@02H59 ?>@065=K ?@02K5, 0 C ;52H59  ;52K5 :>=5G=>AB8. 5 1K205B ?@8 =8E =8 A8=:8=5789, =8 70I8B=KE @5D;5:A>2, =8 E0@0:B5@=>9 ?>7K 5@=8:5  0=0. 0@0;87>20==0O G0ABL B5;0 >1KG=> 2>;>G8BAO 8;8 1>;B05BAO, A;>2=> ?@82O70==K9 ?@>B57 («?>E>4:0 ">440»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«M?8;5?B8G5A:85 @07@O4K». =>340, >1KG=> 2 28A>G=KE 8 ;>1=KE >B2545=8OE, 2AB@5G0;8AL 3@C??K G0AB>3> @8B<0 =87:>9 0<?;8BC4K («<0E@8AB>ABL»). > . . 8@<C=A:>9, . . 0:0@>2>9 8 . . 'CE@>2>9, M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0D8G5A:0O :0@B8=0 ?@8 8AB5@8G5A:8E 35<8?0@570E 8 >@30=8G5A:8E 35<8?0@570E ?>A;5 8=AC;LB>2 ?@8=F8?80;L=> AE>4=0. @8 >@30=8G5A:8E 35<8?0@570E 2 ?>@065==>9 4>;5 <>730 <>3CB ?>O2;OBLAO ?0B>;>38G5A:85 ?>B5=F80;K, B0: 65 :0: ?@8 8AB5@8G5A:8E; 2<5AB5 A B5< 45AB@C:B82=K5 =0@CH5=8O <>730 =5 2A5340 A>?@>2>640NBAO ?>O2;5=85< A4283>2 M;5:B@8G5A:>9 0:B82=>AB8 <>730. K =01;N40;8 2 1>;L=KE A 8AB5@8G5A:8<8 35<8?0@570<8, C :>B>@KE >B:;>=5=89 >B =>@<K =0 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<5 =5 >1=0@C6820;>AL. @82545==K5 40==K5 ?>:07K20NB, GB> 8AB5@8G5A:8 8 >@30=8G5A:8 >1CA;>2;5==K5 F5=B@0;L=K5 ?0@0;8G8 <>3CB 4020BL AE>4=CN M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0D8G5A:CN :0@B8=C. BACBAB285 >1=0@C68205<KE ?0B>;>38G5A:8E 87<5=5=89 =0 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<5 =5 8A:;NG05B 2>7<>6=>AB8 :0: >@30=8G5A:>3>, B0: 8 8AB5@8G5A:>3> ?0@0;8G0. AB5@8G5A:85 ?0@0;8G8 8=>340 2>7=8:0NB :0: D070 2KE>40 87 8AB5@8G5A:>3> ABC?>@0, @565 =5?>A@54AB25==> ?>A;5 459AB28O ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI8E @074@068B5;59. "0:, 8A:;NG5==K9 87 H:>;K CG5=8: (AK= C20605<KE @>48B5;59) 2> 2@5<O C@>:0 >B:@K; 425@L 2 :;0AA 8, AB>O 2 425@OE, AB0; :C@8BL, ?>?;52K20O =0 ?>;. 0 B@51>20=85 CG8B5;O . =5<54;5==> ?@5:@0B8BL 157>1@0785 =5 @5038@>20;. ">340 CG8B5;L, @57:> ?>1;54=52, ?>4>H5; : =5<C 8 C40@8; 53> ?@02>9 @C:>9 ?> ;8FC. "CB 65 . ?>GC2AB2>20; >1ICN A;01>ABL. >GLN A?0; B@52>6=> 8, ?@>A=C2H8AL CB@><, 70<5B8;, GB> ?@020O @C:0 53> ?>;=>ABLN ?0@0;87>20=0. KHFK :8AB8 1K;8 =0?@O65=K 8 5<C =5 ?>4G8=O;8AL. 0AAB@>9AB2> 2A5E 284>2 ?>25@E=>AB=>9 8 3;C1>:>9 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 >E20B8;> :8ABL 8 ?@54?;5GL5 4> ;>:BO.  :;8=8:5 . 1K; 45?@8<8@>20= B5<, GB> «?>4=O; @C:C»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inswanger). =0;>38G=K< >1@07>< 8=>340 2K=C645==>5 ?>;>65=85 BC;>28I0 ?>A;5 CH810 ?>OA=8G=>9 >1;0AB8 AB0=>28;>AL 8AE>4=K< <><5=B>< 4;O @0728B8O 8AB5@8G5A:>9 :0<?B>:>@<88. 0@CH5=85 DC=:F88, 2K720==>5 B@02<>9, 2 MB8E A;CG0OE A>2?040;> ?> 2@5<5=8 A ?@51K20=85< 2 BK;>2>< 3>A?8B0;5, 2 =5>?0A=>9 4;O 687=8 >1AB0=>2:5, ?@8>1@5B0;> E0@0:B5@ «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 8 C AC1J5:B0, A;01>3> 8;8 >A;01;5==>3> 2A;54AB285 8AB>I5=8O, 8=B>:A8:0F88 8 B. ?., 70:@5?;O;>AL ?> <5E0=87<C CA;>2=>9 A2O78. . . 02;>2 =07K20; MB> A;CG05< @>:>2KE D878>;>38G5A:8E >B=>H5=89, C:07K20O, GB> BCB =5B 4>AB0B>G=KE >A=>20=89 3>2>@8BL >1 C<KH;5==>< A8<C;8@>20=88 A8<?B><0. 0: >B<5G0NB 0=3;89A:85 8 0<5@8:0=A:85 02B>@K (Sands, Hill, Harrison 8 4@.), 2> 2@5<O 2B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K C ;8F, =0E>482H8EAO =0 :>@01;OE, 8AB5@8G5A:85 ?0@0;8G8 =5 =01;N40;8AL. -B> >1JOA=O5BAO B5<, GB> ?0@0;8G 70B@C4=O5B G5;>25:C A?0A5=85 2 A;CG05 =0?045=8O ?@>B82=8:0 =0 :>@01;L, 2 A2O78 A G5< ?@54AB02;5=8O > 53> 2>7=8:=>25=88 =5 =>A8;8 E0@0:B5@0 «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8». <5AB5 A B5< 2AB@5G0;8AL B0:85 8AB5@8G5A:85 A8<?B><K, :>B>@K5 =5 <>3;8 ?@5?OBAB2>20BL A?0A5=8N 1>;L=>3> ?@8 MB8E >1AB>OB5;LAB20E. AB5@8G5A:85 ?0@0;8G8 8 :>=B@0:BC@K <>3CB 2>7=8:=CBL B>;L:> 2 B>< A;CG05, 5A;8 8E @0728B85 O2;O5BAO 4;O 1>;L=>3> «CA;>2=> ?@8OB=K< 8;8 65;0B5;L=K<». @8 MB>< 2 ?0B>35=575 701>;520=8O 83@05B @>;L ;81> >?8A0==K9 2KH5 <5E0=87< 8AB5@8G5A:>9 D8:A0F88, ;81> 2=CH5=8O 8 A0<>2=CH5=8O. !?>@=K< O2;O5BAO 2>?@>A > B0: =07K205<KE D878>?0B8G5A:8E 8;8 @5D;5:B>@=KE ?0@0;8G0E, 2?5@2K5 =01;N402H8EAO 5I5 Mitchell (1864) 2> 2@5<O 0<5@8:0=A:>9 2>9=K 8 40;55 >?8A0==KE Babinski 8 Froment 2 3>4K ?5@2>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K. 0@0;8G8 MB8 2>7=8:0;8 C ;8F, ?>;CG02H8E ;53:85 :>6=K5 @0=5=8O. =8 G0I5 2A53> A>G5B0;8AL A :>=B@0:BC@>9 <KHF :8AB8, ?@8 :>B>@>9 >=0 ?@8=8<0;0 284 @C:8 0:CH5@0, 8 A>?@>2>640;8AL @57:8<8 2535B0B82=K<8 =0@CH5=8O<8, @0AAB@>9AB20<8 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 2 2845 «GC;:0» 8;8 «?5@G0B:8». -;5:B@>2>71C48<>ABL >1KG=> 87<5=O;0AL =57=0G8B5;L=> 8 ;8HL :>;8G5AB25==>; E@>=0:A8O =5A:>;L:> C25;8G820;0AL. @8 4>AB0B>G=> 3;C1>:>< MD8@=>< =0@:>75 ?0@0;8G8 MB8 8AG570;8. O4 =52@>;>3>2 (. . %>@>H:>, !. . 02845=:>2, . . !0@0468H28;8 8 4@.) ?@8A>548=ONBAO : <=5=8N Babinski 8 Froment > D878>35==>9, =58AB5@8G5A:>9 ?@8@>45 MB8E DC=:F8>=0;L=KE ?0@0;8G59. 4=0:> 2>7=8:=>25=85 8E B>;L:> 2 2>5==>5 2@5<O 8 ;8HL C 2>5==>A;C60I8E, ?@8 >BACBAB288 MB8E ?0@0;8G59 2 <8@=>5 2@5<O, 2 B>< G8A;5 8 ?@8 B@02<0E =5@2=KE AB2>;>2, 405B >A=>20=85 ?@54?>;>68BL @>;L «153AB20 2 1>;57=L» 8, A;54>20B5;L=>, 3>2>@8B 2 ?>;L7C 8E 8AB5@8G5A:>9 ?@8@>4K. > =0H5<C <=5=8N, 2 MB8E A;CG0OE @5GL 845B >1 >A>1>9 3@C??5 BO65;KE 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?0@0;8G59, >B;8G0NI8EAO @57:>9 2K@065==>ABLN 2535B0B82=KE =0@CH5=89. !. . 02845=:>2 >1@0I05B 2=8<0=85 =0 B>, GB> 8AB5@8G5A:85 ?0@0;8G8 A;54C5B 48DD5@5=F8@>20BL >B ?0@0;8G59 A>4@C65AB25==KE, :>B>@K5 2K@060NBAO 2 =52>7<>6=>AB8 A45;0BL :0:>5-;81> 42865=85 B>;L:> ?>B><C, GB> 2K?0;8 ?@82KG=K5 4;O =8E A8=5@38ABK 8 1>;L=>9 5I5 =5 C<55B ?>;L7>20BLAO 40==>9 <KHF59 2 =>2>9 <>B>@=>9 :><18=0F88. A;8 2A;54AB285 @07@CH5=8O ACE>68;8O AB0=5B =52>7<>6=0, =0?@8<5@, 0:B82=0O M:AB5=78O >A=>2=>9 D0;0=38 ?0;LF0, B> <>3CB 2K?0ABL 8 2A5 >AB0;L=K5 42865=8O ?0;LF0, >1I59 =5@07@01>B0==>ABLN <>B>@8:8. >7=8:H55 @0AAB@>9AB2> <>65B 1KBL >H81>G=> ?@8=OB> 70 8AB5@8G5A:>5. 0@CH5=85 A?>A>1=>AB8 A>25@H5=8O A;>6=KE 42830B5;L=KE 0:B>2 <>65B ?@82>48BL : 8AB5@8G5A:>9 0AB0788-010788  =52>7<>6=>AB8 8;8 =0@CH5=8O 0:B0 AB>O=8O 8 E>4L1K ?@8 A>E@0==>AB8 2A5E >AB0;L=KE 42865=89 =>30<8. %0@0:B5@=K< O2;O5BAO A;54CNI55 =01;N45=85. >;>40O 65=I8=0, ?> E0@0:B5@C 45OB5;L=0O, 2;0AB=0O, M=5@38G=0O, CABC?8;0 =0AB>9G82K< ?@>AL10< <C60 8 ?5@55E0;0 68BL A B@5<O 45BL<8 2 4>< : 53> @>4AB25==8:0<. 5 >G5=L E>@>H> 2AB@5B8;8 8 D>@<0;L=> E>@>H> : =59 >B=5A;8AL, => 2 MB>< 4><5 >=0 A51O GC2AB2>20;0 =0 ?>;>65=88 «154=>9 @>4AB25==8FK»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«CA;>2=> ?@8OB=K<8 8;8 65;0B5;L=K<8», B0: :0: 1>;57=L 87102;O;0 1>;L=CN >B =5>1E>48<>AB8 25@=CBLAO 2 =5=028AB=K9 59 4><. -B8 ?@54AB02;5=8O 8 ?@825;8 ?> <5E0=87<C A0<>2=CH5=8O : 2>7=8:=>25=8N 0AB0788-010788. >;L=>9 @07JOA=O;8 E0@0:B5@ 55 701>;520=8O. C6C 1K;> C:070=> =0 =5>1E>48<>ABL «?> A>AB>O=8N 74>@>2LO 65=K» ?5@55E0BL =0 68B5;LAB2> 2 45@52=N : 55 <0B5@8. >A;5 ?>;CG5=8O A>3;0A8O =0 ?5@5574 O2;5=8O 0AB0788-010788 AB0;8 1KAB@> ?@>E>48BL. AB5@8G5A:85 38?5@:8=57K >B;8G0NBAO 1>;LH8< @07=>>1@0785<. =8 <>3CB 2K@060BLAO 2 2845 4@>60=8O @07;8G=>9 0<?;8BC4K 8 G0AB>BK :0: 2A53> B5;0, B0: 8 >B45;L=KE 53> G0AB59 8 G0AB> A>G5B0NBAO A ?A524>A?07<>< <KHF, >ACI5AB2;ONI8E 4@>60=85. -B> 4@>60=85 CA8;8205BAO ?@8 2>;=5=88 8 <>65B 8AG570BL ?@8 >BACBAB288 2@0G0 2 A?>:>9=>9 >1AB0=>2:5 0: ?@028;>, >=> 8AG5705B 2> 2@5<O A=0 C6=> 70<5B8BL, GB> CA8;5=85 ?>4 2;8O=85< M<>F89 8 8AG57=>25=85 2> 2@5<O A=0 E0@0:B5@=> B0:65 4;O E>@58G5A:8E 38?5@:8=57>2 8 0B5B>70, >1CA;>2;5==KE >@30=8G5A:8< ?>@065=85< ?>4:>@:>2KE C7;>2. BACBAB285 38?5@:8=570 2 0DD5:B82=> >:@0H5==>9 A8BC0F88 (=0?@8<5@, ?@8 A?>@5 A B>20@8I0<8) =5E0@0:B5@=>3> =8 4;O 8AB5@8G5A:8E, =8 4;O >@30=8G5A:8 >1CA;>2;5==KE 38?5@:8=57>2 8 3>2>@8B >1 8E CAB0=>2>G=>< E0@0:B5@5. 5@54:> ?@8 8AB5@88 =01;N40NBAO 38?5@:8=57 ?@02>9 @C:8 8 @>B0B>@=K5 42865=8O 3>;>2K. . . >3>;5?>2 8 . . 0AB2>@>20 ?>4G5@:820NB, GB> 8AB5@8G5A:85 8 >@30=8G5A:85 871KB>G=K5 42865=8O ?> D>@<5 G0AB> B0: ?>E>68 4@C3 =0 4@C30, GB> 4065 ?@8 BI0B5;L=>< :;8=8G5A:>< =01;N45=88 8E B@C4=> 48DD5@5=F8@>20BL. -B0 B@C4=>ABL CA8;8205BAO 5I5 2 A2O78 A B5<, GB> 8AB5@8G5A:89 38?5@:8=57 8=>340 <>65B 2>7=8:0BL =0 >@30=8G5A:>< D>=5 8 GB> 2 A2>N >G5@54L >@30=8G5A:85 38?5@:8=57K 2 29% A;CG052 2>7=8:0NB 2=570?=> 8 1K20NB A2O70=K A 2>;=5=85< 8;8 8A?C3><.  >1I5< 65, ?> 8E <=5=8N, 4;O 8AB5@8G5A:8E 38?5@:8=57>2, 1>;55 G5< 4;O >@30=8G5A:8E, E0@0:B5@=K 2>7=8:=>25=85 2 A2O78 A ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<>9 7028A8<>AB8 >B M<>F8>=0;L=>3> A>AB>O=8O 8 8AG57=>25=85 2 ?>:>5, A2>5>1@0785 A0<>3> 38?5@:8=570, ?@>O2;ONI53>AO 2 D>@<5, =58725AB=>9 2@0GC; =54>AB0B>G=0O 2K@065==>ABL >@30=8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2; =0;8G85 CB@8@>20==KE 42865=89  =5>1KG=KE ?>7  8 4@C38E =52@>B8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2; C<5=LH5=85 8;8 2@5<5==>5 8AG57=>25=85 38?5@:8=570 ?>4 2;8O=85< ;5G5=8O, 2 G0AB=>AB8 ?A8E>B5@0?88, 0 B0:65 ?>4 2>7459AB285< 87<5=5=8O ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI59 A8BC0F88.  8AB5@8G5A:8< 38?5@:8=570< >B=>AOBAO 8 =5:>B>@K5 B8:8  1KAB@K5 :>>@48=8@>20==K5 :;>=8G5A:85 AC4>@>6=K5 A>:@0I5=8O >?@545;5==>9 3@C??K <KHF, AB5@5>B8?=> ?>2B>@ONI85AO. '0I5 2A53> ?@8 MB>< >E20BK20NBAO <KHFK ;8F0, >4=0:> 8=>340 8 4@C385 <KH5G=K5 3@C??K, =0?@8<5@ ?@8 B8:0E 2 2845 @57:>3> A3810=8O BC;>28I0, =>AOI53> :0@8:0BC@=K9 E0@0:B5@, «=NE0B5;L=>3>»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«0<?CB0F8>==><C» B8?C  2 D>@<5 GC;:0, ?5@G0B:8, B@CA8:>2, :C@B:8, ?>;>28=K B5;0 A 3@0=8F59 AB@>3> ?> A@54=59 ;8=88 8 B. ?. A;8 C 1>;L=KE 8<55BAO ?@54AB02;5=85 > 3@0=8F0E 0=5AB5789, 2>7=8:0NI8E ?@8 >@30=8G5A:8E 701>;520=8OE, B> 3@0=8FK 8AB5@8G5A:8E 0=5AB5789 <>3CB B5@OBL A2>9 AB@>3> 35><5B@8G5A:89 E0@0:B5@ 8 8<8B8@>20BL >@30=8G5A:8 >1CA;>2;5==K5 0=5AB5788. "0:, =0< ?@8E>48;>AL =01;N40BL 1>;L=>3> A 8AB5@8G5A:>9 35<80=5AB57859, C :>B>@>3> ?5@54 ?@85<>< 2 AB0F8>=0@ 3@0=8F0 0=5AB5788 H;0 AB@>3> ?> A@54=59 ;8=88, >4=0:> 2 AB0F8>=0@5, ?>A;5 B>3> :0: >= 8<5; 2>7<>6=>ABL =01;N40BL @0AAB@>9AB2> GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8, >1CA;>2;5==>5 >@30=8G5A:8< ?@>F5AA><, 3@0=8F0 8AB5@8G5A:>9 0=5AB5788 CB@0B8;0 35><5B@8G5A:89 E0@0:B5@, =0?><8=0O 2 MB>< >B=>H5=88 0=5AB578N, 2K720==CN >@30=8G5A:8< ?@>F5AA><. 04> A:070BL, GB> @0AAB@>9AB2> GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 A> AB@>3> ?>?5@5G=>9 3@0=8F59, =0?@8<5@ :@C3>2>9 3@0=8F59 =0 ?;5G5, ?@54?;5GL5 8;8 3>;5=8, <>65B =01;N40BLAO =5 B>;L:> ?@8 8AB5@88, => 8 ?@8 ?>@065=88 C7;>2 A8<?0B8G5A:>3> ?>3@0=8G=>3> AB2>;0, 0 B0:65 ?@8 ?>@065=8OE :>@K <>730. . . @;>20 >B<5G05B, GB> 5A;8 ?>;>68BL 2 @C:8 1>;L=><C 425 <>=5BK >48=0:>2>9 25;8G8=K 8 ?@54;>68BL =0>IC?L >?@545;8BL, :0:0O 87 =8E 1>;LH5 (?@>10 . 5=45@>28G0), B> 1>;L=>9 A >@30=8G5A:8 >1CA;>2;5==>9 38?5AB57859 ?@5C<5=LH05B, 0 A 8AB5@8G5A:>9  ?@5C25;8G8205B @07<5@ <>=5BK, ;560I59 2 1>;L=>9 @C:5. I5 AB0@K5 D@0=FC7A:85 02B>@K (Pitres 8 4@.) >B<5G0;8, GB> 1>;52>5 @074@065=85 CG0AB:0 :>68 =0 AB>@>=5 8AB5@8G5A:>9 35<80=5AB5788 2K7K205B 1>;52CN @50:F8N 7@0G:0, B0: 65 :0: @074@065=85 CG0AB:0 :>68 A A>E@0==>9 GC2AB28B5;L=>ABLN. . . 5EB5@52 C:07K20;, GB> 53> A>B@C4=8:C . . C=O52C C40;>AL ?>;CG8BL A>G5B0==>-42830B5;L=K9, B. 5. CA;>2=K9 @5D;5:A =0 2=5H=55 @074@065=85, =0=5A5==>5 =0 >1;0ABL ?>;=>9 8AB5@8G5A:>9 0=5AB5788. @8 MB>< =0=>A82H55AO =0 :>6C @074@065=85 A>G5B0;>AL A> 72>=:><. B25B=>9 @50:F859 A;C68;> 0:B82=>5 A3810=85 ?0;LF52. # 74>@>2>3> G5;>25:0 =0=5A5=85 ;53:>3> 1>;52>3> @074@065=8O =0 :>6C (C:>;) 2K7K205B =0 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<5 C3=5B5=85 0;LD0-@8B<0; ?@8 MB><, ?><8<> C3=5B5=8O 0;LD0-@8B<0, 8=>340 ?>O2;ONBAO 5I5 <54;5==K5 @8B<K. . . 59<5@, . . #<0@>2 8 . . %@><>2 >B<5G0NB, GB> =0 C:>;K 1C;02:>9 2 ;52CN @C:C 1>;L=>9 A ?>;=>9 8AB5@8G5A:>9 0=5AB57859 :>68 MB>9 @C:8 =5 @5038@>20;, >4=0:> ?@8 :064>< C:>;5 2>7=8:0;0 A8;L=0O @50:F8O 2 2845 ?>O2;5=8O <54;5==KE 2>;= =0 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<0E, A=OBKE A ?@02>9 B5<5==>9 8 70BK;>G=>9 >1;0AB59. -B8 87<5=5=8O, ?> <=5=8N 02B>@>2, A2845B5;LAB2CNB, ?>-2848<><C, > ?>O2;5=88 2 >B25B =0 C:>; 2 A>>B25BAB2CNI8E >1;0ABOE :>@K @07;8B>3> B>@<>7=>3> ?@>F5AA0, ?@5?OBAB2CNI53> 2>A?@8OB8N 1>;52KE >ICI5=89. !. . 'C3C=>2 =01;N40; =0 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<5 1>;L=KE A 8AB5@8G5A:>9 0=5AB57859 C3=5B5=85 0;LD0-@8B<>2 8 ?>O2;5=85 >G5=L 2KA>:8E ?8:>?>4>1=KE :>;510=89 ?>B5=F80;>2 ?@8 1>;52>< @074@065=88 (I5B8=:>9) CG0AB:0 B5;0 A =>@<0;L=>9 GC2AB28B5;L=>ABLN.  B> 65 2@5<O =0 0=5AB578@>20==KE CG0AB:0E ?>2B>@=K5 C:>;K I5B8=:>9 =5 2K7K20;8 =8:0:>3> >B25B0 2 :@82>9 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0D8G5A:8E 70?8A59. > =0H8< 40==K<, :0: ?@8 8AB5@8G5A:>9, B0: 8 ?@8 >@30=8G5A:8 >1CA;>2;5==>9 0=5AB5788 @50:F88 =0 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<5 ?@8 =0=5A5=88 C:>;0 =0 0=5AB578@>20==CN >1;0ABL <>3CB >BACBAB2>20BL. 4=0:> A>E@0==>ABL @50:F88 =0 C:>;, >1=0@C68205<0O =0 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<5, 2A5 65 =5 8A:;NG05B 2>7<>6=>AB8 ACI5AB2>20=8O 8AB5@8G5A:>9 0=5AB5788. >4028BL CA8;85< 2>;8 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0D8G5A:CN @50:F8N =0 C:>; 8=>340 C405BAO 8 74>@>2K< ;N4O<. AB5@8G5A:85 1>;8 <>3CB =>A8BL A0<K9 @07;8G=K9 E0@0:B5@ 8 8<5BL @07;8G=CN, 8=>340 =5>1KG=CN, ;>:0;870F8N. >3CB 1KBL 1>;8, ;>:0;87CNI85AO 2 >3@0=8G5==>< CG0AB:5 3>;>2K, A;>2=> >B «218B>3> 32>74O» (clavus hystericus), 2 =>3BOE (8AB5@8G5A:0O >=8E0;L38O) 8 ;N1KE 4@C38E G0ABOE B5;0. '0AB> 1>;8 ;>:0;87CNBAO B0<, 345 C 1>;L=>3> 8<5;8AL 2 ?@>H;>< D878>35==> >1CA;>2;5==K5 1>;8 (1>;8 2 >1;0AB8 70682H59 @0=K, 2 ACAB020E, ?> E>4C =5@2=KE AB2>;>2). !:>;L:> 1>;L=KE, ?8A0; Binswanger, @57N<8@CO >?KB, ?>;CG5==K9 35@<0=A:8<8 2@0G0<8 2> 2@5<O ?5@2>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K, <5AOF0<8 ;5G8;>AL 2 ;070@5B0E ?> ?>2>4C ACAB02=>3> @52<0B87<0, 0??5=48F8B0, =52@8B>2, >A>15==> 8H80A0, C :>B>@KE 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 1K;8 8AB5@8G5A:85 0@B@0;L388, 8AB5@8G5A:89 ?A524>0??5=48F8B, 8AB5@8G5A:89 ?A524>8H80A! !B5?5=L 8=B5=A82=>AB8 8AB5@8G5A:8E 1>;59 <>65B 1KBL @07;8G=>9  >B ;53:8E 1>;52KE >ICI5=89 4> BO65;59H8E 1>;59. B3@0=8G5=85 ?A8E>35==KE, 2 G0AB=>AB8 8AB5@8G5A:8E, 1>;59 >B D878>35==KE ?@54AB02;O5B 8=>340 =5<0;K5 B@C4=>AB8. 0H8 =01;N45=8O, A45;0==K5 2 :;8=8:5 =52@>7>2 5=8=3@04A:>3> ?A8E>=52@>;>38G5A:>3> 8=AB8BCB0 8<5=8 . . 5EB5@520, ?>:070;8, GB> 5A;8 1>;L=><C 40BL ;5:0@AB25==>5 25I5AB2>, >:07K20NI55 1>;5CB>;ONI55 459AB285, ?@8 CA;>288, GB> E0@0:B5@ MB>3> 25I5AB20 5<C =5 1C45B 8725AB5=, >=> =5 CAB@0=O5B 8AB5@8G5A:85 1>;8, 0 B0:65 1>;8, 2K720==K5 ?>AB38?=>B8G5A:8< 2=CH5=85<.  >B;8G85 >B MB>3> 1>;8, 2K720==K5 @074@065=85< ?5@8D5@8G5A:8E @5F5?B>@>2 (=0?@8<5@, ?>A;5>?5@0F8>==K5 1>;8, 1>;8 ?@8 >?CE>;OE <>730 8 B. ?.), C<5=LH0NBAO 8;8 2@5<5==> ?@5:@0I0NBAO (?@8 8=D0@:B5 <8>:0@40  A;53:0 C<5=LH0NBAO). AE>4O 87 MB>3>, <K ?@8<5=8;8 D0@<0:>;>38G5A:CN ?@>1C 4;O >B3@0=8G5=8O 8AB5@8G5A:8E 1>;59 >B D878>35==KE.  :0G5AB25 0=0;L35B8:>2 ?@8 ?>AB0=>2:5 ?@>1K <>3CB 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=K B0:85 ;5:0@AB25==K5 25I5AB20, :0: ?8@0<84>=, ?@><54>;, ?0=B>?>= 8 4@. @8 MB>< =081>;55 >BG5B;82K5 @57C;LB0BK =01;N40;8AL, :>340 ?@>10 AB028;0AL A >4=>:@0B=K< (8A:;NG0NI8< 2>7<>6=>ABL ?@82K:0=8O) ?>4:>6=K< 22545=85< 1 <; 2% @0AB2>@0 ?0=B>?>=0, >1;040NI53> 1>;55 A8;L=K< 0=0;L3578@CNI8< A2>9AB2><, G5< ?8@0<84>= 8 ?@><54>;.  :0G5AB25 :>=B@>;O 70 45=L 4> 8=J5:F88 ?0=B>?>=0 22>48;8 D878>;>38G5A:89 @0AB2>@. %0@0:B5@ 22>48<>3> 25I5AB20 8 8AB8==0O F5;L 53> 22545=8O 1>;L=><C =5 C:07K20;8AL. 06=> CG5ABL, GB> ?0=B>?>= <>65B =5 CAB@0=8BL 1>;8, 2K720==K5 @074@065=85< ?5@8D5@8G5A:8E @5F5?B>@>2, 5A;8 ?@8 MB>< 8<5NBAO 2=CH5==K5 8;8 A0<>2=CH5==K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O >1 8E =5CAB@0=8<>AB8. "0:, >4=><C 1>;L=><C 2 >@B>?548G5A:>9 :;8=8:5, @C:>2>48<>9 ?@>D. . /. CA;8:><, <K 2=CH8;8 2 38?=>B8G5A:>< A=5, GB> ?>A;5 E8@C@38G5A:>9 >?5@0F88 5<C 1C4CB 4020BL >?@545;5==>5 ;5:0@AB2> (?>4:@0H5==0O 2>40) 4 @070 2 45=L 8 >= =5 ?>GC2AB2C5B =8:0:8E 1>;59. >;L=><C 1K;0 ?@>872545=0 >?5@0F8O @54@5AA0F88 :>=B@0:BC@K 8 ?5@5A04:8 ACE>68;89. 0 A;54CNI89 45=L >= 3 @070 ?>;CG0; «;5:0@AB2>» 8 1>;59 =5 8A?KBK20;. 5G5@>< 1>;L=><C 701K;8 53> 40BL. >A;5>?5@0F8>==K5 1>;8 2>7>1=>28;8AL. >GLN 42064K 22>48;8 ?0=B>?>=, => 1>;L=>9 :@8G0; >B 1>;8 8 ?@>A8; A2>5 «;5:0@AB2>». >A;5 B>3> :0: 40;8 53> «;5:0@AB2>» (?>4:@0H5==CN 2>4C), 1>;8 A@07C 65 ?@5:@0B8;8AL. 0;8G85 1>;5CB>;ONI53> 459AB28O ?0=B>?>=0 (8;8 ?>4>1=>3> ?@5?0@0B0) 3>2>@8B 2 ?>;L7C B>3>, GB> ?>4402H85AO CAB@0=5=8N 1>;8 1K;8 2K720=K @074@065=85< ?5@8D5@8G5A:8E @5F5?B>@>2. BACBAB285 1>;5CB>;ONI53> 459AB28O ?0=B>?>=0 3>2>@8B > ?A8E>35==>< E0@0:B5@5 1>;59 8;8, 2> 2AO:>< A;CG05, >1 CG0AB88 2=CH5=8O 8;8 A0<>2=CH5=8O 2 8E ?0B>35=575. !!" !" ""+% $#&  =52@>7C 8AB5@88 >B=>AOBAO =0@CH5=8O 2535B0B82=KE DC=:F89, 2K720==K5 459AB285< ?A8E8G5A:8E B@02<, 2 ?0B>35=575 :>B>@KE (2 >B;8G85 >B =0@CH5=89, >B=>A8<KE : =52@0AB5=88) 83@05B @>;L <5E0=87< «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0». ;8=8G5A:85 ?@>O2;5=8O =0@CH5=8O 2535B0B82=KE DC=:F89 ?@8 8AB5@88 G@572KG09=> @07=>>1@07=K. =8 <>3CB 8<8B8@>20BL @07;8G=K5 :0@B8=K, =01;N405<K5 2 :;8=8:5 2=CB@5==8E 1>;57=59. =>340 @0AAB@>9AB20 2535B0B82=KE DC=:F89 ?@54AB02;ONB 7=0G8B5;L=K5 4803=>AB8G5A:85 70B@C4=5=8O, >A>15==> 5A;8 >=8 =0A;0820NBAO =0 B5 8;8 8=K5 =58AB5@8G5A:85 =0@CH5=8O 45OB5;L=>AB8 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2, 2K7K20O «>1>AB@5=85» 8 «@5F8482K» 8<52H53>AO 701>;520=8O.  MB>9 3@C??5, 25@>OB=>, >B=>A8BAO 7=0G8B5;L=0O G0ABL 1>;L=KE A 1>;57=O<8 «2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2», :>B>@K< «4>;3> =5 <>3 =8:B> ?><>GL» 8 C :>B>@KE 70B5< 8AF5;5=85 1KAB@> =0ABC?8;> >B B>3> 8;8 8=>3> 8=48DD5@5=B=>3> A@54AB20, 2 459AB285 :>B>@>3> >=8 25@8;8.  B5E :0@B8=0E, ?@8 :>B>@KE =0 ?5@2K9 ?;0= 2KABC?0NB 1>;52K5 A8=4@><K, <K 3>2>@8;8 ?@8 @0AA<>B@5=88 @0AAB@>9AB2 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8.  >?8AK205<>9 D>@<5 >B=>AOBAO @07;8G=K5 A?07<K 3;04:>9 <CA:C;0BC@K A?07< <CA:C;0BC@K ?8I52>40, 2K7K20NI89 B> globus hystericus  «8AB5@8G5A:89 :><>:», ?>4:0BK20NI89AO : 3>@;C, B> >ICI5=85 70B@C4=5=8O 2 ?@>E>645=88 ?8I8 2 ?8I52>45. AB5@8G5A:0O @2>B0 <>65B 1KBL :0: @54:>9, 548=8G=>9, 2>7=8:0NI59 ;8HL 2 >?@545;5==>9 A8BC0F88, B0: 8 >G5=L G0AB>9, A>G5B0NI59AO A> A?07<0<8 ?8;>@8G5A:>3> >B45;0 65;C4:0 8;8 ?8I52>40, GB> 8<8B8@C5B O2;5=8O =5?@>E>48<>AB8 ?8I8. '0I5 2A53> @2>B0 =0ABC?05B <><5=B0;L=> ?>A;5 ?@85<0 ?8I8 8;8 ?@8 ?>?KB:5 55 ?@85<0.  @2>B=KE <0AA0E >1=0@C68205BAO =5?5@520@5==0O ?8I0, 8=>340 A =51>;LH>9 ?@8<5ALN 65;G8. %0@0:B5@=>, GB>, =5A<>B@O =0 G0ABCN @2>BC, 1>;L=K5 =5 8AB>I0NBAO. ?8AK20O 8AB5@8G5A:CN @2>BC C D@0=FC7A:8E A>;40B 2> 2@5<O ?5@2>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K, Roussy 8 Lhermitte ?8HCB: «1KG=> ?>A;5 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 4;8B5;L=>3> ?@51K20=8O 2 B@0=H5OE C <>;>4>3>, 74>@>2>3> A>;40B0, C :>B>@>3> 2 ?@>H;>< 8=>340 >B<5G0;8AL @0AAB@>9AB20 ?8I520@5=8O, @072820;0AL @2>B0. =0 AB0=>28;0AL AB>;L G0AB>9 8 C?>@=>9, GB> ?@8E>48;>AL M20:C8@>20BL 53> 2 BK;>2>9 3>A?8B0;L. @8 ?5@2>< >A<>B@5 2K7K20; C482;5=85 >1I89 E>@>H89 284 1>;L=>3> 8 ?>@>640; A><=5=85 2 B><, GB> @2>B0 459AB28B5;L=> 8<5;0AL. > =01;N45=85 2A:>@5 ?>:070;>, GB> @2>B0 459AB28B5;L=> =0ABC?0;0 <=>3> @07 2 45=L 157 2=5H=53> ?>2>40. =0 2>7=8:0;0 157 70<5B=>3> CA8;8O A> AB>@>=K 1>;L=>3> 8 =5 2K7K20;0 C =53> 70<5B=>9 CAB0;>AB8.  @2>B=KE <0AA0E >1KG=> =0E>48;0AL =5?5@520@5==0O ?8I0. ??5B8B C 1>;L=>3> ?@8 MB>< =5 AB@040;, 8 1>;L=>9 =5 EC45;. 848<>, G0ABL ?8I8 2A5 65 8< CA20820;0AL. 5=B35=>;>38G5A:>5 8AA;54>20=85 8 ;01>@0B>@=K5 0=0;87K, :0: ?@028;>, =5 >1=0@C6820;8 :0:>9-;81> ?0B>;>388 A> AB>@>=K 65;C4>G=>-:8H5G=>3> B@0:B0».  40==>< A;CG05 C A>;40B0 ?@8G8=>9 1>;57=8 1K;> 4;8B5;L=>5 459AB285 ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI59 >1AB0=>2:8 (?@51K20=85 2 B@0=H5OE). @54AB02;5=8O > 701>;520=88 2 MB8E CA;>28OE ?@8>1@5;8 4;O =53> E0@0:B5@ «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8», B0: :0: A>548=8;8AL A ?@54AB02;5=8O<8 >1 CE>45 87 C3@>60NI59 687=8 >1AB0=>2:8. >A:>;L:C 2 ?@>H;>< C =53> 1K20;8 @0AAB@>9AB20 ?8I520@5=8O, B> 8<5==> A =8<8 A2O70;>AL ?@54AB02;5=85 > 701>;520=88 8 ?@825;> : 2>7=8:=>25=8N 8AB5@8G5A:>9 @2>BK. @51K20=85 2 3>A?8B0;5 (CE>4 87 >?0A=>9 4;O 687=8 >1AB0=>2:8) 2 A2>N >G5@54L A?>A>1AB2>20;> 8E D8:A0F88. =0;>38G=K< >1@07>< C =5:>B>@KE 65=I8=, AB@0AB=> 65;0NI8E ?@5@20BL 15@5<5==>ABL, 8AB5@8G5A:0O @2>B0 <>65B 8<8B8@>20BL =5C:@>B8<CN @2>BC 15@5<5==KE. =>340 8AB5@8G5A:0O @2>B0 <>65B A>G5B0BLAO A 8AB5@8G5A:>9 0=>@5:A859  ?>B5@59 0??5B8B0.  =5:>B>@KE A;CG0OE ?@8 MB>< =01;N405BAO ?045=85 25A0 8 @57:>5 8AB>I5=85.  ?A8E80B@8G5A:CN :;8=8:C ?>ABC?8;0 1>;L=0O A O2;5=8O<8 pseudologia phantastica 8 8AB5@8G5A:8<8 30;;NF8=0F8O<8, 2 ?@>H;>< ?5@5=5AH0O 8AB5@8G5A:89 35<8?0@57 8 AB@0402H0O 8AB5@8G5A:8<8 ?@8?04:0<8. "@8 3>40 =0704 2> 2@5<O ?@51K20=8O 2 =51;03>?@8OB=>9 4;O 1>;L=>9 A8BC0F88 C =55 ?>O28;8AL 1>;8 2 >1;0AB8 65;C4:0, «O2;5=8O =5?@>E>48<>AB8 ?8I8» 8 G0AB0O @2>B0. =0 AB0;0 1KAB@> B5@OBL 2 25A5. >7=8:;> ?>4>7@5=85 =0 >?CE>;L 65;C4:0, 8 1K;0 ?@>872545=0 ?@>1=0O ;0?0@>B><8O 2 @09>==>9 1>;L=8F5. 0 >?5@0F88 :0:8E-;81> 87<5=5=89 A> AB>@>=K >@30=>2 1@NH=>9 ?>;>AB8 >1=0@C65=> =5 1K;>.  ?A8E80B@8G5A:>9 :;8=8:5, ?>A;5 B>3> :0: 1>;L=0O C7=0;0 > =51;03>?@8OB=>< 4;O =55 87<5=5=88 A8BC0F88, C =55 2=>2L @0728;0AL 8AB5@8G5A:0O @2>B0 8 0=>@5:A8O A >B:07>< >B 54K, 2 A2O78 A G5< >B<5G0;>AL @57:>5 ?045=85 25A0. @8 BI0B5;L=>< ;01>@0B>@=>< 8 @5=B35=>;>38G5A:>< 8AA;54>20=88 (>1A;54>20=0 2 E8@C@38G5A:>9 :;8=8:5 0@030=48=A:>3> <548F8=A:>3> 8=AB8BCB0 ?@>D. . . (@0915@><) =0@CH5=89 A> AB>@>=K 65;C4>G=>-:8H5G=>3> B@0:B0 =0945=> =5 1K;>. AB5@8G5A:0O @2>B0 <>65B =01;N40BLAO 8 2 45BA:>< 2>7@0AB5. >O2;5=85 55 C 45B59 G0I5 2A53> A2O70=> A ?@54AB02;5=85< > ?@82;5G5=88 : A515 2=8<0=8O 27@>A;KE. >MB><C >=0 2>7=8:05B ;8HL B>340, :>340 8<5NBAO «7@8B5;8». %0@0:B5@=> A;54CNI55 =01;N45=85. 52>G:0 5 ;5B 25G5@>< ?8;0 <>;>:>. 7@>A;K5 =5 >1@0I0;8 =0 =55 2=8<0=8O. 4@C3 GB>-B> >:0702H55AO 2 <>;>:5 2K720;> C =55 @2>BC.  BCB 2A5 @57:> 87<5=8;>AL. >:@C3 452>G:8 2A5 70AC5B8;8AL. 72>;=>20==0O <0BL 27O;0 55 =0 @C:8, AB0;0 ;0A:0BL, ?>B>< 87<5@O;0 B5<?5@0BC@C, @0AA?@0H820;0 101CH:C > B><, :0: 452>G:0 ?@>25;0 45=L, >B5F >B;>68; 3075BC 8 AB0; ?>:07K20BL 59 :0@B8=:8. !@07C 65 452>G:0 >GCB8;0AL 2 F5=B@5 2=8<0=8O >:@C60NI8E.  2 A;54CNI89 @07, :>340 >=0 5;0 :0HC 8 =8:B> =5 >1@0I0; =0 =55 2=8<0=8O, ?>O28;8AL @2>B=K5 42865=8O 8 2=>2L =0ABC?8;0 @2>B0. ! B5E ?>@ @2>B0 AB0;0 2>7>1=>2;OBLAO 2 ?@8ACBAB288 @>48B5;59, :>340 452>G:5 =5 C45;O;8 4>AB0B>G=>3> 2=8<0=8O. >340 65 >=0 =0E>48;0AL 2 4><5 >4=0 A 101CH:>9, @2>B0 =5 2>7=8:0;0.  >B;8G85 >B 8AB5@8G5A:>9 @2>B0, >B=5A5==0O =0<8 : =0@CH5=8O< DC=:F88 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2 ?@8 =52@0AB5=88, 2>A?@>872>48BAO CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K< ?CB5< 157 CG0AB8O <5E0=87<0 «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0». =0 2>7=8:05B >1KG=> ;8HL ?@8 545 8;8 2845 B>9 ?8I8, :>B>@0O ?5@2K9 @07 2K720;0 @2>BC, =57028A8<> >B =0;8G8O ?@8 MB>< «7@8B5;59». B3@0=8G5=85 8AB5@8G5A:>9 @2>BK >B =52@0AB5=8G5A:>9 ?@0:B8G5A:8 206=>, B0: :0: ?@>D8;0:B8:0 8 ;5G5=85 8E @07;8G=K (C 45B59 ?@8 8AB5@8G5A:>9 @2>B5 ;5G5=85 «=5>1@0I5=85< 2=8<0=8O»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allonbauch). !B5?5=L 53> 2K@065==>AB8 =0E>48;0AL 2 1>;LH>9 7028A8<>AB8 >B ?>;>65=8O B5;0.  ?0B>35=575 <5B5>@87<0 <>3;8 83@0BL @>;L AC4>@>6=K5 A>:@0I5=8O 480D@03<K A 2K:;NG5=85< 55 87 0:B0 4KE0=8O, 0 B0:65 =570<5B=>5 4;O >:@C60NI8E 703;0BK20=85 2>74CE0. "0:85 1>;L=K5 <5AOF0<8 ;560;8 2 3>A?8B0;OE A ?>4>7@5=85< =0 BO65;K5 >@30=8G5A:85 701>;520=8O >@30=>2 1@NH=>9 ?>;>AB8 (>?CE>;L ?5G5=8, A5;575=:8, A?09:8 ?>A;5 ?5@5=5A5==>3> ?5@8B>=8B0 8 B. ?.). > 2A5E A;CG0OE 701>;520=85 >A2>1>640;> 1>;L=>3> >B ?@51K20=8O 2 >?0A=>9 4;O 687=8 D@>=B>2>9 >1AB0=>2:5 8 O2;O;>AL 4;O =53> «CA;>2=> ?@8OB=K< 8;8 65;0B5;L=K<». K =01;N40;8 ?5@8>48G5A:85, :@0B:>2@5<5==K5 ?@8ABC?K 8AB5@8G5A:>3> 274CB8O 682>B0. "0:, C >4=>9 1>;L=>9 A@07C 65 ?>A;5 =5A:>;L:8E 3;>B:>2 ;N1>9 ?8I8 ?>O2;O;8AL @57:85 1>;8 2 M?830AB@0;L=>9 >1;0AB8 8 2 B5G5=85 1 2 <8=CB 682>B C25;8G820;AO 2 @07<5@0E A>>B25BAB25==> ?@8<5@=> VIII <5AOFC 15@5<5==>AB8. !B5=:8 682>B0 AB0=>28;8AL =0?@O65==K<8 8 >B<5G0;AO =51>;LH>9 B8<?0=8B. @8 ?>3@C65=88 2 =0@:>B8G5A:89 A>= 8;8 ?>A;5 22545=8O 0B@>?8=0 2 B5G5=85 <8=CBK 682>B ?@8=8<0; A2>8 >1KG=K5 @07<5@K, ?@8 MB>< =8 >B@K6:8, =8 >BE>645=8O 307>2 =5 =01;N40;>AL. @8 @5=B35=>A:>?88 >B<5G0;AO C<5@5==K9 30AB@>?B>7 157 =0@CH5=8O M20:C0B>@=>9 DC=:F88 65;C4:0; ?@>E>48<>ABL ?8I8 ?> 65;C4>G=>-:8H5G=><C B@0:BC 1K;0 A2>1>4=>9.  E8@C@38G5A:>9 :;8=8:5 1>;L=>9 1K;0 ?@>872545=0 ?@>1=0O ;0?0@>B><8O, =5 ?>:0702H0O >B:;>=5=89 >B =>@<K. # 4@C3>9 1>;L=>9 0=0;>38G=>5 C25;8G5=85 @07<5@>2 682>B0, A>?@>2>6402H55AO 1>;57=5==>ABLN 2 M?830AB@0;L=>9 >1;0AB8, =0ABC?0;> 2 B5G5=85 =5A:>;L:8E A5:C=4 =57028A8<> >B 54K, ?@8 2>;=5=88, >=> 45@60;>AL 3 10 <8=CB 8 40;55 157 2AO:>3> 2<5H0B5;LAB20 872=5 8AG570;> 2 B5G5=85 =5A:>;L:8E A5:C=4. @8 MB>< 307K =5 >BE>48;8 '>;L=0O <>3;0 2K7K20BL C A51O B0:85 ?@8ABC?K ?> ?@>AL15 >:@C60NI8E. 5@>OB=>, C25;8G5=85 682>B0 C >158E 1>;L=KE 1K;> A2O70=> A AC4>@>6=K< A>:@0I5=85< 480D@03<K, 0 =5 A 703;0BK20=85< 2>74CE0, B0: :0: >= =5 <>3 1K AB>;L 1KAB@> =0:>?8BLAO, 0 B0:65 1KAB@> 8AG57=CBL 157 >BE>645=8O 307>2. 4=8< 87 A@02=8B5;L=> @54:8E 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2 <>65B O2;OBLAO =545@60=85 307>2, >1KG=> >1=0@C68205<>5 ;8HL 2 AB@>3> >?@545;5==KE CA;>28OE. # >4=>3> =0H53> 1>;L=>3>, AB@0402H53> 8AB5@8G5A:8<8 ?@8?04:0<8, 3@><:>5 =5?@>872>;L=>5 >BE>645=85 307>2 AB0;> ?>O2;OBLAO ;8HL B>340, :>340 >= ;>68;AO A?0BL A 65=>9 25G5@>< 8;8 :>340 >= ?@>1C640;AO, ;560 A =59 2 :@>20B8 CB@><. > MB>9 ?@8G8=5 ?>;>20O 687=L A 65=>9 ?>GB8 ?>;=>ABLN ?@5:@0B8;0AL. :070;>AL, GB> 2 ?>A;54=85 2 <5AOF0 ?5@54 =0G0;>< 701>;520=8O C 1>;L=>3> A=878;0AL ?>B5=F8O (?5@5=5A BO65;K9 3@8??, <=>3> @01>B0;, =54>AK?0;) 8 >= AB0; 70:0=G820BL ?>;>2>9 0:B @0=LH5 65=K. >A;54=OO 2 @57:>9 D>@<5 2K@060;0 5<C A2>N =5C4>2;5B2>@5==>ABL, 2K7K20O C =53> GC2AB2> @074@065=8O 8 65;0=8O 871560BL ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 4065 ?@8 =0;8G88 ?>;>2>3> 2;5G5=8O.  MB> 2@5<O >4=064K ?>A;5 ?>3@5H=>AB8 2 485B5 C 1>;L=>3> @0728;AO <5B5>@87<, 8 CB@>< ?@>87>H;> =5?@>872>;L=>5 >18;L=>5 >BE>645=85 307>2, GB> 2K720;> C 65=K @50:F8N >B2@0I5=8O A >B:07>< >B ?>;>2>3> A1;865=8O. BE>645=85 307>2, A>2?02 A 87102;5=85< >B =5?@8OB=KE AC?@C65A:8E >1O70==>AB59, 40;55 70:@5?8;>AL ?> <5E0=87<C CA;>2=>9 A2O78. => AB0;> 4;O 1>;L=>3> «CA;>2=> ?@8OB=K< 8;8 65;0B5;L=K<». >340 2 @57C;LB0B5 ?@>2545==>9 :0C70;L=>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88 1>;L=>9 A0< ?@8H5; : 2K2>4C > B><, GB> ?CB5< >BE>645=8O 307>2 >= >A2>1>640; A51O >B AC?@C65A:8E >1O70==>AB59 8 >A>7=0; 35=57 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0, MB8 O2;5=8O ?@5:@0B8;8AL. !> AB>@>=K 4KE0=8O =5@54:> =01;N405BAO ?5@8>48G5A:0O >4KH:0, B> =>AOI0O E0@0:B5@ «4KE0=8O 3>=G59 A>10:8»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«:0: 2 BC<0=5». >O28;>AL GC2AB2> :;C1:0 2 3>@;5 8 40;55 ?@8ABC?K >4KH:8, A>?@>2>6402H85AO 72C:0<8, =0?><8=0NI8<8 @60=85. ! 4803=>7>< 0AB<0B8G5A:>3> A>AB>O=8O 1K;0 =0?@02;5=0 2 B5@0?52B8G5A:CN :;8=8:C 0@030=48=A:>3> <548F8=A:>3> 8=AB8BCB0, 345 ?@87=0:>2 0AB<K =5 >1=0@C68;8. @8ABC?K 65 >4KH:8 8 «@60=8O» 2A:>@5 B@0=AD>@<8@>20;8AL 2 G0AB>5, >G5=L 3@><:>5 ?>:0H;820=85. >;L=0O 1K;0 8?>E>=4@8G=0, D8:A8@>20=0 =0 A><0B8G5A:8E >ICI5=8OE, AG8B0;0 =5>1E>48<K< >AB020BLAO 4;O ;5G5=8O 2 1>;L=8G=KE CA;>28OE 8 ?>;030;0, GB> =0 =55 «=0A;0; ?>@GC» ?5@2K9 65=8E 70 B>, GB> >=0 >B:070;0AL 2K9B8 70 =53> 70<C6.  45BAB25 1>;L=0O ?5@5=5A;0 :>:;NH.  16-;5B=5< 2>7@0AB5 ?>A;5 =5?@8OB=>AB59 C =55 @0728;8AL O2;5=8O «AC65=8O ?8I52>40» 8 2 B5G5=85 <5AOF0 «?@>E>48;0 B>;L:> 684:0O ?8I0», 70B5< 2A5 MB8 O2;5=8O >G5=L 1KAB@> ?>;=>ABLN ?@5:@0B8;8AL. 01>;520=85 2>7=8:;> C 8AB5@>84=>9 ;8G=>AB8 ?>4 2;8O=85< ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI8E 2>7459AB289 (:@CH5=85 55 =04564). => 4020;> 59 «2KE>4»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syncope). =8 >B;8G0NBAO >B «=52@>7>2 A5@4F0», >B=5A5==KE =0<8 : ?@>O2;5=8O< =52@0AB5=88, B5<, GB> 2 >A=>25 8E ;568B <5E0=87< «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0». 01>;520=8O MB8 40NB 1>;L=><C >?@545;5==K5 68B59A:85 2K3>4K: >A2>1>645=85 >B =5?@8OB=>9 @01>BK, 87102;5=85 >B ?@51K20=8O 2 >?0A=>9 4;O 687=8 A8BC0F88, A>740=85 «?>;>65=8O 1>;L=>3>» 2 A5<L5. BAN40 45<>=AB@0B82=>ABL ?>O2;5=8O 1>;57=5==KE ?@>O2;5=89 ;8HL 2 ?@8ACBAB288 708=B5@5A>20==KE ;8F (2@0G59), =5@54:> =5:>B>@0O B50B@0;L=>ABL, =083@0==>ABL 2 ?>2545=88, A:;>==>ABL : 033@020F88, =5>6840==> 1KAB@K5 «8AF5;5=8O», :>340 =5>1E>48<>ABL 2 MB8E <><5=B0E >B?0405B, 8 @5F8482K 1>;57=8, :>340 >=8 2=>2L AB0=>2OBAO «CA;>2=> ?@8OB=K<8 8;8 65;0B5;L=K<8». %0@0:B5@=> A;54CNI55 =01;N45=85. >;L=>9 ., 42 ;5B, 2 3>40 CG0AB2>20; 2 BO65;KE 1>OE, 1K; B@864K @0=5=.  3>A?8B0;5 ?>A;5 G5B25@B>3> ;53:>3> @0=5=8O ?>O28;8AL 1>;8 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0, =8:C40 =5 8@@0488@>202H85, A>?@>2>6402H85AO >4KH:>9 A =51>;LH>9 B0E8:0@4859, 4;82H85AO 10 15 <8=CB. =8 AB0;8 ?>2B>@OBLAO ?><=>3C @07 2 45=L, 3;02=K< >1@07>< 2 ?@8ACBAB288 2@0G59, 8 =5 =01;N40;8AL, :>340 1>;L=>9 1K; C2;5G5= G5<-;81>. 0 M;5:B@>:0@48>3@0<<5 :0:8E-;81> >B:;>=5=89 >B =>@<K =5 >1=0@C6820;>AL. 8B@>3;8F5@8= 8 4@C385 <548:0<5=B>7=K5 A@54AB20 =8:0:>3> MDD5:B0 =5 4020;8. >A;5 45<>18;870F88 157 CAB0;8 @01>B0; =0 702>45. >;8 2 A5@4F5 ?>;=>ABLN ?@5:@0B8;8AL. # >4=>9 1>;L=>9 «8AB5@8G5A:89 =52@>7 A5@4F0» 2>7=8: B>340, :>340 A25:@>2L 8 @>4=K5 AB0;8 =0AB0820BL, GB>1K >=0 ?>H;0 =0 @01>BC; 1>;L=0O 65 =5 E>B5;0 >AB02;OBL @515=:0 =0 8E ?>?5G5=85. >7=8:H0O 1>;57=L ?><>3;0 C4>2;5B2>@5=8N 55 65;0=8O.  4@C3>< A;CG05 701>;520=85 1K;> ?@O<> A2O70=> A ?@5B5=7859 =0 ?>;CG5=85 ?5=A88. !> AB>@>=K <>G52K45;8B5;L=>9 A8AB5<K <>65B 1KBL 8AB5@8G5A:0O 7045@6:0 <>G8, 2K720==0O 8=>340 A?07<>< AD8=:B5@>2, 8=>340, ?>-2848<><C, ?>B5@59 ?>7K2>2 =0 <>G58A?CA:0=85. Aboulker 8 Chertoc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«2284C 1>;57=8», ?@8>1@5;> 4;O =55 E0@0:B5@ «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8». A8E>B5@0?8O, 2A:@K2H0O 35=57 MB>3> =0@CH5=8O, ?@825;0 : 53> 1KAB@><C CAB@0=5=8N. !@02=8B5;L=> @54:> 2AB@5G0NBAO 8AB5@8G5A:85 =0@CH5=8O A5:AC0;L=>9 DC=:F88 C <C6G8=. "0: 2 >4=>< A;CG05 ?>;=0O 8<?>B5=F8O @0728;0AL C 65=8E0 ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: >= @07>G0@>20;AO 2 =525AB5, => 1K; 2K=C645= =0 =59 65=8BLAO <?>B5=F8O 2 >B=>H5=88 65=K A>E@0=8;0AL 8 ?>A;5 1@0:0, E>BO ?@8 1;87>AB8 A 4@C38<8 65=I8=0<8 >=0 =5 =01;N40;0AL. -B0 8<?>B5=F8O O2;O;0AL 4;O =53> «CA;>2=> ?@8OB=>9 8;8 65;0B5;L=>9» 8, 459AB28B5;L=>, 2A:>@5 ?@825;0 : @0AB>@65=8N BO3>AB=>3> 4;O =53> 1@0:0.  4@C3>< A;CG05 8718@0B5;L=0O 8AB5@8G5A:0O 8<?>B5=F8O @0728;0AL C 1>;L=>3>, 65=0 :>B>@>3> =5>4=>:@0B=> ?>A;5 ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 A =8< >A:>@1;O;0 53> <C6A:>5 4>AB>8=AB2> 8 2 @57:>9 D>@<5 2KA:07K20;0 A2>N =5C4>2;5B2>@5==>ABL. >;>2>5 2;5G5=85 : 65=5 C30A;> 8 2 >B=>H5=88 55 @0728;0AL 8<?>B5=F8O. 564C B5< 2> 2@5<O A=0 C 1>;L=>3> 2>7=8:0;8 M@5:F88 8 ?5@8>48G5A:85 ?>;;NF88. ;8B5;L=K5 M@5:F88 B0:65 G0AB> 2>7=8:0;8 4=5< 2 >BACBAB285 65=K. 0ABC?82H0O 8<?>B5=F8O 87102;O;0 >B AC?@C65A:>9 687=8, AB02H59 =5?@8OB=>9.  @><0=5 «@0A=>5 8 G5@=>5» !B5=40;L 70<5G05B, GB> 8=>340 <C6G8=0 2 >?@545;5==>9 A8BC0F88 AG8B05B :0: 1K A2>8< 4>;3>< ?>9B8 =0 ?>;>2>5 A1;865=85 4065 2>?@5:8 A2>5<C 65;0=8N (devoir de la situation).  MB><C 53> >1O7K205B :0: 1K <C6A:0O G5ABL. !:@KB>5 =565;0=85 A1;865=8O 8 2 A2O78 A MB8< «CA;>2=0O ?@8OB=>ABL 8;8 65;0B5;L=>ABL» 53> =5C40G8 8 <>3CB ?@825AB8 2 MB8E A;CG0OE ?> <5E0=87<C A0<>2=CH5=8O : 8<?>B5=F88, B. 5. : B>@<>65=8N :0: CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=>3>, B0: 8 157CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=>3> ?>;>2>3> 2>71C645=8O. @8 MB>< ?>B5=F8O >1KG=> 2 4@C38E A;CG0OE A>E@0=5=0. B 8AB5@8G5A:>9 8<?>B5=F88 A;54C5B >B;8G0BL C3=5B5=85 ?>;>2>3> 2>71C645=8O, 2>7=8:H55 ?> <5E0=87<C 2=5H=53> B>@<>65=8O (=0?@8<5@, ?>4 2;8O=85< @074@068B5;O, 2K7K20NI53> >@85=B8@>2>G=CN, 1>;52CN 8;8 4@C3CN 157CA;>2=CN @50:F8N), 0 B0:65 =0@CH5=85 DC=:F88, A2O70==>5 A B@52>6=K< >6840=85< =5C40G8.  >B;8G85 >B 8AB5@8G5A:>9 8<?>B5=F8O 2 MB8E A;CG0OE =5 O2;O5BAO 4;O 1>;L=>3> «CA;>2=> ?@8OB=>9 8;8 65;0B5;L=>9».  8AB5@8G5A:8< =0@CH5=8O< A5:AC0;L=KE DC=:F89 C 65=I8= >B=>AOBAO, :0: C:07K20;>AL, =5:>B>@K5 A;CG08 2038=87<0, 2K720==K5 =565;0=85< ?>;>2>3> >1I5=8O. "0:, C =0H59 1>;L=>9 18 ;5B, ?> E0@0:B5@C C?@O<>9, M3>F5=B@8G=>9, A:;>==>9 : B50B@0;L=>AB8, 8AB5@8G5A:89 2038=87< @0728;AO ?>4 2;8O=85< A;>6=>9 ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI59 A8BC0F88, A2O70==>9 A 2K=C645==K< 1@0:>< A =5;N18<K< G5;>25:>< 7=0G8B5;L=> AB0@H5 55, : B><C 65 @57:> >3@0=8G8202H8< 55 A2>1>4C. > MB>3> ?>;>20O 687=L A ;N18<K< ?0@B=5@>< O2;5=8O<8 2038=87<0 =5 A>?@>2>640;0AL. 038=87< 2K@060;AO 2 AC4>@>6=>< A>:@0I5=88 1545@, <KHF 2;030;8I0 8 B07>2>3> 4=0 8 >ICI5=85< «63CG59 1>;8». >7=8:0; A=0G0;0 ?@8 ?>?KB:0E 22545=8O <C6A:>3> ?>;>2>3> >@30=0, 40;55 ?@8 >4=>< 53> =0@C6=>< ?@8:>A=>25=88 : ?>;>2K< >@30=0< 8 A>?@>2>640;AO A60B85< 1545@ 8 @O4>< M:A?@5AA82=KE 42865=89. @8 >B2;5G5=88 2=8<0=8O 38=5:>;>38G5A:>5 8AA;54>20=85 @50:F88 =5 2K7K20;>. A:>@5 MB> ?@825;> : 2>7=8:=>25=8N C <C60 ?A8E>35==>9 8<?>B5=F88, 70AB0282H59 53> >1@0B8BLAO 70 2@0G51=>9 ?><>ILN. A8E>B5@0?8O 1K;0 =0?@02;5=0 =0 @07JOA=5=85 ?@8G8=K 1>;57=8 8 @5:><5=40F8N ?@8=OBL @5H5=85 4;O CAB@0=5=8O ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI59 A8BC0F88. !C?@C38 @07>H;8AL. '5@57 3>4 1>;L=0O 2KH;0 70<C6 70 4@C3>3> 8 AB0;0 68BL A =8< =>@<0;L=>9 ?>;>2>9 687=LN. 5 1K2H89 <C6 ?>A;5 ;5G5=8O >1=0@C68; =>@<0;L=CN ?>B5=F8N A 4@C3>9 65=I8=>9.  40==>< A;CG05 8AB5@8G5A:89 2038=87< II AB5?5=8 2>7=8: C 8AB5@>84=>9 ;8G=>AB8.  >A=>25 53> ;560; <5E0=87< «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0. 01>;520=85 2 :>=F5 :>=F>2 871028;> 1>;L=CN >B =565;0B5;L=>3> 1@0:0. @8 ?>;>2>9 687=8 A 045:20B=K< ?0@B=5@>< 2038=87<0 =5 =01;N40;>AL, B. 5. >= =>A8; 8718@0B5;L=K9 E0@0:B5@. =B5@5A=> >B<5B8BL, GB> 2038=87< 65=K O28;AO ?@8G8=>9 ?A8E>35==>9 8<?>B5=F88 <C60, :0: MB> =5@54:> =01;N405BAO. 848<>, : 8AB5@88 4>;6=0 1KBL >B=5A5=0 8 ?A8E>35==0O D@8384=>ABL, 2 >A=>25 :>B>@>9 ;568B «=565;0=85» 8A?KBK20BL >@307< >B 1;87>AB8 A ?0@B=5@><, : :>B>@><C =5B 4>25@8O. 5@54:> 8AB5@8G5A:8< A8<?B><>< <>65B O2;OBLAO 48A<5=>@5O. >340 4> B>3> 1571>;57=5==K5 <5=AB@C0F88 C 452CH:8 AB0=>2OBAO 1>;57=5==K<8, 70<5G05B 38=5:>;>3 Mayer, G0AB> ?@8G8=0 MB>3> ;568B 2 ?@>B5AB5 ?@>B82 =51;03>?@8OB=> A;>682H59AO 4;O =55 >1AB0=>2:8. 5E0=87< «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0 <>65B ;560BL 2 >A=>25 =5:>B>@KE <5=>@@0389. # 1>;L=>9, >?8A0==>9 Mayer, <5=AB@C0F88 1K;8 G0ABK5 8 4;8B5;L=K5, :>340 >=0 =0E>48;0AL A <C65<, 8 AB0=>28;8AL =>@<0;L=K<8, 5A;8 >=0 C5760;0 >B =53> 2 (259F0@8N. «=5 <5=AB@C0F88 ?@8OB=K, A:070;0 >=0, B0: :0: >A2>1>640NB <5=O >B =5?@8OB=KE AC?@C65A:8E >1O70==>AB59». 0;5@8=0 >4=>3> 87 5=8=3@04A:8E 0:045<8G5A:8E B50B@>2 @0AA:070;0 =0<, GB> 59 8 B@5< 4@C38< 10;5@8=0< ?>@CG8;8 8A?>;=8BL =5=028AB=CN 8< @>;L  B0=F520BL G5B25@:C «$@5A>:» 87 10;5B0 «>=5:->@1C=>:». !?5:B0:;L ?@8H;>AL ?5@5=5AB8, B0: :0: C 42CE 87 =8E <5=AB@C0F8O =0G0;0AL @0=LH5 2@5<5=8. >A;5 MB>3> A?5:B0:;L 5I5 42064K ?5@5=>A8;8 ?> B>9 65 ?@8G8=5.  G5B25@BK9 @07 >= 1K; >B<5=5=, B0: :0: 25G5@>< =0:0=C=5 A?5:B0:;O C >4=>9 87 10;5@8= 157 2848<>9 ?@8G8=K ?>4=O;0AL B5<?5@0BC@0 4> 37,8°. >A;5 >B<5=K A?5:B0:;O B5<?5@0BC@0 2=>2L AB0;0 =>@<0;L=>9. 0:>3>-;81> A><0B8G5A:>3> 701>;520=8O >1=0@C65=> =5 1K;>. # 4@C3>9 8725AB=>9 =0< A>;8AB:8 10;5B0, 5A;8 59 ?>@CG0;>AL 8A?>;=5=85 =5 =@0282H59AO ?0@B88, ;81> 2>7=8:0; ?A8E>35==> >1CA;>2;5==K9 ?>4J5< B5<?5@0BC@K B5;0, ;81> =0G8=0;0AL <5=AB@C0F8O, 87102;O2H0O >B ?>@CG5==>9 @>;8. G5=L @54:> 2AB@5G05BAO ;>6=0O 8AB5@8G5A:0O 15@5<5==>ABL. >4 =0H5 =01;N45=85 2 ?A8E80B@8G5A:CN :;8=8:C 0@030=48=A:>3> <548F8=A:>3> 8=AB8BCB0 1K;0 ?5@52545=0 87 ?@85<=>3> ?>:>O @>48;L=>3> 4><0 1>;L=0O 46 ;5B 2 A2O78 A B5<, GB> >=0 A :@8:0<8 8 C3@>70<8 B@51>20;0, GB>1K C =55 ?@8=8<0;8 @>4K, E>BO ?@8 >1J5:B82=>< 8AA;54>20=88 15@5<5==>ABL =5 1K;0 >1=0@C65=0. >;L=0O ?> E0@0:B5@C >1I8B5;L=0O, M=5@38G=0O, A 682>9 D0=B07859, A:;>==0O : B50B@0;L=>AB8. :>=G8;0 5 :;0AA>2. 5=AB@C0F88 A 16 ;5B, 4> ?>A;54=53> 2@5<5=8 @53C;O@=K5, >18;L=K5, 1571>;57=5==K5. 0<C65< A 18 ;5B.  30 ;5B >24>25;0, >AB02H8AL A 2 45BL<8.  45 ;5B 2B>@8G=> 2KH;0 70<C6 70 G5;>25:0, :>B>@>3> >G5=L ?>;N18;0. '5@57 6 <5AOF52 ?>A;5 70<C65AB20 <C6 55 >AB028;. "O65;> MB> ?5@56820;0, AB0;0 ?;>E> A?0BL, ?@>?0; 0??5B8B, 7=0G8B5;L=> 0AB5=878@>20;0AL. A:>@5 ?>A;5 CE>40 <C60 AB0;0 70<5G0BL, GB> C =55 ?>O28;>AL 2;5G5=85 : >AB@><C 8 A>;5=><C, :0: MB> 1K20;> @0=LH5 2> 2@5<O 15@5<5==>AB8, G0AB> 2>7=8:0;0 B>H=>B0 8 =5A:>;L:> @07 1K;0 @2>B0. 5=AB@C0F88 E>BO 8 ?@>4>;60;8 =0ABC?0BL @53C;O@=>, => AB0;8 >G5=L A:C4=K<8 8 4;8;8AL 2<5AB> >1KG=KE 3 4=59 ;8HL =5A:>;L:> G0A>2. #25;8G8;8AL <>;>G=K5 65;57K 8 87 =8E AB0;> 2K45;OBLAO <>;>782>. 0 V <5AOF5 2>>1@0605<>9 15@5<5==>AB8 1>;L=0O ?>GC2AB2>20;0 «H525;5=85 ?;>40». 82>B AB0; C25;8G820BLAO. >2>@8;0 >AB0282H5<C 55 <C6C 8 >:@C60NI8<, GB> >=0 15@5<5==0 8 645B @515=:0. '5@57 7 ½ A <5AOF52 A> 4=O CE>40 <C60 =0G0;8AL «@>4K». >O28;8AL AE20B:>>1@07=K5 1>;8. >;L=0O 70<5B8;0, GB> C =55 «>B>H;8 2>4K», 8 1K;0 4>AB02;5=0 2 @>48;L=K9 4><. «!E20B:8» 1K;8 >G5=L G0ABK<8 8 A8;L=K<8, 682>B  @57:> C25;8G5==K<. 56C@=K9 ?5@A>=0; 2K720; 2@0G0, 3>B>2OAL =5<54;5==> ?@8=OBL @>4K. 8=5:>;>3>< >1=0@C65=>, GB> 682>B @57:> 274CB, AB5=:0 53> =0?@O65=0. >4:>6=>68@>2>9 A;>9 =0 682>B5 =57=0G8B5;L=K9 07<5@K <0B:8 =5 C25;8G5=K. #7=02, GB> 2@0G 15@5<5==>AB8 C =55 =5 =0E>48B, 1>;L=0O 40;0 1C@=CN 0DD5:B82=CN @50:F8N, :@8G0;0, 872820;0AL «2 AE20B:0E», C3@>60;0 ?>:>=G8BL 687=L A0<>C189AB2><, 5A;8 C =55 =5 1C4CB ?@8=8<0BL «@>4K». @8 ?>ABC?;5=88 2 ?A8E80B@8G5A:CN :;8=8:C @57:85 AE20B:>>1@07=K5 1>;8 45@60;8AL. 0 2-9 8 3-9 45=L «AE20B:8» AB0;8 @565, 682>B >AB020;AO @57:> C25;8G5==K<, 274CBK<, =0?><8=0O ?> @07<5@0< 682>B =0 VII <5AOF5 15@5<5==>AB8.  25G5@C >= 70<5B=> C<5=LH0;AO 2 @07<5@0E. >;L=0O =0AB0820;0 =0 B><, GB> >=0 15@5<5==0, >4=0:> ?>4 2;8O=85< C15645=8O 8 2=CH5=8O G5@57 =545;N AB0;0 4>?CA:0BL, GB> 15@5<5==>AB8 C =55 =5B. 82>B @57:> C<5=LH8;AO 2 @07<5@0E, 2K45;5=85 <>;>7820 ?@5:@0B8;>AL 8 G5@57 2 =545;8 >=0 1K;0 2K?8A0=0.  40==>< A;CG05 :0@B8=0 ;>6=>9 8AB5@8G5A:>9 15@5<5==>AB8 2>7=8:;0 C 8AB5@>84=>9 ;8G=>AB8, 0AB5=878@>20==>9 ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<0B870F859 8 =54>AK?0=85<. -B0 :0@B8=0 ;>6=>9 15@5<5==>AB8 2>7=8:;0 ?> <5E0=87<C A0<>2=CH5=8O 2 A2O78 A 55 «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>ABLN 8;8 65;0B5;L=>ABLN» 4;O 1>;L=>9  AB@0AB=K< 65;0=85< 8<5BL @515=:0 2 =045645 25@=CBL <C60. !B0@K5 02B>@K =5@54:> >?8AK20;8 @07;8G=K5 0=38>B@>D8G5A:85 @0AAB@>9AB20, 8<52H85 E0@0:B5@ «@5;838>7=KE AB83<»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«A;5?K<» 3;07><. @8 ?>;=>9 8AB5@8G5A:>9 A;5?>B5 =0 >10 3;070 1>;L=K5 3;C1>:> C15645=K 2 B><, GB> >=8 «01A>;NB=> =8G53> =5 284OB», >4=0:> 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 >1=0@C6820NB A>E@0==>ABL 7@8B5;L=KE 2>A?@8OB89 (284OB), E>BO 8 =5 A>7=0NB MB>3>. -B8< >1JOA=O5BAO B>, GB> ?@8 «A;5?>B5» 1>;L=K5 =8:>340 =5 ?>?040NB 2 >?0A=K5 4;O 687=8 CA;>28O. 0 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<5 ?@8 >A25I5=88 «A;5?>3>»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«>948, 45B>G:0, AO4L =0 B>B ABC;LG8:» 8 65AB>< ?>:070= ABC; 2 C3;C :018=5B0, =0 :>B>@K9 59 A;54C5B A5ABL. =0 BCB 65 ?@>H;0 8 A5;0 =0 MB>B ABC;, >1=0@C682 A>E@0==>ABL 7@5=8O. '5@57 <8=CBC 59 ?@54;>65=> ?5@5A5ABL =0 ABC; 2>7;5 AB>;8:0 8 65AB>< ?>:070= ABC;; >=0 =0 =53> ?5@5A5;0, 2=>2L ?@>45<>=AB@8@>202 A>E@0==>ABL 7@5=8O. 0 2>?@>A, A:>;L:> ?0;LF52 59 ?>:07K20NB, >B25B8;0, GB> =5 2848B... @>2545=> :>A25==>5 2=CH5=85 =0O2C. #:070=>, GB> 7@5=85 ?>;=>ABLN 2>AAB0=>28BAO G5@57 1 2 <8=CBK ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: 2 3;070 1C45B 70:0?0=> ;5:0@AB2>. 2545=K F8=:>2K5 :0?;8 2 >10 3;070. @54;>65=> A?>:>9=> ?>A845BL, 70:@K2 >10 3;070 @C:0<8, 8 2=CH5=>, GB>, :>340 2@0G >B=8<5B >B 3;07 55 @C:8, 7@5=85 1C45B 2>AAB0=>2;5=> '5@57 <8=CBC 7@5=85 2>AAB0=>28;>AL. A>15==> 1;03>40@=0 2@0G0< 1K;0 CG8B5;L=8F0.  40==>< A;CG05 <5E0=87< «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0 >G52845=. 07282H89AO 8AB5@8G5A:89 0<02@>7 =>A8; E0@0:B5@ 8718@0B5;L=>3> M;5:B82=>3> =52845=8O >:@C60NI53>.  MB>< >B=>H5=88 :;8=8G5A:0O :0@B8=0 8AB5@8G5A:>9 A;5?>BK 8 3;CE>BK 8<55B <=>3> >1I53>. AB5@8G5A:0O 3;CE>B0, >A>15==> 2 2>5==>5 2@5<O, 2AB@5G05BAO 7=0G8B5;L=> G0I5, G5< 8AB5@8G5A:0O A;5?>B0. # :>=BC65==KE >=0 >1KG=> A>G5B05BAO A <CB87<><. '0AB> ?@8 3;CE>B5 8<55BAO 8AB5@8G5A:0O 0=5AB578O CH=KE @0:>28=.  <8@=>5 2@5<O 8AE>4=K< ?C=:B>< 4;O @0728B8O 8AB5@8G5A:>9 42CAB>@>==59 3;CE>BK G0I5 2A53> O2;O5BAO :0:>5-;81> 2@5<5==>5 D878>35==> >1CA;>2;5==>5 =0@CH5=85 A;CE0. A;54AB285 «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0 >=> D8:A8@C5BAO ?CB5< A0<>2=CH5=8O. AB5@8G5A:0O 3;CE>B0 <>65B 2>7=8:=CBL 8 157 2AO:>3> =5?>A@54AB25==> >1CA;>2;5==>3> D878>35==> =0@CH5=8O A;CE0.  MB8E A;CG0OE 3;CE>B0 @0728205BAO ?CB5< A0<>2=CH5=8O ?@54AB02;5=89, O2;ONI8EAO «CA;>2=> ?@8OB=K<8 8;8 65;0B5;L=K<8», > B><, GB> A;CE CB@0G8205BAO. 0?@8<5@, C G5;>25:0, C :>B>@>3> 2 ?@>H;>< =0ABC?0;> 2@5<5==>5 A=865=85 A;CE0  «70:;04K20;>» CH8 2> 2@5<O ?@>ABC4=>3> 701>;520=8O, 8;8 :>B>@K9 A;KH0;, GB> 2A;54AB285 ?@>ABC4K <>6=> >3;>E=CBL, 4;8B5;L=>5 ?@51K20=85 =0 E>;>45 <>65B ?>@>48BL ?@5D>@<8@CNI85 1>;57=5==K5 A8<?B><K ?@54AB02;5=8O > ?@>3@5AA8@CNI5< A=865=88 A;CE0 8 ?> C:070==><C 2KH5 <5E0=87<C A0<>2=CH5=8O ?@825AB8 : 2>7=8:=>25=8N 3;CE>BK. >7=8:=>25=8N 8AB5@8G5A:>9 3;CE>BK =0 >4=> CE> G0AB> ?@54H5AB2C5B B@02<0 8;8 :0:>5-;81> <5AB=>5 701>;520=85 CE0, A?>A>1AB2CNI85 ?>O2;5=8N ?@54AB02;5=89 >1 CB@0B5 A;CE0 =0 40==>5 CE>.  2>5==>5 2@5<O 8AB5@8G5A:0O 3;CE>B0 @0728205BAO >1KG=> 2 A2O78 A 1;87:8< @07@K2>< A=0@O40, G0AB> =0A;0820OAL =0 A=865=85 A;CE0, 2>7=8:0NI55 2 @57C;LB0B5 10@>-, 281@>- 8 0:C-B@02<K. @54AB02;5=8O > 3;CE>B5, 2>7=8:H59 O:>1K >B 1;87:>3> @07@K20 A=0@O40, A>G5B0OAL A ?@54AB02;5=85< > 2>7<>6=>AB8 C9B8 87 >?0A=>9 4;O 687=8 D@>=B>2>9 >1AB0=>2:8, A2O7K20NBAO 4@C3 A 4@C3>< 8 ?@8>1@5B0NB E0@0:B5@ «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8». C4CG8 M<>F8>=0;L=> 70@O65=K, >=8, 25@>OB=>, A>?@>2>640NBAO A8;L=>9 >B@8F0B5;L=>9 8=4C:F859 8, B0:8< >1@07><, 8A:;NG0NB :>=B@>;L, 2;8O=85 >AB0;L=KE G0AB59 ?>;CH0@89, 254CB 2 @57C;LB0B5 : 2>7=8:=>25=8N A0<>2=CH5==>9, 8AB5@8G5A:>9 3;CE>BK. , 459AB28B5;L=>, :;8=8G5A:0O :0@B8=0 MB>9 3;CE>BK ?>:07K205B, GB> >=0 A>2A5< =5 O2;O5BAO ?@>AB>9 D8:A0F859 2 ?@>H;>< D878>35==> >1CA;>2;5==>3> A=865=8O A;CE0, B0: :0: @57:> >B;8G05BAO >B =53> ?> A2>59 A8<?B><0B8:5. ;O =55 E0@0:B5@=0 A?>A>1=>ABL 1>;L=KE ?@8 =0;8G88 C =8E «?>;=>9, 01A>;NB=>9, 42CAB>@>==59 3;CE>BK» B5< =5 <5=55 2>A?@8=8<0BL 72C:>2K5 @074@068B5;8 (2 B>< G8A;5 @5GL) =57028A8<> >B 8E 3@><:>AB8 8 A;>6=>AB8, 0 2 A2O78 A 8E 8=D>@<0F8>==K< 7=0G5=85< 8 =0?@02;5==>ABLN 53> 2=8<0=8O. "0:8< >1@07><, «3;CE>B0» =>A8B E0@0:B5@ 8718@0B5;L=>3> =5A;KH0=8O >:@C60NI53>. =0 @0A?@>AB@0=O5BAO =0 >4=8 8 =5 @0A?@>AB@0=O5BAO =0 4@C385 @074@068B5;8. @8 MB>< 1>;L=K5 A «?>;=>9 42CAB>@>==59 3;CE>B>9» C15645=K 2 B><, GB> A;CE 8<8 ?>;=>ABLN CB@0G5= =0 2A5 72C:8 =57028A8<> >B 8E 8=B5=A82=>AB8, 2KA>BK 8;8 A;>6=>AB8. =8 =5 >B40NB A515 >BG5B0 2 2>A?@8OB88 72C:>2 8 ?>@>9 045:20B=> @5038@CNB =0 =5:>B>@K5 A;CE>2K5 @074@068B5;8.  F5;>< MB8 1>;L=K5 2 ?5@2K5 4=8 1>;57=8 G0AB> =5A:>;L:> 70B>@<>65=K. "0:0O :0@B8=0 ?>;=>9 42CAB>@>==59 8AB5@8G5A:>9 3;CE>BK 1K;0 >?8A0=0 =0<8 2 1945 3. ?>4 =0720=85< ?0@F80;L=>9 8;8, ?@028;L=55, 8718@0B5;L=>9 (M;5:B82=>9) 3;CE>BK. >;L=>9 A MB>9 D>@<>9 3;CE>BK ?@8 CA;>28OE, 8A:;NG0NI8E 2>7<>6=>ABL GB5=8O ?> 3C10<, >A>15==> ?@8 >B2;5G5=88 2=8<0=8O, 2K?>;=O5B =57028A8<> >B A8;K 8 8=B>=0F88 3>;>A0 ?@54;>65==K5 5<C 2 CAB=>9 D>@<5 459AB28O  ?>:0H;OBL, 3;C1>:> 4KH0BL, 7045@60BL 4KE0=85, ?>:070BL O7K:, ?>A<>B@5BL 225@E 8 B. ?. (A;KH8B).  B> 65 2@5<O CAB=K5 ?@54;>65=8O =0720BL 8;8 =0?8A0BL A2>N D0<8;8N >= =5 2K?>;=O5B (=5 A;KH8B). 0 7040==K9 CAB=K9 2>?@>A: «K A;KH8B5?» G0AB> BCB 65 >B@8F0B5;L=> :0G05B 3>;>2>9, CB25@640O, GB> >= 01A>;NB=> =8G53> =5 A;KH8B =0 >10 CE0. 54>C<5205B ?@8 C:070=88 =0 ?@>B82>@5G85 <564C CB25@645=85< > «?>;=>9 3;CE>B5» 8 2K?>;=5=85< @O40 CAB=KE ?@54;>65=89. @8<5@=> G5@57 2 3 4=O >?8AK205<0O :0@B8=0 =0G8=0;0 <5=OBLAO. >;L=K5 AB0=>28;8AL 1>;55 682K<8, 0:B82=K<8, <5=55 70B>@<>65==K<8. <5AB5 A B5< ?@8 >1KG=>< :;8=8G5A:>< =01;N45=88 8 8AA;54>20=88 2A5 @565 8 @565, 0 40;55 8 A>2A5< =5 C4020;>AL >1=0@C68BL C =8E A>E@0==>ABL A;CE0.  >B;8G85 >B 8718@0B5;L=>9 3;CE>BK MB0 3;CE>B0 1K;0 =0720=0 =0<8 B>B0;L=>9. !@548 ;8F, 701>;52H8E 2 A2O78 A 1;87:8< @07@K2>< A=0@O40, 2 ?5@2K5 G0AK 8;8 4=8 701>;520=8O 8718@0B5;L=0O 3;CE>B0 8;8 3;CE>=5<>B0 2AB@5G0;0AL 1>;55 G5< C 90%, 0 B>B0;L=0O  <5=55 G5< C 10% 1>;L=KE. '5@57 =545;N >B =0G0;0 701>;520=8O, =0>1>@>B, 1>;55 G5< C 90% 1>;L=KE =01;N40;0AL B>B0;L=0O 8 <5=55 G5< C 10%  8718@0B5;L=0O 3;CE>B0. >;L=K5 :0: A B>9, B0: 8 A 4@C3>9 D>@<>9 3;CE>BK 2 >B;8G85 >B 1>;L=KE A >@30=8G5A:8 >1CA;>2;5==>9 3;CE>B>9 A?>A>1=K <>4C;8@>20BL A2>9 3>;>A. 5A><=5==>, GB> 8 ?@8 B>B0;L=>9 D>@<5 8AB5@8G5A:>9 3;CE>BK A;CE B0:65 A>E@0=5=, => 53> =5 C405BAO B0: ;53:> >1=0@C68BL ?@>ABK< :;8=8G5A:8< =01;N45=85<. BAN40 ?>=OB=>, GB> =0 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<5 C 1>;L=KE A ?>;=>9 42CAB>@>==59 8AB5@8G5A:>9 3;CE>B>9 ;N1>9 D>@<K >1=0@C68205BAO B0:0O 65 @50:F8O =0 72C:>2K5 @074@068B5;8, :0: C ;N459 A A>E@0==K< A;CE><, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: C 1>;L=KE A ?>;=>9 42CAB>@>==59 >@30=8G5A:8 >1CA;>2;5==>9 3;CE>B>9 >=0 =5 >1=0@C68205BAO. # :>=BC65==KE A 8AB5@8G5A:>9 3;CE>B>9 >A>15==> 8=B5=A82=K5 87<5=5=8O =0 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<5 =0G8=0NB >1=0@C6820BLAO 2 B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 2 :0G5AB25 72C:>2>3> @074@068B5;O >1A;54CNI85 ?@8<5=ONB 15A54C > 1>;L=>< =5?@8OB=>3> 4;O =53> A>45@60=8O. >A:>;L:C A;CE C 1>;L=KE A 8AB5@8G5A:>9 3;CE>B>9 A>E@0=5=, 5AB5AB25==>, GB> C =8E <>3CB 1KBL 2K@01>B0=K CA;>2=K5 @5D;5:AK =0 72C:>2K5 @074@068B5;8 (. . 5@5;L<0=, /. !. "5<:8= 8 . . C10@L, ". . >2H0@>20 8 4@.), 0 B0:65 2K720=K >?8A0==K5 . . 5EB5@52K< 0C@>?0;L?51@0;L=K5 8 C;8B:>-7@0G:>2K5 @5D;5:AK (/. !. "5<:8=). !>E@0==>ABL A;CE0 C 1>;L=KE A 8AB5@8G5A:>9 3;CE>B>9 402=> >B<5G0;0AL :;8=8F8AB0<8. "0:, 5I5 Bernheim C:07K20;, GB> 1>;L=K5 MB8 «A;KH0B =5 A;KH0», B. 5. =5 A>7=0NB 2>A?@8=8<05<>3>. > 2@5<O ?5@2>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K Gopfert, ?@54;030O 1>;L=K< A 8AB5@8G5A:>9 3;CE>B>9 ?5BL ?>4 0::><?0=5<5=B @>O;O 8 <5=OO 2 ?@>F5AA5 ?5=8O B>=0;L=>ABL 8;8 B5<? <C7K:8, =5>4=>:@0B=> =01;N40;, GB> ?5;8 1>;L=K5 A>>1@07=> A <C7K:>9, >1=0@C6820O A>E@0==>ABL A;CE0. . . AB20F0BC@>2 >B<5G0;, GB> MB8 1>;L=K5 >1KG=> ;81> A>2A5< =5 AB@5<OBAO G8B0BL ?> 3C10<, ;81> 2K@010BK20NB C A51O MBC A?>A>1=>ABL G@572KG09=> 1KAB@>. @8 MB>< >=8 G0AB> >1=0@C6820NB A>E@0==>ABL A;CE0, >B;8G0O ?@8 GB5=88 ?> 3C10< 72C:8, 8<5NI85 >48=0:>2CN >@0;L=CN D>@<C;C, =0?@8<5@ «H» >B «6», «3» >B «E», «?» >B «1» («H0@» >B «60@», «?0?0» >B «1010»). 0>1>@>B, O:>1K 8A:CA=> G8B0NI85 ?> 3C10<, ?> /. !. "5<:8=C, B5@ONBAO 8 CB@0G820NB MBC A?>A>1=>ABL, :>340 M:A?5@8<5=B0B>@ ?5@5E>48B =0 15772CG=K9 H5?>B.  3>4K 5;8:>9 B5G5AB25==>9 2>9=K /. !. "5<:8= 70<5G0;, GB>, :>340 2@0G8 2 ?@8ACBAB288 MB8E 1>;L=KE =0G8=0;8 >1AC640BL 2>?@>A >1 >?5@0F88 4;O 2>72@0I5=8O MB8< 1>;L=K< A;CE0, C =8E ?>O2;O;0AL M<>F8>=0;L=0O @50:F8O.  @O45 A;CG052 A>E@0==>ABL A;CE0 C 1>;L=KE A «DC=:F8>=0;L=>9 3;CE>B>9» =01;N40;8 2 BK;>2KE 3>A?8B0;OE . . 5@5;L<0= 8 .. . 0E0;LA:89. . . 5@5;L<0= 2ABC?0; 2 ?5@5?8A:C A 1>;L=K< 8 >4=>2@5<5==> ?@>87=>A8; 2A;CE B>, GB> >= ?8A0;.  ?@>F5AA5 15A54K >= =0G8=0; 2A5 G0I5 8 G0I5 =5 4>?8AK20BL ?@>87=>A8<K5 8< A;>20. @8 MB>< 1>;L=>9 =0G8=0; «4>304K20BLAO» > B><, GB> 5<C ?8A0;>AL, 4065 B>340, :>340 1K;8 =0?8A0=K ;8HL ?5@2K5 1C:2K A;>20 8 E0@0:B5@ ?8A02H53>AO B5:AB0 =5 <>3 1KBL 8< ?@54C3040=. 1=0@C6820;>AL, GB> 1>;L=>9 A;KH8B @5GL, :>B>@0O ?@>87=>A8;0AL 2@0G><. >AB5?5==> 1>;L=>9 8 A0< C15640;AO, GB> >= A;KH8B, 8 MB> 8<5;> ;5G51=>5 7=0G5=85. >7<>6=>ABL CAB0=>2;5=8O A 1>;L=K< CAB=>3> :>=B0:B0 ?@8 8718@0B5;L=>9 3;CE>B5 8 3;CE>=5<>B5 ?>72>;8;0 =0< (1945) ?@54;>68BL ?@>AB>9 ?@85<, ?@8<5=8<K9 =5 B>;L:> 4;O 2KO2;5=8O A;CE0, => 8 4;O ;5G5=8O 8AB5@8G5A:>9 3;CE>BK 8;8 3;CE>=5<>BK. @85< >A=>20= =0 CAB0=>2;5=88 A 1>;L=K< @5G52>3> :>=B0:B0. "5E=8:0 53> 70:;NG05BAO 2 A;54CNI5<. =8<0=85 1>;L=>3> D8:A8@CNB =0 53> A><0B8G5A:>< >1A;54>20=88 (=0 AB5?5=8 A>E@0==>AB8 A;CE0 2=8<0=85 =5 D8:A8@C5BAO), 4;O G53> 2@0G AG8B05B ?C;LA C 1>;L=>3>, 0 70B5< ?5@5E>48B : =52@>;>38G5A:><C 8AA;54>20=8N G5@5?=><>73>2KE =5@2>2. @>25@O5B @50:F8N 7@0G:>2 =0 A25B, 70B5<, >3@0=8G820O 42865=8O A2>8E 3C1 ?@8 @5G8 (GB> 8A:;NG05B 2>7<>6=>ABL GB5=8O @5G8 ?> 53> 3C10<  A?>A>1=>ABL, :>B>@0O <>65B @0728BLAO B>;L:> C ;8F0, 402=> CB@0B82H53> A;CE), ?@>87=>A8B: «A:0;LB5 20H8 7C1K», 8 >4=>2@5<5==> 45<>=AB@8@C5B MB> 42865=85< A2>8E 3C1. 0;55 2@0G ?@54;0305B 1>;L=><C ?>:070BL O7K:, =5 A>?@>2>640O MB8 A;>20 ?>:07><. 1KG=> 1>;L=K5 A 8718@0B5;L=>9 3;CE>B>9 2K?>;=ONB MB8 CAB=K5 B@51>20=8O, >1=0@C682 A>E@0==>ABL A;CE0. 0 MB>< 2=8<0=85 =5 D8:A8@C5BAO, 8 2@0G 1KAB@> ?5@5E>48B : 8AA;54>20=8N ?>4286=>AB8 3;07=KE O1;>:. >2>@8B 1>;L=><C, ?>:07K20O A2>9 ?0;5F: «!;548B5 3;070<8 70 <>8< ?0;LF5<», 8 2 B> 65 2@5<O ?>OA=O5B MB> 65AB0<8: ?0;LF5< 2B>@>9 @C:8 C:07K205B =0 3;070 1>;L=>3> 8 =0 A2>9 ?0;5F, ?>B><, ?>AB0282 ?0;5F 2?@02> >B 3;07=KE O1;>: 1>;L=>3>, 3>2>@8B: «!<>B@8B5 =0?@02>», 40;55, ?5@5428=C2 ?0;5F =0;52>, 3>2>@8B: «!<>B@8B5 =0;52>», 0 70B5<, ?5@542830O ?0;5F =0?@02>, 3>2>@8B: «!<>B@8B5 225@E», B. 5. ?5@2K5 420 ?@54;>65=8O A>?@>2>6405B A>>B25BAB2CNI8<8 65AB0<8, ?>A;54CNI85  65AB0<8 2 ?@>B82>?>;>6=CN AB>@>=C. @8 MB>< 1>;L=>9 2K?>;=O5B CAB=>5 @0A?>@O65=85, E>BO >=> @0AE>48BAO A B5< 42865=85<, :>B>@>5 2@0G 45;05B, 8, B0:8< >1@07><, 2=>2L >1=0@C68205B A>E@0==>ABL A;CE0 8 045:20B=CN @50:F8N =0 A;CE>2K5 @074@068B5;8. A;8 B5< 65 @>2=K< 3>;>A>< 40;55 C:070BL 1>;L=><C, GB> >= A;KH8B, B> >1KG=> 1>;L=>9 ?@>4>;605B CB25@640BL, GB> «>= 01A>;NB=> 3;CE», 8 3;CE>B0 =5 CAB@0=O5BAO. > 5A;8 A?@>A8BL: «0 :0:>5 CE> 2K ;CGH5 A;KH8B5?» (B. 5. 4>?CA:0O ACI5AB2>20=85 1>;57=8), 8 40;55, 5A;8 C 1>;L=>3> 8<5;AO >4=>2@5<5==> 8 <CB87<: «C, 3>2>@8B5, 2K <>65B5 3>2>@8BL, >B:0H;O9B5AL, 3>2>@8B5!»  1>;L=>9 >1KG=> C:07K205B, GB> «=0 >4=> CE> =5<=>6:> A;KH=> AB0;>», 8 1KAB@> 2KE>48B 87 1>;57=5==>3> A>AB>O=8O, 2ABC?0O 2 A;CG05 3;CE>BK 2 @5G52>9 :>=B0:B. AO ?@>F54C@0 >1A;54>20=8O 8 ;5G5=8O ?@8 MB>< 70=8<05B ;8HL =5A:>;L:> 45AOB:>2 A5:C=4 8 =5 B@51C5B A?5F80;L=>3> >1>@C4>20=8O. "0:8< >1@07><, =0< C4020;>AL :C?8@>20BL ?>;=CN 8AB5@8G5A:CN 3;CE>BC, 3;CE>=5<>BC 8 B0: =07K205<CN :><>F8>==CN, 8;8 :>=BC78>==CN, 8;8 B@02<0B8G5A:CN, 3;CE>=5<>BC A 402=>ABLN 701>;520=8O 4> 3 ACB>: 2 25% A;CG052 2 B5G5=85 =5A:>;L:8E 45AOB:>2 A5:C=4 8;8 =5A:>;L:8E <8=CB. =B5@5A=> >B<5B8BL, GB> ?>;=0O 42CAB>@>==OO 3;CE>B0, 2=CH5==0O 2 38?=>B8G5A:>< A=5, B0:65 O2;O5BAO ?> ACI5AB2C 3;CE>B>9 8718@0B5;L=>9. "0:, 7038?=>B878@>20==K9 A 2=CH5==>9 3;CE>B>9 «=5 A;KH8B» @5GL >:@C60NI8E, ABC: 8 B><C ?>4>1=K5 72C:8, >4=0:> @5GL 38?=>B875@0 >= ?@>4>;605B A;KH0BL.  >?KB0E !. . 528=0 C 8AA;54C5<KE 2 1>4@AB2CNI5< A>AB>O=88 2K@010BK20;8 CA;>2=K9 A5:@5B>@=K9 @5D;5:A =0 72>=>:, <5B@>=><, :@0A=K9 A25B 8 :0A0;:C. @8 ?>3@C65=88 2 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>= MB8 CA;>2=K5 @5D;5:AK A>E@0=O;8AL, E>BO =5A:>;L:> A=860;8AL ?> 25;8G8=5. @8 2=CH5=88 65 ?>;=>9 3;CE>BK CA;>2=K5 @5D;5:AK =0 72>=>: 8 <5B@>=>< 8AG570;8 8;8 >G5=L @57:> A=860;8AL, E>BO =0 :0A0;:C 8;8 :@0A=K9 A25B A>E@0=O;8AL; ?@8 2=CH5=88 A;5?>BK >=8 8AG570;8 B>;L:> =0 7@8B5;L=K5 8 ?@8 2=CH5=88 0=5AB5788  B>;L:> =0 B0:B8;L=K5 @074@068B5;8 (:0A0;:C). "0:, =0?@8<5@, =0 72>=>: C 8AA;54C5<>9 2K45;O;>AL 27 :0?5;L A;N=K 2 38?=>B8G5A:>< A=5, ?@8 2=CH5=88 3;CE>BK =0 B>B 65 72>=>:  5 :0?5;L, ?@8 2=CH5=88 2>AAB0=>2;5=8O A;CE0  28 :0?5;L. @8ACBAB2CO =0 MB8E >?KB0E, <K >1@0B8;8 2=8<0=85, GB> 2> 2@5<O 2=CH5==>9 3;CE>BK 1>;L=0O <>3;0 A;KH0BL @5GL 2@0G0 8 2K?>;=OBL 53> @0A?>@O65=8O, 2 B> 65 2@5<O CB25@640O, GB> >=0 01A>;NB=> 3;CE0, 8 =5 @5038@CO =0 @5GL, 8AE>482HCN >B 4@C38E ;8F. > ACI5AB2C 0=0;>38G=K5 O2;5=8O =01;N40;8 <K, 0 B0:65 . /. %2>;5A ?@8 8AA;54>20=88 1>;L=KE <5B>4>< M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0D88, =0 G5< <K >AB0=>28<AO ?@8 @0AA<>B@5=88 ;5G5=8O 2=CH5=85< 2 A>AB>O=88 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0. @82545==K5 40==K5 ?>:07K20NB, GB> 8AB5@8G5A:0O 3;CE>B0 =5 O2;O5BAO 3;CE>B>9 2 B>< A<KA;5, 2 :0:>< MB> ?>=8<05BAO ?@8 >@30=8G5A:8 >1CA;>2;5==>9 CB@0B5 A;CE0. =0 E0@0:B5@87C5BAO 8718@0B5;L=K< =5A;KH0=85< >:@C60NI53>, ?@8 :>B>@>< 2>A?@8OB85 72C:>2KE @074@068B5;59 ?@>8AE>48B, => =5 >A>7=05BAO. 0: 284=> 87 ?@82545==KE 40==KE, 8AB5@8G5A:0O 3;CE>B0 O2;O5BAO 3;CE>B>9 A0<>2=CH5==>9.  >A=>25 55 ;568B A0<>2=CH5==>5 ?@54AB02;5=85 > B><, GB> A;CE CB@0G5=. @8 MB>< 2>A?@8=8<05<K5 72C:8 =5 =0E>4OB 4>AB0B>G=>3> >B@065=8O 2 A>7=0=88 8 =5 >A>7=0NBAO. > ACI5AB2C 8 8AB5@8G5A:0O 3;CE>B0, 8AB5@8G5A:0O A;5?>B0 8 8AB5@8G5A:85 ?0@0;8G8  MB> A0<>2=CH5==K5 8AB5@8G5A:85 8?>E>=4@8G5A:85 8458, B0: :0: =8 3;CE>BK, =8 A;5?>BK, =8 ?0@0;8G0 2 B>< A<KA;5, 2 :0:>< MB8 ?>=OB8O ?@8<5=ONBAO ?@8 >F5=:5 >@30=8G5A:8 >1CA;>2;5==KE =0@CH5=8O DC=:F89, =5 8<55BAO. 081>;55 G0ABK< 87 8AB5@8G5A:8E @0AAB@>9AB2 3>;>A0 8 @5G8 O2;O5BAO 8AB5@8G5A:0O 0D>=8O (CB@0B0 72CG=>AB8 3>;>A0), <CB87< (=5<>B0) 8 708:0=85. 7@54:0 2AB@5G0NBAO 8AB5@8G5A:85 0D0788, 8<8B8@CNI85 :0@B8=C >@30=8G5A:>9 0D0788. =>340 ;8HL BI0B5;L=>5 :;8=8G5A:>5 8AA;54>20=85 8 =01;N45=85 70 48=0<8:>9 @0728B8O 0D0788  ?>O2;5=85 2=570?=>3> @57:>3> A:0G:>>1@07=>3> C;CGH5=8O, =5 A2>9AB25==>3> >@30=8G5A:8< 0D078O<, ?>72>;O5B >B3@0=8G8BL 8E >B ?>A;54=8E. ;O 48DD5@5=F80;L=>9 4803=>AB8:8 8<55B 7=0G5=85 8 >1=0@C65=85 ?@82545==KE 2KH5 >1I8E >A>15==>AB59 ?A8E8:8, A2>9AB25==KE 1>;L=K< 8AB5@859, ?@8 >@30=8G5A:8E 0D078OE  A>?CBAB2CNI8E A8<?B><>2 >G03>2>3> ?>@065=8O <>730. 5@54:> 8AB5@8G5A:0O 0D078O 2>7=8:05B C AC1J5:B0, ;81> =01;N402H53> 1>;L=KE A >@30=8G5A:8<8 0D078O<8, ;81> 8<5NI53> <548F8=A:>5 >1@07>20=85.  >A=>25 8AB5@8G5A:>9 0D>=88 ;568B 8AB5@8G5A:89 ?0@0;8G 3>;>A>2KE A2O7>:; 3>;>A>20O I5;L >AB05BAO >B:@KB>9 ?@8 7=0G8B5;L=>< =0?@O65=88 3>;>A>2KE A2O7>:.  >B;8G85 >B 0D>=88, >@30=8G5A:8 >1CA;>2;5==>9, :0H5;L C 1>;L=KE >AB05BAO 72CG=K<. AB5@8G5A:89 <CB87< G0I5 2A53> 2>7=8:05B ?>4 459AB285< ?A8E8G5A:8E B@02<, A83=0;878@CNI8E >1 >?0A=>AB8 4;O 687=8 8;8 C3@>75 1;03>?>;CG8N 701>;52H53> 7@54:0 <CB87< 8;8 0D>=8O =0A;0820NBAO =0 =51>;LH>9 ;0@8=38B 8;8 ?>4>1=K5 701>;520=8O. >;L=K5 A 8AB5@8G5A:8< <CB87<>< >1KG=> CB@0G820NB A?>A>1=>ABL ?@>87=>A8BL :0: A;>20, B0: 8 >B45;L=K5 D>=5<K. =>340 A>E@0=O5BAO 2>7<>6=>ABL 874020BL ;8HL =5G;5=>@0745;L=K5 72C:8. 0H5;L >1KG=> 72CG=K9. '0AB> C 1>;L=KE A <CB87<><, 2>7=8:H8< ?>A;5 1;87:>3> @07@K20 A=0@O40, =0< ?@8E>48;>AL =01;N40BL =0@CH5=85 ?@>872>;L=KE 42865=89 O7K:><. >;L=K5 <54;5==> 42830;8 8< 2> @BC 8 =5 <>3;8 2KAC=CBL 53> 70 ?@545;K @>B>2>9 ?>;>AB8. '0AB> ?@8 MB>< 8<5;0AL 8AB5@8G5A:0O 38?5AB578O O7K:0, 7520 8 :>68 2 >1;0AB8 B@0E58.  >B;8G85 >B 1>;L=KE A H87>D@5=8G5A:8< <CB87<>< MB8 1>;L=K5 8A:0;8 @5G52>3> :>=B0:B0, 65AB0<8 ?>OA=OO, GB> @5GL 8<8 CB@0G5=0, >E>B=> 2ABC?0;8 2 ?8AL<5==K9 :>=B0:B.  >B;8G85 >B 1>;L=KE 0D07859 ?8AL<>, GB5=85, 0 B0:65 ?>=8<0=85 CAB=>9 @5G8 (5A;8 >4=>2@5<5==> =5 1K;> 3;CE>BK) =5 1K;8 =0@CH5=K.  B> 65 2@5<O >1@0I0;> =0 A51O 2=8<0=85, GB> 1>;L=K5 =5>E>B=> 45;0;8 ?>?KB:8 3>2>@8BL, ?@54?>G8B0O 87JOA=OBLAO ?8AL<5==>. A;8 65 8AA;54CNI85 =0G8=0;8 =0AB0820BL =0 B><, GB>1K >=8 ?>?KB0;8AL 3>2>@8BL, 1>;L=K5 >3@0=8G820;8AL B5<, GB> A HC<>< 2K4KE0;8 2>74CE. 0: C:07K20; !. . 02845=:>2, =0 >A=>20=88 =01;N45=89, A45;0==KE 8< 2> 2@5<O ?5@2>9 8 2B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=, 8=>340 8AB5@8G5A:89 <CB87< =0A;08205BAO =0 ;53:> 2K@065==K5 O2;5=8O <>B>@=>9 0D0788, 2>7=8:H59 ?>A;5 B@02<K G5@5?0 (C :>=BC65==KE) 8 ?@>B5:0NI59 2 2845 4870@B@88 8;8 0D0B8G5A:>3> 708:0=8O. 4=>2@5<5==> C 1>;L=KE 8<5NBAO 8 4@C385 ?@87=0:8 ?>@065=8O <>730 (;53:89 ?@02>AB>@>==89 35<8?0@57). . . ">=:>=>389 >?8A0; =0A;>5=85 B0:>3> <CB87<0 ?@8 >AB@KE =0@CH5=8OE <>73>2>3> :@>2>>1@0I5=8O. AB5@8G5A:89 <CB87< <>65B A@07C ?@5:@0B8BLAO 8 =0ABC?05B 2K74>@>2;5=85 4=0:> 2 1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG052 >= ?5@5E>48B 2 8AB5@8G5A:CN 0D>=8N 8;8 8AB5@8G5A:>5 708:0=85, ?@8G5< 2 ?>A;54=55  G0I5. A;8 <CB87< =0A;0820;AO =0 0D0B8G5A:>5 708:0=85, B> ?> <8=>20=88 <CB87<0 >=> <>65B >1=0@C68BLAO 8 ?@>4>;60BLAO. AB5@8G5A:>5 708:0=85 <>65B 2>7=8:0BL 8 A0<>AB>OB5;L=>.  B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 ?@8 8AB5@8G5A:>< 708:0=88 @5GL ?@8>1@5B05B =5>1KG=K9, 2KGC@=K9, 8=>340 B50B@0;L=K9 E0@0:B5@, >B3@0=8G8BL 53> >B 4@C38E 284>2 708:0=8O =5 ?@54AB02;O5B B@C4=>AB59. "0:, C >4=>3> 87 =0H8E 1>;L=KE 8AB5@8G5A:89 <CB87< ?5@5H5; 2 708:0=85, 2K@0602H55AO 2 4C1;8@>20=88 2A5E A;>3>2 8 G0AB>< ;53:>< ?>4?@K3820=88, C 4@C3>3> >=> A>?@>2>640;>AL B50B@0;L=>-?0B5B8G5A:8<8 8=B>=0F8O<8. 5A><=5==>, GB> 8 ;53:>5 0D0B8G5A:>5 708:0=85, 2>7=8:0NI55 ?>A;5 A=OB8O 8AB5@8G5A:>3> <CB87<0, <>65B ?5@59B8 2 8AB5@8G5A:>5, :>B>@>5 2 MB8E A;CG0OE 1C45B 53> 8<8B8@>20BL. AB5@8G5A:>5 708:0=85 C :>=BC65==>3> 7=0G8B5;L=> >B;8G05BAO >B 708:0=8O C ;8F, AB@040NI8E 8< A 45BA:>3> 2>7@0AB0. >=BC65==K5 A 8AB5@8G5A:8< 708:0=85< =5 AB5A=ONBAO A2>53> 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0, :0: 708:0NI85AO A 45BAB20. 08:0=85 C =8E C45@68205BAO 8 B>340, :>340 >=8 ?KB0NBAO 3>2>@8BL =0548=5 A A>1>9, 0 B0:65 ?@8 ?5=88, H5?>B=>9 8 >B@065==>9 @5G8. # =8E >1KG=> =5 =01;N405BAO 8 AC4>@>6=KE A>?CBAB2CNI8E A>:@0I5=89 ;8F52>9 <CA:C;0BC@K 8;8 A>4@C65AB25==KE 42865=89, M<1>;>;0;88 8;8 M<1>;>D@0788 (2:;NG5=8O 2 @5GL ;53:> ?@>87=>A8<KE AB5@5>B8?=KE A;>2 8 D@07). 5@54:> 2AB@5G05BAO C420820=85 8;8 <=>3>:@0B=>5 ?>2B>@5=85 ?5@2KE 1C:2 8;8 A;>3>2 A;>20. ;O 2KOA=5=8O ?@8G8= MB8E >A>15==>AB59 8AB5@8G5A:>3> 708:0=8O C :>=BC65==KE <K 2KOA=8;8 ?@54AB02;5=8O > 708:0=88, 8<52H85AO C 30 74>@>2KE <C6G8=, =8:>340 =5 ?5@5=>A82H8E :>=BC788 8 =5 ;5602H8E 2 >4=8E 3>A?8B0;OE A 708:02H8<8AO 1>;L=K<8. AA;54C5<K< ?@54;030;>AL 87>1@078BL 708:0=85, ?@54AB028BL A515, GB> >=8 ?>A;5 :>=BC788 1K;8 =5<K<8 8 B>;L:> A59G0A =0G0;8 3>2>@8BL, =5?>;=>ABLN 87;5G82H8AL. :070;>AL, GB> 87>1@0602H85AO 8<8 @0AAB@>9AB20 @5G8 A>>B25BAB2>20;8 708:0=8N C :>=BC65==KE. "0:, 24 8AA;54C5<KE 3>2>@8;8, A420820O 8;8 <=>3>:@0B=> ?>2B>@OO ?5@2K5 1C:2K 8;8 A;>38 A;>20 (AAAAA?0A81>, 4444>:B>@, 8;8 A?0?0?0A81>, 444>:B>@ 8;8 B0B0B020@8I 4>>>>:B>@, 8;8 A??000A81>, 4>>>:B>@). # 21 AC4>@>6=K5 A>?CBAB2CNI85 A>:@0I5=8O ;8F52>9 <CA:C;0BC@K 8;8 A>4@C65AB25==K5 42865=8O >BACBAB2>20;8, C 29 =5 =01;N40;>AL M<1>;>;0;88 8;8 M<1>;>D@0788. # 23 8AA;54C5<KE ?@8 H5?>B=>9 @5G8 8 ?5=88 708:0=85 A>E@0=O;>AL. "0:8< >1@07><, :;8=8G5A:85 >A>15==>AB8 8AB5@8G5A:>3> 708:0=8O C :>=BC65==KE >?@545;ONBAO ?@5D>@<8@CNI8<8 1>;57=5==K9 A8<?B>< ?@54AB02;5=8O<8. AB5@8G5A:0O 3;CE>B0 8 <CB87< G0AB> A>G5B0NBAO, 4020O 8AB5@8G5A:CN 3;CE>=5<>BC (AC@4><CB87<). =0 >G5=L @54:> 2>7=8:05B 2 <8@=>5 2@5<O 8 2AB@5G05BAO ?>GB8 8A:;NG8B5;L=> 2 2>5==>5 2@5<O C 2>5==>A;C60I8E 2 A2O78 A 1;87:8< @07@K2>< A=0@O40. ;O =55 E0@0:B5@=K 2A5 B5 >A>15==>AB8, :>B>@K5 1K;8 C:070=K =0<8 ?@8 >?8A0=88 8AB5@8G5A:>9 3;CE>BK 8 <CB87<0. =>340 8AB5@8G5A:0O 3;CE>=5<>B0 2>7=8:05B :0: D070 2KE>40 87 8AB5@8G5A:>3> ABC?>@0. 8<8:0 C 1>;L=KE A 8AB5@8G5A:>9 3;CE>=5<>B>9 G0AB> 6820O, M:A?@5AA82=0O, 8=>340 70ABK2H0O, A ?A524>45<5=B=K< >BB5=:><. 2865=8O 70<54;5==K5. 5AB0<8 >=8 C:07K20NB =0 A2>8 CH8, 3>@B0=L, O7K:, 4020O ?>=OBL, GB> A;CE 8 @5GL 8<8 CB@0G5=K. 8HCB :@C?=K<8 1C:20<8: «/ =8G53> =5 A;KHC 8 =5 <>3C 3>2>@8BL». @8 MB><, :0: C65 C:07K20;>AL, 2 ?5@2K5 G0AK 8 4=8 >B =0G0;0 701>;520=8O 1>;L=K5 A>25@H5==> O2=> <>3CB >1=0@C6820BL A>E@0==>ABL A;CE0 (8718@0B5;L=0O 3;CE>B0) 8 BCB 65 CB25@640BL, GB> 01A>;NB=> 3;CE8. '5@57 =5A:>;L:> 4=59 ?>A;5 =0G0;0 701>;520=8O >=8 AB0=>2OBAO 2A5 <5=55 70B>@<>65==K<8, 1>;55 0:B82=K<8, >E>B=> ?5@5?8AK20NBAO, CG0AB2CO 2 83@0E, A;54OB 70 ?@>8AE>4OI8< 2 ?0;0B5. <5AB5 A B5< 2A5 B@C4=55 AB0=>28BAO >1=0@C68BL C =8E A>E@0==>ABL A;CE0. A;8 8AB5@8G5A:0O 3;CE>=5<>B0 2>7=8:05B C ;8F, ?5@5=5AH8E 2>74CH=CN :><<>F8N, 1>;L=K5 2O;K, 048=0<8G=K, <8<8:0 C =8E 70ABK2H0O, <0A:>>1@07=0O. =8 >B<5G0NB GC2AB2> >1I59 A;01>AB8, @0718B>AB8, 3>;>2=CN 1>;L, G0AB> 1>;8 2 3@C4=>9 :;5B:5 8 <KHF0E BC;>28I0 2A;54AB285 ?>;CG5==>9 2>74CH=>9 B@02<K 8 CH81>2 ?>OA=8FK. =>340 =01;N40NBAO @0AA5O==K5 =52@>;>38G5A:85 <8:@>A8<?B><K; ?@8 >B>A:>?88 G0AB> >1=0@C6820NBAO 2K@065==K5 87<5=5=8O A> AB>@>=K 10@010==KE ?5@5?>=>:. 4=0:> 3;CE>B0 ?@8 MB>< O2;O5BAO 8718@0B5;L=>9. > 2@5<O ?5@2>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K 1>;LH8=AB2> 02B>@>2 @0AA<0B@820;8 3;CE>=5<>BC, 2>7=8:HCN ?>A;5 :>=BC788, :0: 8AB5@8G5A:89 A8<?B><. > 2@5<O 2B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K 1>;LH8=AB2> 02B>@>2, =0>1>@>B, AB0;8 ?>;030BL, GB> 2>7=8:H0O ?>A;5 2>74CH=>9 :><<>F88 3;CE>=5<>B0 O2;O5BAO >A>1>9 :><<>F8>==>9 B@02<0B8G5A:>9 8;8 ?>AB:>=BC78>==>9 3;CE>=5<>B>9, 2K720==>9 O:>1K G8AB> D878G5A:8< 459AB285< 2>74CH=>9 B@02<K. -B0 B>G:0 7@5=8O O2;O5BAO 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O H8@>:> ?@87=0==>9 8 =0H;0 A2>5 >B@065=85 4065 2 CG51=8:0E: «>A;5 2>74CH=>9 B@02<K 25AL<0 G0AB> =01;N405BAO 3;CE>=5<>B0 (AC@4><CB87<), ?8H5BAO 2 >4=>< 87 =8E.  ?5@2K5 4=8 MB0 3;CE>=5<>B0 >B<5G05BAO 2 ?>402;ONI5< 1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG052 (2 80 90%). -B0 3;CE>=5<>B0 =5?@028;L=> AG8B0;0AL 8AB5@8G5A:8< A8<?B><><.  >A=>25 55 ;568B >E@0=8B5;L=>5 B>@<>65=85, 7045@6820NI55AO 4>;LH5 2 >1;0AB8 A;CE>2>3> 0=0;870B>@0 8 B5A=59H8< >1@07>< A2O70==>< A =8< @5G542830B5;L=>< 0=0;870B>@5, G5< 2 >AB0;L=>9 :>@5». !CI5AB2>20=85 «:><<>F8>==>9 3;CE>=5<>BK, B0:>9, :0:>9 >=0 ?>=8<05BAO C:070==K<8 ?A8E80B@88 8 . . 8;O@>2A:8< 2 @C:>2>4AB25 ?> ?A8E80B@88, 0 B0:65 . . 20=>2K<-!<>;5=A:8<. K ?>;0305<, GB> :><<>F8>==>9, 8;8 B@02<0B8G5A:>9, 3;CE>=5<>BK, B0:>9, :0:>9 >=0 ?>=8<05BAO C:070==K<8 2KH5 02B>@0<8, =5 ACI5AB2C5B. -B> 8AB5@8G5A:0O 3;CE>=5<>B0, >H81>G=> ?@8=8<05<0O 70 :><<>F8>==CN.  ?>;L7C MB>3> 3>2>@8B A0<0 :;8=8G5A:0O :0@B8=0 B0: =07K205<>9 :><<>F8>==>9 3;CE>=5<>BK: >=0 E0@0:B5@87C5BAO B5<, GB> 2 ?5@2K5 1 3 4=O >B =0G0;0 701>;520=8O 3;CE>B0 =>A8B 8718@0B5;L=K9 E0@0:B5@ 8 :;8=8G5A:8 B>645AB25==0 >?8A0==>9 2KH5 8AB5@8G5A:>9 8718@0B5;L=>9 3;CE>B5 8 40;55 ?5@5E>48B, :0: MB> E0@0:B5@=> 4;O ?>A;54=59, 2 B>B0;L=CN D>@<C. "0: :0: >3@><=>5 :>;8G5AB2> @01>B, ?>A2OI5==KE 2>?@>AC 3;CE>=5<>BK C :>=BC65==KE, 1K;> =0?8A0=> ?>GB8 8A:;NG8B5;L=> =0 >A=>20=88 =01;N45=89, A45;0==KE 02B>@0<8 2 BK;>2KE 3>A?8B0;OE 2> 2@5<O ?5@2>9 8 2B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=, :;8=8:0 @0==53> ?5@8>40 B0: =07K205<>9 ?>AB:><<>F8>==>9 3;CE>=5<>BK >AB0;0AL <0;>87CG5==>9. 564C B5< 8<5==> 2 @0==5< ?5@8>45 1>;57=8 >A>15==> >BG5B;82> 2KABC?0NB O2;5=8O, C:07K20NI85 =0 8AB5@8G5A:89 35=57 3;CE>=5<>BK.  MB>9 A2O78 ?@82>48< =0H5 =01;N45=85 @0==53> ?5@8>40 701>;520=8O1. >;L=>9 $., 31 3>40, ?>ABC?8; 2 =5@2=>-?A8E80B@8G5A:>5 >B45;5=85 ?@8 ?>;52>< ?>4286=>< 3>A?8B0;5 18/IV 1945 3. 2 14 G0A>2, G5@57 3 G0A0 ?>A;5 2>74CH=>9 :>=BC788. 0;>1K =0 ?>;=CN ?>B5@N A;CE0 =0 >10 CE0 8 CB@0BC A?>A>1=>AB8 @5G8 Anamnesis vitae. 5@2=>-?A8E8G5A:85 701>;520=8O 2 A5<L5 >B@8F0NBAO. >A 74>@>2K< @515=:><. 0=LH5 @0AAB@>9AB20<8 A;CE0 8 @5G8 =5 AB@040;. > E0@0:B5@C >1I8B5;L=K9, 2A?K;LG82K9. > 0@<88  ?>GB>2K9 A;C60I89. 1@07>20=85 6 :;0AA>2. Anamnesis morbi.  11 G0A>2 18/IV 1945 3. 2 ?5@2K9 45=L 1>O :>=BC65= 27>@202H8<AO 21;878 D0CAB-A=0@O4><. ><=8B 2A?KH:C A25B0 8 72C: 2KAB@5;0, ?>B>< =0 =5A:>;L:> 45AOB:>2 A5:C=4 ?>B5@O; A>7=0=85. 2>BK =5 1K;>. G=C2H8AL, >ICB8; A8;L=CN A;01>ABL, «3>;>20 1K;0, :0: 2 BC<0=5». A:>@5 >1=0@C68;, GB> ?>;=>ABLN CB@0B8; A?>A>1=>ABL A;KH0BL 8 3>2>@8BL. '5@57 G0A ?>ABC?8; =0 , >B:C40 A@07C 2 <54A0=10B 8 =0 02B><0H8=5  2 ?>;52>9 3>A?8B0;L. Status praesens. >ABC?8; G5@57 3 G0A0 ?>A;5 2>74CH=>9 :>=BC788. @8 ?>ABC?;5=88 <0;>?>42865=. 2865=8O =5A:>;L:> 70<54;5==K5. 8F> <0A:>>1@07=>5, A0;L=>5, 38?><8<8G=>5. 7>@ 157CG0AB=> CAB@5<;5= 2?5@54. 830=85 @54:>5, =0 72C:8 AB@5;L1K =5 @5038@C5B. -<>F88 AB@0E0 =5 >1=0@C68205B. _ @8 >A<>B@5 2@0G>< <54;5==> C40@O5B ;04>=O<8 ?> CH=K< @0:>28=0<, ?@8>B:@K205B @>B 8 ?>:07K205B @C:>9 =0 3>@B0=L. > 2@5<O 15A54K A 2@0G>< <8<8:0 >AB05BAO 70ABK2H59, <0A:>>1@07=>9, => 3;07=K5 I5;8 >B:@K205B H8@5, 8 2K@065=85 ;8F0 ?@8>1@5B05B ?A52-4>45<5=B=K9 >BB5=>:. 8H5B <54;5==>, :@C?=K<8 1C:20<8. «>=BC78;>, =8G53> =5 A;KHC, 3>2>@8BL =5 <>3C». 0 CAB=K5 2>?@>AK 2@0G0: «K A;KH8B5?»  >B@8F0B5;L=> :0G05B 3>;>2>9. «0A :>=BC78;>?»  CB25@48B5;L=> :8205B 3>;>2>9. «>2>@8BL <>65B5?»  >B@8F0B5;L=> :0G05B 3>;>2>9, ?>:07K20O @C:>9 =0 3>@B0=L. #AB=K5 ?@54;>65=8O 2@0G0, A45;0==K5 2> 2@5<O A><0B8G5A:>3> >A<>B@0, ?@8 CA;>28OE, 8A:;NG0NI8E 2>7<>6=>ABL GB5=8O «?> 3C10<», A=OBL @C10H:C, 4KH0BL 3;C165, 7045@60BL 4KE0=85, ?>:0H;OBL, A5ABL, 2AB0BL, ?>4=OBL >15 @C:8 225@E, >?CAB8BL 8E  2K?>;=O5B. 0 A;>2>: «K A;KH8B5 <5=O?»  >B@8F0B5;L=> :0G05B 3>;>2>9. 8H5B: «8G53> =5 A;KHC» 8 BCB 65 CAB=>5 ?@54;>65=85  ?>:070BL O7K:  2K?>;=O5B. 0 2>A:;8F0=85: «0 2K 65 E>@>H> A;KH8B5!» >B@8F0B5;L=> :0G05B 3>;>2>9, CB25@640O, GB> >= 01A>;NB=> 3;CE 8 =5<, 8 BCB 65 2=>2L ?>:07K205B O7K: ?> CAB=>9 ?@>AL15 2@0G0, A45;0==>9 2 ?@>F5AA5 A><0B8G5A:>3> >A<>B@0. 0 =0?8A0==K5 A;>20 > B><, GB> >= ?>:07K205B O7K: ?> CAB=>9 ?@>AL15 8 GB>, A;54>20B5;L=>, C =53> A>E@0=5= A;CE, =54>C<5==> ?>68<05B ?;5G0<8 8 ?8H5B, GB> >= 01A>;NB=> 3;CE. >A;5 MB>3> =0 CAB=K5 @0A?>@O65=8O ?5@5AB05B @5038@>20BL. @54;>65==K5 ?8AL<5==> 0@8D<5B8G5A:85 7040G8 @5H05B 25@=> 8 >1=0@C68205B 70?0A 7=0=89 A>>1@07=> >1@07>20=8N. @8 >B>A:>?88  38?5@5<8O ?@02>9 10@010==>9 ?5@5?>=:8. 5D;5:A A> AB>@>=K A;878AB>9 >1>;>G:8 3>@B0=8 8 <O3:>3> =510 =5 2K7K205BAO. AB8==K5 3>;>A>2K5 A2O7:8 2 ?>;>65=88 D>=0F88 (:>=AC;LB0F8O >B>;0@8=3>;>30 C;8:>2>9). 19/IV 1945 3. ?@8 >1A;54>20=88 A>E@0==>ABL A;CE0 =5 >1=0@C68205BAO. 57CG0AB=> A<>B@8B <8<> 2@0G0, =5 ?KB0OAL ?@8A;CH820BLAO : @5G8. >;L=><C A45;0= :0;LF852K9 C40@ (22545=> 20 <; 10% @0AB2>@0 E;>@8AB>3> :0;LF8O 2=CB@825==> 2 B5G5=85 20 A5:C=4). '5@57 <8=CBC, >G=C2H8AL ?>A;5 2;820=8O, >1=0@C68205B ?>;=>5 2>AAB0=>2;5=85 A;CE0 =0 ;52>5 CE> 8 =57=0G8B5;L=>5 A=865=85  =0 ?@02>5. 5GL ?5@2K5 <8=CBK A @57:8< 708:0=85<, AB02H8< : :>=FC 4=O <5=55 @57:8<. !;01>ABL, 3>;>2=0O 1>;L, GC2AB2> @0718B>AB8 45@60BAO. 5 2K7K202H85AO ?5@54 2;820=85< @5D;5:AK A> AB>@>=K A;878AB>9 >1>;>G:8 3>@B0=8 8 <O3:>3> =510 ?>A;5 2;820=8O A@07C 65 ?>O28;8AL. 21/IV AB0; 1>;55 0:B82=K<. !0<>GC2AB285 C;CGH8;>AL. 8<8:0 AB0;0 1>;55 682>9, A0;L=>ABL ;8F0, @54:>5 <830=85 A3;048;8AL. 5GL A =5@57:8< 708:0=85<, 27/IV A0<>GC2AB285 E>@>H55. > ?@>AL15 1>;L=>3> 2K?8A0= 2 G0ABL A =57=0G8B5;L=K< 70B@C4=5=85< @5G8.  40==>< A;CG05 C 1>;L=>3> ?>4 459AB285< 27@K2=>9 2>;=K 2>7=8:;> A>B@OA5=85 <>730 (;53:>9 AB5?5=8) 8 87<5=5=85 A> AB>@>=K ?@02>9 10@010==>9 ?5@5?>=:8. 4=>2@5<5==> 2>7=8:;0 3;CE>=5<>B0. '5@57 3 G0A0 >B =0G0;0 701>;520=8O, ?@8 ?>ABC?;5=88 2 ?>;52>9 3>A?8B0;L, MB0 3;CE>B0 C =53> C65 =>A8;0 E0@0:B5@ 8718@0B5;L=>3> =5A;KH0=8O >:@C60NI53>, B. 5. 8<5;0 B5 >A>15==>AB8, :>B>@K5 E0@0:B5@=K B>;L:> 4;O 8AB5@8G5A:>9 3;CE>BK. @8 >1A;54>20=88 =0 2-9 45=L 1>;57=8 1>;L=>9 ?5@5AB0; >1=0@C6820BL A>E@0==>ABL A;CE0  8718@0B5;L=0O 3;CE>B0 ?5@5H;0 2 B>B0;L=CN. ;CE>=5<>B0 ?>440;0AL >4=><><5=B=><C CAB@0=5=8N ?>A;5 2;820=8O E;>@8AB>3> :0;LF8O. /2;5=8O, 2K720==K5 A>B@OA5=85< <>730 (048=0<8O, 38?><8<8O, A0;L=>ABL ;8F0, 3>;>2=0O 1>;L, GC2AB2> A;01>AB8, @0718B>AB8), ?>AB5?5==> A3;048;8AL. 718@0B5;L=0O 3;CE>B0  MB> A0<>2=CH5==0O 8AB5@8G5A:0O 3;CE>B0. > A2>59 :;8=8G5A:>9 :0@B8=5 >=0 =5 <>65B 1KBL B@02<0B8G5A:8< A8<?B><><. "0:8< >1@07><, A0<0 :;8=8G5A:0O :0@B8=0 @0==53> ?5@8>40 B0: =07K205<>9 :><<>F8>==>9 3;CE>=5<>BK 3>2>@8B > B><, GB> >=0 O2;O5BAO 8AB5@8G5A:>9. !%'! !!" !" A8E8G5A:85 @0AAB@>9AB20 ?@8 =52@>75 8AB5@88 25AL<0 @07=>>1@07=K. =>340 <>3CB 1KBL :@0B:>2@5<5==K5 30;;NF8=0F88 A O@:>9 M<>F8>=0;L=>9 >:@0H5==>ABLN 8 B50B@0;L=>-4@0<0B8G5A:8< E0@0:B5@>< ?5@56820=89. =8 >1KG=> >B@060NB 2>;=CNI55 1>;L=>3> A>1KB85, 53> 65;0=8O 8;8 >?0A5=8O. "0:, =0?@8<5@, <0BL 2848B ?> 25G5@0< A2>N C<5@HCN 4>GL 74>@>2>9 8 25A5;>9. '0AB> MB8 30;;NF8=0F88 =>AOB E0@0:B5@ O@:8E ?@54AB02;5=89. 4=0:> =0H0 1>;L=0O 2 :;8=8:5 ?>A;5 ?@5:@0I5=8O 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?@8?04:>2 2@5<5=0<8 AB0;0 2845BL D83C@C <5@B2>9 65=I8=K, ?@>BO3820NI59 : =59 1;54=CN @C:C, 8 >ICI0BL ?@8:>A=>25=85 55 E>;>4=>9 @C:8 : A2>59 3>;>25.  MB> 2@5<O 1>;L=CN >E20BK20; C60A, >=0 1;54=5;0, E20B0;0AL 70 3>;>2C, ?>A;5 G53> 2845=85 8AG570;>. >;L=0O CB25@640;0, GB> MB> 1K; >1@07 55 ?>:>9=>9 <0B5@8, B0:>9, :0:8< >=0 53> A515 ?@54AB02;O;0. AB5@8G5A:85 =0@CH5=8O ?0<OB8 G0I5 2A53> 2KABC?0NB 2 2845 0<=5788 B5E 8;8 8=KE A>1KB89 ?@>H;>3>, >1KG=> =5?@8OB=KE 4;O 1>;L=>3>. AB5@8G5A:>9 0<=5788 <>65B ?>425@30BLAO B>B 8;8 8=>9 >B@57>: 2@5<5=8, A2O70==K9 A =5?@8OB=K<8 4;O 1>;L=>3> A>1KB8O<8. "0:, >4=0 1>;L=0O 701K;0 25AL ?5@8>4, A2O70==K9 A A>25@H5=85< 5N ?@02>=0@CH5=8O, 4@C30O ?>A;5 AA>@K A <C65< 701K;0 25AL ?5@8>4 70<C65AB20. =0 >BB0;:820;0 <C60, 3>2>@8;0, GB> MB> =57=0:><K9 <C6G8=0, GB> >=0  452CH:0. @8 MB>< 2 ?>2545=88 1>;L=>9 A:2>78;8 G5@BK B50B@0;L=>AB8, =083@0==>AB8. -B8 @5B@>3@04=K5 8AB5@8G5A:85 0<=5788 >1KG=> ?>440NBAO CAB@0=5=8N 2 A>AB>O=88 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0.  8E ?0B>35=575 B0:65 2KABC?05B <5E0=87< «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0», 254CI89 : =52>7<>6=>AB8 @5?@>4C:F88 A>>B25BAB2CNI8E ?@54AB02;5=89. =>340 8AB5@8G5A:85 @0AAB@>9AB20 ?0<OB8 <>3CB =>A8BL E0@0:B5@ G0AB8G=KE, <K 1K A:070;8, 8718@0B5;L=KE 0<=5789 8 O2;OBLAO F5=B@0;L=K<8 2 :;8=8G5A:>9 :0@B8=5. # 1>;L=>9 ?>A;5 <=8<>3> >B@02;5=8O ?0@0<8 :@0A:8 =0ABC?8;8 420 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?@8?04:0 8 70B5< F5=B@0;L=K< 2 :;8=8G5A:>9 :0@B8=5 AB0;> A2>5>1@07=>5 @0AAB@>9AB2> ?0<OB8. => @0A?@>AB@0=O;>AL =0 @O4 @0=55 ?@8>1@5B5==KE 7=0=89 8 =5:>B>@K5 B5:CI85 A>1KB8O: 1>;L=0O =5 <>3;0 2A?><=8BL =0720=89 52@>?59A:8E AB@0=; 87 @5A?C1;8:, 2E>4OI8E 2 !!! , =0720;0 ;8HL !$!  8 #:@08=C; =5 A<>3;0 =0720BL 3>4 =0G0;0 ?5@2>9 8 2B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K 8 =0720=8O AB@0=, 2KABC?02H8E ?@>B82 5@<0=88; 87 ?OB8 F8D@ ?@8 =5?>A@54AB25==>< 2>A?@>872545=88 =07K20;0 B@8, 87 45AOB8 A;>2  G5BK@5. <5AB5 A B5< 0<=578O =5 @0A?@>AB@0=O;0AL =0 2A5 A>1KB8O, 8<52H85 B5A=>5 >B=>H5=85 : 55 ;8G=>AB8 8 >A>15==> : 4>:070B5;LAB2C «A2O78» 55 701>;520=8O A >B@02;5=85<, 0 B0:65 =0 8<5=0 2@0G59 8 1>;L=KE 2 :;8=8:5, A>45@60=85 15A54 A 2@0G><, <0@H@CBK B@0<2052 8 02B>1CA>2. @8 MB>< 1>;L=0O ?@028;L=> D>@<C;8@>20;0 ?>=OB8O, C;02;820;0 ?5@5=>A=K9 A<KA; ?>A;>28F 8 ?>3>2>@>:, ?@028;L=> @5H0;0 A;>6=K5 7040G8, =5 45;0;0 >H81>: ?@8 AG5B=KE >?5@0F8OE, B. 5. =5 >1=0@C6820;0 O2;5=89 ?A524>45<5=F88. > E0@0:B5@C 1>;L=0O 1K;0 C?@O<0O, ;53:> 2=CH05<0O, A:;>==0O : B50B@0;L=>AB8. #B><;O5<>ABL C =55 2A5340 1K;0 ?>2KH5==>9.  ?@>H;>< ?>A;5 =5?@8OB=>AB59 =0 @01>B5 2 B5G5=85 <5AOF0 45@60;AO 8AB5@8G5A:89 <CB87<. !0<0 1>;L=0O CB25@640;0, GB> 2 @57C;LB0B5 «>B@02;5=8O» C =55 ?>AB@040;0 B>;L:> ?0<OBL, 8 A>18@0;0AL ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: 1C45B ?@87=0=0 1>;L=>9, ?>5E0BL 2 4@C3>9 3>@>4 8 =0G0BL AC451=K9 ?@>F5AA ?@>B82 <C60 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 701@0BL >B =53> @515=:0.  40==>< A;CG05 C 8AB5@>84=>9 ?A8E>?0B:8 ?@54AB02;5=8O > B><, GB> 2 @57C;LB0B5 «>B@02;5=8O» 2>7=8:;> 701>;520=85  «@0AAB@>9AB2> ?0<OB8», ?@8>1@5;8 E0@0:B5@ «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8». -B8 ?@54AB02;5=8O, 1C4CG8 M<>F8>=0;L=> 70@O65==K<8, 2K7K20;8 ?CB5< A0<>2=CH5=8O ?>O2;5=85 8?>E>=4@8G5A:>9 8458 > =0@CH5=88 ?0<OB8 0=0;>38G=> B><C, :0: 2 A;CG05 8AB5@8G5A:>9 A;5?>BK 8;8 3;CE>BK 2>7=8:0;0 A0<>2=CH5==0O 845O >1 CB@0B5 7@5=8O 8;8 A;CE0. =B5@5A=> >B<5B8BL, GB>, B0: :0: 1>;L=0O A>18@0;0AL 4>18BLAO G5@57 AC4 2>72@0I5=8O 59 @515=:0, =0E>482H53>AO C <C60, ?@54AB02;5=85 > B><, GB> >=0 A>25@H5==> CB@0B8;0 DC=:F8N ?0<OB8 8;8 AB0;0 A;01>C<=>9, 1K;8 ;8H5=K 4;O =55 «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8», ?>A:>;L:C B0:85 =0@CH5=8O 70B@C4=8;8 1K 2545=85 AC451=>3> ?@>F5AA0 8 <>3;8 1K ?@5?OBAB2>20BL ?@87=0=8N 70 =59 ?@020 2>A?8BK20BL @515=:0. 0AAB@>9AB20 ?0<OB8 =>A8;8 C 1>;L=>9, B0:8< >1@07><, A2>5>1@07=K9 8718@0B5;L=K9 E0@0:B5@, B>G=> A>>B25BAB2CO ?@54AB02;5=8O< > 1>;57=8, O2;ONI59AO 4;O =55 «CA;>2=> ?@8OB=>9 8;8 65;0B5;L=>9»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«CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0, :0: MB> 284=> 87 A;54CNI53> =01;N45=8O. >;L=>9 $., 34 ;5B, CG8B5;L B0=F52. 4=064K, 2K94O =0 C;8FC ?>A;5 ?5@5=5A5==>9 D>;;8:C;O@=>9 0=38=K, ?>GC2AB2>20; A60B85 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0 8 @57:CN A;01>ABL. >6=K5 ?>:@>2K AB0;8 1;54=K<8 8 ?>:@K;8AL E>;>4=K< ?>B><. >4>A?52H89 ?@>E>689 ?@>2>48; 53> 4><>9. ! MB>3> 2@5<5=8 C $. @0728;0AL D>18O  AB@0E >4=><C 2KE>48BL =0 C;8FC. 420 >= ?KB0;AO >48= 2K9B8 87 4><C, ?>O2;O;>AL BO3>AB=>5 >ICI5=85 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0, >= 1;54=5;, ?>:@K20;AO E>;>4=K< ?>B><, 2>7=8:0;> @57:>5 GC2AB2> AB@0E0. A;8 65 $. 2KE>48; =0 C;8FC 2 A>?@>2>645=88 :>3>-=81C4L 87 7=0:><KE, AB@0E =5 2>7=8:0;.  B5G5=85 2 <5AOF52 $. 157CA?5H=> ?@54?@8=8<0; ?>?KB:8 A0<>AB>OB5;L=> >A2>1>48BLAO >B MB>3> AB@0E0, ?>A;5 G53> >1@0B8;AO : 2@0G51=>9 ?><>I8 5=57 D>188 2 40==>< A;CG05, :070;>AL 1K, >G52845=. $878>35==> >1CA;>2;5==>5 GC2AB2> AB@0E0, 2K720==>5 =0@CH5=85< A5@45G=>-A>AC48AB>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 2 ?5@8>4 @5:>=20;5AF5=F88 ?>A;5 ?5@5=5A5==>9 0=38=K, A>2?0;> ?> 2@5<5=8 A >1AB0=>2:>9 C;8FK. ! MB>3> 2@5<5=8 4> B>3> 8=48DD5@5=B=K9 @074@068B5;L (>1AB0=>2:0 C;8FK) ?@8>1@5; =>2K5 ?0B>35==K5 A2>9AB20  AB0; ?> CA;>2=>-@5D;5:B>@=><C <5E0=87<C 2K7K20BL GC2AB2> AB@0E0 8 A2O70==K5 A =8< >?0A5=8O >:070BLAO =0 C;8F5 >4=><C 157 ?><>I8. 4=0:> 2 B><, GB> 2>7=8:H0O CA;>2=>@5D-;5:B>@=0O A2O7L >:070;0AL AB>;L ?@>G=>9, 8<5; 7=0G5=85 5I5 >48= D0:B>@. >;L=>9 @52=>20; A2>N 65=C, 1K2HCN 40 14 ;5B <>;>65 53> 8 O2;O2HCNAO 53> ?0@B=5@H59 2> 2@5<O ?@5?>4020=8O B0=F52. !B@0E 2KE>48BL >4=><C =0 C;8FC ?@825; : B><C, GB> >B=K=5 65=0 2K=C645=0 1K;0 ?>AB>O==> 1KBL A =8<. !B@0E >4=><C 2KE>48BL =0 C;8FC 8 ?@51K20=85 65=K 2>7;5 1>;L=>3>, A>2?02 ?> 2@5<5=8, A2O70;8AL ?> 70:>=C CA;>2=>3> @5D;5:A0. $>18O ?@8>1@5;0 E0@0:B5@ «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8»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« :0: O ?>=8<0N ><5> 8 6C;L5BBC!». >4 C3@>7>9 >B?@02:8 2 ?A8E80B@8G5A:CN 1>;L=8FC >=0 2AB0;0 A ?>AB5;8 8 A 0??5B8B>< ?>5;0. 45AL 2KABC?0NB 8 45BA:85 =082=K5 D0=B0788 > «B@038G5A:>9 A<5@B8 N=>9 8 ?@5:@0A=>9 452K», 8 A:>@1L > ?>381H5< 4@C35, 8 B5B@0;87>20==0O 83@0 4;O >:@C60NI8E A> AB@5<;5=85< 87>1@078BL A51O 35@>8=59. AB5@8G5A:0O 0AB5=8O E0@0:B5@87C5BAO 60;>10<8 =0 ?>2KH5==CN CB><;O5<>ABL, @57:89 C?04>: A8;.  ?>2545=88 =5@54:> 2KABC?0NB G5@BK 45<>=AB@0B82=>AB8, B50B@0;L=>AB8.  ;01>@0B>@=KE CA;>28OE ?@8 8AA;54>20=88 @01>B>A?>A>1=>AB8 1>;L=K5 C65 ?>A;5 =51>;LH>9 =03@C7:8 60;CNBAO =0 =0ABC?82HCN CAB0;>ABL, B@C4=>ABL A>A@54>B>G5=8O, ?>O282HCNAO BO65ABL 2 3>;>25, 3>;>2=CN 1>;L, 2O;>ABL, A>=;82>ABL. =8 65 2 4@C3>9 A8BC0F88, :>340 =5 =0E>4OBAO 2 ?>;5 7@5=8O 2@0G0 8;8 C2;5G5=K @01>B>9, ?>2KH5==>9 CB><;O5<>AB8 =5 >1=0@C6820NB. "0:, <>;>40O CG8B5;L=8F0 ;8B5@0BC@K 87-70 «CAB0;>AB8» =5 <>3;0 ?@>G5ABL 8 42CE AB@0=8F, >G5=L 1KAB@> «CAB020;0» ?@8 2KG5@:820=88 1C:2 2 ?@>15 C@4>=0. =0 65 157 CAB0;8, @01>B0O ?> 16 G0A>2 2 45=L, BI0B5;L=> >B:>@@5:B8@>20;0 250 <0H8=>?8A=KE AB@0=8F @C:>?8A8 48AA5@B0F88 8<?>=8@>202H53> 59 <>;>4>3> 2@0G0, B. 5. ?@>O28;0 2KA>:CN @01>B>A?>A>1=>ABL. AB5@8G5A:0O 0AB5=8O =>A8B 87>1@078B5;L=K9, M;5:B82=K9 E0@0:B5@ 8 D0:B8G5A:8 O2;O5BAO 2K@065=85< A0<>2=CH5==KE ?@54AB02;5=89 > =0;8G88 O:>1K @57:> ?>2KH5==>9 CB><;O5<>AB8. AB5@8G5A:85 8?>E>=4@88 >B;8G0NBAO A2>59 A2O7LN A ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI59 A8BC0F859, 45;0NI59 ?@54AB02;5=8O > =0;8G88 BO65;>3> 701>;520=8O «CA;>2=> ?@8OB=K< 8;8 65;0B5;L=K<». 0 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<5 =5@54:> <>6=> >1=0@C68BL @50:F8N =0 A;>20, =0?><8=0NI85 > ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI8E ?5@56820=8OE. > 2@5<O AA>@K A>A54:0 C40@8;0 . :0AB@N;59 ?> 3>;>25. . ?>40;0 =0 =55 2 AC4 8 2AOG5A:8 4>:07K20;0, GB> A>A54:0 =0=5A;0 59 «BO6:>5 B5;5A=>5 ?>2@5645=85».  A2O78 A MB8< C . @0728;AO 8AB5@8G5A:89 8?>E>=4@8G5A:89 A8=4@><. !;>20 «A>A54:0», «AC4» 2K7K20;8 =0 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<5 >BG5B;82CN @50:F8N 45A8=E@>=870F88 0;LD0-@8B<0 A ?>A;54CNI59 M:70;LB0F859, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: 8=48DD5@5=B=K5 A;>20 (2>40, B@020, A=53) =5 2K7K20;8 87<5=5=8O 8AE>4=>3> @8B<0. > 40==K< =0H59 A>B@C4=8FK -. . 0BC@8=>9, C 8AB5@>84=KE ;8G=>AB59 8?>E>=4@88 E0@0:B5@87CNBAO 45<>=AB@0B82=>ABLN ?>2545=8O, G0AB> =>AOB G5@BK 3@>B5A:0, C 1>;L=KE A >@30=8G5A:8<8 ?>@065=8O<8 <>730 =5@54:> >B;8G0NBAO <>=>B>==>ABLN 8 >4=>>1@0785< 60;>1. 4=>9 87 G0ABKE 8AB5@8G5A:8E D>@< O2;ONBAO 8AB5@8G5A:85 AC<5@5G=K5 A>AB>O=8O. =5H=85 ?@>O2;5=8O 8E @07=>>1@07=K. # <>;>4>9 65=I8=K, <5GB02H59 2K@20BLAO 87 BO65;>9 A5<59=>9 8 1KB>2>9 >1AB0=>2:8, 2 :>B>@>9 >=0 =0E>48;0AL, @0728;0AL :0@B8=0 8AB5@8G5A:>9 ?A524>;8AAK (;>6=>3> 15H5=AB20) G5@57 =5A:>;L:> G0A>2 ?>A;5 C:CA0 A>10:>9. >340 <K 2845;8 1>;L=CN 2 8=D5:F8>==>9 :;8=8:5, 2 :>B>@CN >=0 1K;0 =0?@02;5=0 A ?@54?>;>68B5;L=K< 4803=>7>< 15H5=AB20, 1>;L=0O =0E>48;0AL 2 AC<5@5G=>< A>AB>O=88. ! 157C<=K< 284><, H8@>:> >B:@KBK<8 3;070<8 8 >B:@KBK< @B>< >=0 1530;0 ?> ?0;0B5, @071@K73820;0 A;N=C, 874020;0 ;0NI85 72C:8, =5 >B25G0;0 =0 2>?@>AK, A C60A>< >BH0BK20;0AL >B ?8I8 8 >A>15==> >B 2>4K. A5< A2>8< 284>< 8 ?>2545=85< 87>1@060;0 :0@B8=C 15H5=AB20 B0:, :0: >=0 55 A515 ?@54AB02;O;0. > E0@0:B5@C 1>;L=0O 1K;0 A:;>==0 : B50B@0;L=>AB8, >1;040;0 O@:>9 D0=B07859 8 682>9 M<>B82=>ABLN. > 2@5<5=8 2>7=8:=>25=8O 701>;520=8O 1K;0 0AB5=878@>20=0 ?5@5=5A5==K< 3@8??><.  40==>< A;CG05 ?>A;5 C:CA0 A>10:8 2>7=8:;> 5AB5AB25==>5 >?0A5=85 701>;5BL 15H5=AB2><. 4=0:> =5 C:CA A>10:8 8 =5 A0<> >?0A5=85, 0 ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI0O >1AB0=>2:0, 2 :>B>@>9 68;0 1>;L=0O, O28;0AL >A=>2=>9 ?@8G8=>9 701>;520=8O. @54AB02;5=85 > 1>;57=8, A2O702H8AL A ?@54AB02;5=85< >1 87102;5=88 >B BO65;>9 A8BC0F88, ?@8>1@5;> E0@0:B5@ «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8». @8 MB>< >4=>2@5<5==> 2>7=8:;> 38?=>B8G5A:>5 D07>2>5 A>AB>O=85, ?@>O282H55AO 2 2845 AC<5@5G=>3> A>AB>O=8O. "0:8< >1@07><, 1>;57=5==K9 A8<?B>< 2>7=8: ?> <5E0=87<C A0<>2=CH5=8O 2 A>>B25BAB288 A ?@5D>@<8@>202H8<8 1>;57=5==K9 A8<?B>< ?@54AB02;5=8O<8, B. 5. ?> B><C 65 <5E0=87<C, ?> :>B>@><C, :0: <K 2845;8, @0728205BAO 8AB5@8G5A:0O 3;CE>B0, A;5?>B0 8;8 =0@CH5=85 ?0<OB8.  4@C3>< A;CG05 2;0AB=0O, M=5@38G=0O 65=I8=0 42 ;5B, ;N1OI0O 65=0 8 E>@>H0O <0BL, AB0;0 70<5G0BL, GB> <C6 59 87<5=O5B. > 2@5<O >1JOA=5=8O A A>?5@=8F59 >=0 C40@8;0 55 ?5@>G8==K< =>6><, =0=5AO 59 ;53:>5 @0=5=85, ?>A;5 G53> <C6 CH5; 87 4><0 A MB>9 65=I8=>9. AN =>GL 1>;L=0O =5 <>3;0 CA=CBL. 0 CB@> AK= =0H5; 55 ;560I59 ?>4 :@>20BLN 8 3@><:> A<5NI59AO. =0 E;>?0;0 2 ;04>H8 8 @07K3@K20;0 AF5=C ?>43>B>2:8 : O:>1K ?@54AB>OI59 59 A204L15. 0 B@5B89 45=L 2 ?A8E80B@8G5A:>9 1>;L=8F5 >=0 2KH;0 87 AC<5@5G=>3> A>AB>O=8O A 0<=57859 ?@>8AH54H53>. # 4@C3>9 1>;L=>9 ?>A;5 AA>@K 2>7=8:;> 8AB5@8G5A:>5 AC<5@5G=>5 A>AB>O=85, 2> 2@5<O :>B>@>3> 2 :018=5B5 2@0G0 >=0 ?>-45BA:8 E;>?0;0 2 ;04>H8, A?@0H820;0, A:>@> ;8 =0G=5BAO :8=>A50=A. #B25@640;0, GB> >=0 2 :8=>B50B@5, 1K;0 >G5=L >682;5=0, B50B@0;L=> 1530;0 =0 FK?>G:0E ?> :018=5BC, ?>E;>?K20;0 2@0G0 ?> ?;5GC, ?@8=8<0O 53> 70 :8=><5E0=8:0. 0BL, ?>B5@O2H0O @515=:0, 2> 2@5<O AC<5@5G=>3> A>AB>O=8O ?5@56820;0 AF5=K, A2O70==K5 A CE>4>< 70 =8<, C:;04K20;0 53> A?0BL, ?@>A8;0 >:@C60NI8E =5 HC<5BL, GB>1K 53> =5 @071C48BL. ?8AK205<K5 8AB5@8G5A:85 AC<5@5G=K5 A>AB>O=8O E0@0:B5@87CNBAO @57:8< AC65=85< A>7=0=8O A 2K:;NG5=85< @50;L=> ACI5AB2CNI59 >1AB0=>2:8 8 70<5=>9 55 =>2>9, 65;05<>9. >2545=85 1>;L=KE ?@8 MB>< =>A8B >G5=L 2K@078B5;L=K9, B50B@0;L=K9 E0@0:B5@. =8 :0: 1K @07K3@K20NB AF5=K, 2> 2@5<O :>B>@KE <>3CB 2KA:07K20BL 1@54>?>4>1=K5 8458 8 8A?KBK20BL O@:85, AF5=8G5A:85 30;;NF8=0F88.  ?0B>35=575 MB8E AC<5@5G=KE A>AB>O=89 83@05B @>;L <5E0=87< «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0, 40NI53> 2KE>4 87 BO65;>9 4;O 1>;L=>3> A8BC0F88 8;8 ?>72>;ONI53> C9B8 >B AB02H59 =5A=>A=>9 459AB28B5;L=>AB8. >4 2;8O=85< A0<>2=CH5==KE ?@54AB02;5=89 =0 D>=5 AC65==>3> A>7=0=8O <>3CB 2>7=8:0BL ?@8ABC?K 8AB5@8G5A:>9 3;>AA>;0;88  02B><0B8G5A:>9 =5?@>872>;L=>9 @5G8 =0 =5ACI5AB2CNI5< O7K:5. # >4=>3> 87 =0H8E 1>;L=KE >=0 A>AB>O;0 87 =01>@0 A;54CNI8E 15AA<KA;5==KE =5>;>387<>2: «=:5IC<5 3045 >946C?@C<0 :8=45 D8O975=. 8O A;N75 :8=45 :8;O >8BAB0. 9O :0=B>=0 3><5=55 :8<5=5... 'C940 459E 0945= 3@8;>»... 0 D>=5 =5@57:>3> AC65=8O A>7=0=8O 2> 2@5<O 3;>AA>;0;88 1>;L=K< 2K?>;=O;8AL 7040=8O 2@0G0, =0?@8<5@ ?>4=OBL 8;8 >?CAB8BL @C:C, 8 A>E@0=O;>AL A<CB=>5 2>A?><8=0=85 > ?@>8AH54H5<. @8ABC?K 4;8;8AL =5A:>;L:> <8=CB, ?>A;5 G53> A<5=O;8AL =>@<0;L=>9 @5GLN. ;O ?>=8<0=8O ?0B>35=570 8AB5@8G5A:8E AC<5@5G=KE A>AB>O=89 ?@54AB02;O5B 8=B5@5A A;54CNI55 =01;N45=85. C6, =5>6840==> 25@=C2H89AO 4><>9, 70AB0; A2>N 65=C A <>;>4K< G5;>25:><. 5=0 @57:> ?>1;54=5;0, 2AB0;0 A 4820=0, 2;57;0 =0 ;><15@=K9 AB>;8:, 4@>60 8 560AL, :CB0OAL 2 E0;0B, A:070;0 <C6C: «C, >@6, GB> 65 BK AB>8HL! 0725 BK =5 2848HL, GB> O 70<5@7;0, 4@>6C. >409 <=5 A:>@55 :C?0;L=>5 ?>;>B5=F5 8 2>7L<8 @0:5B:8. >;LH5 =5 >AB0=5<AO =0 ?;O65, ?>945< 83@0BL 2 B5==8A». A8E80B@8G5A:CN 1>;L=8FC >=0 ?@8=O;0 70 A0=0B>@89 2 @K<C, 0 1>;L=KE  70 >B4KE0NI8E 4@C759. 0 2-9 45=L <C6 A?@028;AO > 55 74>@>2L5, =0 3-9 45=L ?@8H5; ?@>2540BL A2>N 65=C, :>B>@0O «A>H;0 A C<0 >B =5@2=>3> ?>B@OA5=8O» 8 MB8< «8A:C?8;0 A2>N 28=C», ?@8=5A 59 D@C:BK 8 ?8@>6=K5 8 ?@>A8; 55 5ABL. 0 4-9 45=L CB@>< 1>;L=0O 2KH;0 87 AC<5@5G=>3> A>AB>O=8O 8 ?><=8;0, GB> 25G5@>< 1K;0 4><0, 0 ?>B>< 24@C3 >G=C;0AL 2 ?A8E80B@8G5A:>9 1>;L=8F5. 0: >=0 2 =55 ?>?0;0, GB> A =59 1K;> 8 A:>;L:> 2@5<5=8 >=0 2 =59 ?@>1K;0, =5 ?>=8<0;0. "0:8< >1@07><, 2>7=8:H55 701>;520=85 40;> 1>;L=>9 2KE>4 87 B>3> 70B@C4=8B5;L=>3> ?>;>65=8O, 2 :>B>@>5 >=0 ?>?0;0, 8 O28;>AL 4;O =55 «CA;>2=> ?@8OB=K< 8;8 65;0B5;L=K<». > ?>2>4C ?0B>35=570 AC<5@5G=>3> A>AB>O=8O <>6=> 2KA:070BL 420 ?@54;>65=8O. 5@2>5  =5>6840==>5 ?>O2;5=85 <C60 1K;> 4;O 65=K A25@EA8;L=K< @074@068B5;5<, A83=0;878@>202H8< >1 C3@>75 A5<59=><C 1;03>?>;CG8N. => ?@825;> : @0728B8N 38?=>B8G5A:>3> D07>2>3> A>AB>O=8O 2 :>@5  A=>284=>3> A>AB>O=8O. @8 MB>< 2>7=8:H55 ;53:>5 4@>60=85 8 >ICI5=85 E>;>40, A>?CBAB2CNI85 0DD5:BC 8A?C30, >6828;8 A;54K, A2O70==K5 A :C?0=85<, 8 ?>@>48;8 ?5@56820=85 AF5=K =0 ?;O65, :0: MB> 1K205B 2 A=>2845=8OE. 50;L=0O >1AB0=>2:0 70<5=8;0AL =>2>9, 65;05<>9. !>AB>O=85 MB> 70:@5?8;>AL ?> <5E0=87<C «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0 8 8AG57;>, :>340 MB>B <5E0=87< ?5@5AB0; 459AB2>20BL. B>@>5 ?@54?>;>65=85 ?>O2;5=85 <C60 2K720;> AB@0AB=>5 65;0=85 =09B8 2KE>4 87 A>7402H53>AO ?>;>65=8O. "0:8< 2KE>4>< <>3;0 1K 1KBL B0:0O 1>;57=L, :0: «AC<0AH5AB285», 0 =5, =0?@8<5@, 8AB5@8G5A:89 38?5@:8=57 8;8 ?>B5@O A;CE0 =0 >4=> CE>. BAN40 ?@54AB02;5=85 > B><, GB> >=0 «A>H;0 A C<0», ?@8>1@5;> E0@0:B5@ «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 8 ?> <5E0=87<C A0<>2=CH5=8O, :0: C 1>;L=>9 A ;>6=K< 15H5=AB2><, ?@825;> : 2>7=8:=>25=8N AC<5@5G=>3> A>AB>O=8O.  B> 2@5<O :0: C 1>;L=>9 A ;>6=K< 15H5=AB2>< C:CA A>10:8 ?>@>48; ?@54AB02;5=85 > 15H5=AB25, 745AL >ICI5=85 >7=>10 2K720;> ?@54AB02;5=85 > ?@51K20=88 =0 ?;O65 ?>A;5 :C?0=8O. >7=8:=>25=8N AC<5@5G=>3> A>AB>O=8O A?>A>1AB2>20;>, 2>-?5@2KE, ?>O2;5=85 «AB@0AB=>3> 65;0=8O» 701>;5BL, B. 5. >G5=L A8;L=>3> :>=F5=B@8@>20==>3> @074@065=8O A>>B25BAB2CNI53> CG0AB:0 :>@K, 2>-2B>@KE, B>, GB> :>@0 2 MB> 2@5<O, ?> 2A59 25@>OB=>AB8, >:070;0AL 2 38?=>B8G5A:>< D07>2>< A>AB>O=88, 2K720==>< 459AB285< A25@EA8;L=>3> @074@068B5;O (2=570?=>3> ?>O2;5=8O <C60). 'B>1K @5H8BL, :0:>5 87 MB8E ?@54?>;>65=89 1>;55 25@>OB=>, 206=> CAB0=>28BL, <>65B ;8 A25@EA8;L=K9 @074@068B5;L  H>:>20O ?A8E8G5A:0O B@02<0  2K720BL :0@B8=C, 0=0;>38G=CN 8AB5@8G5A:><C AC<5@5G=><C A>AB>O=8N, 157 CG0AB8O <5E0=87<0 «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0. B25B =0 MB>B 2>?@>A 4>;65= 1KBL 40= >B@8F0B5;L=K9.  ;8B5@0BC@5 <K =5 =0H;8 ?>4B25@645=8O B0:>9 2>7<>6=>AB8. "0:, 2 >?8A0=8OE =5@2=>-?A8E8G5A:8E ?>A;54AB289 75<;5B@OA5=89 8 :0B0AB@>D (. . 065=>2, . /. @CA8;>2A:89, . . @CE0=A:89 8 ". . !530;>2, . . 8=>:C@>20, . . 52A:89, Phleps, Stirlin1 8 4@.) <K =5 =0H;8 C:070=89 =0 @0728B85 AC<5@5G=KE A>AB>O=89 >?8A0==>3> 2KH5 B8?0, ?@8 :>B>@KE @50;L=0O A8BC0F8O 70<5=O;0AL 1K =>2>9 65;0B5;L=>9, 8 AF5=8G5A:8 ?5@56820;0AL, 8 ?@8 MB>< <5E0=87< «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0 <>3 1K 1KBL 8A:;NG5=. >7=8:=>25=85 AC<5@5G=>3> A>AB>O=8O >?8A0==>3> B8?0 =01;N40;8 C 35@<0=A:8E A>;40B 2> 2@5<O ?5@2>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K Kleist, Wetzel 8 Steinau-Steinruck2. >4 459AB285< H>:>2KE ?A8E8G5A:8E B@02< 157 CG0AB8O <5E0=87<0 «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0 <>3CB 2>7=8:0BL, :0: 1C45B C:070=> ?@8 >?8A0=88 H>:>2KE =52@>7>2, AC<5@5G=K5 A>AB>O=8O, AE>4=K5 =5 A 8AB5@8G5A:8<8, 0 A >@30=8G5A:8<8 AC<5@5G=K<8 A>AB>O=8O<8. "0:8< >1@07><, ?@82545==K5 40==K5 3>2>@OB 2 ?>;L7C 2B>@>3> ?@54?>;>65=8O > ?0B>35=575 701>;520=8O C >?8AK205<>9 1>;L=>9. !> 2@5<5= Charcot <=>385 02B>@K 2KA:07K20;8 <=5=85, GB> 8AB5@8G5A:>5 AC<5@5G=>5 A>AB>O=85 8<55B <=>3> >1I53> A A><=0<1C;8G5A:>9 AB04859 38?=>70. 59AB28B5;L=>, 2> 2@5<O A><=0<1C;8G5A:>9 AB0488 <>6=> 2=CH8BL G5;>25:C ?@54AB02;5=8O, 0=0;>38G=K5 B5<, :>B>@K5 1K20NB 2> 2@5<O 8AB5@8G5A:>3> AC<5@5G=>3> A>AB>O=8O, =0?@8<5@ 2=CH8BL 70<C6=59 65=I8=5, GB> >=0 452CH:0 8 A>18@05BAO 2K9B8 70<C6. @8 MB>< C405BAO ?>;CG8BL :0@B8=C, =0?><8=0NICN >?8A0==>5 2KH5 AC<5@5G=>5 A>AB>O=85 C 1>;L=>9, C40@82H59 =>6>< A2>N A>?5@=8FC.  >1>8E A;CG0OE 2 40;L=59H5< =0ABC?05B 0<=578O MB8E A>AB>O=89, ?>440NI0OAO CAB@0=5=8N 2 38?=>75. 4=0:> ?@54AB02;5=8O, 2=CH5==K5 2 A><=0<1C;8G5A:>9 AB0488 38?=>70, ;53:> <>3CB 1KBL :0: CAB@0=5=K 38?=>B875@><, B0: 8 70<5=5=K =>2K<8. > 2@5<O 8AB5@8G5A:>3> AC<5@5G=>3> A>AB>O=8O >A=>2=>5, 4><8=8@CNI55 ?5@56820=85 >:07K205BAO A@02=8B5;L=> CAB>9G82K< 8 >1KG=> =5 ?>4405BAO CAB@0=5=8N 8;8 70<5=5 2=CH5=85<. =CH8BL ?0@0;8G, 0=5AB578N 8;8 2K:;NG5=85 >@30=>2 GC2AB2 2 MB>< A>AB>O=88 B0:65 >1KG=> =5 C405BAO. ?8A0==K5 8AB5@8G5A:85 AC<5@5G=K5 A>AB>O=8O >B;8G0NBAO >B 0DD5:B82=>-H>:>2KE, 0 B0:65 >B M?8;5?B8G5A:8E 8 AE>4=KE A =8<8 AC<5@5G=KE A>AB>O=89 ?@8 >@30=8G5A:8E 701>;520=8OE <>730 B5<, GB> ?>2545=85 1>;L=KE 2> 2@5<O 8AB5@8G5A:8E AC<5@5G=KE A>AB>O=89 E0@0:B5@87C5BAO B50B@0;L=>ABLN, =083@0==>ABLN, AF5=8G5A:8< 87>1@065=85< =>2>9, ?@8OB=>9 4;O 1>;L=>3>, A8BC0F88 (@565  A8BC0F88, :>B>@>9 >= >?0A05BAO). @8 MB>< 1>;L=K5 ;53:> 2ABC?0NB 2 :>=B0:B A 2@0G>< 8 >:@C60NI8<8, 2:;NG0O 8E 2 ?5@568205<CN 8<8 >1AB0=>2:C; ?@8 A>>B25BAB2CNI8E 2>?@>A0E 2@0G0 >=8 G0AB> =0G8=0NB 4020BL >B25BK ?> 30=75@>2A:><C B8?C.  >B;8G85 >B MB>3> M?8;5?B8G5A:85 8 0DD5:B82=>-H>:>2K5 AC<5@5G=K5 A>AB>O=8O E0@0:B5@87CNBAO 0B5<0B8G=>ABLN, >BACBAB285< F5=B@8@>20==>AB8 ?5@56820=89 2>:@C3 :0:>9-;81> 8458.  B5E A@02=8B5;L=> @54:8E A;CG0OE, :>340 2> 2@5<O M?8;5?B8G5A:>3> AC<5@5G=>3> A>AB>O=8O 1>;L=>9 ?5@568205B 8=CN >1AB0=>2:C 8 2ABC?05B 2 :>=B0:B A 2@0G><, 2> 2A5< ?>2545=88 1>;L=>3> GC2AB2C5BAO BO65ABL, 2O7:>ABL, >BACBAB285 =083@0==>AB8, =5:>B>@0O >3;CH5==>ABL, =5 A2>9AB25==K5 8AB5@88. <=578O ?@8 =59 2 >B;8G85 >B M?8;5?B8G5A:8E 8 0DD5:B82=>-H>:>2KE AC<5@5G=KE A>AB>O=89 G0AB> ?>4405BAO CAB@0=5=8N 2 38?=>B8G5A:>< A=5. "0:, >4=0 =0H0 1>;L=0O ?@8 ?>ABC?;5=88 2 :;8=8:C ?><=8;0, :0: CB@>< 2KH;0 87 4><C 8 40;55 >GCB8;0AL 2 ?@85<=>< ?>:>5 1>;L=8FK. > 2@5<O 3;C1>:>3> 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 >=0 2A?><=8;0, GB> CB@>< =0 2>:70;5 55 >128=8;8 2 =51;03>284=>< ?>ABC?:5 8, :>340 ?>4>H5; <8;8F8>=5@, GB>1K 55 7045@60BL, >=0 24@C3 C2845;0 A51O >4=C =0 15@53C @5:8. K;> 60@:>, 8 >=0 AB0;0 @074520BLAO, GB>1K 2K:C?0BLAO. 0B5< ?>4@>1=> >?8A0;0 ?@51K20=85 2 <548F8=A:>< ?C=:B5 2>:70;0, >6840=85 B0< <0H8=K A:>@>9 ?><>I8 8 B>, :0:, ?>?02 2 ?@85<=K9 ?>:>9, ?>=O;0, GB> >=0 2 1>;L=8F5. > ?@>1C645=88 >B 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 0<=578O 2>7>1=>28;0AL. @C30O 1>;L=0O ?><=8;0, :0: ?>AA>@8;0AL A <C65< 8 70B5< >G=C;0AL =0 A;54CNI89 45=L =0 A:0<59:5 2 A:25@5.  38?=>B8G5A:>< A=5 >=0 2A?><=8;0, :0: ?>A;5 AA>@K 1;C640;0 ?> C;8F0<, ?>B>< E>48;0 ?> :;0418IC 8 ?@>25;0 =>GL 2 70;5 >6840=8O =0 2>:70;5. #AB@0=8BL 2 38?=>75 0<=578N A>1KB89, ?@>8AH54H8E 2> 2@5<O M?8;5?B8G5A:>3> 8;8 0DD5:B82=>-H>:>2>3> AC<5@5G=>3> A>AB>O=8O, =5 C405BAO.  1898 3. Ganser >?8A0; A2>5>1@07=>5 8AB5@8G5A:>5 AC<5@5G=>5 A>AB>O=85 (A8=4@>< 0=75@0), =01;N402H55AO 8< C 70:;NG5==KE. A=>2=>9 53> >A>15==>ABLN O2;O5BAO A8<?B>< =5;5?KE >B25B>2 (A8<?B>< 0=75@0).  >B;8G85 >B «>B25B>2 <8<>» 1>;L=KE H87>D@5=859 745AL >B25B 405BAO 2 ?;>A:>AB8 2>?@>A>2. "0:, =0 2>?@>A, A:>;L:> <5AOF52 2 3>4C, 1>;L=>9 A A8=4@><>< 0=75@0 >B25B8;: «20», B. 5. =5;5?>, => 2 ?;>A:>AB8 2>?@>A0 (4C@0H;82K9 3515D@5=8: A @5G52>9 @07>@20==>ABLN =0 MB>B 65 2>?@>A >B25B8;: «# CH:8=0 1K;0 "0=5G:0, 0;>G:0 8 0B0;>G:0. 0:5B0 225@E ;5B8B», B. 5. «>B25B <8<>»). > E0@0:B5@C >B25B>2 284=>, GB> 1>;L=K5 8AB5@859 ?>=8<0NB A<KA; ?@54;0305<KE 8< 2>?@>A>2.  A2>8E >B25B0E, :0: 70<5G05B Ganser, >=8 >1=0@C6820NB ?>@078B5;L=>5 =52565AB2> 8 8AG57=>25=85 A2545=89, :>B>@K<8, =5A><=5==>, >1;040;8 8 >1;040NB. -B> AC<5@5G=>5 A>AB>O=85 2>7=8:05B >AB@>. "0:, =0?@8<5@, C >4=>3> =0H53> 1>;L=>3>, A>25@H82H53> :@06C, B0:>5 A>AB>O=85 @0728;>AL 2> 2@5<O 4>AB02:8 53> 2 70; AC40. >;L=>9 AB0; >1=0@C6820BL AB@0==>5 ?>2545=85. "> 1K; B@52>65=, @0AB5@O=, 1>O7;82, B> =5<>B828@>20==> 4>1@>4CH=> C;K10;AO, =5;5?> >B25B8; AC4C =0 2>?@>AK >1 8<5=8, 2>7@0AB5, <5AB>68B5;LAB25. 0 2>?@>A, A:>;L:> 5<C ;5B, >B25B8;: «5 7=0N», 0 =0 2>?@>A, A:>;L:> C ;>H048 =>3, >B25B8;: «"@8». 0;55 2 >B25B5 =0 ?>AB02;5==K5 2>?@>AK A>>1I8;, GB> C =53> =0 >4=>9 @C:5 7 ?0;LF52, =0 4@C3>9  6, 0 2<5AB5 11, GB> A=53 A8=53> F25B0 8 2K?0405B ;5B><. @8 ?@>AL15 ?>:070BL, 345 C =53> =>A, ?>:070; =0 CE>, ?@8 ?@>AL15 ?>4=OBL ?@02CN @C:C ?>4=O; ;52CN, ?@8 ?@>AL15 7065GL A?8G:C AB0; G8@:0BL 55 B>9 AB>@>=>9, =0 :>B>@>9 =5B A5@K. 0 ?@54;>65=85 =0720BL ?>:07K205<K9 5<C ?@54<5B =0720; G5@=8;L=8FC ?5@><, 1C<03C :=83>9, AB>; ABC;><. <5@8:0=A:85 02B>@K Weiner 8 Brain >B<5G0NB, GB> C =01;N402H8EAO 8<8 1>;L=KE A A8=4@><>< 0=75@0 G0AB> 8<5;8AL 8AB5@8G5A:85 ?0@57K 8 0=5AB5788. # =0H8E 1>;L=KE MB>3> =5 >B<5G0;>AL.  ?5@2K9 <><5=B C:070==K5 1>;L=K5 ?@>872>4OB 2?5G0B;5=85 3;C1>:>3> A;01>C<8O, >4=0:> 40;L=59H85 =01;N45=8O ?>:07K20NB, GB> «2 MB>< 157C<88 5ABL A8AB5<0». !;01>C<85 87>1@0605BAO 2 2845 =5A?>A>1=>AB8 4020BL ?@028;L=K5 >B25BK =0 2A5 2>?@>AK 2@0G0, B. 5. B0:8<, :0:8< 1>;L=K5 53> A515 ?@54AB02;ONB.  >A=>25 MB>3> 2840 8AB5@8G5A:8E AC<5@5G=KE A>AB>O=89 ;568B B>B 65 <5E0=87< A0<>2=CH5=8O. @8 MB>< «CA;>2=> ?@8OB=K<8 8;8 65;0B5;L=K<8» O2;ONBAO ?@54AB02;5=8O > B><, GB> 2>7=8: «?A8E>7», «A;01>C<85», >A2>1>640NI85 >B >B25BAB25==>AB8 8;8 87102;ONI85 >B =5?@8OB=>9 >1O70==>AB8. ;87:> : A8=4@><C 0=75@0 AB>8B ?A524>45<5=F8O1  ;>6=>5 A;01>C<85. 0: 8 A8=4@>< 0=75@0, >=0 >1KG=> 2>7=8:05B B>340, :>340 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 4;8B5;L=> 459AB2C5B ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI0O A8BC0F8O, A83=0;878@CNI0O >1 C3@>75 1;03>?>;CG8N ;8G=>AB8, G0I5 2A53> C >6840NI8E AC40 70 A>25@H5==>5 45O=85. > 2@5<O ?5@2>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K @0728B85 ?A524>45<5=F88 8=>340 =01;N40;>AL C A>;40B, >68402H8E >B?@02:8 =0 D@>=B. 0: C:07K20; . . 0==CH:8=, ?@8 ?A524>45<5=F88 2 >B;8G85 >B A8=4@><0 0=75@0 <5=55 2KO2;5=K M;5<5=BK =0@>G8B>AB8, =5;5?>AB8. -B8 1>;L=K5 >1@0I0NB =0 A51O 2=8<0=85 1>;LH59 @0AB5@O==>ABLN, 70B>@<>65==>ABLN, 60;>10<8 =0 3>;>2=K5 1>;8 8 =0 =5A?>A>1=>ABL GB>-=81C4L ?>=OBL. A524>45<5=F8O >1KG=> @0728205BAO >AB@> 8 A8<?B><0B8:0 55, :0: ?>4G5@:8205B . . 1CE>2, =0 >A=>20=88 >1>1I5=8O =01;N45=89, A45;0==KE 2 >A:25 2 =AB8BCB5 AC451=>9 ?A8E80B@88 8<5=8 . . !5@1A:>3>, 2=0G0;5 <=>3>>1@07=0 8 =5 AB@>3> A?5F8D8G=0. # 1>;L=KE CB@0G8205BAO >@85=B8@>2:0, 8=>340 =0ABC?05B <CB87<. AB@5G0NBAO =5AB>9:85 1@54>2K5 8458 8 38?=03>38G5-A:85 30;;NF8=0F88, >:@0H5==K5 0DD5:B>< AB@0E0, 1>;L=K5 4@>60B, 701820NBAO 2 C3>;.  40;L=59H5< >4=8 1>;L=K5 AB0=>2OBAO 70B>@<>65==K<8, 2O;K<8, 0A?>=B0==K<8. >;LHCN G0ABL 2@5<5=8 >=8 ?@>2>4OB, A84O 2 >4=>>1@07=>9 ?>75 8;8 ;560 2 ?>AB5;8. !0<8 =8 : :><C =8 A :0:8<8 ?@>AL10<8 8;8 2>?@>A0<8 =5 >1@0I0NBAO, =5 C<K20NBAO, =5 54OB, 5A;8 8E =5 :>@<OB. ! BC?K<, 15AA<KA;5==K< 2K@065=85< ;8F0 A<>B@OB ?5@54 A>1>9. >4>;3C, :0: 1K 1C4CG8 =5 2 A>AB>O=88 A>1@0BLAO A <KA;O<8, <>;G0B, ?@5645 G5< >B25B8BL =0 A0<K9 ?@>AB>9 2>?@>A. '0AB> =0 2>?@>A >B25G0NB: «5 7=0N», 8=>340 40NB ?5@A525@8@CNI85 >B25BK 8;8 >B25BK ;8HL 2 A0<>9 >1>1I5==>9 D>@<5. @C385 1>;L=K5 068B8@>20=K, AC5B;82K, @0AB>@<>65=K. 2865=8O 8E =5;5?K, :0@8:0BC@=K. =8 1530NB ?> ?0;0B5, ?@8?;OAK20NB, 8=>340 ABC?0NB =0 1>:>2K5 ?>25@E=>AB8 AB>? 8;8 ?0;LFK. '0AB> 3@8<0A=8G0NB, :@82;ONBAO. 8<8:0 >1KG=> A 3;C?>20B>9 C;K1:>9, 8=>340 2@5<5=0<8 AB@040;LG5A:0O. >;L=K5 <=>3> 3>2>@OB, 40NB =5;5?K5 >B25BK ?> 30=75@>2A:><C B8?C. @8 MB>< =5;5?K9 >B25B 8=>340 405B =0G0;> 40;L=59H8< D0=B0AB8G5A:8< 2KA:07K20=8O<. =>340 1>;L=K5 ?>2B>@ONB 2A5 2>?@>AK 8 459AB28O A>15A54=8:0. 5@54:> =5;5?> A>25@H0NB ?@>AB59H85 459AB28O  706830NB A?8G:C =5 B5< :>=F><, 2A>2K20NB =>38 2 @C:020 E0;0B0, G0AB> >1=0@C6820NB O2;5=8O <CB87<0. # B5E 8 4@C38E 1>;L=KE 70 <0A:>9 @0AB5@O==>AB8 8 BC?>AB8 2KABC?05B B5=45=F8O ?>4G5@:=CBL A2>N =5455A?>A>1=>ABL 8 =5>B25BAB25==>ABL. 10 20@80=B0 :;8=8G5A:>9 :0@B8=K ?A524>45<5=F88 1K;8 ?>4<5G5=K . . $5;8=A:>9 8 40;8 59 2>7<>6=>ABL 2K45;8BL 45?@5AA82=CN 8 068B8@>20==CN D>@<C MB>3> 701>;520=8O. =>340 1>;L=K5 ?A524>45<5=F859 =0G8=0NB 8<8B8@>20BL :0@B8=C ?A8E>70, =0?@8<5@ H87>D@5=88, =01;N405<CN 8<8 C 4@C3>3> 1>;L=>3>. @8 70BO6=>< A8=4@><5 ?A524>45<5=F88 (. . $5;8=A:0O, . C;O<>2, . . <<5@<0=, .. . '818A>2) =5@54:> ?@5:@0I0NBAO =5?@028;L=K5 >B25BK 2 D>@<5 <8<>@5G8O, ?>O2;ONBAO >B@8F0B5;L=K5 70?074K20NI85 >B25BK, 8=>340 D8:A8@CNBAO >B25BK 2 D>@<5 3;03>;>2, >1>7=0G0NI8E E0@0:B5@ ?@8<5=5=8O ?@54<5B0 (G5@=8;L=8F0  «?8A0BL», :;NG  «>B:@K20BL»). 01;N40NBAO :0: 1K 70CG5==K5 =5;5?K5 >B25BK. 8<8:0 ?@8>1@5B05B E0@0:B5@ 70ABK2H59 3@8<0AK. =>340 >B<5G05BAO B@0=AD>@<0F8O <8<>@5GLO 2 @0A?04 @5G8  =5G;5=>@0745;L=CN @5GL, 033@0<0B87<K, ?@>87=5A5=85 >B45;L=KE 1C:2, A;>3>2. KE>4 87 ?A524>45<5=F88 >1KG=> ?>AB5?5==K9. 5@8>4 1>;57=8 ?>425@305BAO 8;8 ?>;=>9, 8;8 G0AB8G=>9 0<=5788.  ?>A;54=5< A;CG05 2>A?><8=0=8O =>AOB ;8HL A<CB=K9 E0@0:B5@. > . C;O<>2C, ?A524>45<5=F8O ?@8 ;5G5=88 G0I5 2A53> 4;8BAO 2 3 =545;8, @565 1 3 <5AOF0, ;8HL 2 @54:8E A;CG0OE ?@8=8<0O 1>;55 4;8B5;L=>5 70BO6=>5 B5G5=85.  >B;8G85 >B 1>;L=KE ?A524>45<5=F859 2 A;CG0OE A8<C;OF88 =0@O4C A ?@028;L=K<8 2AB@5G0NBAO A>25@H5==> =5?@028;L=K5 >B25BK. "0:, =0?@8<5@, 2 >B25B =0 2>?@>A A8<C;8@>202H89 25@=> =0720; AB>;8FK $@0=F88 8 B0;88, => =5 A<>3 «2A?><=8BL»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«@53@5AA5 ;8G=>AB8» : 1>;55 @0==5<C C@>2=N ?A8E8G5A:>3> @0728B8O. CM@8;87< O2;O5BAO A>AB>O=85<, @>4AB25==K< ?A524>45<5=F88, ?@8G5< ?>A;54=OO =5@54:> ?5@5E>48B 2 =53>. 0: ?A524>45<5=F8O, B0: 8 ?CM@8;87< <>3CB 4;8BLAO =5A:>;L:> 4=59, => G0I5 2A53> ?@8=8<0NB 70BO6=>5 B5G5=85.  >A=>25 ?A524>45<5=F88 8 ?CM@8;87<0 ?@8 8AB5@88 ;560B ?@5D>@<8@CNI85 1>;57=5==K9 A8<?B>< ?@54AB02;5=8O > B><, GB> 701>;52H89 «AB0; A;01>C<=K<» 8;8 «2?0; 2 45BAB2>», O2;ONI85AO 4;O =53> «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>ABLN 8;8 65;0B5;L=>ABLN». @8 70BO6=>< B5G5=88 ?CM@8;87<0 CB@0G8205BAO F5;>AB=K9 E0@0:B5@ 45BA:>3> ?>2545=8O (. . $5;8=A:0O). >;L=K5 ;5?5GCB GB>-B> =5?>=OB=>5, 2K@K20NB 87 @C: 1;5ABOI85 ?@54<5BK, 3@><:> ?;0GCB, E>E>GCB 157 ?>2>40, ?>;70NB =0 G5B25@5=L:0E, :0: <0;5=L:85 45B8, <>3CB «?5@52>?;>I0BLAO» 2 682>B=KE. K 2845;8 1>;L=>3> A 8AB5@8G5A:8< «?5@52>?;>I5=85<»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«?5@8>4K <>;G0=8O»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«2>520BL». >AB5?5==> A>AB>O=85 53> AB0;> 87<5=OBLAO. 8<8:0 ?@8=O;0 70ABK2H89 E0@0:B5@. A?KBC5<K9 =0G0; E>48BL 2KGC@=>9 ?>E>4:>9, ?5@542830BLAO =0 =>A:0E, =5 A3810O =>3 2 :>;5=OE 8 2KBO3820O 2?5@54 >15 @C:8. 0B5< ?>O28;8AL O2;5=8O ME>;0;88: AB0; ?>;=>ABLN ?>2B>@OBL 7040205<K5 5<C 2>?@>AK. 0ABK20; 2 8A:CAAB25==KE ?>70E, 2@5<5=0<8 >B:07K20;AO >B ?8I8.  40;L=59H5< 2A5 1>;LH5 ?>3@C60;AO 2 ABC?>@>7=>5 A>AB>O=85. >EC45;. &5;K<8 4=O<8 ;560; 2 :@>20B8 2 2KGC@=>9 ?>75: ?@8?>4=O2 3>;>2C 8 >?8@0OAL =0 ;>:B8. 5A:>;L:> >682;O;AO B>;L:> 2> 2@5<O 54K 8;8 :C@5=8O.  8A?KBC5<><C ?@8<5=O;8AL @07;8G=K5 ;5G51=K5 A@54AB20. >4 2;8O=85< 10@10<8;0 >= 2KE>48; 87 ABC?>@>7=>3> A>AB>O=8O, ;53:> :>=B0:B8@>20; A 2@0G0<8, >1=0@C6820O ?@8 MB>< 682CN M<>F8>=0;L=>ABL 8 >BACBAB285 :0:8E-;81> =0@CH5=89 <KH;5=8O. @C385 A@54AB20 (?5=B>B0;, :>D58=) ?>;=>3> @0AB>@<06820=8O =5 4020;8, 0 ?5@52>48;8 ABC?>@>7=>5 A>AB>O=85 2 A>AB>O=85 ?A524>45<5=F88 8;8 ?CM@8;87<0. ?8A0==>5 A>AB>O=85 4;8;>AL >:>;> 3>40, 0 70B5< >?OBL =5A:>;L:> 87<5=8;>AL. 0 ;8F5 ?>O28;0AL 4C@0H;820O C;K1:0, 2 3>;>A5  ?CM@8;L=K5 8=B>=0F88 >;L=>9 =5 E>48; A0<>AB>OB5;L=>, 0 ?5@542830;AO, >1E20B82 A0=8B0@:C 70 H5N; ?@8 MB>< >= 2>;>G8; =>38, H8@>:> @0AAB02;OO 8E. 0 2>?@>AK >B25G0; AB5@5>B8?=K<8 D@070<8, =5 A>3;0ACO ?045659. «/ 5<C <>3C <=>3> :;58BL 1C<030» 8;8 «/ E>GC <=>3> :C@8BL ?0?8@>AK» 8 B. 4. $878G5A:8 =5<=>3> ?>?@028;AO. !> AB>@>=K =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K >A>1KE C:;>=5=89 >B =>@<K =5 =01;N40;>AL. 284C 70BO6=>3> E0@0:B5@0 @50:B82=>3> A>AB>O=8O M:A?5@B=0O :><8AA8O 2K=5A;0 70:;NG5=85 > =5>1E>48<>AB8 ?5@52>40 8A?KBC5<>3> 2 ?A8E80B@8G5A:CN 1>;L=8FC 4> 2K74>@>2;5=8O, =5 @5H0O 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O 2>?@>A0 > 2<5=O5<>AB8. @8 2KE>45 87 8AB5@8G5A:>3> ABC?>@0 >1KG=> =01;N40NBAO ?A524>45<5=F8O, ?CM@8;87<, 3;CE>=5<>B0, ?0@0;8G8 8 4@C385 8AB5@8G5A:85 A8<?B><K. AB5@8G5A:89 ABC?>@ <>65B 8=>340 ?@8=8<0BL 70BO6=>5 B5G5=85 (4;8BLAO 3>40<8) 8 2 MB8E A;CG0OE ?@54AB02;OBL 7=0G8B5;L=K5 B@C4=>AB8 4;O >B3@0=8G5=8O >B H87>D@5=88. B :0B0B>=8G5A:>3> ABC?>@0 >= >B;8G05BAO @0728B85< ?>4 2;8O=85< B@02<K, 682>ABLN M<>F8>=0;L=KE @50:F89, =083@0==>ABLN 8 45<>=AB@0B82=>ABLN ?>2545=8O 1>;L=KE 8=>340 >1=0@C68205<>9 8<8 A>7=0B5;L=>ABLN 273;O40, ?@>A:0;L7K20=85< M;5<5=B>2 ?CM@8;87<0 8;8 ?A524>45<5=F88. @><5 B>3>, 8AB5@8G5A:89 ABC?>@ E0@0:B5@87C5BAO >4=>>1@0785< :0@B8=K, >BACBAB285< 48=0<8:8, A2>9AB25==>9 1>;L=K< H87>D@5=859, 0 B0:65 1;03>?@8OB=K< 8AE>4><, =0ABC?0NI8< ?>4 2;8O=85< 8=D>@<0F88 > B><, GB> >?0A=>ABL 1;03>?>;CG8N 1>;L=>3> <8=>20;0. &5==K5 40==K5 4;O 2KOA=5=8O E0@0:B5@0 ABC?>@0 <>6=> ?>;CG8BL ?@8 ?>?KB:5 @0AB>@<06820=8O 1>;L=>3> 0<8B0;-=0B@85<, 0 B0:65 33% 0;:>3>;5<. A=>2=>9 >A>15==>ABLN, E0@0:B5@87CNI59 8AB5@8G5A:89 ABC?>@, O2;O5BAO =0;8G85 >G030 8=5@B=>3> 70AB>9=>3> 2>71C645=8O, «1>;L=>3> ?C=:B0» 2 <>73C, 2K720==>3> 459AB285< ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<K =0 D>=5 >1I59 ?A8E><>B>@=>9 70B>@<>65==>AB8.  A2O78 A =8< AB>OB ?@5D>@<8@CNI85 1>;57=5==K9 A8<?B>< ?@54AB02;5=8O, >1;040NI85 «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>ABLN 8;8 65;0B5;L=>ABLN»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«CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>ABLN 8;8 65;0B5;L=>ABLN» 4;O 1>;L=>3>. B =8E, 0 =5 >B «18>;>38G5A:8 ?@5D>@<8@>20==KE <5E0=87<>2» 8;8 «?A8E>A><0B8G5A:>9 2AB@5G=>AB8» 7028A8B 2 :064>< A;CG05 2>7=8:=>25=85 8<5==> 40==>3>, 0 =5 :0:>3>-;81> 4@C3>3> A8<?B><0. 065 5A;8 8AB5@8G5A:89 A8<?B>< 2>7=8:05B ?> <5E0=87<C 8AB5@8G5A:>9 D8:A0F88 B>3> 8;8 8=>3> =58AB5@8G5A:>3> =0@CH5=8O DC=:F88, >= 2A5 65 =5 O2;O5BAO B>G=>9 :>?859 MB>3> =0@CH5=8O, 0 A>>B25BAB2C5B ?@5D>@<8@CNI5<C A8<?B>< ?@54AB02;5=8N. "' !"  52@>7 8AB5@88 <>65B ?@8=8<0BL @07;8G=>5 B5G5=85 8 4;8BLAO >B =5A:>;L:8E <8=CB 4> <=>38E ;5B. >A;54=55 <>65B =01;N40BLAO 2 B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 A8BC0F8O B0:>20, GB> 1>;57=5==K9 A8<?B>< ?@>4>;605B A>E@0=OBL A2>N «CA;>2=CN ?@8OB=>ABL 8;8 65;0B5;L=>ABL» 3>40<8, B. 5. 5A;8 1>;L=>9 ?@>4>;605B ?@51K20BL 2 B@02<8@CNI59 ?A8E8:C >1AB0=>2:5. 7<5=5=85 >B=>H5=8O 1>;L=>3> : 2K7202H8< 8 ?>445@6820NI8< 701>;520=85 @074@068B5;O<, >A>15==> ?@5:@0I5=85 8E 459AB28O 8 ?>O2;5=85 =>2KE, A83=0;878@CNI8E > B><, GB> C3@>70 1;03>?>;CG8N 1>;L=>3> <8=>20;0, ?@82>48B : A=OB8N 8AB5@8G5A:>3> A8<?B><0. "0:, 8AB5@8G5A:89 ?0@0;8G, 3;CE>=5<>B0, ABC?>@, ?A524>45<5=F8O, 45@602H85AO =5?@5@K2=> 3>40<8, 8;8 8AB5@8G5A:85 ?@8?04:8, ?>2B>@ONI85AO <=>3> @07 2 45=L, <>3CB 1KAB@> 8AG57=CBL, :0: B>;L:> ?>445@6820NI89 8E <5E0=87< «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0 ?@5:@0B8B A2>5 459AB285. -B8< >1JOA=O5BAO =01;N402H0OAO 2 35@<0=A:8E 3>A?8B0;OE ?>A;5 ?@5:@0I5=8O ?5@2>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K «M?845<8O» 2K74>@>2;5=8O 1>;L=KE A 70BO6=K<8 (45@602H8<8AO 3>40<8) 8AB5@8G5A:8<8 A8<?B><0<8 (?0@0;8G0<8, 3;CE>=5<>B>9 8 B. ?.). %0@0:B5@=> A;54CNI55 =01;N45=85. # ?>4A;54AB25==>3> 70:;NG5==>3>, =0E>482H53>AO =0 ;5G5=88 2 ?A8E80B@8G5A:>9 1>;L=8F5, 8AB5@8G5A:89 ?A524>:0B0B>=8G5A:89 ABC?>@ 45@60;AO 4 3>40.  A;CG05 >AC645=8O 5<C C3@>60;> 5 ;5B BN@5<=>3> 70:;NG5=8O. 5G5=85 M;5:B@>AC4>@>6=>9 B5@0?859 8 4@C38<8 <5B>40<8 =5 4020;> =8:0:>3> MDD5:B0 >;L=>9 1KAB@> (2 B5G5=85 2 4=59) 2KH5; 87 A>AB>O=8O ABC?>@0 8 2K74>@>25; ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: 2 ?0;0B5, 2 :>B>@>9 >= =0E>48;AO, 1K; ?@>G8B0= >?C1;8:>20==K9 2 3075B5 8 ?5@540==K9 ?> @048> C:07 >1 0<=8AB88, ?>4 459AB285 :>B>@>3> >= ?>4?040;. #AB@0=5=85 8AB5@8G5A:>3> A8<?B><0 <>65B =0ABC?0BL 2 A>AB>O=88 0DD5:B0. "0:, >48= =0H 1>;L=>9, AB@0402H89 2 B5G5=85 3>40 8AB5@8G5A:>9 ?0@0?;53859 =>3 8 ?5@5428302H89AO ?@8 ?><>I8 :>;OA:8, 2 A>AB>O=88 0DD5:B0, 2K720==>3> @52=>ABLN, 2A:>G8; =0 =>38, 1K2H85 ?0@0;87>20==K<8, ?5@5?@K3=C; G5@57 10@L5@, ?>20;8; >184G8:0 8 >B:CA8; 5<C =>A. >A;5 MB>3> O2;5=8O 8AB5@8G5A:>3> ?0@0;8G0 BCB 65 2>7>1=>28;8AL. > 2@5<O ?>60@0 8AB5@8G5A:89 ABC?>@ 8;8 ?0@0;8G, ?@5?OBAB2CNI85 1>;L=><C A?0AB8 A2>N 687=L, <><5=B0;L=> A=8<0;8AL, 8 1>;L=K5, 4> MB>3> <5AOF0<8 ;5602H85 =5?>4286=>, 2KA:0:820;8 87 >:=0, ?>A;5 G53> 2=>2L 2?040;8 2 ?@56=55 A>AB>O=85. "5 8;8 8=K5 8AB5@8G5A:85 A8<?B><K <>3CB ;53:> 2=>2L 2>7=8:0BL ?>4 459AB285< ?A8E8G5A:8E B@02<, ?>445@6820NI8E <5E0=87<K «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 701>;520=8O. @8 MB>< =5@54:> ?@>8AE>48B A<5=0 >4=>3> CAB@0=5==>3> 8AB5@8G5A:>3> A8<?B><0 4@C38<. "0:, =0?@8<5@, ?>A;5 CAB@0=5=8O 8AB5@8G5A:>3> ?0@0;8G0 ?>O2;ONBAO 8AB5@8G5A:85 ?@8?04:8, 2<5AB> AC@4><CB87<0  708:0=85. A>15==> G0AB> MB> ?@>8AE>48B C 8AB5@>84=KE ?A8E>?0B>2, 0 B0:65 C ;8F, C :>B>@KE 2 @57C;LB0B5 B@02<K G5@5?0 8;8 B><C ?>4>1=>9 2@54=>AB8 2>7=8:;0 ?A8E>?0B870F8O ;8G=>AB8. !" !"  803=>7 =52@>70 8AB5@88 CAB0=02;8205BAO 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L =0 >A=>20=88 :;8=8G5A:>9 :0@B8=K 701>;520=8O, =0?@8<5@, >?8A0==KE 2KH5 :;8=8G5A:8E ?@87=0:>2 8AB5@8G5A:>3> ?0@0;8G0 8AB5@8G5A:>9 3;CE>BK (=>AOI59 8718@0B5;L=K9 E0@0:B5@), 8AB5@8G5A:>3> AC<5@5G=>3> A>AB>O=8O. ;8=8G5A:0O :0@B8=0 701>;520=8O ?>72>;O5B ?@8 MB>< >B3@0=8G8BL 53> >B AE>4=KE >@30=8G5A:8 >1CA;>2;5==KE :0@B8=, 0 B0:65 4@C38E =52@>7>2 8 @50:B82=KE ?A8E>7>2. ;O >B3@0=8G5=8O 8AB5@88 >B 4@C38E =52@>7>2 ?@54AB02;O5B 8=B5@5A 2KOA=5=85 ?@5<>@184=KE >A>15==>AB59 ;8G=>AB8 701>;52H53>. "0:, =0;8G85 2K@065==KE 8AB5@>84=KE G5@B E0@0:B5@0, 40==KE > ?@8=04;56=>AB8 : EC4>65AB25==><C B8?C 2 ?>=8<0=88 . . 02;>20, 1>;55 E0@0:B5@=> 4;O 8AB5@88, G5<, =0?@8<5@, 4;O ?A8E0AB5=88. 4=0:>, :0: C:07K20;>AL, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, 8AB5@8O <>65B 2>7=8:=CBL 8 C ;8F, =5 O2;ONI8EAO 8AB5@8:0<8, >A>15==> 5A;8 MB8 ;8F0 «8AB5@878@>20=K» ?5@5=5A5==>9 B@02<>9 G5@5?0, 8=D5:F859 8;8 :0:>9-;81> 4@C3>9 2@54=>ABLN, A 4@C3>9  C 8AB5@>84=>9 ;8G=>AB8 <>3CB 1KBL =52@>7K 8 @50:B82=K5 ?A8E>7K, =5 >B=>AOI85AO : 8AB5@88. 06=K< 4803=>AB8G5A:8< :@8B5@85<, ?>72>;ONI8< >B3@0=8G8BL 8AB5@8N >B 4@C38E =52@>7>2 8 @50:B82=KE ?A8E>7>2, O2;O5BAO >1=0@C65=85 2 ?0B>35=575 701>;520=8O <5E0=87<0 «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0, :>B>@K9 <K AG8B05< A?5F8D8G=K< 4;O 8AB5@88. #G0AB85 <5E0=87<>2 2=CH5=8O 8 A0<>2=CH5=8O 2 ?0B>35=575 701>;520=8O, :0: C:07K20;>AL 2KH5, E>BO 8 O2;O5BAO E0@0:B5@=K<, >4=0:> =5 A?5F8D8G=> 8<5==> 4;O 8AB5@88. >;LH>5 7=0G5=85 4;O @0A?>7=020=8O 8AB5@8G5A:>9 ?@8@>4K B0:8E A8<?B><>2, :0: ?0@0;8G8, 3;CE>B0, A;5?>B0 8 4@., <>65B 8<5BL >4=><><5=B=0O CAB@0=8<>ABL 8E ?CB5< 2=CH5=8O. 1 >B3@0=8G5=88 8AB5@88 >B 4@C38E =52@>7>2, @50:B82=KE ?A8E>7>2 8 >@30=8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2 <K 3>2>@8;8 ?@8 @0AA<>B@5=88 55 A8<?B><0B>;>388. >MB><C 745AL >AB0=>28<AO 3;02=K< >1@07>< =0 48DD5@5=F80F88 55 >B 8=4CF8@>20==KE 701>;520=89.  8=4CF8@>20==K< >B=>AOBAO 701>;520=8O, 2K720==K5 2=CH5=85<, 2 ?0B>35=575 :>B>@KE =5 83@05B @>;8 <5E0=87< «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0. >4@>1=55 =0 ?@8@>45 2=CH5=8O <K >AB0=>28<AO ?@8 @0AA<>B@5=88 ?@8<5=5=8O 53> A ;5G51=>9 F5;LN. 45AL ;8HL >B<5B8<, GB> 2=CH5==K5 8458 8 ?@54AB02;5=8O, GC64K5 ;8G=>AB8, 2>A?@8=OBK5 ?0AA82=>, =5 ?>4:@5?;ONBAO 8 =5 ?>445@6820NBAO @0=55 8<52H8<8AO ?@54AB02;5=8O<8 8 ?>B><C =5 >1;040NB 1>;LH>9 AB>9:>ABLN. =4CF8@>20==K5 701>;520=8O G0I5 2A53> =01;N40NBAO C ;8F, :@8B8G5A:85 A?>A>1=>AB8 :>B>@KE A;01> @0728BK 8;8 >A;01;5=K. >MB><C >=8 ;53G5 2A53> 2>7=8:0NB C ;53:> 2=CH05<KE, AC525@=KE, =52565AB25==KE, >BAB0;KE ;N459, 0 B0:65 C 4518;>2, 8AB5@8>84=KE ?A8E>?0B>2 8 C ;8F, =0E>4OI8EAO 2 A>AB>O=88 0DD5:B0, =0?@8<5@ 2 @5;838>7=>< M:AB075. #:070==K5 701>;520=8O <>3C 3 2>7=8:=CBL, 5A;8 8=4C:B>@ O2;O5BAO 4;O 8=4CF8@C5<>N 02B>@8B5B=K< ;8F>< (>B5F, <C6, CG8B5;L, 2@0G, ?@>?>254=8:, 8 5A;8 @5GL 53> O2;O5BAO O@:>9, M<>F8>=0;L=> =0AKI5==>9, >A>15==> :>340 459AB285 55 CA8;8205BAO A>>B25BAB2CNI59 @50:F859 >:@C60NI8E).  8=4CF8@>20==K< 701>;520=8O< >B=>AOBAO <0AA>2K5 ?A8E8G5A:85 M?845<88, :>B>@K<8 B0: 1>30B0 8AB>@8O A@54=525:>2LO. !N40 65 ?@8=04;560B :>;;5:B82=K5 30;;NF8=0F88, 2> 2@5<O :>B>@KE >4=>2@5<5==> <0AA0 ;N459 2845;0 7=0:8 =0 =515 8 B. ?., M?845<88 :;8:CH5AB20 8 D0=0B87<0 A A0<>8ABO70=85<, <0AA>2K< A0<>A>665=85<, 70:0?K20=85< 2 75<;N 70682>.  =59 4>;6=K 1KBL >B=5A5=K <=>385 45<>=><0=8G5A:85 M?845<88 A@54=525:>2LO. B<>AD5@0 AC525@89 8 A>AB>O=8O M:AB070 A?>A>1AB2>20;8 2>7=8:=>25=8N MB8E M?845<89 ?CB5< 8=4C:F88. @8 MB><, ?><8<> 2=CH5=8O, 8725AB=CN @>;L 83@0;> 8 A0<>2=CH5=85. ;8=8G5A:85 =01;N45=8O ?>:07K20NB, GB> G0I5 2A53> 2AB@5G05BAO >?@545;5==0O @07=>284=>ABL 8=4CF8@>20==KE 701>;520=89, ?>;CG82H0O =0720=85 8=4CF8@>20==>3> ?><5H0B5;LAB20. -B> ?><5H0B5;LAB2> 2>7=8:05B >1KG=> 2 @57C;LB0B5 2>7459AB28O A> AB>@>=K ?A8E8G5A:8 1>;L=>3> =0 ;53:> 2=CH05<>3> AC1J5:B0 8 2K@0605BAO 2 ?>O2;5=88 1@54>2KE 8459, 30;;NF8=0F89 («2845=89», «>B:@>25=89»), ?@8?04:>2 8 B. ?. A8E8G5A:8 1>;L=K5, G0I5 2A53> 1@54>2K5, ?CB5< A;>25A=>@5G52>3> 2>7459AB28O 8=4CF8@CNB A2>8<8 1@54>2K<8 845O<8 A2>8E 1;87:8E, 0 B0:65 ;8F A> A;01K< 8=B5;;5:B><. >A;54=85 =0G8=0NB 2KA:07K20BL 1@54>2K5 8458, 2>A?@8=OBK5 >B 4@C3>3> ;8F0. A>15==> G0AB> MB> 8458 ?@5A;54>20=8O 8;8 8458 @5;838>7=>3> A>45@60=8O. >A;5 @07>1I5=8O 8=4CF8@C5<>3> >B 8=4CF8@>202H53> 53> ;8F0 1@54>2K5 8458 1KAB@> ?@>E>4OB. =4CF8@>20==>5 ?><5H0B5;LAB2> ?@8E>48BAO 48DD5@5=F8@>20BL >B A;CG052 >4=>2@5<5==>3> 2>7=8:=>25=8O ?A8E8G5A:>3> 701>;520=8O, G0AB> A 1@54>2K<8 845O<8 1;87:>3> A>45@60=8O, C 42CE ;8F, =0?@8<5@ H87>D@5=88 C 42CE 1@0BL52.  8=4CF8@>20==K< 701>;520=8O< 4>;6=K 1KBL >B=5A5=K =5:>B>@K5 A;CG08 8?>E>=4@8G5A:8E 8459 80B@>35==>3> 35=570. >4 2;8O=85< 8=4C:F88 <>3CB 2>7=8:0BL :0@B8=K, AE>4=K5 A =01;N45=8O<8 ?@8 8AB5@88, =0?@8<5@ ?@8?04:81, «45<>=><0=8G5A:85 ?@8ABC?K», 30;;NF8=0F88. 4=0:> =0;8G85 AE>4AB20 5I5 =5 >7=0G05B B>645AB20. >;LH>5 AE>4AB2> 8<55B, =0?@8<5@, 8AB5@8G5A:89 ?0@0;8G A ?0@0;8G><, 2=CH5==K< 2 38?=>B8G5A:>< A=5, => 2A5 65 A>AB>O=8O MB8 =5 B>645AB25==K. AB5@8G5A:85 A8<?B><K <>3CB 2>7=8:0BL ?CB5< 2=CH5=8O, >4=0:>, :0: C:07K20;>AL 2KH5, ;8HL B>340, :>340 >=8 «CA;>2=> ?@8OB=K 8;8 65;0B5;L=K» 4;O 1>;L=>3>. >3CB >=8 ?>O2;OBLAO 8 157 CG0AB8O 2=CH5=8O. > 2@5<O 45<>=><0=8G5A:8E M?845<89, 25@>OB=>, 2AB@5G0;8AL 8 ;8F0, C :>B>@KE ?@>O2;5=8O 701>;520=8O >B=>A8;8AL : 8AB5@88. 5A><=5==>, : 8AB5@88 =5 >B=>A8;8AL B5 A>AB>O=8O, :>340 1>;L=K5 A6830;8 A51O 8;8 70682> ?>3@510;8, 0 B0:65 B5 A;CG08, ?@8 :>B>@KE 1>;57=5==>5 A>AB>O=85 4>;6=> 1K;>, >G5284=>, 25AB8 =0 :>AB5@ 8=:2878F88. -B> 1K;8 ?@>O2;5=8O 8;8 8=4CF8@>20==>3> ?><5H0B5;LAB20, 8;8 4@C38E ?A8E>7>2 (H87>D@5=88, ?0@0D@5=88, 45?@5AA82=>9 D07K F8:;>D@5=88, 8=2>;NF8>==>9 45?@5AA88 8 B. ?.). @8 8AB5@88 1>;L=K5 A:>@55 <>3;8 1K >B?@028BL =0 :>AB5@ 8=:2878F88 =5=028AB=KE 8< ;8F, >128=82 8E 2 :>;4>2AB25, G5< ?>?0ABL A0<8<. #B25@645=85 =5:>B>@KE 02B>@>2, GB> A@548 ?@8<5@=> 9 <8;;8>=>2 A>665==KE =0 :>AB@0E 8=:2878F88 1>;LH8=AB2> A>AB02;ONB 1>;L=K5 8AB5@859, O2;O5BAO, ?> =0H5<C <=5=8N, O2=> >H81>G=K<. 073@0=8G5=85 8AB5@88 8 8=4CF8@>20==KE 701>;520=89 8<55B ACI5AB25==>5 ?@0:B8G5A:>5 7=0G5=85, B0: :0: ?@>D8;0:B8:0 8 ;5G5=85 8E @07;8G=K. AB5@8O =5@54:> =0A;08205BAO =0 @07;8G=K5 >@30=8G5A:85 ?@>F5AAK 8 70 2=5H=8<8 ?@87=0:0<8 8AB5@8G5A:>9 A8<?B><0B8:8 206=> =5 ?@>A<>B@5BL >@30=8G5A:>5 701>;520=85.  A2O78 A MB8< :064K9 1>;L=>9 8AB5@859 4>;65= 1KBL >G5=L BI0B5;L=>, 2A5AB>@>==5 >1A;54>20=. @C1K<8 8AB5@8G5A:8<8 A8<?B><0<8 <>65B =0G0BLAO, :0: C:07K20;>AL 2KH5, H87>D@5=8O, >?CE>;L <>730, @0AA5O==K9 A:;5@>7 8 <=>385 4@C385 BO65;K5 A><0B8G5A:85 701>;520=8O. @8 2A5E MB8E 701>;520=8OE <>3CB 2>7=8:0BL 87<5=5=8O, ?@82>4OI85 : >A;01;5=8N :>@K, ?@5>1;040=8N ?>4:>@:8 =04 :>@>9 8 ?5@2>9 A83=0;L=>9 A8AB5<K =04 2B>@>9, A>740NI85 B5< A0<K< 1;03>?@8OB=K5 CA;>28O 4;O 8AB5@88.  MB>< >B=>H5=88 E0@0:B5@=> =01;N45=85, :>B>@>5 A45;0; Heyer 2 >4=>9 87 15@;8=A:8E :;8=8:. 52CH:0 19 ;5B 701>;5;0 2 <05 1924 3. # =55 2=570?=> =0ABC?0;0 @2>B0 A :@>2LN ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: >=0 =5A;0 BO65;K9 ?0:5B. ! MB>3> 2@5<5=8 5654=52=> 1K;0 @2>B0 ?> CB@0< ?@8 ?@>1C645=88. >;L=0O AB0;0 EC45BL, ?>O28;0AL A8;L=0O 3>;>2=0O 1>;L. 48= 87 2@0G59 2KA:070; ?@54?>;>65=85 >1 >?CE>;8 <>730, >4=0:> :0:8E-;81> A8<?B><>2 >@30=8G5A:>3> ?>@065=8O <>730 >1=0@C65=> =5 1K;>. :070;>AL, GB> C 1>;L=>9 ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI0O >1AB0=>2:0 =0 @01>B5, >=0 =54>2>;L=0 A2>59 E>7O9:>9 8 E>B5;0 1K >B =55 C9B8. @>2545=> ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>5 ;5G5=85 ?> N1C0 2 A>G5B0=88 A 2=CH5=85<, :>B>@><C 1>;L=0O ;53:> ?>440;0AL. 2>B0 8 3>;>2=K5 1>;8 ?@5:@0B8;8AL !0<>GC2AB285 1>;L=>9 AB0;> C4>2;5B2>@8B5;L=K<. >;L=0O A>18@0;0AL 2K?8A0BLAO 87 :;8=8:8. 12/1 1925 3 2 ?0;0B5 1>;L=K5 A;53:0 2>71C48;8AL. 4@C3 >?8AK205<0O 1>;L=0O C?0;0 8 BCB 65 C<5@;0 >B ?0@0;8G0 4KE0=8O. 0 A5:F88 >1=0@C65=0 3;8><0 G5@2OG:0 <>765G:0, ?@>=8:H0O 2 >1;0ABL IV 65;C4>G:0. «1JOA=8<>ABL» ?@>8AE>645=8O 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0 =0;8G85< ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI59 A8BC0F88 8 4065 CAB@0=8<>ABL ?A8E>B5@0?859 =5 8A:;NG05B 53> >@30=8G5A:>9 ?@8@>4K. A8E>B5@0?859 <>3CB 1KBL 8=>340 2@5<5==> CAB@0=5=K 8 =5:>B>@K5 >@30=8G5A:85 >1CA;>2;5==K5 A8<?B><K. #AB0=>2;5=85 B>3>, GB> 1>;L=>9 O2;O5BAO 8AB5@>84=K< ?A8E>?0B>< 8 GB> 2 ?@>H;>< C =53> 1K;8 8AB5@8G5A:85 A8<?B><K, 5I5 =5 3>2>@8B >1 8AB5@8G5A:>< E0@0:B5@5 8<5NI8EAO C =53> 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O 1>;57=5==KE ?@>O2;5=89 8 =5 >A2>1>640NB 2@0G0 >B =5>1E>48<>AB8 BI0B5;L=>3> A><0B8G5A:>3> >1A;54>20=8O.   !" %  :>=F5 XIX 8 =0G0;5 XX 25:0 87 =52@0AB5=88 Beard 1K;8 2K45;5=K 2 :0G5AB25 A0<>AB>OB5;L=>9 D>@<K ?A8E0AB5=8O Janet 8 =52@>7 AB@0E0. >A;54=89 2?5@2K5 1K; >?8A0= Freud 2 1892 3., B. 5. 70 =5A:>;L:> ;5B 4> A>740=8O 8E ?A8E>0=0;870.  5@<0=88 MB0 D>@<0 AB0;0 8725AB=0 ?>4 =0720=85< Angstneurosen, 2 0=3;>0<5@8:0=A:8E AB@0=0E  anxiety nurosis 8 2> $@0=F88  nevroses d'angoisse. %>BO >=0 8 2>H;0 2 564C=0@>4=CN AB0B8AB8G5A:CN :;0AA8D8:0F8N 1>;57=59 A5<8@=>9 AA0<1;58 74@02>>E@0=5=8O (1961), :;8=8:0 >AB020;0AL <0;> @07@01>B0==>9, 3@0=8FK  =54>AB0B>G=> >G5@G5==K<8.  >B5G5AB25==KE <>=>3@0D8OE =52@>7 AB@0E0 =5 >?8AK20;AO. 0H8 =01;N45=8O 3>2>@OB > B><, GB> MB> A0<>AB>OB5;L=0O D>@<0 =52@>70. A=>2=>9 A8<?B>< 701>;520=8O  ?>O2;5=85 GC2AB20 B@52>38 8;8 AB@0E0. '0I5 2A53> >=> 2>7=8:05B >AB@>, 2=570?=>, @565  <54;5==>, ?>AB5?5==> CA8;820OAL. >7=8:=C2, MB> GC2AB2> =5 ?>:8405B 1>;L=>3> 2 B5G5=85 2A53> 4=O 8 45@68BAO =5@54:> =545;O<8 8;8 <5AOF0<8. =B5=A82=>ABL 53> :>;51;5BAO <564C ;53:8< GC2AB2>< B@52>38 8 2K@065==K< AB@0E><, A<5=ONI8<AO ?@8ABC?0<8 C60A0. !B@0E =5:>=48F8>=0;5= (2 G5<, :0: <K C2848<, 53> >A=>2=>5 >B;8G85 >B D>189), B. 5. >= =5 7028A8B >B :0:>9-;81> A8BC0F88 8;8 :0:8E-;81> ?@54AB02;5=89, O2;O5BAO =5<>B828@>20==K<, 15AA>45@60B5;L=K<, ;8H5==K< D01C;K («A2>1>4=> 28B0NI89 AB@0E»  free floating anxiety states). !B@0E ?5@28G5= 8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8 ?>=OB=K< >1@07>< =52K2>48< 87 4@C38E ?5@56820=89. «!>AB>O=85 AB@0E0 <5=O 2A5 2@5<O =5 ?>:8405B», 3>2>@8;0 >4=0 =0H0 1>;L=0O. «/ 8A?KBK20N 25AL 45=L B> GC2AB2> =5>?@545;5==>9 B@52>38, B> AB@0E0. @8 MB>< G53> O 1>NAL, G53> O 64C  A0<0 =5 7=0N. @>AB> AB@0E...» '0AB> >B<5G05BAO >6840=85 A;>2=> :0:>9-B> =5>?@545;5==>9 >?0A=>AB8 =5AG0ABLO, G53>-B> AB@0H=>3>, GB> 4>;6=> A;CG8BLAO. «/ ?>=8<0N, 3>2>@8;0 MB0 1>;L=0O, GB> =8G53> AB@0H=>3> =5 4>;6=> ?@>87>9B8 8 GB> 1>OBLAO =5G53>, => O >E20G5=0, ?>3;>I5=0 ?>AB>O==K< GC2AB2>< AB@0E0, A;>2=> GB>-B> AB@0H=>5 4>;6=> A;CG8BLAO». 5@54:> ?>4 2;8O=85< AB@0E0 2>7=8:0NB B@52>6=K5 >?0A5=8O, ?A8E>;>38G5A:8 ?>=OB=> A =8< A2O70==K5. =8 =5 AB>9:8. !B5?5=L 8E 8=B5=A82=>AB8 7028A8B >B A8;K AB@0E0. «=>340 AB@0E CA8;8205BAO, 3>2>@8;0 4@C30O 1>;L=0O, 8 B>340 O =0G8=0N 2A53> 1>OBLAO: 5A;8 AB>N C >:=0  0 24@C3 O 2K1@>HCAL 2 >:=>, 5A;8 286C =>6  0 24@C3 O A51O C40@N, 5A;8 >4=0 2 :><=0B5  1>NAL, GB> 5A;8 ?>ABCG0B, B> =5 A<>3C >B:@KBL 425@L, 8;8 5A;8 AB0=5B ?;>E>, B> =5:><C 1C45B ?><>GL. A;8 <C60 8;8 @515=:0 2 MB> 2@5<O =5B 4><0, B> ?>O2;O5BAO <KA;L  =5 A;CG8;>AL ;8 A =8<8 GB>-=81C4L C60A=>5. 4=064K 2> 2@5<O ?@8ABC?0 AB@0E0 C2845;0 CBN3. 5;L:=C;0 <KA;L  0 24@C3 2:;NGC 8 701C4C 2K:;NG8BL». ! 8AG57=>25=85< 8;8 >A;01;5=85< GC2AB20 AB@0E0 8AG570NB 8 MB8 >?0A5=8O. A5, GB> CA8;8205B GC2AB2> B@52>38, AB@0E0, <>65B 2K7K20BL 8;8 CAC3C1;OBL MB8 >?0A5=8O. "0:, =5?@8OB=K5 >ICI5=8O 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0 8;8 CA;KH0==K9 @0AA:07 > B><, GB> :B>-B> C<5@ >B 8=D0@:B0 <8>:0@40, :@>2>87;8O=8O 2 <>73, 701>;5; @0:>< 8;8 «A>H5; A C<0», <>3CB ?>@>48BL A>>B25BAB2CNI85 >?0A5=8O. @8 MB>< AB@0E ?5@28G5=, 0 1>O7=L C<5@5BL >B 8=D0@:B0, :@>2>87;8O=8O 2 <>73, 701>;5BL @0:>< 8;8 ?A8E8G5A:8< @0AAB@>9AB2>< 2B>@8G=0. =0 =>A8B E0@0:B5@ =5 AB>9:>9 A25@EF5==>9 8?>E>=4@8G5A:>9 8458 8;8 D>188, 0 ;8HL B@52>6=>3> >?0A5=8O. >4 2;8O=85< ?5@5C15645=8O 1>;L=>9 =5@54:> A>3;0H05BAO, GB> 5<C =5 3@>78B A<5@BL >B «?0@0;8G0 A5@4F0», => AB@0E A>E@0=O5BAO 8 ;81> BCB 65 <5=O5B D01C;C («=C, =5 7=0N, <>65B 1KBL =5 8=D0@:B, 0 4@C30O AB@0H=0O 1>;57=L»), ;81> 2@5<5==> AB0=>28BAO 15AA>45@60B5;L=K<, «A2>1>4=> 28B0NI8<» AB@0E><. =>340 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B A>45@60=8O B@52>6=KE >?0A5=89 1>;L=K5 ?@8=8<0NB B5 8;8 8=K5 <5@K «70I8BK» 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 045:20B=K5 A>45@60=8N >?0A5=8O, =0?@8<5@ ?@>AOB =5 >AB02;OBL 8E >4=8E, GB>1K 1K;> :><C ?><>GL, 5A;8 A =8<8 A;CG8BAO «GB>-B> AB@0H=>5», 8;8 871530NB D878G5A:>9 =03@C7:8, 5A;8 >?0A0NBAO B0 A>AB>O=85 A5@4F0, ?@>AOB A?@OB0BL >AB@K5 ?@54<5BK, 5;8 ?>O2;O5BAO >?0A5=85 A>9B8 A C<0 (@8BC0;>2 ?@8 MB>< =5 2>7=8:05B). !>AB>O=85 AB@0E0 <>65B ?5@8>48G5A:8 @57:> CA8;820BLAO, A<5=OOAL ?@8ABC?0<8 C60A0 A =5<>B828@>20==K< AB@0E>< 8;8, G0I5 2A53>, A >6840=85< A<5@B8, =0?@8<5@ >B «?0@0;8G0 A5@4F0», «:@>2>87;8O=8O 2 <>73».  A2O78 A 4><8=8@>20=85< GC2AB20 B@52>38 8;8 AB@0E0 1>;L=K5 >B<5G0NB B@C4=>ABL A>A@54>B>G8BLAO =0 :0:>9-;81> 45OB5;L=>AB8, ?>2KH5==CN 2>71C48<>ABL, 0DD5:B82=CN =5CAB>9G82>ABL. @5<5=0<8 >=8 B@52>6=K, 068B8@>20=K, 8ICB ?><>I8. 5@54:> v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 ¢¤¦ö  – ˜   äæ246Rj|~äðôzˆŠJZœ®²Äª‚$ @&@„A"C$C4NFNJNdNžS SÒ\Ô\J^ùóîçÙçÒîçîçîçÎÈÎÈ±Î禜禜ç¦ç¦ç¦çÎçùÎçŽç¦ç¦çŽçîçjh¦cÞ0JCJUhhŒd¸h¦cÞCJhh¦cÞCJhmH sH  h¦cÞ5CJ h¦cÞCJhh¦cÞ>*CJh h¦cÞCJh¦cÞ h¦cÞCJhjh¦cÞUmHnHu h¦cÞCJh h¦cÞh h¦cÞCJ$ h¦cÞ562Df ¢¦öø ˜  æ46Rj|~û÷îçÛØÏØʼ®¬¬ØÊب¦¤ø$„ª„¥1$]„ª^„¥a$$„¨„¥1$]„¨^„¥a$¤X1$ „J ¤X1$^„J 1$ &d 1$PÆÿ „J 1$^„J „J ¤ 1$^„J ¤h¤ºŽdø¬øâøýýýý~ 8lª‚$¶(2.:3¸4ö; @&@L@„A(CFlH.NÌRÌZ]²^ð^PaõõõõìõõõõõõèæÛõõõõõõØõÑì„1$`„1$ $„¤X`„a$¤@ $„`„a$ $„1$`„a$J^L^`^b^f^€^‚^†^¨^ª^¬^Ì^Ð^Ö^Ú^Ü^â^æ^è^ì^ð^PaRaVa^adafahajalapavaxaza|a~a‚aˆaŠaŽaa”a–a a¢a¤a¦abbbâb\f^fjfnfxfzf|f„f†f¤f¦f¨fìfóìóãìóãìóãìóãìóãìóãìßóãìÔÇÔÇÔìÔÇÔÇÔìÔÇÔÇÔÇìÔÇÔìÇãìÁ¶¬¡¬¡¬ìÔìÔÇìh¦cÞCJH*mH sH h¦cÞCJmH sH h¦cÞ6CJmH sH  h¦cÞCJh¦cÞCJH*hmH sH h¦cÞCJhmH sH h¦cÞh¦cÞCJH*h h¦cÞCJhh¦cÞ6CJhmH sH ?Pa˜aâb\f|fìfögk€qP„’ÎÞü÷ð÷é÷ð÷ð÷ð÷ð÷ð÷ð÷ðü÷ðüã÷ðüãüðØðÏðüðüðÏðÏðØðØðØðØðØðØðØðØðØðÏðÏðØðØðØðØðØðØðØðØðØðh¦cÞ0JCJhh¦cÞCJhmH sH  h¦cÞCJ h¦cÞ5h h¦cÞCJh h¦cÞhh¦cÞR’›¾¢è¤T§°T²Ü³’·ò¸ˆ¾jÄnÉ2ÍРÚNß„ä†èôîˆ÷.r~€ÒÈ‚%ôêêêêêáêêáêêêêêêêêêêêêêêêê$„`„a$ $„1$`„a$ $„¤x`„a$Nb€’>LdràøHV€ ‚ >$L$P$\$6%P%T%r%(0B0–0f7^;`;ü<BALERFˆFÜKÞKMMÖNØNPP$P4PºPÊPrQ|Q€QQœTžT¦T²T([(høi&r4ru upu„u^ylyÞ{ì{~~€~¨€÷ðçðÜðÜðÜðÜðÜðÜðÜðÜðÜðÜðÜðØÏØðÜðØðÊÁÊðÊðÊðÊðÊÁÊÁÊÁÊÁÊðÊÁÊðØðÜðÜðÜðÜðÜð¸ðh¦cÞ0JCJhh¦cÞhmH sH  h¦cÞhh¦cÞ5CJhh¦cÞh¦cÞCJhmH sH h¦cÞCJH*h h¦cÞCJhh¦cÞCJH*hH‚%J(,*(0B0–0f7ü<BALEÞKMØNPžT*[&d(høi‚pþq”xÞ{õõõóðåõÜõÐõõõõÄõõÜõõõõ $„¤x1$`„a$ $„¤x1$`„a$$„`„a$ $„¤X`„a$1$ $„1$`„a$Þ{¨€ü†â‡‰Š‹Î r‘L“â•T˜šžl Œ¡*¤~§±ƸF¾êÁšËàÒ,ÙfÞlàºäõìõõõõõõõõõìõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõ$„`„a$ $„1$`„a$¨€ü†‡‰*‰´‰Þ‰†Š’Š–Š¬ŠŠ‹¬‹R“`“d“t“$•:•T˜šü¡ ¢Š¢ª¢¤¨²¨6«8«H¬V¬(¯4¯2±@±Š±Œ±ü±²dºpºúº»t¾€¾ÜÁèÁÂÂ\ÄjľÊÊÊVÌfÌjÌzÌìÌøÌÙ*Ù@ÙLٜިÞÐÞÞÞ\àjà„à’àÞäìäÜåÖçøçNèPèHéVéNêjìüóìóìáìáìáìóìáìáìáìüìáìáìáìØìáìáìáìØìáìáìáìáìáìáìáìáìáìáìáìáìáìáìáìáìáìáìüÓüÍìáìü h¦cÞCJ h¦cÞ5h¦cÞ0JCJhh¦cÞCJhmH sH  h¦cÞCJhh¦cÞ5CJhh¦cÞQºäÜåºçÖçøçèPèNêjìäðÂ÷Þù¨>¼ Þ ¸à ¢,x0à5‚?õìèæäâõìÖÔõõÈììõõõõìõõì $„¤x1$`„a$ $„¤x1$`„a$¤è&$„`„a$ $„1$`„a$jìäðÀ÷Â÷ÜùÞù¦TV>Þ Ž¢à ¢,ú3&4à5‚?æRúRHY†\ ^$^VanaúfÐLÐìÒþÒ8ÚVÞxéPêRêÒñÔúøôîéøéøÞøôøÞøôøÞøôøÞøôøÞøÞøôéøéøôîéøéøôøÕéøéÕéÕéÕéÕéÕéÕéÕéÕéøôøôøôîøÞøÞøôøÎÅôøh¦cÞ5CJh h¦cÞ5hh¦cÞhmH sH h¦cÞCJhmH sH  h¦cÞh h¦cÞCJh¦cÞ h¦cÞCJhN‚?òBFPITJ”PÌSHY†\ˆaúf^Æ`ad>dxe†eêg^T`Þcêgäjq6yB}4‚Ü„´‹ôÌ— ›ŸL¡â¢Ø£&¦ô©P¬d°¶´ ¶õõóõõçõçõóõõõõçõãõõõççõõõõ¤x $„¤x1$`„a$ $„1$`„a$ø¦—Ê—Ì—› ›ÀŸŸ„¡–¡$£N£&¦F©H©J©L©ò©P¬d¬¤­°­à¶ö¶ú¶ · ·šºœº0¾ò¾¿¿¿6ÀDÀHÀ\À2È@ÈÌÌÌ,ÌÎ"Î^ÓÔÔ*Ü,Üäàöàúà ášá,å.å¦ñ¨ñô’ô¼ö¾öÔùý,ý"øíøèøäÞøíøíøè×èÐèøíøíøíøíøäÞäøíøíøíøíøíøíøíøíøÉÀø·øíøíøä±äÞèøèøèøíøäÉ h¦cÞ0Jh¦cÞ0JCJhh¦cÞ5CJh h¦cÞ5h h¦cÞH*h h¦cÞH*h h¦cÞCJh¦cÞ h¦cÞhh¦cÞCJhmH sH  h¦cÞCJhE ¶ ·œº0¾6ÀÂBÅŽÊÄÐìÑ^Ó¢ÓèÓÔnךáôènï¨ñ’ô¾öÖù"õñíõõõõõõõäÝÔõõÒÒñõõõÆÒ $„¤x1$`„a$ „S¤h1$^„S„S1$^„S „S¤h1$^„S¤x¤x $„1$`„a$"j°””  Ð –&’bn"Ä#R. 1v2ü<:F8NöïïåãÕãÑÍÃÃѽû¯ÃÃÃà $„¤x1$`„a$¤x¤x $„1$`„a$¤x¤x$„¤x¤x1$`„a$ „S¤¤h^„S„S1$^„S „S¤h1$^„S”‚ ” – º ¼ ¾ Ü â ’ ” Î Ð –Rd’`bn"Â#Ä#P.R.:6N68NrNtN¢OÊO”PÄPjQpQBSTSpS’S¢S°SPUTUVUZU¦U²U2Y¶c¸cžg°g`iœo²vÀvÄvÎvàvðvJ|L|è‚„„|…Œ…d‘t‘Ä–Æ–6DŸŸúóïêáêáêáêáêÚïÔïÚÉÚïÔïêÚïÔÚÉÚïÔÚÉÚÉÚÉÚÉÚÉÚÉÚÉÚÉÚÉÚïÔÚÉÚïÚÉÚÉÚÉÚÀÚïÚÉÚÉÚÀÚÉÚÀh¦cÞ0JCJhh¦cÞCJhmH sH  h¦cÞCJ h¦cÞCJhh¦cÞhmH sH  h¦cÞhh¦cÞ h¦cÞ5CJ h¦cÞ5L8NtNHR2Y]¸c`iœoP|è‚„„,™0¦¤î§š©ˆª̪L²2¶š½ Á(Ä`ÏýóóïíáßóóßóóóóóóóÔóóóóóß „S¤h¤h1$^„S $„¤x1$`„a$¤x $„1$`„a$Ÿ¡¡ˆªʪ°°‚²”²ê·ø·V¹r¹Rº^º(ÄpØrØØÛÚÛpßàãìãçôìöìvî~îpõrõP÷R÷¼: ¢Ì Î °,<næèÊêT#d#D'F'.)0)æ/è/44f9h9Ô>\HŠHÞO†VˆV¼X¾XþZ[ú_ü_®d–k´kÂk´r¶rðsø}"P¶øíøèøßøíøíøíøíøÛÕèøÛøíøèøèÌèøèøÛøèøèøÛøíøÛÕÛøèÌèøèøÛÕèøèøÛøíøèøèøèøÛÕèøíøÛÕøÛøíøh¦cÞhmH sH  h¦cÞCJh¦cÞh¦cÞ0JCJh h¦cÞhh¦cÞCJhmH sH  h¦cÞCJhP`ÏúÒrØÚÛpß¾æçöìrõR÷¼:¢Î °nèÊêF'0)è/4h9Ô>PCýùïëïïßïïëïßïëïùëïßïÝïïëï $„¤x1$`„a$¤x $„1$`„a$¤xPC”E,LÜMÞOˆV¾X[ü_°dòeÂk¶rðsø}$‹f‹¢Ž’ò”²™\šÒõõõõéõõçõéõãéáõõãÝõéõõçõݤx¤x $„¤x1$`„a$ $„1$`„a$¶ ˆˆ$‹f‹ Ž¢Ž’’ð”ò”°™²™Zš\šÒXžº ê ¢¢&¦(¦¶¦¸¦€®‚®ȳʳ°·²·€¼äÁBÂRÃjÃlÃnÃÄ&Ä8ÄDÄZĶĸÄðÄÅ\ÉpÉÐËòËèÌÍxЊÐvÑnØpØäÚèÚÆÛþÛnÜtܰݸݾÞôÞàåîå6è²îðøùüöüïêïêïêïüöêïüïêáêïêïêïüöêïêïüïüïÖÉÖïÖïÖï¹ïÖïÖïÖïÖïÖïüöïÖïÖïÖïÖï¹ïÖïüïÖh¦cÞ5CJh h¦cÞ5hh¦cÞ0JCJhmH sH h¦cÞCJhmH sH h¦cÞhmH sH  h¦cÞh h¦cÞCJh h¦cÞCJh¦cÞIÒXž¢(¦¸¦‚®ʳ²·€¼äÁ,ÂBÂZĸÄÇ”ÍvÑpØZÚ¾ÞÂßÚå6èõéõõçõõãõáßÓÈõõõÄéõõõõ¤x „S¤ð¤ð1$^„S $„¤ð1$`„a$ ¤x $„¤x1$`„a$ $„1$`„a$6è²î¨ñüúþþ’¢(˜ > ¢^(œð Ä'*"07;æ@ŽD,GÖHÐJýóóóóóóïóóóóãóóóóóãßóïóóãó¤x $„¤x1$`„a$¤x $„1$`„a$ù¢&(– ˜ < >  ¢\.>ôV”¶ð !* 0"07;ä@æ@ŒDŽD*G’I°IþK:LNPZPbPjPŠTŒTHWJW¤W¨W"XÖZ [ [b,b&c(c˜c¦ce enfÈgÊg:otNtPt¸w¶z&‚(‚Fƒ…n…|…ä’æ’˜"˜Ä™Ò™øôîéøéøéøéøÞøÞøÕøÞøÕøéøôøôîéøéøÕøÕøÞøÞøÞøÞøÞøôéÌéÌéøéÌéøôéøôîôøôîøôøÞøéøÞøôîøÞøÞh¦cÞhmH sH h¦cÞ5CJhh¦cÞCJhmH sH  h¦cÞh h¦cÞCJh¦cÞ h¦cÞCJhPÐJþK"XÖZ(c enfÊgtPt¸w¶zFƒ…Œæ’¬”ˆœ¤”¨õõóçÛóçÙÕõõÏõóõÊçõÆçõõõ¤x¤x1$¤ð¤ð¤x $„¤x1$`„a$ $„¤x1$`„a$ $„1$`„a$Ò™Ú™þ™¾¢Ì¢ТÜ¢¨¨º¨è¨ø¨:­‚­¢­,¯<¯4°@±j±„µ¸µ<¶"º »»»T¾V¾PÈÜÊÎÎΤҶÜ@áBáÀéÂénìrïtïlðnðâòäò@öBö˜þšþp~p€0 N Nl@Nöú(.ôü+$+0+6+~1„1ˆ11v7|7´:ê:øíøíøíøíøíøèßèßèøíøíøÛèßÐèøÛøèßøÛøÛÊèøÛèøèøèøÛÊèøèøíøíøíøíøÛøíøíøíøíøíøíøíøíøíøÛ h¦cÞCJh¦cÞ0JhmH sH h¦cÞh¦cÞhmH sH  h¦cÞhh¦cÞCJhmH sH  h¦cÞCJhP”¨:­6°Tµ<¶"ºV¾PÈÜÊΤÒè׺۶ÜBáÂénìtïnðäòBöšþ Rp õééõçéãõõãõõõßõãéõõÝõõéõõ¤x¤x $„¤x1$`„a$ $„1$`„a$ ø–žx€Ì ª&ê+ú2´:ì:Ö?REˆMôNBV¾^hb8fÊiöm¦sôz–|õõõïõõõõõõõõíõõõõõëõõõõçõõ¤x ¤ð¤ð $„1$`„a$ê:ì:Z;j;~;;Ò;à;X<|<Š=œ=€?Œ?è?î?ø?@2@@@„B¨BúBC C8C"E.E~EŒE¬FÀF´KÀKBV¾^öm¤s¦sw,w–|Ž„‹D‘F‘ø“ú“,˜.˜š ô§2®4®Œ²6ºn¾p¾ÊÁšÂ ÂRÏ´Ö¶ÖðØòØÜÜ<âê.ê ôôõ õÈõÐõ øôûöûøûúóèóèóèóèóèóèóèóèóèóèóèóèóèóèóèóèóäóäúóèóäóßóßóäúßóÖóäúäóäúßóèóäúßóßóäóèóèóèóèóßÏß h¦cÞH*hh¦cÞ0JCJh h¦cÞhh¦cÞh¦cÞCJhmH sH  h¦cÞCJh h¦cÞCJR–|Žj„¦‰„‹F‘ú“.˜šxœr¥ˆ¦ô§4®Œ²°¶6ºp¾ÌÁRÈžÎR϶ÖòØÜ<âýóóóçóåóçóóóáÝóóáóçóóáóóݤx¤x $„¤x1$`„a$ $„1$`„a$<â|é|ñþò ø¢D ¢ à2&(+œ1â5¢:X@ÐBªGÚNrR¾Rb[a$ikõõõõééõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõåõõéõ¤x $„¤x1$`„a$ $„1$`„a$øûúû Ö1ä1rR¾RÎRÖR*U0U`[b[˜^ ^ak’r\w‚wyØ„Ú„¶¸v”x”l—n—ƚȚšžœž¡’¡<¤>¤¸ªºª(¬>¼$À²ËlÐê×ð×*ÚèèÆìÈìÌíòíÎñÐñTõVõ¼÷¾÷røxøæþèþ<  , ú $    R T ®$ L. ®4 pB PE RE 0H 2H ØK ÚK ùôíâíÞôÕôÕôíôÕôíÞíâíôíôíôíôíôíôíôíôíÞÏôíÞíÞíâíôíôíôÕôíôíôíôÕôíôíÞíâíôíÞÏôíÞíôíôíÞÏ h¦cÞCJh¦cÞhmH sH h¦cÞh¦cÞCJhmH sH  h¦cÞCJh h¦cÞh h¦cÞH*hRk’ryÚ„¸x”n—Èšœž’¡>¤ºª*¬$´˜¶>¼$ÀvƲËlÐÊÓúØ*ÚèÈìÐñVõýóçóóóóóóóåóçóóýóóýóóóçóóó $„¤x1$`„a$ $„1$`„a$Võ¾÷èþ>  , ,   T °$ &) L. ®4 *6 Ê8 P> pB RE 2H ÚK ´R W 4X ^ ^` zb õõõéçõõéåõéõçõõõõéõåõáõéåé¤x $„¤x1$`„a$ $„1$`„a$ÚK ²R ´R W 4X ŠX ”X ^ ^ \` ^` Üg îg ˆ ˆ ˆ ª‰ ¬‰ øŒ  ÊŽ ÌŽ ¦ ´ Z’ öœ øœ ª¤ ¬¤ 0² ¾· ¾ Á Á x z Ì Ì ‚Ð „Ð xà ˜è Ìò îò ðò úõ ö \ö bö  þ º Ð  @ Ú Þ b ¦! ¨! Ò& Ô& R) T) - Þ- ò- h9 ? H ,H .H ŽH žH öI þI ,J  b ¨! Ô& T) - ¶/ J1 7 h9 ? H .H ŠI ÎN õóõõñõõõóõõõõåãõõåõõõóõñõõ $„¤x1$`„a$ $„1$`„a$TL fL (Q *Q Œ` Ž` e $e Žg ¢g ´i Îi ~p €p P| *‚ ,‚ 0‚ 4š 6š ¢® ´® z¯ Œ¯ ° *° D° P° j° γ â¾ ô¾ ÖÕ ìÕ ë 2ë 4ë 6ï Hï Tï ^ï jó zó ~ó Œó 0û r , < > ´ º è ê * 2 D T X f R b @ P P" `" d" t" (+ R+ Œ- œ- Ì3 ä3 Ð< ô< ‚F „F ,G €M ‚M Þb Œi À€ ȉ ôíäíäíôíôíôíäíàÚàíäíôíôíôíôíàíôíôíàÔíôíôíôíôíàíàÔíôíäíôíôíôíôíôíôíôíôíôíôíôíäíàÔíàíà h¦cÞCJ h¦cÞ0Jh¦cÞh¦cÞ0JCJh h¦cÞCJhh¦cÞCJhmH sH TÎN ÜP ÎS @W ¨] ’` "b ˜j P| 0‚ Ú„ ÈŒ Ê” œ  fª ø­ j° γ ˜µ "» ö¾ Ç ¤È ºÊ 6Î ŠÑ tÜ &ä Àæ õõõõõõõõóõõõõõõõóõõõõõõõõõõõ $„1$`„a$Àæ ë 4ë ðð ÷ 0û r , >   " ' x- Æ3 >8 ,G ‚M ~Q dT ÄW F[ –_  j l Ú Ü Ž "N 4N O úñúêúêæúêæàúêæàúêÕêæàæêÕêÕêúêæàúñúêæêúêæàúêÕêÕêúñúêæàúêúêúñúêúêúêúñúêæàêæêæàúêúêúêÕêh¦cÞCJhmH sH  h¦cÞCJh¦cÞ h¦cÞCJhh¦cÞhmH sH  h¦cÞhT½ ˆÀ 2Á DÈ °Ì æÏ Ñ Ô Ò× PÚ ÈÝ ß á úá ä Úè ’ê ë fí põ Ê÷ ~ú ˆþ < 0 úôòèäèØòèØèèèØòèÎèèèèèØè $¤x¤x1$a$ $„¤x1$`„a$¤x $„1$`„a$¤x¤x¤x1$0 † X Ú * 0 > l Ü  Ê |" Ô) F+ 0 D2 `8 Ø> šA âJ jM ØP ŠV ¢[ lo Šq ýóñóóóíóóóáóóóóóóóóóóóóóóó $„¤x1$`„a$¤x $„1$`„a$O O ` ` žÄ äÈ âÌ äÌ èÌ ¬Í ¸Í ´Î ¶Î ØÎ „Ð †Ð ¨Ð ¾Ð ÊÐ öÓ øÓ Ô @Ö BÖ Ù Ù ðá òá ªã ¬ã ¸ã ¦è ¨è ´è Ðé Üé ˜ê šê °ð äò ó ó €ù z|H J Ø Ú 4ÊÌV)*+¶.¸.D0 7¤:&> ANFPF°G²GºQ¼Q^TÂUT`òcôc¦h¨hèuvz”zôíôíéíàíÛÒÛíÒÛíÒÛÒÛíÒÛíÛíéÌÛíÒÛíÒÛÒÛíéíéÌíÌÛíÛíÛíéíÛíéíéÌíéíÛíéÌÛíéÌíéíÛíéÌéíô h¦cÞCJh¦cÞhmH sH  h¦cÞhh¦cÞ0JCJhh¦cÞ h¦cÞCJhh¦cÞCJhmH sH NŠq x } T  ƒ Š ¶ ¶‘ – ø™ ÞŸ T¦ t­ ’® ú± â· ä» žÄ äÈ èÌ ¶Î †Ð øÓ BÖ Ù òá ¬ã õõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõóõçõõõõåõ $„¤x1$`„a$ $„1$`„a$¬ã ¨è šê °ð äò ó šó €ù |J Ú È4ÌV)*+¸.D0 7f8¤:(>$@õõñõëõõéÝõõñõõÝñõÙÝ×õõÒݤx1$¤x $„¤x1$`„a$¤ð¤ð¤x $„1$`„a$$@ APF²G†M¼Q^TÂUzZˆ_T`ôc¨hèu4xô}&*‰’R—<™Hšþ š§©ˆ­õñõíñáßõõõáÝíõõßõßñõáõñáõ $„¤x1$`„a$¤x¤x $„1$`„a$”z–zª}È}Ì}î}ð}ò}ô}&:J*‰P—R—:™\šjš¼ŸÌŸþ ˜§š§§ЧÔ§à§ä­æ­Ô²æÂÞɼÏêÓáÄèñ†ö¢ù¤ùÖغž´ ò ô ö ø ŒøúTV!’!Ž$$Œ(Ž(D*Z+®0~? ?¢?²L´LBMÔOÖOþU(VòëàëàòàëÜëàëÜÖÑëàëàëÜÖëàëàëÈëÜëÜëÜëÜëÑëÜÖÑëÜë¿ë¶ëÑëÑëÜÖÑëÑëÑëÜëÜÖÜÖëÜÖëÜh¦cÞCJH*hh¦cÞCJH*hh¦cÞ0JCJh h¦cÞh h¦cÞCJh¦cÞh¦cÞCJhmH sH  h¦cÞCJhh¦cÞ0JCJhmH sH Hˆ­°°Ô²æÂØÄPÇÞɼÏêÓáÄèñ†ö¤ùؼž´  ºŒúV’!$Ž(F*õõóõõõóõóõóõçåõçóõõõçõåõõõ $„¤x1$`„a$ $„1$`„a$F*Z+®0Â1º3:~?¢?–H´LBMÖOªQþU*VDX„Yr^–`Üa0ce¸hzmróñççççåñá×Õóçåççççççñççç $¤x¤x1$a$¤x $„1$`„a$ $„¤x1$`„a$(V*V0ce\sòyš{œ{΋Ø‹ŒþŽ‘Ä‘:“@“T“V“b•°—Ê—Ì—Ü—ä—ö—ü—$˜0˜¨˜´˜™™ššZšzš˜šš¢V¢`¨`³¶¶º"ºžÀÂ@DBFBFF~S€SÂXÄXt\v\R`T`ºa¼aPcVc¨cªc†fˆfÈkÊk\m^mêtrj’p’†’Ž›œ› úóïóïóæóÛóïúÖóÖÍÖóïóïúóÛóÛóÛóÛóÛóÛóÛóÛóÛóïúóÛóÖËÖóÖóÖóÖóÖóÖóÖóÖÍÖóÖóïúÖóÖóïóÛóÛóUh¦cÞhmH sH  h¦cÞhh¦cÞCJhmH sH h¦cÞ0JCJhh¦cÞ h¦cÞCJh h¦cÞCJPr\sòyÐzà‚N…b†ŒÄ‘V“b•°—Ì—œ™F. ú¢§`¨`³¶¶H¸N½žÀFBõóõõõõõïõõëõéõõõõõõóçõõõÛ $„¤x1$`„a$¤x¤x $„1$`„a$G5=85 8 ;5B AG0AB;82> 68;0 A <C65<. <55B >B =53> 42CE 45B59  6 8 4 ;5B.  ?@>H;>< =8G5<, :@><5 G0ABKE 0=38=, =5 1>;5;0. > ?>2>4C =8E 1K;8 C40;5=K <8=40;8=K. > E0@0:B5@C 2;0AB=0O, =5B5@?5;820O, 2A?K;LG820O, >1I8B5;L=0O, G5AB=0O, ?@8=F8?80;L=0O. ! 45BAB20 1>O;0AL =>G520BL >4=0 2 :><=0B5. 5>6840==> C7=0;0, GB> <C6 55 1K; 65=0B 8 ?;0B8B 0;8<5=BK =0 A>45@60=85 @515=:0 >B ?5@2>3> 1@0:0. K;0 ?>B@OA5=0 MB8< <5;0 BO3>AB=K9 @073>2>@ A 53> ?5@2>9 65=>9, 2KA;CH0;0 >B =55 =570A;C65==K5 >A:>@1;5=8O. 0 <C60 1>;L=>9 53> ?5@20O 65=0 =5 ?@5B5=4>20;0 8 2 B>B 65 25G5@ C5E0;0 : A515 2 4@C3>9 3>@>4. >;L=0O >AB0;0AL A <C65<, => >= 59 >?@>B825;, 8 >=0 A@07C >BB>;:=C;0 53> >B A51O, E>BO 4> MB>3> >G5=L ;N18;0 8 8A?KBK20;0 : =5<C A8;L=>5 ?>;>2>5 2;5G5=85. 0E>48;0AL 2 A>AB>O=88 A<OB5=8O. '5@57 4 4=O ?>A;5 ?@>8AH54H53> ?@>A=C;0AL =>GLN A GC2AB2>< A8;L=>3> AB@0E0. !68<0;> 3@C4=CN :;5B:C, 1K;> =5?@8OB=>5 >ICI5=85 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0, 2AO 4@>60;0, =5 =0E>48;0 A515 <5AB0, 1K;0 068B8@>20=0, :070;>AL, GB> 2>B-2>B C<@5B. !5@45G=K5 8 CA?>:0820NI85 A@54AB20 >1;53G5=8O =5 ?@8=5A;8. ! B5E ?>@ =0 ?@>BO65=88 9 ;5B ?>AB>O==> 8A?KBK205B GC2AB2> AB@0E0, :>B>@K9 G0AB> 1K205B =5<>B828@>20==K<. «5 7=0N A0<0, G53> 1>NAL, 3>2>@8B 1>;L=0O, B0:>5 GC2AB2>, A;>2=> GB>-B> AB@0H=>5 4>;6=> A;CG8BLAO... >AB>O==> 45@68BAO GC2AB2> B@52>38». =>340 AB@0E A2O7K205BAO A B5<8 8;8 8=K<8 :>=:@5B=K<8 >?0A5=8O<8. "0:, =0G8=05B >?0A0BLAO, GB> <>65B GB>-=81C4L A;CG8BLAO A A5@4F5<. «/ 8=>340 4C<0N, A> A;570<8 3>2>@8B >=0, GB> C <5=O @07@K2 A5@4F0 <>65B =0ABC?8BL >B 2>;=5=8O... @5<5=0<8 1>NAL >4=0 >AB020BLAO 4><0  24@C3 GB>-=81C4L A;CG8BAO 8 =5:><C 1C45B ?><>GL <=5, 0 :>340 AB@0E CA8;8205BAO, =0G8=0N 1>OBLAO 8 >4=0 E>48BL ?> C;8F5». "@52>30 8=>340 =0 1 2 G0A0 7=0G8B5;L=> C<5=LH05BAO, ?>@>N @57:> CA8;8205BAO. «KA;8 4C@0F:85 AB0;8 G0AB> ;57BL 2 3>;>2C, 60;>20;0AL >=0 G5@57 2 3>40 ?>A;5 =0G0;0 701>;520=8O. G5@0 24@C3 ?>4C<0;0, GB> C<@C, :0: <5=O 1C4CB E>@>=8BL, :0: 45B8 >4=8 >AB0=CBAO. A;8 :B>-=81C4L @0AA:070; > A<5@B8 8;8 > =5AG0AB=>< A;CG05  MB> ;575B 2 3>;>2C, 3;070 70:@>5HL  <5@B25FK. !B>8B ABC:C @0740BLAO, :0: B@52>30 CA8;8205BAO. !B0;0 5I5 1>;55 =5B5@?5;82>9 8 @074@068B5;L=>9, G5< @0=LH5: 4>;3> =5 <>3C >4=8< 45;>< 70=8<0BLAO, =5 E20B05B B5@?5=8O ?>AB>OBL <8=CB:C 2 >G5@548. 4=064K 2 <03078=5 C2845;0, :0: :0AA8@K ?5@54020;8 4@C3 4@C3C 45=L38. >O28;AO AB@0E  24@C3 C =8E AB0I0B 45=L38, ?@845B <8;8F8O, 8 O >B AB@0E0 =5 2K45@6C. KH;0 87 <03078=0, 8 MB8 <KA;8 ?@>H;8, B@52>30 AB0;0 <5=LH5». >340 845B 70 @515=:>< 2 45BA:89 A04, ?>O2;O5BAO <KA;L, 0 24@C3 A =8< GB>-=81C4L A;CG8;>AL; 5A;8 <0BL =0E>48BAO =0 @01>B5 =5 A;CG8;>AL ;8 A =59 GB>-=81C4L; <C6 7045@68BAO  B@52>30 ?> MB><C ?>2>4C.  25G5@C B@52>30 >1KG=> CA8;8205BAO, => 5A;8 ?@8E>4OB 3>AB8  1>;L=0O >B2;5:05BAO, 8 B@52>30 =0 2@5<O >BE>48B =0 704=89 ?;0=. «#65 G5B25@BK9 3>4, :0: AB@0E <5=O =5 ?>:8405B, 60;>20;0AL 1>;L=0O >4=064K. A5 <5=O 2>;=C5B- <KHL ?@>1568B  8 B> 2>;=CNAL, 1>NAL 4065 A:07:8 G8B0BL 45BO<  24@C3 B0< 725@L C<8@05B 8;8 F5;CNBAO  2A5 2>;=C5B. !B0;8 ?@>25@OBL B01;8FC 2K83@KH59 ?> ;>B5@55, <5=O 8 MB> 272>;=>20;>: 0 24@C3, ?>4C<0;0 O, 2K83@05<, 8 >B 2>;=5=8O ?;>E> AB0=5B...» 5A:>;L:> @07, G0I5 ?>4 CB@>, 157 >A>1>3> 2=5H=53> ?>2>40 2>7=8:0;8 ?@8ABC?K A8;L=>3> AB@0E0 A 068B0F859. >;L=CN >E20BK20; C60A, :070;>AL, GB> >=0 2>B-2>B C<@5B 8;8 A;CG8BAO GB>-B> AB@0H=>5, 4@>60;8 @C:8, CG0I0;>AL 4KE0=85, 8A?KBK20;0 A5@4F5185=85, ?>O2;O;8AL ?>7K2K =0 <>G58A?CA:0=85, BO3>AB=>5 >ICI5=85 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0. ;8;>AL MB> >:>;> G0A0. @B5@80;L=>5 402;5=85 2> 2@5<O >4=>3> 87 B0:8E ?@8ABC?>2 1K;> 110/75 << @B. AB. >A;5 ?@8ABC?0 =0ABC?0;0 @57:0O A;01>ABL. 0 .?@>BO65=88 2A53> ?5@8>40 1>;57=8 =5 >AB02;O;0 @01>BK 8 > 701>;520=88 A2>5< A>A;C682F0< =5 @0AA:07K20;0. B<5G0;0, GB> =0 @01>B5 59 ;53G5. 01>B0 >B2;5:05B >B GC2AB2 B@52>38, >4=0:> 8 B0< >=0 ?>;=>ABLN =5 ?>:8405B 1>;L=CN. ><0 C =55 2=5H=5 E>@>H85 >B=>H5=8O A <C65<. = 701>B;82, 2=8<0B5;5=. !0<0 CE068205B 70 45BL<8, 2545B 4><0H=55 E>7O9AB2>. !> 2@5<5=8 =0G0;0 701>;520=8O ?>;>2>5 2;5G5=85 >AB05BAO ?>=865==K<, E>BO 8 6825B A <C65< ?>;>2>9 687=LN, 8=>340 8A?KBK20O ?>;>2>5 C4>2;5B2>@5=85.  =0G0;5 701>;520=8O 1>;L=0O ;53;0 =0 AB0F8>=0@=>5 >1A;54>20=85 2 B5@0?52B8G5A:CN :;8=8:C. "0< :0:8E-;81> =0@CH5=89 A> AB>@>=K A><0B8G5A:>9 AD5@K >1=0@C65=> =5 1K;>. @B5@80;L=>5 402;5=85 110/75 <<, 0=0;87K <>G8 8 :@>28 157 ?0B>;>38G5A:8E 87<5=5=89, >A=>2=>9 >1<5= 12. 7 B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 :;8=8:8 1K;0 ?5@52545=0 2 ?A8E80B@8G5A:CN, 345 2 B5G5=85 ?5@2KE 2 ;5B 1>;57=8 ;560;0 42064K (l'/3 8 2 <5AOF0) A O2;5=8O<8 =52@>70 AB@0E0  ?A8E80B@8G5A:>9 :;8=8:5 ?@8 ?5@2>< ?>ABC?;5=88 0@B5@80;L=>5 402;5=85 8=>340 ?@81;860;>AL : =86=59 3@0=8F5 =>@<K, :>;51;OAL >B 105/60 4> 115/70 <<. C;LA ?@8 B@52>35 1K; 4> 100 110 2 <8=CBC. !2O78 <564C GC2AB2>< AB@0E0 8 :>;510=8O<8 0@B5@80;L=>3> 402;5=8O =5 >B<5G0;>AL. >A;54CNI85 3>4K 0@B5@80;L=>5 402;5=85 110/70 120/80 << -;5:B@>:0@48>3@0<<0 2A5340 2 =>@<5. @8 8AA;54>20=88 M;5:B@8G5A:>9 0:B82=>AB8 <>730, 0 B0:65 C30H5=8O >@85=B8@>2>G=>9 @50:F88 A8<?B><>2 >G03>2>3> ?>@065=8O 3>;>2=>3> <>730 =5 >1=0@C65=>. ;LD0-@8B< 4><8=8@C5B 2> 2A5E >B45;0E, ?@8G5<, :0: 8 2 =>@<5, =081>;55 >BG5B;82 2 B5<5==KE 8 70BK;>G=KE. >;510=8O 0;LD0-@8B<0 11 12 2 A5:C=4C, 0<?;8BC40 50 70 <8;;82>;LB. >AB>O==> >B<5G0NBAO CG0AB:8 A?>=B0==>9 45?@5AA88 0;LD0 @8B<0.  ?5@54=8E 8 F5=B@0;L=KE >B45;0E  =87:>0<?;8BC4=K5 <54;5==K5 :>;510=8O (4 2 A5:C=4C) A =0A;0820NI8<8AO 0;LD0 :>;510=8O<8 B:@K20=85 3;07 8 459AB285 A25B>2>3> @074@068B5;O 2K7K20;8 =5?>;=CN 45?@5AA8N 0;LD0 @8B<0 #A2>5=8O @8B<0 (>B 3 4> 30 A25B>2KE 2A?KH5: 2 A5:C=4C) =5 =01;N40;>AL @82545==K5 40==K5 A2845B5;LAB2>20;8 >1 >A;01;5=88 18>M;5:B@8G5A:>9 0:B82=>AB8 :>@:>2KE =59@>=>2 @85=B8@>2>G=0O @50:F8O >:070;0AL >G5=L AB>9:>9 ;81> A>2A5< =5 C30A0;0, ;81> C30A0;0 ;8HL 2>;=>>1@07=>  :;8=8:5 =07=0G5=> >1I5C:@5?;ONI55 ;5G5=85, ?@54?@8=8<0;8AL ?>?KB:8 38?=>B5@0?88 (1>;L=0O =5 <>3;0 A>A@54>B>G8BLAO, =5 70AK?0;0); ?@>2>48;0AL =0@:>?A8E>B5@0?8O, ;5G5=85 0<8=078=><. "0:, 2> 2@5<O 2B>@>3> 3>40 1>;57=8 1K; ?@>2545= 2 AB0F8>=0@5 8 G0AB8G=> 0<1C;0B>@=> B@5E<5AOG=K9 :C@A ;5G5=8O 0<8=078=>< (4> 450 <3 2 ACB:8 8 40;55 ?>445@6820NI85 4>7K ?> 100 <3) > 2@5<O ;5G5=8O GC2AB2>20;0 A>=;82>ABL, ?@8 1>;LH8E 4>70E <=>3> A?0;0, =>, :0: B>;L:> ?@>AK?0;0AL, B@52>30 2>7>1=>2;O;0AL.  >1I5< 0<8=078= =5<=>3> C<5=LH0; MB> GC2AB2> =>340 2 7=0G8B5;L=>9 <5@5 B@52>3C A=860; 0=40:A8=, E>BO >1KG=> CA?>:0820NI55 459AB285 53> =0<=>3> A;0155, G5< 0<8=078=0 4=0:> 1K20N 8 B0:, GB> 4065 1>;LH85 4>7K 0=40:A8=0 (?> 8 B01;5B>: 2 45=L) =5 4020;8 MDD5:B0 ">D@0=8; =5 C<5=LH0; B@52>38 =0 7=0G8B5;L=> A=878;0AL, :>340 1>;L=0O AB0;0 ?@8=8<0BL =>78=0= (?> 50 <3 2 ACB:8) 8 AB5;078= (20 <3 2 ACB:8) -B8 4>7K >:070;8AL 4;O =55 >?B8<0;L=K<8, 8 >=0 ?@8=8<05B 8E C65 >:>;> 3>40. B0:, 2 40==>< A;CG05 =52@>7 AB@0E0 2>7=8: ?>A;5 BO65;>9 ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<K. A>15==>ABLN MB>9 B@02<K O28;>AL B>, GB> >=0 =5 B>;L:> >:070;0 H>:>2>5 ?A8E8G5A:>5 2>7459AB285, => 8 2K720;0 BO65;K9 4CH52=K9 :>=D;8:B, A2O70==K9 A A>ACI5AB2>20=85< ?@>B82>@5G82KE B5=45=F89 (GC2AB2> ;N128 : <C6C 8 2>7<CI5=85 53> ?>2545=85<).  @57C;LB0B5 «AH81:8» =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2 2>7=8:;> B>@<>65=85 157CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=>3> ?>;>2>3> 2;5G5=8O, ?>A;5 G53> C 1>;L=>9 ?>O28;>AL GC2AB2> AB@0E0. 5 8A:;NG5=>, GB> =5 =0H54H0O 2KE>40 M=5@38O ?>;>2>3> 2;5G5=8O ?> <5E0=87<C ?>;>68B5;L=>9 8=4C:F88 2K720;0 2>71C645=85 ?0AA82=>->1>@>=8B5;L=>3> @5D;5:A0, ;560I53> 2 >A=>25 GC2AB20 AB@0E0. >7=8:H55 GC2AB2> AB@0E0 B> >AB020;>AL 87>;8@>20==K< 8 ?5@56820;>AL :0: 15A?@8G8==>5, 15AA>45@60B5;L=>5, B> 8@@0488@>20;>, @0A?@>AB@0=O;>AL ?> 0AA>F80B82=K< A2O7O<, >682;OO A>>B25BAB2CNI85 ?@54AB02;5=8O. >4 2;8O=85< AB@0E0 C 1>;L=>9 >6820;8 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L B5 0AA>F80F88, :>B>@K5 2 40==>9 A8BC0F88 1K;8 =081>;55 A2568<8, A8;L=K<8. "0:, AB>8;> :><C-=81C4L @0AA:070BL > A<5@B8 >B 1>;57=8 A5@4F0, :0: ?>O2;O;AO AB@0E C<5@5BL >B MB>3> 65. !B>8;> <0B5@8 7045@60BLAO =0 @01>B5, :0: ?>O2;O;0AL <KA;L, 0 =5 A;CG8;>AL ;8 A =59 GB>-=81C4L AB@0H=>5. 1KG=>, 5A;8 1;87:89 G5;>25: =5 25@=C;AO 2 >1KG=>5 2@5<O A @01>BK, 2>7=8:05B @O4 ?@54?>;>65=89 @8 MB>< =0 >A=>20=88 ?@>H;>3> >?KB0 >ACI5AB2;O5BAO ?@>F5AA 25@>OB=>AB=>3> ?@>3=>78@>20=8O, >?@545;O5BAO AB0B8AB8G5A:0O (>?KB=> CAB0=>2;5==0O) 25@>OB=>ABL @07=KE 2>7<>6=KE ?@8G8=.  40==>< A;CG05 MB>B ?@>F5AA >F5=:8 >:070;AO =0@CH5==K< 2A;54AB285 0DD5:B82=>9 70@O65==>AB8 >?@545;5==KE ?@54AB02;5=89.  E>BO, =0?@8<5@, 25@>OB=>ABL B>3>, GB> <0BL =5 ?@8H;0 A @01>BK 87-70 B>3>, GB> >=0 7045@60;0AL B0<, @02=0 99,99%, 0 25@>OB=>ABL B>3>, GB> A =59 ?@>87>H5; =5AG0AB=K9 A;CG09 ?> 4>@>35, @02=0 0,01%, ?@8=8<05BAO 2> 2=8<0=85 ;8HL ?>A;54=55. 54>AB0B>G=0O C30A05<>ABL >@85=B8@>2>G=>9 @50:F88 C 1>;L=>9 =0E>48BAO, 25@>OB=>, 2 A2O78 A ?>AB>O==K< GC2AB2>< B@52>6=>3> >6840=8O G53>-B>, GB> <>65B =0ABC?8BL. <52H0OAO C 1>;L=>9 8 @0=LH5 A:;>==>ABL : ?0AA82=>->1>@>=8B5;L=K< @50:F8O< (A 45BAB20 1>O;0AL 25G5@>< >AB020BLAO >4=0 2 :><=0B5) <>3;0 A?>A>1AB2>20BL 2>7=8:=>25=8N AB@0E0 8 53> D8:A0F88. ?@545;5==K5 E0@0:B5@>;>38G5A:85 >A>15==>AB8 (G5AB=>ABL, ?@8=F8?80;L=>ABL), 0 B0:65 8<52H85AO C 1>;L=>9 MB8G5A:85 8 =@02AB25==K5 CAB0=>2:8 A45;0;8 55 >A>15==> GC2AB28B5;L=>9 8<5==> : 40==>9 B@02<5. !8;0 B@02<8@CNI53> 2>7459AB28O, :@><5 B>3>, C25;8G8;0AL =5>6840==>ABLN A>>1I5=8O, 0 =5>6840==>ABL A>>1I5=8O, 254CI0O : «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ansfhlin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«AH81:0») 157CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=>3> ?>;>2>3> 2>71C645=8O A ?@>F5AA0<8 2=CB@5==53> B>@<>65=8O. -B> <>65B =01;N40BLAO, :>340 A8;L=>5 ?>;>2>5 2>71C645=85 B>@<>78BAO CA8;85< 2>;8, =0?@8<5@, ?@8 ?@5@20==KE ?>;>2KE A=>H5=8OE, AB02H8E A8AB5<>9 ?>;>2>9 687=8. K205B MB> 8=>340 8 ?@8 A8;L=>< ?>;>2>< 2>71C645=88 C 65=I8=K, >AB0NI5<AO =5C4>2;5B2>@5==K<, B. 5. :>340 @07@O4:0 ?>;>2>3> 2>71C645=8O =5 =0ABC?05B. 0: A?@0254;82> ?>4<5B8; 5I5 Freud, >1I0O 1>O7;82>ABL <>65B ?>2KH0BLAO, 5A;8 A5:AC0;L=>5 2>71C645=85 =5 =0E>48B 4>AB0B>G=>3> >BB>:0, =5 ?@82>48B : C4>2;5B2>@ONI5<C :>=FC. "0: 1K205B, =0?@8<5@, C =5:>B>@KE <C6G8= 2> 2@5<O 65=8E>2AB20 8 65=I8=, <C6LO :>B>@KE =54>AB0B>G=> ?>B5=B=K 8;8 87 >AB>@>6=>AB8 A>:@0I0NB 8;8 >1@K20NB ?>;>2>9 0:B. @8 B0:8E CA;>28OE ?>;>2>5 2>71C645=85 8AG5705B 8 2<5AB> =53> ?>O2;O5BAO AB@0E. '5< B5<?5@0<5=B=55 65=I8=0, G5< A8;L=55 55 ?>;>2>5 2;5G5=85 8 1>;LH5 A?>A>1=>ABL 8A?KBK20BL ?>;>2>5 C4>2;5B2>@5=85, B5< A:>@55 >=0 1C45B @5038@>20BL O2;5=8O< AB@0E0 =0 8<?>B5=F8N <C60 8;8 coitus interruptus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coitus interruptus 8;8 A>AB>O=88 D@CAB@0F88 =01;N405BAO 8 C ;8F, =5 1K2H8E 4> 1>;57=8 B@52>6=>-<=8B5;L=K<8 8;8 1>O7;82K<8. > <=5=8N Levy, 2>7=8:=>25=8N =52@>70 AB@0E0 C 27@>A;KE <>3CB A?>A>1AB2>20BL 2K7202H85 AB@5AA A8;L=K5 M<>F8>=0;L=K5 ?>B@OA5=8O, ?5@568BK5 2 45BA:>< 2>7@0AB5. @8G8=0<8 8E <>3CB 1KBL 8A?C3, @0AAB020=85 A @>48B5;O<8, 2=570?=>5 87<5=5=85 ?@82KG=>9 >1AB0=>2:8, ?5@56820=8O, A2O70==K5 A B5<, GB> @515=:C =0G8=0NB C45;OBL <0;> 2=8<0=8O 2 A2O78 A @>645=85< 1@0B0 8;8 A5AB@K. AB@5G0NBAO 701>;520=8O A :0@B8=>9 =52@>70 AB@0E0, 2 MB8>;>388 :>B>@KE =5 C405BAO 2KO28BL =8 A><0B>35==KE, =8 ?A8E>35==KE D0:B>@>2, 2 B>< G8A;5 0=><0;89 A> AB>@>=K ?>;>2>9 687=8. 5 8A:;NG5=0 2>7<>6=>ABL, GB> 2 MB8E A;CG0OE <K 8<55< 45;> A ?@>O2;5=8O<8 >A>1>3> M=4>35==>3> 701>;520=8O, =5 >B=>AOI53>AO =8 : <0=80:0;L=>-45?@5AA82=><C ?A8E>7C, =8 : H87>D@5=88. !>AB>O=8O AB@0E0 <>3CB 2AB@5G0BLAO ?@8 A0<KE @07;8G=KE 701>;520=8OE. 'C2AB2> AB@0E0 O2;O5BAO =>@<0;L=>9 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 @50:F859 2 C3@>60NI59 687=8 A8BC0F88.  ?0B>;>388 3>2>@OB B>340, :>340 MB> GC2AB2> 2>7=8:05B 157 045:20B=>3> 2=5H=53> ?>2>40 8;8 :>340 A8;0 8 4;8B5;L=>ABL 53> =5 A>>B25BAB2CNB A8BC0F88. 52@>7 AB@0E0 A;54C5B 48DD5@5=F8@>20BL >B D>189 ?@8 =52@>75 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 8 ?A8E0AB5=88. @8 D>18OE GC2AB2> AB@0E0 2>7=8:05B ;8HL 2 >?@545;5==>9 A8BC0F88 8;8 ?@8 2K7K20=88 >?@545;5==KE ?@54AB02;5=89 8 >BACBAB2C5B 2=5 8E. "0:, =0?@8<5@, 1>;L=0O A D>1859 :C@8=KE ?5@L52 8A?KBK205B AB@0E ?@8 2845 8E, => A>25@H5==> A?>:>9=0, :>340 =5 2848B ?5@L52 8;8 > =8E =5 4C<05B.  >B;8G85 >B MB>3> AB@0E ?@8 =52@>75 AB@0E0 =5:>=48F8>=0;5= 8 45@68BAO ?>GB8 ?>AB>O==>, :>;51;OAL ;8HL 2 A2>59 8=B5=A82=>AB8. = ;81> 15AA>45@60B5;5=, ;81> A>?@>2>6405BAO =5AB>9:8<8 B@52>6=K<8 >?0A5=8O<8, 2B>@8G=> 2K720==K<8 GC2AB2>< AB@0E0 8 A =8< ?A8E>;>38G5A:8 ?>=OB=> A2O70==K<8. /@:>ABL MB8E >?0A5=89 7028A8B >B 8=B5=A82=>AB8 AB@0E0. $>188 <>3CB 1KBL <>=>- 8;8 ?>;8B5<0B8G=K<8, => ?@8 MB>< A>45@60=85 8E 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 ?>AB>O==>. 1KG=> =5 1K205B B0:, GB>1K 1>;L=>9 A D>1859 A53>4=O 1>O;AO H8@>:8E C;8F, 702B@0 ?5@5AB0; 8E 1>OBLAO 8 =0G0; 8A?KBK20BL AB@0E >AB@KE ?@54<5B>2, 0 ?>A;5702B@0 2<5AB> MB>3> ?>O28;0AL 1>O7=L 70@065=8O.  >B;8G85 >B MB>3> ?@8 =52@>75 AB@0E0 >?0A5=8O 87<5=G82K. >O2;OOAL =0 2KA>B5 0DD5:B0 AB@0E0, >=8 ?> A>45@60=8N 1;87:8 : B5< >?0A5=8O<, :>B>@K5 A2>9AB25==K 8 74>@>2><C G5;>25:C (=5 A;CG8;>AL ;8 GB>-=81C4L A @515=:><, 5A;8 53> =5B @O4><; ?@8 ?>O2;5=88 =5?@8OB=>3> >ICI5=8O 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0 1>O7=L A>>B25BAB2CNI53> A>45@60=8O). >O7=L 65 G53>-B>, GB> 2 @50;L=>9 687=8 >1KG=> =5 2K7K205B >?0A5=89, 2 >B;8G85 >B D>189, =5 =01;N405BAO. >MB><C =5 2AB@5G05BAO ?@8 =52@>75 AB@0E0, =0?@8<5@, 1>O7=8 :>@8G=52KE ?OB5= 8;8 :C@8=KE ?5@L52, 1>O7=8 703@O7=5=8O (?@8:>A=>25=8O), 1>O7=8 C40@8BL 15@5<5==CN 65=I8=C 8;8 >:070BLAO A =570AB53=CBK<8 1@N:0<8, 8;8 ?@8G8=8BL CI5@1 74>@>2LN 4>G5@8, 5A;8 2AB@5G5==0O 2 :=835 F8D@0 «7» =5 1C45B =5<54;5==> >12545=0 :@C6>G:><. !B>9:85 :0=F5@>D>188, A8D8;>D>188, 8=D0@:B>D>188, =5 =>AOI85 E0@0:B5@0 >?0A5=89 =0 2KA>B5 ?5@28G=>3> 0DD5:B0 AB@0=0, >1KG=> >B=>AOBAO : =52@>7C =5 AB@0E0, 0 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89. 04> A:070BL, GB> 8=>340 2AB@5G0NBAO 1>;L=K5 ?A8E0AB5=859, C :>B>@KE, ?><8<> D>189, <>3CB >1=0@C6820BLAO 8 O2;5=8O =52@>70 AB@0E0. 0: 2KB5:05B 87 40==KE . . C=75=0, ?@8 701>;520=8OE, :>B>@K5 <K 1K >B=5A;8 : =52@>7C AB@0E0, >B<5G05BAO @57:>5 ?>2KH5=85 C@>2=O 2>71C48<>AB8 04@5=5@38G5A:8E AB@C:BC@  1>;55 @57:>5, G5< ?@8 D>18OE, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: ?@8 ?>A;54=8E 1>;55 2K@065=> A=865=85 @50:B82=>AB8 E>;8=5@38G5A:8E AB@C:BC@. 0@B8=K, AE>4=K5 A =52@>7>< AB@0E0, <>3CB =01;N40BLAO ?@8 =52@>7>?>4>1=KE A>AB>O=8OE, 2K720==KE A><0B8G5A:8<8 ?@8G8=0<8  38?5@B>=8G5A:>9 8 38?>B>=8G5A:>9 1>;57=LN, F5@51@0;L=K< 0B5@>A:;5@>7><, 1>;57=O<8 A5@4F0, 8=D5:F8O<8, >A>15==> @52<0B8G5A:8<8, 8=B>:A8:0F8O<8. !B@0E, :0: C:07K20;>AL, <>65B 2>7=8:0BL ?A8E>35==K< ?CB5<, B. 5. ?>4 2;8O=85< A83=0;>2 >1 C3@>75 687=8 8;8 1;03>?>;CG8N G5;>25:0, 8 D878>35==>. AB@0O 38?>:A5<8O, 2K720==0O A5@45G=>-A>AC48ABK<8 =0@CH5=8O<8 8;8 @5D;5:B>@=K<8 2;8O=8O<8, =0?@8<5@, A> AB>@>=K A5@4F0, <>65B 2K7K20BL GC2AB2> AB@0E0 D878>35==K< ?CB5<. $878>35==> >1CA;>2;5==>5 GC2AB2> AB@0E0 <>65B ?>@>48BL A>AB>O=85, AE>4=>5 A =01;N40NI8<8AO ?@8 =52@>75 AB@0E0. @8 MB>< 2>7=8:H89 AB@0E <>65B 1KBL @565 0B5<0B8G5A:8<, 15AA>45@60B5;L=K<, G0I5 65 >68-2;ONI8< ?@54AB02;5=8O, A =8< 0AA>F80B82=> A2O70==K5, 2K7K20O B@52>6=K5 >?0A5=8O. "0:, C >4=>9 87 =0H8E 1>;L=KE 38?>B>=859 2>7=8:0;> GC2AB2> B@52>38, :>340 A=860;>AL 0@B5@80;L=>5 402;5=85 8 ?>O2;O;8AL =5?@8OB=K5 >ICI5=8O 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0. ">340 >=0 =0G8=0;0 15A?>:>8BLAO ?> ?>2>4C B> O:>1K 2>7<>6=KE A;C651=KE 8;8 A5<59=KE =5?@8OB=>AB59, B> 74>@>2LO @515=:0 8;8 7045@6:8 <C60 =0 @01>B5, B> 87-70 A2>53> 74>@>2LO (=5 @0: ;8?). 5@54:> B@52>30 1K20;0 8 15AA>45@60B5;L=>9. «!B0;> GB>-B> >G5=L B@52>6=> =0 4CH5», 3>2>@8;0 1>;L=0O 8 ?@>A8;0 87<5@8BL 59 0@B5@80;L=>5 402;5=85. =>340 2 A2O78 A 38?5@B>=8G5A:8< 8;8 38?>B>=8G5A:8< :@870<8 ;81> A =0@CH5=8O<8 45OB5;L=>AB8 A5@4F0 <>3CB =0ABC?0BL ?@8ABC?K AB@0E0 A<5@B8 8;8 ?@8ABC?K AB@0E0 70 AC4L1C 1;87:8E. @8 >G5=L A8;L=>< ?@8ABC?5 AB@0E0 B@52>6=>5 >?0A5=85 <>65B ?5@59B8 2 A25@EF5==CN 845N 8;8 <>65B ?@825AB8 : @0728B8N >AB@>3> ?0@0=>840. %0@0:B5@=> A;54CNI55 =01;N45=85. >;L=0O ., 62 ;5B, :0AA8@H0 <03078=0, @O4 ;5B AB@040;0 38?5@B>=859. >A;54=85 3>4K 0@B5@80;L=>5 402;5=85 1K;> 180/100 200/120 << @B. AB. #B@><, ?5@5E>4O C;8FC C <03078=0, 2 :>B>@>< @01>B0;0, ?>A:>;L7=C;0AL 8 C?0;0. >;>2C =5 CH81;0. >4=O;0AL A0<>AB>OB5;L=>, ?@8H;0 2 <03078=, A5;0 70 :0AAC 8 =0G0;0 @01>B0BL. A?KBK20;0 >ICI5=85 HC<0 2 3>;>25, A60B85 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0 8 GC2AB2> B@52>38. @>@01>B02 =5A:>;L:> <8=CB, 24@C3 ?>GC2AB2>20;0 A8;L=K9 =5<>B828@>20==K9 AB@0E. KB0;0AL ?@5>4>;5BL 53> 8 ?@>4>;60BL @01>BC, => 2=570?=> ?>O28;0AL <KA;L, GB> 55 4>GL A59G0A >B257;8 2 E8@C@38G5A:CN :;8=8:C  2 1>;L=8FC 8<5=8 -@8A<0=0  A ?@8ABC?>< 0??5=48F8B0, 55 >?5@8@CNB, >=0 ?>38105B. AB028;0 :0AAC, ?@81560;0 2 :018=5B 48@5:B>@0 8 A 2K@065=85< C60A0 =0 ;8F5 @0AA:070;0 5<C >1 MB><. 8@5:B>@ <03078=0 BCB 65 ?>72>=8; 2 ?@85<=K9 ?>:>9 1>;L=8FK 8 CAB0=>28;, GB> 4>GL . BC40 =5 ?>ABC?0;0. >;L=0O @K40;0, <5B0;0AL 2 A>AB>O=88 AB@0E0 8 >BG0O=8O, >?;0:820;0 A2>N 4>GL. K;0 4>AB02;5=0 4><>9, 345 70AB0;0 4>GL F5;>9 8 =52@548<>9. !E20B8;0 55 70 @C:C, A 2K@065=85< C60A0 =0 ;8F5 ?>2B>@OO: «>O 154=0O 452>G:0, B51O >?5@8@CNB, B51O ?>257;8 2 1>;L=8FC!..» 5@5C15645=8N 8 CA?>:>5=8N =5 ?>44020;0AL. A?KBK20;0 AB@0E, C25@O;0, GB> 4>GL ?>38105B. K;0 A B@C4>< C;>65=0 2 ?>AB5;L. @B5@80;L=>5 402;5=85 1K;> 225/130 << @B. AB. 2545= ?0?025@8=, ?>AB02;5=K ?8O2:8, 40= 0<8B0;-=0B@89. >AB5?5==> 1>;L=0O AB0;0 CA?>:0820BLAO, E>BO 8 ?@>4>;60;0 C25@OBL, GB> 4>GL ?>38105B. :>;> 2 G0A>2 ?@>25;0 2 A>AB>O=88 ?>;C4@5<>BK.  5 G0A0< 25G5@0 CA?>:>8;0AL. @B5@80;L=>5 402;5=85 A=878;>AL 4> 200/120 <<. !B0;0 A><=520BLAO 2 B><, GB> 4>GL 1K;0 >?5@8@>20=0.  25G5@C ?>O28;0AL ?>;=0O :@8B8G=>ABL : ?5@5=5A5==><C 701>;520=8N. > E0@0:B5@C 1>;L=0O <O3:0O, >1I8B5;L=0O, B@52>6=>-<=8B5;L=0O. 825B A 4>G5@LN 22 ;5B, :>B>@CN >G5=L ;N18B,  3>4K 5;8:>9 B5G5AB25==>9 2>9=K ?>B5@O;0 27@>A;>3> AK=0 8 <C60. >340 AK=C 1K;> 9 ;5B, =5>6840==> C7=0;0, GB> C =53> =0G0;AO >AB@K9 ?@8ABC? 0??5=48F8B0 8 >= >B?@02;5= 2 E8@C@38G5A:CN 1>;L=8FC. #7=02 >1 MB><, ?5@568;0 A8;L=>5 GC2AB2> AB@0E0; 2 A>AB>O=88 C60A0 1560;0 2 1>;L=8FC, > G5< O@:> ?><=8B 8 4> =0AB>OI53> 2@5<5=8.  40==>< A;CG05 38?5@B>=8G5A:89 :@87 ?>@>48;, ?> 2A59 25@>OB=>AB8, 38?>:A5<8N <>730, :>B>@0O O28;0AL 157CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K< @074@068B5;5< ?0AA82=>->1>@>=8B5;L=>3> @5D;5:A0 8 ?>@>48;0 D878>35==> >1CA;>2;5==>5 GC2AB2> AB@0E0.  A8;C 42CAB>@>==59 ?@>2>48<>AB8 CA;>2=>9 A2O78 ?@>F5AA 157CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=>3> 2>71C645=8O @0A?@>AB@0=8;AO ?> MB>9 A2O78 2 >1@0B=>< =0?@02;5=88  >B GC2AB20 AB@0E0 : <KA;O< >1 >?5@0F88 ?> ?>2>4C 0??5=48F8B0. ">, GB> ?@>F5AA 2>71C645=8O ?>H5; 8<5==> ?> MB>9, 0 =5 ?> :0:>9-=81C4L 4@C3>9 A2O78, >1JOA=O;>AL, >G5284=>, 55 A8;>9 8 ?@>G=>ABLN. @8 MB>< 8=B5@5A=> >B<5B8BL, GB> C 1>;L=>9 8<5;0AL A2O7L <564C GC2AB2>< AB@0E0 8 ?>?040=85< 2 1>;L=8FC AK=0. > 2@5<O 65 1>;57=8 C =55 2A?;K;8 <KA;8 > B><, GB> >?5@8@CNB =5 AK=0, 0 4>GL. G5284=>, ?@54AB02;5=8O > B><, GB> A59G0A <>3CB >?5@8@>20BL AK=0, 2 A2O78 A 53> A<5@BLN >:070;8AL @57:> 70B>@<>65==K<8; ?@>F5AA 2>71C645=8O @0A?@>AB@0=8;AO ?> 1;87:8< 0AA>F80B82=K< ?CBO<, >68282 ?@54AB02;5=8O > B><, GB> >?5@8@CNB 4>GL.  >B;8G85 >B =52@>70 AB@0E0 4;O A>AB>O=89 AB@0E0 A5@45G=>-A>AC48AB>3> 35=570 E0@0:B5@=> =0;8G85 ?@87=0:>2 >A=>2=>3> 701>;520=8O, =0?@8<5@ ?>2KH5=85 8;8 ?>=865=85 0@B5@80;L=>3> 402;5=8O 8 CA8;5=85 B@52>6=KE >?0A5=89 2 ?5@8>4 CEC4H5=8O A><0B8G5A:>3> 701>;520=8O, 2>7=8:=>25=85 ?@8ABC?0 AB@0E0 2 A2O78 A A>AC48ABK< :@87>< (=5@54:> ?>4 CB@>), 3>;>2=K5 1>;8, 3>;>2>:@C65=85, HC< 2 CH0E, ?>2KH5==0O CB><;O5<>ABL 8 B. ?. @8 AB@0E5, A2O70==>< A =0@CH5=85< @01>BK A5@4F0, 2>7=8:=>25=85 8;8 @57:>5 CA8;5=85 AB@0E0 2 A2O78 A ?>O2;5=85< 1>;8 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0 (@0=LH5 1>;L, ?>B>< AB@0E), M;5:B@>:0@48>3@0D8G5A:85 8 4@C385 >1J5:B82=K5 40==K5, A2845B5;LAB2CNI85 > =0@CH5=88 DC=:F88 A5@4F0; ?@8 8=D5:F8>==KE 701>;520=8OE  ?@87=0:8 ?5@5=5A5==>9 8=D5:F88, 2K@065==0O 0AB5=8O 8 2535B0B82=0O ;018;L=>ABL 8 4@. AB@K5 ?@8ABC?K AB5=>:0@488 8 8=D0@:B0 <8>:0@40 G0AB> A>?@>2>640NBAO @57:8< ?@8ABC?>< AB@0E0. @8 MB>< 1>;L 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0, 38?>B>=8G5A:89 8 38?5@B>=8G5A:89 :@87K, 8=D5:F8>==K9 AB@0E, A2O70==K9 A 5AB5AB25==> 2>7=8:0NI8< >?0A5=85< 70 74>@>2L5. !B5?5=L 2K@065==>AB8 53> 1C45B 7028A5BL >B >A>15==>AB59 ;8G=>AB8 701>;52H53>. $878>35==0O 8 ?A8E>35==0O ?@8G8=K AB@0E0 ?@8 MB>< <>3CB B5A=59H8< >1@07>< ?5@5?;5B0BLAO. =>340 =52@>7 AB@0E0 =5;53:> 48DD5@5=F8@>20BL >B A>AB>O=89 AB@0E0, 2>7=8:0NI8E ?@8 =5:>B>@KE F8:;>B8<8G5A:8E 45?@5AA8OE. ;O =8E E0@0:B5@=K, ?><8<> GC2AB20 B@52>38, 2@5<5=0<8 AB@0E0, ?>=865==K9 D>= =0AB@>5=8O 8 ?@87=0:8 ;53:>9 ?A8E><>B>@=>9 70B>@<>65==>AB8 (>1I55 GC2AB2> BO65AB8, «;5=8», ?>@>9 ?CAB>BK 2 3>;>25), 8=>340 70?>@K 8 0<5=>@5O, ACB>G=K5 :>;510=8O =0AB@>5=8O. @8 45?@5AA88 G0AB> >B<5G05BAO CEC4H5=85 A0<>GC2AB28O ?> CB@0< 8 =0@0AB0=85 AB@0E0 : 25G5@C. 0:>=5F, 4;O F8:;>B8<88 E0@0:B5@=> D07=>5 B5G5=85 701>;520=89 (B0:85 D07K A B@52>3>9 8 AB@0E>< G0AB> 4;OBAO 2 4 <5AOF0 8 A<5=ONBAO A25B;K<8 ?@><56CB:0<8, @565  38?><0=80:0;L=K<8 D070<8). "@52>6=K5 >?0A5=8O 1K20NB G0I5 2A53> 8?>E>=4@8G5A:>3> A>45@60=8O. 0;8G85 8459 28=>2=>AB8 8;8 A0<>C=8G865=8O («/ ?;>E>9, ;5=82K9, 2 BO3>ABL A5<L5...») E0@0:B5@=> =5 4;O =52@>70 AB@0E0, 0 4;O 45?@5AA88 8 2A5340 AB028B =0 >G5@54L 2>?@>A > 2>7<>6=>AB8 AC8F840;L=KE <KA;59 8 =5>1E>48<>AB8 A2>52@5<5==>9 3>A?8B0;870F88. Ex juvantibus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chreckneurosen ?> B5@<8=>;>388 =5<5F:8E 02B>@>2). !25@EA8;L=K< @074@068B5;5<, 2K7K20NI8< =52@>7 C 27@>A;KE ;N459, >1KG=> O2;O5BAO 8=D>@<0F8O > BO65;>9 C3@>75 687=8 8;8 1;03>?>;CG8N 1>;L=>3>, =0?@8<5@ A83=0;K, ?>ABC?0NI85 2> 2@5<O 75<;5B@OA5=8O, 2 1>52>9 >1AB0=>2:5, 0 B0:65 ?@8 2845 =5>6840==>9 3815;8 1;87:>3> G5;>25:0. '@572KG09=0O A8;0 ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<K 7028A8B 2 >A=>2=>< =5 >B D878G5A:>9 <>I=>AB8 @074@068B5;O (A8;K 72C:0, O@:>AB8 2A?KH:8 A25B0, 0<?;8BC4K :0G0=8O B5;0), 0 >B 8=D>@<0F8>==>3> 7=0G5=8O, >B B>3>, 2 :0:>9 AB5?5=8 >=> 2K7K205B @0AA>3;0A>20=85 <564C D0:B8G5A:>9 A8BC0F859 8 ?@>3=>78@C5<>9. 0H8 =01;N45=8O ?>:07K20NB, GB> C ;8F, 682CI8E 2>7;5 ?>;83>=>2, 0 B0:65 H0EB 8 @C4=8:>2, 2 :>B>@KE G0AB> ?@>872>4OBAO A8;L=K5 27@K2K, 4065 2 B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 27@K2 1K; =5>6840==K<, :0:8E-;81> =5@2=>-?A8E8G5A:8E =0@CH5=89 =5 =01;N40;>AL. 45AL 459AB2C5B >G5=L A8;L=K9 72C:, >4=0:> >= =5 8<55B 7=0G5=8O A83=0;0 >?0A=>AB8. 5>1KG=>3> 2840 @074@068B5;L, 4065 =5 >1;040NI89 >A>1>9 D878G5A:>9 8=B5=A82=>ABLN, :0: 8725AB=>, <>65B 2K720BL =0@CH5=8O 2KAH59 =5@2=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 C 682>B=>3>. 4=0:> C 27@>A;>3> G5;>25:0 ?0B>35==>5 459AB285 =5>1KG=>3> 2840 @074@068B5;O 1C45B 7028A5BL >B 53> A83=0;L=>3> 7=0G5=8O, :>B>@>5 A2O70=> A ?>;CG5==K< 8< >?KB><, B. 5. A> A;540<8 @0=55 459AB2>202H8E @074@068B5;59 8 2>7=8:H8E A2O759. >MB><C :0:>9-;81> =5>1KG=>3> 2840 @074@068B5;L <>65B >:070BL A>25@H5==> @07;8G=>5 459AB285 =0 AC525@=>3> 48:0@O 8 =0 ?KB;82>3> CG5=>3>. 5>1KG=>3> 2840 @074@068B5;L, =0?@8<5@ :>;510=85 ?>G2K ?@8 75<;5B@OA5=88, <>65B O28BLAO ?0B>35==K< 4;O 27@>A;>3> G5;>25:0 ;8HL 2 B>< A;CG05, 5A;8 >=> O28BAO 4;O =53> A83=0;>< >?0A=>AB8. >MB><C, =0?@8<5@, <0;5=L:85 45B8 =5?>A@54AB25==> =5 @5038@>20;8 =0 75<;5B@OA5=85, 0 5A;8 8 40NB @50:F8N, B> ;8HL =0 ?>2545=85 AB0@H8E. -B> 3>2>@8B 2 ?>;L7C B>3>, GB> 75<;5B@OA5=85 O2;O;>AL =5 157CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K<, 0 CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K< @074@068B5;5<, 8 @50:F8O, 2>7=8:H0O C 27@>A;KE ;N459, >1CA;>2;820;0AL 8=D>@<0F8>==K< 7=0G5=85< ?>475<=KE B>;G:>2 8 :>;510=89 ?>G2K. > A2>59 D878G5A:>9 8=B5=A82=>AB8 :>;510=8O B5;0 8 B>;G:8 ?@8 75<;5B@OA5=88, :0: 8725AB=>, =57=0G8B5;L=K. ;O @074@068B5;59, 2K7K20NI8E H>:>2K5 =52@>7K, E0@0:B5@=0 G@572KG09=0O A8;0, 2=570?=>ABL, :@0B:>2@5<5==>ABL 8 >4=>:@0B=>ABL 459AB28O. 0 7=0G5=88 ?@>F5AA>2 25@>OB=>AB=>3> ?@>3=>78@>20=8O 2 <5E0=87<5 459AB28O H>:>2KE ?A8E8G5A:8E B@02< <K >AB0=02;820;8AL ?@8 @0AA<>B@5=88 MB8>;>388 =52@>7>2, ?>MB><C 745AL ;8HL >B<5B8<, GB> ?@8 2=570?=>< 459AB288 @074@068B5;O >@30=87< =5 CA?5205B ?@5420@8B5;L=> : =5<C 040?B8@>20BLAO. >;LH>5 7=0G5=85 4;O 040?B0F88 >@30=87<0 : 459AB28N A8;L=>3> @074@068B5;O 8<55B <5E0=87< @53C;OF88 C@>2=O 2>71C48<>AB8 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K, ?>:070==K9 . !. C?0;>2K< 8 53> A>B@C4=8:0<8. @8 2=570?=>< 459AB288 A8;L=>3> @074@068B5;O C@>25=L 2>71C48<>AB8 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K =5 CA?5205B A>>B25BAB25==> A=878BLAO, 2 A2O78 A G5< MB>B A8;L=K9 @074@068B5;L <>65B ;53G5 >:070BLAO A25@EA8;L=K< ?@8 40==>< A>AB>O=88 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K. (>:>2K5 =52@>7K G0I5 2A53> 2>7=8:0NB C ;8F A> A;01K< B8?>< =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K, 0 B0:65 A =54>AB0B>G=>9 ?>4286=>ABLN =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2. "0:, 87 29 1>;L=KE1 MB>9 D>@<>9, =01;N402H8EAO =0<8 2 3>4K 5;8:>9 B5G5AB25==>9 2>9=K, C 16 >B<5G0;8AL 4> 1>;57=8 B0:85 G5@BK E0@0:B5@0, :0: 70AB5=G82>ABL, 1>O7;82>ABL, ?>2KH5==0O CB><;O5<>ABL, 40202H85 >A=>20=8O ?@54?>;030BL, GB> 1>;L=K5 ?@8=04;560B : ;8F0< A> A;01K< B8?>< =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K. # @O40 1>;L=KE >B<5G0;8AL 2 ?@>H;>< 70B@C4=5=8O ?@8 1KAB@>< ?5@5:;NG5=88 A >4=>9 @01>BK =0 4@C3CN 8 =5@5H8B5;L=>ABL, 40202H85 >A=>20=8O ?@54?>;030BL C =8E =54>AB0B>G=CN ?>4286=>ABL =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2. "0:85 2@54=>AB8, :0: B@02<K, 8=D5:F88 8 8=B>:A8:0F88, 0 B0:65 4;8B5;L=>5 M<>F8>=0;L=>5 =0?@O65=85 8 =54>AK?0=85, >A;01;OO A8;C, 0 8=>340 8 ?>4286=>ABL =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2, B5< A0<K< A=860NB @578AB5=B=>ABL >@30=87<0 2 >B=>H5=88 >G5=L A8;L=KE, 2=570?=KE @074@068B5;59, :0: MB> 8<5;> <5AB> C =0H8E 1>;L=KE. A>15==> ;53:> 2>7=8:0NB H>:>2K5 ?A8E8G5A:85 @50:F88 C 45B59.  A2O78 A =54>AB0B>G=>ABLN 687=5==>3> >?KB0 8 A;01K< @0728B85< :@8B8G5A:8E A?>A>1=>AB59 @07;8G=K5 =5>1KG=K5 2>7459AB28O <>3CB >:070BLAO 4;8 =8E CAB@0H0NI8<8. @54@0A?>;0305B : MB8< @50:F8O< 8 ;53:0O AB5?5=L 7045@6:8 C<AB25==>3> @0728B8O.  >A=>25 ?0B>35=570 H>:>2KE =52@>7>2 ;568B ?5@5=0?@O65=85 ?@>F5AA0 2>71C645=8O, 2K720==>5 459AB285< H>:>2>9 ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<K.  AB0BL5 « B0: =07K205<>< 38?=>75 682>B=KE»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annon) 8 38?5@A5:@5F8O 1@><A>45@60I53> 3>@<>=0 38?>D870 (. . 0=8;>20). 284C B>3> GB> >B=>AOI85AO : >?8AK205<K< =52@>70< :0@B8=K C 27@>A;KE 2>7=8:0NB 2 CA;>28OE, 70B@C4=ONI8E =01;N45=8O, 8 ?@>B5:0NB :@0B:>2@5<5==>  >=8 @54:> ?>?040NB 2 ?>;5 7@5=8O ?A8E80B@>2 8 >AB0NBAO <0;>87CG5==K<8. ?8A0=8O B0: =07K205<KE H>:>2KE ?A8E8G5A:8E @50:F89, A45;0==K5 =0 >A=>20=88 =01;N45=89 =04 ?>AB@0402H8<8 2> 2@5<O AB8E89=KE 154AB289 8 :0B0AB@>D, >G5=L A:C4=K. 0==K5 Phleps (1903), Stirlin (1911), . . 065=>20 (1914), . /. @CA8;>2A:>3>, . . @CE0=A:>3> 8 ". . !530;>20 (1928) : B><C 65 <0;>4>AB>25@=K, B0: :0: >A=>2K20NBAO B>;L:> =0 @0AA:070E >G5284F52 (=5 2@0G59) G5@57 =5A:>;L:> =545;L 8;8 <5AOF52 ?>A;5 ?@>8AH54H53>. 0@B8=K, >?8A0==K5 ?>4 =0720=85< =52@>7>2 8 ?A8E>7>2 8A?C30 Kleist (1918) 8 . . >75=HB59=>< (1923), >B=>AOBAO : 8AB5@88, 0 =01;N45=8O, ?@82>48<K5 Bonhoeffer (1919), : ?A8E>70< =0 ?>G25 >@30=8G5A:>3> ?>@065=8O 3>;>2=>3> <>730. B45;L=K5 F5==K5 =01;N45=8O, >B=>AOI85AO : >?8AK205<>9 D>@<5, A45;0==K5 ". . !8<5>= (1928), . 8=>:C@>2>9 (1928), . . 8=40475 (1947) 8 . . !CE0@52>9 (1959), 40;5:> =5 ?>;=K. 54=>ABL 8<5NI8EAO 2 ;8B5@0BC@5 >?8A0=89 @0AA<0B@8205<KE 701>;520=89 40;0 >A=>20=85 @O4C 02B>@>2 (Voss, Nonne, . . =4@552) >B@8F0BL ACI5AB2>20=85 H>:>2KE ?A8E8G5A:8E @50:F89 8 >B=>A8BL >?8AK205<K5 ?>4 MB8< =0720=85< A>AB>O=8O : «?5@28G=> 8AB5@8G5A:8< @50:F8O<».  A2O78 A =54>AB0B>G=>9 87CG5==>ABLN H>:>2KE =52@>7>2 >AB0=>28<AO ?>4@>1=55 =0 8E :;8=8G5A:>9 :0@B8=5. 0 >A=>20=88 ?@>2545==KE =0<8 =01;N45=89 (1948, 1952), >A=>20==KE =0 >?KB5 2>5==>3> 2@5<5=8, <>6=> 2K45;8BL A;54CNI85 D>@<K H>:>2KE =52@>7>2 8 ?A8E>7>2: 1) ?@>AB0O; 2) 068B8@>20==0O; 3) ABC?>@>7=0O; 4) AC<5@5G=0O; 5) DC38D>@<=0O. @>AB0O D>@<0. =0 E0@0:B5@87C5BAO ;53:>9 ?A8E><>B>@=>9 70B>@<>65==>ABLN 8 @O4>< A><0B>2535B0B82=KE @0AAB@>9AB2, A2>9AB25==KE 0DD5:BC 8A?C30. K =01;N40;8 13 1>;L=KE MB>9 D>@<>9 =52@>70. # 9 87 =8E 4> 1>;57=8 >B<5G0;8AL B0:85 G5@BK E0@0:B5@0, :0: 1>O7;82>ABL, 70AB5=G82>ABL, @>1>ABL, =5@5H8B5;L=>ABL, 40NI85 >A=>20=85 ?@54?>;030BL, GB> 1>;L=K5 MB8 >B=>AOBAO : ;8F0< A> A;01K< B8?>< =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K (<=>385 87 =8E 4> 1>;57=8 ?>425@30;8AL @O4C >A;01;ONI8E =5@2=CN A8AB5<C 2@54=KE 2>7459AB289). # 4 1>;L=KE ?@8 >BACBAB288 MB8E G5@B E0@0:B5@0 2 0=0<=575 8<5;8AL C:070=8O =0 ?5@5=5A5=85 BO65;KE B@02< G5@5?0 8 =5?>A@54AB25==> ?5@54 701>;520=85< 4;8B5;L=>5 =54>AK?0=85, 0 B0:65 D878G5A:>5 8 M<>F8>=0;L=>5 =0?@O65=85. > 2A5E A;CG0OE 701>;520=85 =0ABC?0;> >AB@> 2A;54 70 459AB285< H>:>2>9 ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<K  @074@068B5;O, A83=0;878@>202H53> > 1>;LH>9 >?0A=>AB8 4;O 687=8. 081>;LH0O 2K@065==>ABL O2;5=89 =01;N40;0AL A@07C 8;8 G5@57 =5A:>;L:> G0A>2 ?>A;5 459AB28O ?0B>35==>3> @074@068B5;O. 072820;8AL A><0B>-2535B0B82=K5 @0AAB@>9AB20, A2>9AB25==K5 0DD5:BC 8A?C30, => 2K@065==K5 1>;55 @57:> 8 4;8B5;L=>, G5< >1KG=>. B<5G0;0AL 1;54=>ABL ;8F0, B0E8:0@48O, :>;510=8O 0@B5@80;L=>3> 402;5=8O, CG0I5=85 8;8 ?>25@E=>AB=K9 E0@0:B5@ 4KE0=8O, CG0I5=85 :0: ?>7K2>2, B0: 8 A0<8E 0:B>2 45D5:0F88 8 <>G58A?CA:0=8O, ACE>ABL 2> @BC, CA8;5==>5 ?>B>>B45;5=85, ?>B5@O 0??5B8B0, ?045=85 25A0, 4@>60=85 @C:, :>;5=59, GC2AB2> A;01>AB8 2 =>30E. !> AB>@>=K ?A8E8G5A:>9 AD5@K >B<5G0;0AL ;53:0O 70<54;5==>ABL <KA;8B5;L=KE ?@>F5AA>2. B25BK =0 2>?@>AK (=57028A8<> >B 8E A>45@60=8O) 4020;8AL A =5:>B>@>9 7045@6:>9. 5@5G8A;5=85 A>?>4G8=5==KE ?>=OB89 ?@>872>48;>AL <54;5==>, A:@KBK9 ?5@8>4 @5G52KE @50:F89 1K; C4;8=5= (2 A@54=5< 1 2 A5:C=4K 2<5AB> 0,1 0,2 A5:C=4K 2 =>@<5). 0 ?@54;>65=85 ?5@5G8A;8BL A2>9AB20 8;8 40BL >?@545;5=85 ?>=OB8O >B25BK B0:65 1K;8 70<54;5=K, ?@8G5< =5 25AL >1J5< ?>=OB8O ?>;=>ABLN 2A?;K20; 2 A>7=0=88 1>;L=>3>. @8 0AA>F80B82=>< M:A?5@8<5=B5 @50:F88 1K;8 1>;55 154=K<8, >4=>>1@07=K<8, G5< C MB8E 65 ;8F 2 74>@>2>< A>AB>O=88. !@548 >B25B>2 G0AB> 2AB@5G0;8AL ?@82KG=K5 @5G52K5 H01;>=K, ?@8;030B5;L=K5, >?8AK20NI85 A2>9AB20 ?@54<5B0 (=0?@8<5@, «A=53  15;K9»), 8=>340 C =5:>B>@KE 1>;L=KE >B45;L=K5 >B25BK ?> ME>;0;8G5A:><C B8?C (?>2B>@5=85 A;>20-@074@068B5;O). @>F5AA AC645=8O 8 C<>70:;NG5=8O 1K; 70<54;5= 8 4;O 53> >ACI5AB2;5=8O B@51>20;>AL 7=0G8B5;L=>5 =0?@O65=85 1>;L=>3>. @85=B8@>2>G=K5 @50:F88 1K;8 A=865=K, ?@>872>;L=K5 8 02B><0B878@>20==K5 42865=8O =5<=>3> 70<54;5=K. >;L=K5 1K;8 =5A:>;L:> 0?0B8G=K, 8=5@B=K. > A2>59 8=8F80B825 =5 704020;8 2>?@>A>2, =5 ?@>O2;O;8 8=B5@5A0 : >:@C60NI5<C. B<5G0;8 B@C4=>ABL ?@8 0:B82=>< =0?@O65=88 2=8<0=8O, =54>AB0B>G=> 1KAB@>5 2A?;K20=85 =C6=KE A;>2, 70B@C4=5=85 ?@8 CAB0=>2;5=88 >B=>H5=89 <564C O2;5=8O<8, 2@5<5=0<8, GC2AB2> A60B8O 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0, BO3>AB=>5 >ICI5=85 2 3@C48. 0@CH5=85 A=0 2K@060;>AL ;81> 2 2845 70B@C4=5=8O 70AK?0=8O, ;81> 2 ?>2KH5==>9 A>=;82>AB8, G0AB>< ?@>1C645=88 2> 2@5<O A=0, 8=>340 2 42830B5;L=>-@5G52>< 15A?>:>9AB25 2> 2@5<O A=0 8 CAB@0H0NI8E A=>2845=8OE. >AB5?5==> 1>;L=K5 AB0=>28;8AL 0:B82=55, B5G5=85 A;>25A=>-@5G52KE @50:F89 8 <KA;8B5;L=KE ?@>F5AA>2 C =8E CA:>@O;>AL, C<5=LH0;8AL 2535B0B82=K5 @0AAB@>9AB20, 8AG570;> BO3>AB=>5 >ICI5=85 2 3@C48. >;LH5 2A53> 45@60;8AL =0@CH5=8O A=0 2 2845 :>H<0@=KE A=>2845=89 8 42830B5;L=>-@5G52>3> 15A?>:>9AB20 2> 2@5<O A=0. >2B>@5=85 G0AB8 A8BC0F88, 2K7202H59 701>;520=85 (459AB28O CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=KE @074@068B5;59, E>BO 8 1;87:8E 8;8 0=0;>38G=KE B5<, :>B>@K5 2K7K20;8 701>;520=85, => <5=55 8=B5=A82=KE), C =5:>B>@KE 1>;L=KE 2K7K20;> ?>O2;5=85 BO3>AB=>3> GC2AB20 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0, ;53:>5 274@03820=85, 0 2 @O45 A;CG052 @5F8482 M<>F88 AB@0E0. 7 13 =01;N402H8EAO =0<8 1>;L=KE B5G5=85 701>;520=8O C 11 1K;> 1;03>?@8OB=K< 8 C 2  =51;03>?@8OB=K<. ;8B5;L=>ABL 701>;520=8O ?@8 1;03>?@8OB=>< B5G5=88 1 5 ACB>:. 8HL @0AAB@>9AB2> A=0 8 ?>O2;5=85 =5?@8OB=>3> >ICI5=8O ?@8 459AB288 @074@068B5;59, =0?><8=02H8E 2K7202H89 701>;520=85, 45@60;8AL C =5:>B>@KE 1>;L=KE 1>;55 4;8B5;L=> (@O4 =545;L 8;8 <5AOF52). @8 =51;03>?@8OB=>< B5G5=88 @072820;8AL O2;5=8O 8AB5@88. 68B8@>20==0O D>@<0. -B0 D>@<0 E0@0:B5@87C5BAO @0728B85< B@52>38 8 42830B5;L=>3> 15A?>:>9AB20, 70<54;5=85< A;>25A=>-@5G52KE @50:F89 8 <KA;8B5;L=KE ?@>F5AA>2 8 2535B0B82=K<8 =0@CH5=8O<8, A2>9AB25==K<8 ?@>AB>9 D>@<5. 01>;520=85 2>7=8:;> =5?>A@54AB25==> 2A;54 70 459AB285< H>:>2>9 ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<K  @074@068B5;O, A83=0;878@>202H53> >1 >?0A=>AB8 4;O 687=8 701>;52H53>. 1@0I05B =0 A51O 2=8<0=85, GB> C 2A5E 4 1>;L=KE MB>9 D>@<>9 =52@>70, ?>?02H8E ?>4 =0H5 =01;N45=85, 4> 1>;57=8 >B<5G0;8AL 2A?K;LG82>ABL, =5B5@?5;82>ABL (C >4=>3> 87 =8E >=0 @0728;0AL ?>A;5 B@02<K G5@5?0). -B> 405B >A=>20=85 ?@54?>;030BL, GB> C =8E C65 2 B> 2@5<O 8<5;0AL =54>AB0B>G=0O C@02=>25H5==>ABL =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2 (A:>@55 2A53> 2A;54AB285 A;01>AB8 B>@<>7=>3> ?@>F5AA0). ! :;8=8G5A:>9 AB>@>=K =0 ?5@54=89 ?;0= 2KABC?0;> 42830B5;L=>5 15A?>:>9AB2>, B@52>30, 068B0F8O. >71C645=85 1>;L=KE 2K@060;>AL 3;02=K< >1@07>< 2 AC5B;82>AB8, A>25@H5=88 ?@>ABKE 02B><0B878@>20==KE 0:B>2 ?>4 2;8O=85< ?>?02H8E 2 ?>;5 7@5=8O A;CG09=KE @074@068B5;59 8 =>A8;> =5?@>4C:B82=K9 E0@0:B5@. &5;520O CAB0=>2:0, =0?@02;O2H0O 45OB5;L=>ABL 1>;L=KE, >B;8G0;0AL :@09=59 =5AB>9:>ABLN, ;53:>9 A<5=>9 ?>4 2;8O=85< 2=5H=8E @074@068B5;59. "5G5=85 0AA>F80B82=KE @50:F89 C B0:8E 1>;L=KE 1K;> 70<54;5=>, ?@>872>;L=>5 2K7K20=85 ?@54AB02;5=89 70B@C4=5=> !:C4=0O A?>=B0==0O @5G520O ?@>4C:F8O 2>7=8:0;0 ;8HL ?>4 2;8O=85< >1L5:B>2, ?>?0402H8E 2 ?>;5 7@5=8O 1>;L=>3>, 8 2K@060;0AL 2 ?@82KG=KE, AB5@5>B8?=KE «@5G52KE HB0<?0E»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«?A8E8G5A:>3> ?>B@OA5=8O» 8725AB=> 402=>. 1 MB>< A2845B5;LAB2CNB B0:85 AB0@K5 2K@065=8O, :0: «>F5?5=5BL >B 8A?C30».  1901 3. Balz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alz, :CG5@ 2KB0I8; 53> 87 ?>4J5740 4><0, 2 :>B>@>< >= >AB0;AO =5?>4286=> AB>OBL 2 <><5=B 75<;5B@OA5=8O). !>AB>O=85 MB> >B;8G05BAO >B ABC?>@>7=KE <5=LH59 AB5?5=LN 3;C18=K 8 @0A?@>AB@0=5==>AB8 ?@>F5AA0 B>@<>65=8O. Stirlin, . . 065=>2, 0 B0:65 . /. @CA8;>2A:89, . . @CE0=A:89 8 ". . !530;>2 =0 >A=>20=88 @0AA:07>2 >G5284F52 C?><8=0NB > A>AB>O=8OE ABC?>@0, 2>7=8:02H8E ?>4 2;8O=85< 8A?C30 ?@8 75<;5B@OA5=88. ;8=8G5A:0O :0@B8=0 MB8E A>AB>O=89 >AB0;0AL =54>AB0B>G=> @07@01>B0==>9, ?>MB><C >AB0=>28<AO 1>;55 ?>4@>1=> =0 55 >?8A0=88. @82>48< >?C1;8:>20==>5 =0H5 =01;N45=851. >;L=>9 ., 21 3>40, 4> 2>5==>9 A;C61K  CG8B5;L A@54=59 H:>;K. 0 D@>=B5 A A5=BO1@O 1942 3., :>=BC65=. 01;N40;8AL 4;8B5;L=0O ?>B5@O A>7=0=8O 8 :@>2>B5G5=85 87 ;52>3> CE0, ?>A;5 G53> >AB0;>AL ?>=865=85 A;CE0. ;CE>BK, 708:0=8O, =5<>BK =5 1K;>. 5@=C;AO =0 D@>=B 2 0?@5;5 1943 3. 12/VIII 1943 3., =0 4-9 45=L 1>O, ?@8 70=OB88 =0A5;5==>3> ?C=:B0 . =5>6840==> =0 C3;C C;8FK AB>;:=C;AO ;8F>< : ;8FC A 2K15602H8< =02AB@5GC ?@>B82=8:><. =570?=>, A;>2=> >F5?5=52, . =5?>4286=> 70ABK; A 28=B>2:>9 2 @C:5. 0 <><5=B >AB0=>28;AO 8 53> ?@>B82=8:, ?>B>< 1KAB@> >BABC?8; 8 @07<0E=C;AO ?@8:;04>< 02B><0B0, GB>1K C40@8BL . >A;54=89 2A5 5I5 AB>O; =5?>4286=> 8 =5 ?KB0;AO =8 =0=5AB8 C40@ HBK:><, =8 C:@KBLAO >B C40@0.  MB>B <><5=B :B>-B> 2KAB@5;>< A@078; ?@>B82=8:0. . ?@>4>;60B AB>OBL B0: 65 =5?>4286=> A 7060B>9 2 @C:5 28=B>2:>9 8 1K; >G5=L 1;545=. >415602H85 B>20@8I8 AB0;8 53> B>@<>H8BL, => >= =0 MB> =5 @5038@>20;. 3> ?>4 @C:8 >B25;8 2 AB>@>=C, C;>68;8 =0 A0=8B0@=CN ?>2>7:C 8 4>AB028;8 2 ?C=:B <548F8=A:>9 ?><>I8. > ?CB8 . =5 @5038@>20; =8 =0 72C:8 2KAB@5;>2, =8 =0 @07@K2K A=0@O4>2. > ?@81KB88 2  1K; @57:> 70B>@<>65=, =0 2>?@>AK =5 >B25G0;, ?@54;>65==K5 459AB28O =5 2K?>;=O;, >A<>B@C =5 A>?@>B82;O;AO. C;LA 1K; 98 2 <8=CBC, C4>2;5B2>@8B5;L=>3> =0?>;=5=8O, <KH5G=K9 B>=CA =5 ?>2KH5=. @840==KE ?>7 =5 A>E@0=O;. >A;5 2=CB@825==>3> 22545=8O 20 <; 10% @0AB2>@0 E;>@8AB>3> :0;LF8O 70:@K; 3;070, 70B5< 2 >B25B =0 ?@8:>A=>25=85 >B:@K; 8E, >A<KA;5==> ?>A<>B@5; =0 2@0G0 8 2>:@C3 A51O 8 B8E> A?@>A8;: «45 O?». 5 2KA;CH02 >B25B0, . ?>25@=C;AO =0 1>: 8 CA=C;. >GLN A?0; 3;C1>:8<, :@5?:8< A=>< #B@>< 1K; 2 OA=>< A>7=0=88 8 E>@>H> >@85=B8@>20;AO 2 >:@C60NI5<. @>8AH54H55 ?@8?><8=0; A<CB=>, >B@K2>G=>. ><=8B, GB> H5; 1>9 70 45@52=N . «065BAO, 55 70=O;8». @8?><8=05B, GB> «:0:>9-B> C:>; 45;0;8», => =5 <>65B A:070BL, 1K;> ;8 MB> 2> A=5 8;8 =0O2C. C<05B, GB> 53> «A;53:0 :>=BC78;>». =5< GC2AB2>20; A51O E>@>H>, : 25G5@C 25@=C;AO 2 AB@>9 8 2A:>@5 >?OBL CG0AB2>20; 2 1>OE.  40==>< A;CG05 C G5;>25:0, >A;01;5==>3> ?5@5=5A5==>9 2 ?@>H;>< 70:@KB>9 B@02<>9 <>730, 0 B0:65 4;8B5;L=K< 459AB285< <=>3>>1@07=KE 2@54=>AB59 1>52>9 >1AB0=>2:8, @0728;AO ABC?>@. = =0ABC?8; ?>4 2;8O=85< A25@EA8;L=>3> @074@068B5;O  2840 2=570?=> ?>O282H53>AO ?@>B82=8:0, B. 5. A83=0;0 >?0A=>AB8 4;O 687=8.  MB8E CA;>28OE ABC?>@ =5 B>;L:> =5 O2;O;AO 2K3>4=K< A B>G:8 7@5=8O A0<>A>E@0=5=8O 1>;L=>3>, =>, =0>1>@>B, A2>8< 2>7=8:=>25=85< AB028; ?@O<> ?>4 C3@>7C 53> 687=L. ?8A0=8O ABC?>@0, :>B>@K9 2>7=8: 2 ?>4>1=KE CA;>28OE, <K 2 ;8B5@0BC@5 =5 2AB@5B8;8. !0<0 >1AB0=>2:0, 2 :>B>@>9 >= =0ABC?8;, 3>2>@8;0 ?@>B82 CG0AB8O ?@8 MB>< 8AB5@8G5A:8E <5E0=87<>2  2=CH5=8O, A0<>2=CH5=8O 8 «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0 8 ?>72>;O5B A =5A><=5==>ABLN >B3@0=8G8BL 701>;520=85 >B 8AB5@88.  4@C3>< 8725AB=>< =0< A;CG05 0=0;>38G=0O :0@B8=0 ABC?>@0 2=570?=> @0728;0AL C 452CH:8 19 ;5B, :>340 ?@8 ?>?KB:5 =5;530;L=>3> ?5@5E>40 3@0=8FK >=0 24@C3 CA;KH0;0 @07402H89AO 87 B5<=>BK >:;8: G0A>2>3>: «!B>9!». 0< :065BAO =5A><=5==K<, GB> 2 >1>8E ?@82545==KE 2KH5 =01;N45=8OE ABC?>@ 1K; 2K720= A25@;8;L=K< 459AB285< 8=D>@<0F88 (284>< ?@>B82=8:0 2 ?5@2>< A;CG05 8 459AB285< A;>20, 8<52H8< 8A:;NG8B5;L=> A8;L=>5 A83=0;L=>5 7=0G5=85, 2> 2B>@><).  ?0B>35=575 2>7=8:H53> B>@<>65=8O, 2>7<>6=>, CG0AB2>20; <5E0=87< >4=>3> 87 A0<>>E@0=8B5;L=KE @5D;5:A>2 7045@6820NI53> E0@0:B5@0 («@5D;5:A0 <=8<>9 A<5@B8»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». @87=0:>2 >@30=8G5A:>3> ?>@065=8O F5=B@0;L=>9 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K =5 >1=0@C65=>. ;8BCN 2 @>B 684:>ABL ?@>3;0BK205B, ?>;C684:CN ?8IC 45@68B 2> @BC, =5 6C5B 8 =5 3;>B05B. 0 A;54CNI89 45=L A CB@0 B0:>5 65 A>AB>O=85. >A;5 2=CB@825==>3> 22545=8O 15 << 10% @0AB2>@0 E;>@8AB>3> :0;LF8O 4KE0=85 AB0;> G0I5, >B:@K; 3;070, ;8F> 2K@078;> B@52>3C 8 @0AB5@O==>ABL. 0 =0AB>9G82K5 2>?@>AK >B25G05B B8E> 8 >4=>A;>6=>. =05B, GB> =0E>48BAO 2 3>A?8B0;5, 60;C5BAO =0 3>;>2=CN 1>;L, 5ABL =5 E>G5B. >4 8 <5AOF =07K205B ?@028;L=>, G8A;>  =5B>G=>. 5AL 45=L ;568B 2 ?>AB5;8, 157CG0AB=> CAB@5<82 27>@ 2 ?@>AB@0=AB2>, 87@54:0 =0?@O65==> A68<0O 3C1K. >GLN A?0; A?>:>9=>. 0 3-9 45=L AB0; 1>;55 0:B825=, <8<8:0 AB0;0 68255. B25G0; =0 2>?@>AK B8E8< 3>;>A><, A =51>;LH>9 7045@6:>9 @028;L=> =07K20; 8<O, D0<8;8N, 2>7@0AB. A?><=8;, GB> 1K; «=0 ?5@54>2>9», => =5 <>3 2A?><=8BL, :>340 8 :0: ?>?0; 2 3>A?8B0;L. 5 ?><=8;, GB> 5; CB@><, =5 ?><=8; 8<5= 456C@=>3> ?5@A>=0;0, =5 ?@8?><8=0; 8 D0<8;89 A>A;C682F52. ?@OB5=. >GLN A?0; B@52>6=>, 3>2>@8; 2> A=5, A=8;8AL 1>52K5 M?87>4K. 070;>AL, GB> 70AK?0;> 75<;59, ?@84028;> 3@C4L, AB0; 704KE0BLAO.  AB@0E5 ?@>A=C;AO. #B@>< =0 4-9 45=L >B25G0; =0 2>?@>AK, <8<8:0 AB0;0 5I5 1>;55 682>9 ?>;=5 >@85=B8@>20;AO 2 >:@C60NI5<, => A>1KB8O ?>A;54=8E 4=59 ?@8?><8=0; A<CB=>, A B@C4><. 0 5-9 45=L A0<>GC2AB285 E>@>H55. '8B0;, 3>;>2=KE 1>;59 =5 >ICI0;. C4CG8 ?>3@C65= 2 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>=. @0AA:070;, GB> >:>;> 9 G0A>2 CB@0, :>340 ?@>B82=8: >1AB@5;820; B@0=H5N, >4=0 87 <8= @07>@20;0AL 2>7;5 =53> =0 @0AAB>O=88 >:>;> 20 <, 8 =0 53> 3;070E C18;> B>20@8I0 '5@57 =5A:>;L:> <8=CB 2B>@0O <8=0 C?0;0 2 =5A:>;L:8E H030E $. 2845; 2A?KH:C, CA;KH0; 72C: @07@K20 8 ?>B5@O; A>7=0=85. A?><8=05B, GB> 5<C 45;0;8 C:>; 2 =>3C, 257;8 =0 02B><0H8=5, <K;8. >;=>ABLN A>7=0=85 2>AAB0=>28;>AL C65 2 3>A?8B0;5. @8 2>A?><8=0=88 > @07@K25 <8=K 8 A<5@B8 B>20@8I0 ?>1;54=5;, =0 ;8F5 ?>O28;>AL 2K@065=85 C60A0, 3>2>@8; 272>;=>20==>, ?@5@K202H8<AO 3>;>A><, 4@>60;. > ?@>1C645=88 >?OBL 701K; 2A5, > G5< @0AA:07K20;. 0G8=0O A 6-3> 4=O A0<>GC2AB285 E>@>H55. 0 10-9 45=L 2K?8A0= 2 G0ABL 74>@>2K<, ?@8=8<0; CG0AB85 2 1>OE. '5@57 2 <5AOF0 A>>1I8;, GB> GC2AB2C5B A51O E>@>H>.  40==>< A;CG05 ABC?>@ @0728;AO ?>4 459AB285< A25@EA8;L=>3> @074@068B5;O, =5AH53> 8=D>@<0F8N > BO65;>9 C3@>75 687=8 1>;L=>3>. @8 MB>< >E@0=8B5;L=>5 B>@<>65=85 =5 B>;L:> >E20B8;> :>@C 3>;>2=>3> <>730, => 8 A?CAB8;>AL =0 =865;560I85 >B45;K <56CB>G=>3> <>730, >15A?5G820NI85 A>E@0==>ABL ?>;>65=8O B5;0 2 ?@>AB@0=AB25. -B> 8 ?@825;> : @0728B8N A=>?>4>1=>3> A>AB>O=8O A >1I8< @0AA;01;5=85< <CA:C;0BC@K.  >B;8G85 >B >?8A0==KE 2KH5, MB0 D>@<0 ABC?>@0 <>65B 1KBL =0720=0 ;5B0@38G5A:>9. ;O ?>=8<0=8O <5E0=87<0 2>7=8:=>25=8O ABC?>@0 ?@54AB02;O5B 8=B5@5A 0=0;87 0=B5@>3@04=>9 0<=5788, 8<52H59AO C 1>;L=>3> 2 1>4@AB2CNI5< A>AB>O=88. -BC 0<=578N 2 38?=>B8G5A:>< A=5 >:070;>AL 2>7<>6=K< @0AG;5=8BL ?0 B@8 G0AB8: 1) @5B@>3@04=CN 0<=578N, CAB@0=5==CN 2 A>AB>O=88 38?=>70 (1>;L=>9 2A?><=8;, GB> <8=>9, C?02H59 >B =53> =0 @0AAB>O=88 >:>;> 20 <, 1K; C18B 53> B>20@8I; 40;55, GB> G5@57 =5A:>;L:> <8=CB ?>A;5 MB>3> @07>@20;0AL 2B>@0O <8=0, >= C2845; 2A?KH:C A25B0 8 CA;KH0; 72C: @07@K20); 2) 0=B5@>3@04=CN 0<=578N, =5 CAB@0=82HCNAO (?5@8>4 >B <><5=B0 27@K20 2B>@>9 <8=K 4> ?>ABC?;5=8O 2 , 345 5<C 45;0;8 C:>; 2 =>3C); 3) 0=B5@>3@04=CN 0<=578N, ?>4402HCNAO CAB@0=5=8N (1>;L=>9 2A?><=8; ?@> C:>; 2 =>3C 8 40;55 4>@>3C 2 3>A?8B0;L 8 ?@85< 2 3>A?8B0;5). G5284=>, AF5=0 3815;8 B>20@8I0 1K;0 2KB5A=5=0 87 A>7=0=8O. =0 O28;0AL AB>;L A8;L=K< @074@068B5;5<, GB> 2K720;0 2>7=8:=>25=85 2 <>73C A>>B25BAB2CNI53> 48=0<8G5A:>3> >G030 70AB>9=>3> 2>71C645=8O. >A;54=89 ?> <5E0=87<C >B@8F0B5;L=>9 8=4C:F88 8 >1CA;>28; @5B@>3@04=CN 0<=578N, ?>4402HCNAO CAB@0=5=8N 2> 2@5<O 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 8 2=>2L 2>7>1=>282HCNAO ?> ?@>1C645=88. /2;5=8O ABC?>@0 @0728;8AL =5A:>;L:> ?>74=55  ?>A;5 B>3> :0: 21;878 @07>@20;0AL 2B>@0O <8=0. 2C: 27@K20 8 2A?KH:0 A25B0 O28;8AL A25@EA8;L=K<8 @074@068B5;O<8, :>B>@K5 ?@825;8 : 2>7=8:=>25=8N 70?@545;L=>3> B>@<>65=8O, >E20B82H53> :>@C 8 =865;560I85 >B45;K, ?@>O2;5=85< :>B>@>3> 8 O28;AO ABC?>@. A;54AB285 @07282H53>AO 3;C1>:>3> B>@<>65=8O :>@K =0@CH8;>AL 2>A?@8OB85 >:@C60NI53>, 2 A2O78 A G5< >?@545;5==K9 >B@57>: 2@5<5=8 2 40;L=59H5< 2K?0; 87 ?0<OB8 8 =5 <>3 1KBL 2>AAB0=>2;5= 40<5 2 38?=>B8G5A:>< A=5. @>B82 B>3>, GB> 0<=578O <>3;0 1KBL 2K720=0 ?5@5=5A5=85< A>B@OA5=8O 8;8 CH810 <>730 2A;54AB285 @07@K20 <8=K, 3>2>@8B A;54CNI55: 1) :;8=8G5A:0O :0@B8=0 ABC?>@0; 2) >BACBAB285 A8<?B><>2 ;>:0;L=>3> ?>@065=8O =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K, 0 B0:65 A8<?B><>2 B@02<0B8G5A:>9 F5@51@0AB5=88 8;8 M=F5D0;>?0B88 ?> ?@>OA=5=88 A>7=0=8O; 3) >BACBAB285 @5B@>3@04=>9 0<=5788 (1>;L=>9 2A?><=8; 72C: @07@K20 8 2A?KH:C A25B0); 4) >B40;5==>ABL @07@K20 <8=K >B 1>;L=>3>; 5) >BACBAB285 ?@8 >B>A:>?88 87<5=5=89 A> AB>@>=K 10@010==KE ?5@5?>=>:, G0AB> >1=0@C68205<KE C ?5@5=5AH8E CH81 27@K2=>9 2>;=>9. A5 MB> ?>72>;O5B A =5A><=5==>ABLN 8A:;NG8BL A>B@OA5=85 8;8 CH81 <>730 2 40==>< A;CG05. #AB@0=8<>ABL G0AB8 0=B5@>3@04=>9 0<=5788 2 38?=>B8G5A:>< A=5 3>2>@8B > B><, GB> : ?5@8>4C ?>ABC?;5=8O 2 A0=8B0@=CN G0ABL ?>;:0 (?@81;878B5;L=> G5@57 G0A >B =0G0;0 701>;520=8O) 1>;L=>9 C65 2KH5; 87 A>AB>O=8O 3;C1>:>3> 70B5<=5=8O A>7=0=8O, E>BO 5I5 >AB020;AO 2 A>AB>O=88 ABC?>@0. >7<>6=>, GB> 2 MB>B ?5@8>4 =0G0;0AL 2B>@8G=0O ?A8E8G5A:0O ?5@5@01>B:0 ?@>8AH54H53> 8 ?5@5E>4 0DD5:B82=>-H>:>2>3> ABC?>@0 2 8AB5@8G5A:89. @8 =5>6840==>< ?>;CG5=88 :0:>3>-;81> BO65;>3> 8725AB8O 8;8 ?@8 2845 BO65;>9 AF5=K (=0?@8<5@, 2=570?=>9 3815;8 1;87:>3> G5;>25:0) ;N48, :0: 8725AB=>, 8=>340 ?040NB 2 >1<>@>:, B5@ONB A>7=0=85.  >A=>25 MB>3> <>3CB ;560BL A5@45G=>-A>AC48ABK5 =0@CH5=8O, 0=5<8O <>730, >4=0:> 8=>340 MB> <>65B 1KBL A>AB>O=85< 0DD5:B82=>-H>:>2>3> ;5B0@38G5A:>3>, 0 B0:65 8AB5@8G5A:>3> ABC?>@0.  ?>A;54=8E A;CG0OE =0@CH5=89 A> AB>@>=K A5@45G=>-A>AC48AB>9 A8AB5<K =5 >1=0@C68205BAO.  ?0B>35=575 >?8AK205<KE A>AB>O=89 0DD5:B82=>-H>:>2>3> ABC?>@0, ?> 2A59 25@>OB=>AB8, 1>;LHCN @>;L 83@0NB 8 3C<>@0;L=K5 D0:B>@K, 2 G0AB=>AB8 1C@=0O 8=:@5F8O 1@><A>45@60I53> 3>@<>=0 38?>D870. @8 @0728B88 ABC?>@0 B>@<>7=>9 ?@>F5AA A=0G0;0 48DDC7=> @0A?@>AB@0=O5BAO =0 :>@C 8 =865;560I85 >B45;K 3>;>2=>3> <>730. -B> 2K@0605BAO 2 ?>;=>< B>@<>65=88 ?A8E8G5A:>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, =0@CH5=88 AB0B>-:;8=8G5A:8E DC=:F89, >BACBAB288 3;>B0B5;L=KE 42865=89 C =5:>B>@KE 87 =0H8E 1>;L=KE, =0@CH5=88 A> AB>@>=K A5@45G=>A>AC48AB>9 A8AB5<K 8 4KE0=8O (B0E8- 8;8 1@048:0@48O, CG0I5=85 4KE0=8O 8 1>;55 ?>25@E=>AB=K9 53> E0@0:B5@).  ?@>F5AA5 >1@0B=>3> @0728B8O @0AAB@>9AB20 A> AB>@>=K A5@45G=>-A>AC48AB>9 A8AB5<K 8 4KE0=8O 8AG570NB 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L, ?>A;5 G53> ?>AB5?5==> ?@>E>48B 70B>@<>65==>ABL <>B>@8:8 8 ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2. KE>4 87 ABC?>@0 157 ?@>E>645=8O G5@57 D07C 8AB5@8G5A:>3> AC@4><CB87<0, <CB87<0, 708:0=8O, 0AB078=-010788 8 B. ?. O2;O5BAO @54:>ABLN. '0I5 B>@<>7=>9 ?@>F5AA 2 B>9 8;8 8=>9 >1;0AB8 D8:A8@C5BAO ?> <5E0=87<C «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0, 2K7K20O B5 8;8 8=K5 8AB5@8G5A:85 O2;5=8O. "5G5=85 701>;520=8O >1KG=> :@0B:>2@5<5==>5  >B =5A:>;L:8E G0A>2 4> 2 3 4=59. KE>4 87 ABC?>@0 ;81> ?>AB5?5==K9, 2 B5G5=85 1 2 4=59, ;81> @57:89. >A;54=89 =01;N405BAO G0I5 CB@>< (A;>2=> ?@>1C645=85 >B A=0) 8;8 ?@8 0:B82=>< 2<5H0B5;LAB25 (;5G5=85 ?> <5B>4C MD8@=>9 <0A:8, :0;LF852K< «C40@><»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tirlin, Kleist, Wetzel 8 . . >75=HB59=><, >4=0:> MB8 AC<5@5G=K5 A>AB>O=8O >B=>AOBAO =5 : 0DD5:B82=>-H>:>2K<, 0 : 8AB5@8G5A:8<. "0:, Kleist, @01>B0O 2> 2@5<O ?5@2>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K 2@0G>< 2 35@<0=A:>< BK;>2>< 3>A?8B0;5, >?8A0; ?>4 =0720=85< ?A8E>7>2 8A?C30 @O4 8AB5@8G5A:8E AC<5@5G=KE A>AB>O=89, 2>7=8:02H8E 2 1>52>9 >1AB0=>2:5. . . >75=HB59= =01;N40; AC<5@5G=>5 A>AB>O=85, 2>7=8:H55 2 1>52>9 >1AB0=>2:5, 2> 2@5<O :>B>@>3> 1>;L=>9 :><0=4>20; 8 1560; 2 AB>@>=C BK;0. 5GL 845B, >G5284=>, >1 8AB5@8G5A:>< AC<5@5G=>< A>AB>O=88. Stirlin 8 Wetzel >?8A0;8 :@0B:>2@5<5==K5 AC<5@5G=K5 A>AB>O=8O, 4;82H85AO >B =5A:>;L:8E G0A>2 4> =5A:>;L:8E 4=59, ?@>B5:02H85 A O2;5=8O<8 ?CM@8;87<0, :;8=8G5A:8 =5 >B;8G8<K5 >B 8AB5@8G5A:8E. ?8A0=8O «>@30=8G5A:8 >:@0H5==KE» AC<5@5G=KE A>AB>O=89, =0ABC?82H8E ?>4 459AB285< H>:>2>9 ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<K, <K 2 ;8B5@0BC@5 =5 2AB@5B8;8.  A;CG05, >?8AK205<>< Bonhoeffer (1919), «A><=0<1C;8AB8G5A:>5 A>AB>O=85 =0ABC?8;> C ?A8E>?0B8G5A:>9 ;8G=>AB8 M?8;5?B>84=>3> :@C30» 2=5 =5?>A@54AB25==>9 A2O78 A «H>:>2>9 ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<>9»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«?A8E8G5A:CN 0B0:C»). @8 MB>< AC<5@5G=>5 A>AB>O=85 AB028;> A2>8< 2>7=8:=>25=85< ?>4 C3@>7C 687=L 1>;L=>3>. "5G5=85 >?8AK205<KE AC<5@5G=KE A>AB>O=89 :@0B:>2@5<5==>5 (4> =5A:>;L:8E 4=59), 8AE>4 1;03>?@8OB=K9. $C38D>@<=0O @50:F8O. -B0 D>@<0 E0@0:B5@87C5BAO @57:8< AC65=85< A>7=0=8O A @0728B85< @50:F88 C1530=8O, =0ABC?0NI59 ?>4 459AB285< H>:>2>9 ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<K. 50:F88 C1530=8O, 2>7=8:02H85 2 ?@>A>=>G=KE A>AB>O=8OE 2> 2@5<O 75<;5B@OA5=8O, >?8A0=K . /. @CA8;>2A:8<, . . @CE0=A:8<, ". . !530;>2K< 8 . . 8=>:C@>2>9. Stirlin (1911) ?@82>48B A2545=8O > B><, GB> «?>A;5 :0B0AB@>DK 2 !525@=>9 $@0=F88 10/1II 1906 3. A?0A5==K9 3>@=O: 2 B5G5=85 2 4=59 1;C640; ?> >:@5AB=>ABO<, A;>2=> ;C=0B8:, =8G53> ?>B>< >1 MB>< =5 ?><=O. @C3>9 A5; 2 ?>574, 4>5E0; 4> 15;L389A:>9 3@0=8FK, 345 ?@8 7045@60=88 =5 <>3 40BL @07C<=KE >B25B>2. > 2>72@0I5=88 =8G53> =5 ?><=8;. -B8 A:C4=K5 A2545=8O =5 ?>72>;ONB A B>G=>ABLN >?@545;8BL E0@0:B5@ 701>;520=8O. @C38E >?8A0=89 MB8E @50:F89 <K 2 ;8B5@0BC@5 =5 2AB@5B8;8. 564C B5< 87CG5=85 8E ?@54AB02;O5B, ?><8<> B5>@5B8G5A:>3>, 8 ?@0:B8G5A:89 8=B5@5A 4;O 2@0G51=>-?A8E80B@8G5A:>9 M:A?5@B87K, 0 B0:65 4;O ?>=8<0=8O =5:>B>@KE A;CG052 2>7=8:=>25=8O ?0=8:8. @82>48< A0<>=01;N45=85 2@0G0 8 ?A8E>;>30 X., :>B>@K< >= A =0<8 ?>45;8;AO.  8N;5 1941 3. =51>;LH0O 3@C??0 <C6G8= 8 65=I8=, 2 A>AB025 :>B>@KE =0E>48;AO X., 2> 2@5<O ?@51K20=8O =0 >B:@KB>< ?>;5 2=570?=> ?>425@3;0AL =0;5BC 1><10@48@>2I8:>2 ?@>B82=8:0. @8 2845 2@065A:8E A0<>;5B>2 2A5 1@>A8;8AL : 8<52H59AO =0 ?>;5 :0=025. X. 2<5AB5 A 4@C38<8 70;53 2 =59. ><=8B, GB> 8A?KBK20; GC2AB2> A60B8O 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0, 40;55 GC2AB2> AB@0E0, :>340 ?5@2K9 A0<>;5B, A=8782H8AL, >1AB@5;O; 87 ?C;5<5B>2 ;N459, ;5602H8E 2 :0=025. 3=5< 2B>@>3> A0<>;5B0 @0=8;> >4=>3> 87 ;5602H8E A =8< B>20@8I59. X. A45;0; 5<C ?5@52O7:C. !B0;> >G5284=>, GB> ;5BG8:8 ?@>B82=8:0 284OB A3@C482H8EAO 2 :0=025 ;N459; 2 MB> 2@5<O A0<>;5BK ?@>B82=8:0 AB0;8 45;0BL 2B>@>9 70E>4 =04 ?>;5<. 0;55 X. A<CB=> ?><=8B 2>9 ?040NI59 1><1K (1><10 =5 @07>@20;0AL), 8 B>, :0: >= 2KA:>G8; 87 :0=02K. > GB> 1K;> A =8< 40;LH5  =5 ?><=8B. G=C;AO 2 3;C1>:>9 @KB28=5, ?>;C=0:@KB>9 =028AH8<8 =04 =59 :CAB0<8, 345 ;560; 2<5AB5 A 5I5 =5A:>;L:8<8 B>20@8I0<8. !0<>;5BK ?@>B82=8:0 A:@K;8AL 87 284C. -B> 2B>@>5 =0945==>5 8< C1568I5 >:070;>AL 2 300 < >B ?5@2>3> 8 1K;> >B45;5=> >B =53> 42C<O @CGLO<8 8 <8==K< ?>;5<. >ABN< X. 1K; <>:@ 8 8A?0G:0= 75<;59. !;>9 75<;8 >A>15==> 3CAB> ?>:@K20; :>;5=8, 3@C4L 8 682>B. > A;540< =0 AK@>9 75<;5 X. <>3 CAB0=>28BL, GB>, <8=>202 @CG59, >= ?>;7 =5 ?@O<>, 0 >1>3=C; ;560I89 =0 ?CB8 :@09 <8==>3> ?>;O, 3@0=8FK :>B>@>3> 5<C 1K;8 E>@>H> 8725AB=K. 5@2=K<8 8 ?A8E8G5A:8<8 701>;520=8O<8 =8:B> 2 A5<L5 =5 AB@040;. X. @>A 8 @072820;AO ?@028;L=>. :>=G8; <548F8=A:89 8=AB8BCB 2 1924 3.  B5G5=85 @O40 ;5B @01>B0; 2 >1;0AB8 7>>?A8E>;>388, ?> :>B>@>9 70I8B8; 48AA5@B0F8N. > E0@0:B5@C >1I8B5;L=K9, <O3:89, ;53:> 2>71C48<K9, A B@C4>< ?5@5:;NG0NI89AO A >4=>9 @01>BK =0 4@C3CN. 7 ?5@5=5A5==KE 701>;520=89 >B<5G05B 38?5@B>=8N. @B5@80;L=>5 402;5=85 2 1935 1940 33. >B 170/110 4> 180/120 << @B. AB., ;5B>< 1941 3. 180/120 <<, 25A=>9 1946 3. 210/140 <<.  <05 1946 3. ?@>87>H5; 8=AC;LB A ?@02>AB>@>==8< 35<8?0@57><.  40==>< A;CG05 DC38D>@<=0O @50:F8O =0ABC?8;0 C 1>;L=>3> 38?5@B>=859, >B;8G02H53>AO 2A5340 =54>AB0B>G=>9 ?>4286=>ABLN =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2. 07><>B>@=0O ;018;L=>ABL, A2>9AB25==0O 38?5@B>=88, 0 B0:65, 25@>OB=>, A2O70==>5 A =59 >A;01;5=85 =5@2=KE :;5B>: 2A;54AB285 =0@CH5=8O 8E ?8B0=8O A45;0;8 =5@2=CN A8AB5<C <5=55 @578AB5=B=>9 : 2=5H=8< ?0B>35==K< 2>7459AB28O<. =0G0;5 X., =5A<>B@O =0 CAB@0H0NI85 ?5@56820=8O (>1AB@5; 87 ?C;5<5B>2 A0<>;5B>< 3@C??K ;N459, A@548 :>B>@KE >= =0E>48;AO), A>E@0=8; A0<>>1;040=85 8 >:070; ?><>IL >4=><C 87 @0=5=KE. 8HL 2 40;L=59H5< ?>4 2;8O=85< ?>2B>@=>3> CAB@0H0NI53> ?5@56820=8O (2K720==>3> 2>5< ?040NI59 1><1K) C =53> =0ABC?8;> 70B5<=5=85 A>7=0=8O A @0728B85< @50:F88 C1530=8O. 4=0:> MB0 @50:F8O =5 O2;O;0AL B0:>9 65 8=AB8=:B82=>9, :0: >=0 A2>9AB25==0 682>B=K<. 59AB28O, A>25@H5==K5 X., E>BO 8 ?@8 87<5=5==>< A>7=0=88, =>A8;8 2A5 65 A;>6=K9 E0@0:B5@ 8 =5 <>3;8 1K 1KBL A>25@H5=K ?@8 ?>;=><, 01A>;NB=>< 2K:;NG5=88 45OB5;L=>AB8 ?A8E8G5A:>9 AD5@K. "0:, <5AB0<8 X. =5 1560;, 0 ?>;7, GB>1K 1KBL <5=55 70<5B=K<, ?@8G5< =5 A;5?>, ?@O<>, 0 ?> 4>2>;L=> A;>6=><C ?CB8  >1>3=C2 <8==>5 ?>;5. -B> 3>2>@8B > B><, GB> E>BO 2> 2@5<O DC38 =0 ?5@54=89 ?;0= 2KABC?0;8 02B><0B878@>20==K5 459AB28O, >4=0:> 2KAH85 ?A8E8G5A:85 DC=:F88 2A5 65 =5 1K;8 ?>;=>ABLN 2K:;NG5=K. «>72@0B0 =0 D8;>35=5B8G5A:8 =87HCN ABC?5=L» =5 =0ABC?8;> 8 A>AB>O=85 =5 <>3;> 1KBL A2545=> : «A;5?><C 153AB2C», «?@>AB><C ?CA:C 2 E>4 AB0@KE 18>;>38G5A:8E 70I8B=KE <5E0=87<>2». B0:, H>:>2K9 =52@>7 C 27@>A;KE E0@0:B5@87C5BAO >AB@K< =0G0;><, =0ABC?0NI8< =5?>A@54AB25==> 2A;54 70 459AB285< A25@EA8;L=>3> @074@068B5;O, :@0B:>2@5<5==K< (4> 1 =545;8) B5G5=85< 8 2 1;03>?@8OB=KE A;CG0OE 1KAB@K< (70 1 3 4=O) 2KE>4>< 87 1>;57=5==>3> A>AB>O=8O. 5F8482K 701>;520=8O 2AB@5G0NBAO @54:> 8 ?@>B5:0NB :@0B:>2@5<5==>. @8 =51;03>?@8OB=>< B5G5=88 H>:>2K9 =52@>7 <>65B ?5@5E>48BL 2 8AB5@8G5A:89. "0:>9 ?5@5E>4 =01;N40;AO C ¼ =0H8E 1>;L=KE. (>:>2K9 ABC?>@, DC30 8;8 AC<5@5G=>5 A>AB>O=85 <>3CB B0:65 A<5=8BLAO O2;5=8O<8 H>:>2>3> =52@>70 ?@>AB>9 8;8 068B8@>20==>9 D>@<K. >7<>6=K @5F8482K M<>F88 AB@0E0 ?@8 ?>2B>@5=88 G0AB8 A8BC0F88, 2K7202H59 701>;520=85. (>:>2K9 =52@>7, 8;8 =52@>7 8A?C30, C 45B59. '0I5 2A53> 2AB@5G05BAO C 45B59 <;04H53> 2>7@0AB0 8;8 45B59 8=D0=B8;L=KE, A 7045@6:>9 C<AB25==>3> @0728B8O. 01>;520=85 <>3CB 2K720BL =>2K5, =5>1KG=>3> 2840 @074@068B5;8, =5 >:07K20NI85 ?0B>35==>3> 459AB28O =0 27@>A;KE, =0?@8<5@ G5;>25: 2 2K25@=CB>9 HC15 8;8 <0A:5, @57:89 72C:>2>9, A25B>2>9 8;8 4@C3>9 @074@068B5;L (3C4>: ?0@>2>70, =5>6840==>5 =0@CH5=85 @02=>25A8O B5;0 8 B. ?.). # 1>;55 AB0@H8E 45B59 8A?C3 =5@54:> 2K720= AF5=>9 4@0:8, 284>< ?LO=>3> G5;>25:0, C3@>7>9 87185=8O EC;830=0<8.  <><5=B 8A?C30 G0AB> >B<5G0NBAO :@0B:>2@5<5==K5 ABC?>@>7=K5 A>AB>O=8O A <CB87<>< («>F5?5=5=85») 8;8 A>AB>O=8O @57:>3> ?A8E><>B>@=>3> 2>71C645=8O A 4@>60=85<. 0;55 >1=0@C68205BAO AB@0E ?5@54 8A?C302H8< @074@068B5;5< 8;8 B5<, GB> A =8< A2O70=>. # <0;5=L:8E 45B59 <>65B =0ABC?8BL CB@0B0 @0=55 ?@8>1@5B5==KE C<5=89 8 =02K:>2, =0?@8<5@ CB@0B0 DC=:F88 @5G8, =02K:>2 >?@OB=>AB8, C<5=8O E>48BL. =>340 45B8 =0G8=0NB 3@K7BL =>3B8, >=0=8@>20BL. "5G5=85 701>;520=8O 2 1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG052 1;03>?@8OB=>5, =0@CH5==K5 DC=:F88 2>AAB0=02;820NBAO. # 45B59 AB0@H5 5 7 ;5B ?5@568BK9 8A?C3 <>65B ?@825AB8 : D>@<8@>20=8N D>189, B. 5. =52@>70 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89. ;020 G5B25@B0O '   )  &+ '/ @8 ;5G5=88 =52@>7>2 2@0GC >G5=L 206=> CAB0=>28BL :>=B0:B A 1>;L=K< 8 2 ?@>F5AA5 15A54K ?>AB0@0BLAO 2KOA=8BL, :0:8<8 ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI8<8 ?5@56820=8O<8 2K720=> 701>;520=85, :0:>20 <8:@>A>F80;L=0O A@540 1>;L=>3>. A;8 ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI0O A8BC0F8O 5I5 ?@>4>;605B 459AB2>20BL, =04> ?>?KB0BLAO 55 CAB@0=8BL 8;8 ?><>GL 1>;L=><C =09B8 ?CB8 : 55 CAB@0=5=8N. # 1>;L=>9 . 701>;520=85 =52@0AB5=859 A:070;>AL A2O70==K< A ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI59 A8BC0F859, 2>7=8:H59 =0 @01>B5. 5A540 2@0G0 A A>A;C682F0<8 ?@825;0 : 1KAB@><C CAB@0=5=8N MB>9 A8BC0F88, 0 >BAN40 : 1KAB@><C 8 AB>9:><C 2K74>@>2;5=8N. # 4@C3>9 1>;L=>9 =52@>7 AB@0E0 1K; A2O70= A ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI8< 2;8O=85< =5=>@<0;L=>AB59 2 ?>;>2>9 687=8. 5A540 A <C65< 1>;L=>9 8 =07=0G5==>5 5<C ;5G5=85 ?@825;8 : CAB@0=5=8N 48A30<88 8 AK3@0;8 @5H0NICN @>;L 2 2K74>@>2;5=88 1>;L=>9. # B@5BL53> 1>;L=>3> 2>7=8:H55 =02O7G82>5 A>AB>O=85 O28;>AL A;54AB285< ?5@56820=89, 2K720==KE :>=D;8:B>< 2 A5<L5 <564C <0B5@LN 8 65=>9 1>;L=>3>. 5A540 2@0G0 ?>>G5@54=> A >158<8 65=I8=0<8 ?@825;0 : B><C, GB> 1K;> ?@8=OB> @07C<=>5 @5H5=85, A>7402H55 2KE>4 87 A;>682H59AO A8BC0F88. # G5B25@B>9 1>;L=>9 8AB5@8G5A:89 ?0@0;8G >:070;AO A2O70==K< A ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI8<8 >B=>H5=8O<8 A A>A54O<8 ?> :20@B8@5. !>459AB285, >:070==>5 2 87<5=5=88 68;8I=KE CA;>289, CAB@0=8;> ?@8G8=C 701>;520=8O. 74>@>2;5=85 A@54K, 2 :>B>@>9 6825B 1>;L=>9 =52@>7><, =5>B45;8<> >B ;5G5=8O 8 ?@>D8;0:B8:8 701>;520=8O. B 2@0G0, 70=8<0NI53>AO ;5G5=85< 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8, ?><8<> 3;C1>:8E A?5F80;L=KE <548F8=A:8E 7=0=89, B@51C5BAO GC2AB2> B0:B0, =0;8G85 687=5==>3> >?KB0, M@C48F8O 2 2>?@>A0E MB8:8, <>@0;8 8 4065 ?@020. B=>H5=8O, A:;04K20NI85AO <564C 1>;L=K< 8 2@0G><, 8<5NB 1>;LH>5 7=0G5=85 4;O CA?5E0 ;5G5=8O. '5< 2@0G 02B>@8B5B=55, G5< 1>;LH8< >= >1;0405B 8A:CAAB2>< 2KA;CH0BL 1>;L=>3>, @0A?>;>68BL 53> : A515, ?>=OBL 53> ?5@56820=8O 8 >:070BL =0 =53> ;>38G5A:>5 8 M<>F8>=0;L=>5 2>7459AB285, C<55B A>G5B0BL A>GC2AB25==>-1;03>65;0B5;L=>5 >B=>H5=85 A B25@4>ABLN, A?>A>1=>ABLN ?@>B82>1>@AB2>20BL =5045:20B=K< ?@8BO70=8O< 1>;L=>3>, B5< A:>@55 >= 4>AB83=5B CA?5E0. Freud ?>;030;, GB> ?@8 ;5G5=88 =52@>7>2, >A>15==> 8AB5@88, =52@>70 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 8 =52@>70 AB@0E0, ?>;>68B5;L=K9 MDD5:B 4>AB8305BAO ;8HL 1;03>40@O B><C, GB> 1>;L=>9 ?5@5=>A8B A2>8 GC2AB20 =0 2@0G0 8 B5< A0<K< AB0=>28BAO 25AL<0 ?>40B;82K< 53> 2>7459AB28O<. >=D;8:B, ;560I89 2 >A=>25 =52@>70, O:>1K 70<5=O5BAO =>2K<, A2O70==K< A ;8G=>ABLN 2@0G0. >7=8:05B =>2K9 ?5@5AB@>5==K9 =52@>7, >B :>B>@>3> 1>;L=>9 8 87;5G8205BAO. "0:0O B@0:B>2:0 O2;O5BAO <0;> >1>A=>20==>9. 4=0:> B>, GB> B5 8;8 8=K5 GC2AB20 : 2@0GC, =0?@8<5@ A8<?0B88, 0=B8?0B88, C2065=8O, <>3CB 83@0BL @>;L 2 ?@>F5AA5 B5@0?88, A><=5=8N =5 ?>4;560B. 5G5=85 =52@>7>2 =5@54:> =>A8B MB0?=K9 E0@0:B5@. 0 ?5@2>< MB0?5 CAB0=02;8205BAO :>=B0:B A 1>;L=K<, 2KOA=ONBAO 53> ?5@56820=8O, ?@>2>4OBAO >1I5C:@5?;ONI85 8;8 A=860NI85 M<>F8>=0;L=CN =0?@O65==>ABL <5@>?@8OB8O; =0 2B>@>< MB0?5  ;5G5=85, =0?@02;5==>5 =0 CAB@0=5=85 >A=>2=KE A8<?B><>2 =52@>70; =0 B@5BL5< MB0?5 3;02=>5 2=8<0=85 C45;O5BAO 0:B820F88 ;8G=>AB8 (0:B828@CNI0O B5@0?8O), 2>2;5G5=8N 55 2 B@C4>2CN 45OB5;L=>ABL, A>F80;L=>9 @5040?B0F88. >7<>6=>, >4=0:>, 8 >B:;>=5=85 >B MB>9 AE5<K. "0:, =0?@8<5@, ?@8 8AB5@8G5A:8E <>=>A8<?B><0E, >A>15==> 2>7=8:0NI8E 2 1>52>9 >1AB0=>2:5, ;5G5=85 <>65B =0G8=0BLAO A =5<54;5==>3> :C?8@>20=8O 2>7=8:H53> =0@CH5=8O DC=:F88. @8 ;5G5=88 1>;L=>3> =52@>7>< 2K1>@ <5B>40 B5@0?88 7028A8B >B >A>15==>AB59 701>;520=8O (>= @07;8G5= ?@8 ;5G5=88 =52@0AB5=88 8 70BO6=>3> 8AB5@8G5A:>3> ?0@0;8G0 8;8 :@8?B>35==>3> =02O7G82>3> A>AB>O=8O), 0 B0:65 >A>15==>AB59 ;8G=>AB8 1>;L=>3>, 53> >B=>H5=8O : B5< 8;8 8=K< ;5G51=K< ?@>F54C@0< (=0?@8<5@, 38?=>B5@0?88). '0I5 2A53> ?@8<5=O5BAO A>G5B0=85 @07;8G=KE ;5G51=KE ?@85<>2, =0?@8<5@ ;5G5=8O C15645=85< 8;8 2=CH5=85< A D0@<0:>;>38G5A:8< 2>7459AB285<, 8=0G5 3>2>@O, ?@8<5=O5BAO :><18=8@>20==0O, :><?;5:A=0O B5@0?8O. 5B>4K ?A8E8G5A:>3> 2>7459AB28O A>G5B0NBAO A 18>;>38G5A:8<8 <5B>40<8. >A;54=85 >1KG=> =5 O2;ONBAO >A=>2=K<8, >4=0:> <>3CB 8<5BL >3@><=>5 7=0G5=85 4;O 4>AB865=8O 2K74>@>2;5=8O. "0:, ?@54>AB02;5=85 >B4KE0 8 ?>:>O 1>;L=><C, =0?@8<5@ 2 :><?;5:A5 A0=0B>@=>-:C@>@B=KE <5@>?@8OB89, >1I5C:@5?;ONI55 <548:0<5=B>7=>5 ;5G5=85 8A:;NG8B5;L=> 206=K ?@8 ;5G5=88 1>;L=KE =52@0AB5=859 8 H>:>2K<8 =52@>70<8; ;5G5=85 B@0=:28;870B>@0<8, C<5=LH0NI8<8 GC2AB2> B@52>38, M<>F8>=0;L=>9 =0?@O65==>AB8, ?>:070=> 1>;L=K< =52@>70<8 AB@0E0 8;8 D>18O<8. '0AB> =52@>7K 2>7=8:0NB =0 D>=5 A><0B8G5A:>3> 701>;520=8O 8;8 2B>@8G=> 254CB : 0AB5=870F88 1>;L=>3>. A8E>35==> 8 A><0B>35==> >1CA;>2;5==K5 A8<?B><K <>3CB B5A=> ?5@5?;5B0BLAO, =0?@8<5@ 2 :0@B8=5 =52@0AB5=88, 4020O A><0B>-?A8E>35==> >1CA;>2;5==K5 0AB5=8G5A:85 A>AB>O=8O, 0 B0:65 ?@8 D>18OE C 1>;L=KE A A5@45G=>-A>AC48ABK<8 701>;520=8O<8; 0AB5=8O, 2K720==0O B@02<>9, 8=D5:F859 8;8 8=B>:A8:0F859, <>65B A?>A>1AB2>20BL 2>7=8:=>25=8N =52@>70. > 2A5E MB8E A;CG0OE 8A:;NG8B5;L=>5 7=0G5=85 8<5NB ;5G51=K5 <5@K, =0?@02;5==K5 =0 CAB@0=5=85 A8<?B><>2 A><0B8G5A:>3> =51;03>?>;CG8O. '+ "+ !%" / A=>2=K< <5B>4>< ;5G5=8O =52@>7>2 O2;O5BAO ?A8E>B5@0?8O. >4 =59 >1KG=> ?>=8<05BAO ?;0=><5@=>5 ?>;L7>20=85 «?A8E8G5A:8<8 2>7459AB28O<8» 4;O ;5G5=8O 1>;57=59, ;5G5=85 «?A8E8G5A:8<» ?CB5<. -B> ;5G5=85 =07K205BAO ?A8E>B5@0?859 =5 ?>B><C, GB> ?@8 =5< >:07K205BAO 2;8O=85 =0 ?A8E8:C 1>;L=>3> (53> <>65B >:07K20BL 8 0<8=078= 8 8=AC;8=, 8 @07;8G=K5 4@C385 «=5?A8E8G5A:85» 2>7459AB28O), 0 ?>B><C, GB> 2;8O=85 MB> >A>1>5, «?A8E8G5A:>5»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«AB@0B538O ?>2545=8O»). 4=0 87 7040G 2@0G0 ?@8 ;5G5=88 C15645=85< 8 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, GB>1K ?><>GL 1>;L=><C 2K1@0BL ?@028;L=CN ;8=8N ?>2545=8O =0 40;L=59H55.  ?@>F5AA5 ;5G5=8O C15645=85< 2@0G AB@5<8BAO =5 B>;L:> 87<5=8BL >B=>H5=85 1>;L=>3> : B><C 8;8 8=><C ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI5<C A>1KB8N, => 8 1>;55 3;C1>:> ?>2;8OBL =0 53> ;8G=>ABL  ?5@52>A?8B0BL 53>, ?>2;8OBL =0 G5@BK E0@0:B5@0 8;8 C:>@5=82H85AO 273;O4K, 45;0NI85 53> >A>15==> GC2AB28B5;L=K<, ;53:> @0=8<K< 2 >B=>H5=88 =5:>B>@KE 2>7459AB289. -B> 8<55B >3@><=>5 7=0G5=85 :0: 4;O ;5G5=8O, B0: 8 4;O >1I53> >74>@>2;5=8O ;8G=>AB8 8 ?@>D8;0:B8:8 =>2KE >1>AB@5=89 701>;520=8O. 5G5=85 C15645=85< 2 B>9 8;8 8=>9 <5@5 A>G5B05BAO, 0 ?>@>9 8 B5A=> ?5@5?;5B05BAO A 2=CH5=85< =0O2C, >A>15==> :>340 >=> =>A8B <>B828@>20==K9 E0@0:B5@. '0AB> 1K205B F5;5A>>1@07=> A>G5B0BL 53> A A0<>2=CH5=85< 8;8 @07;8G=K<8 <5B>40<8 D0@<0:>-?A8E>B5@0?88. >@OG8< AB>@>==8:>< ;5G5=8O C15645=85< O2;O;AO H259F0@A:89 =52@>?0B>;>3 Dubois, 45B0;L=> @07@01>B02H89 <5B>4 8 =07202H89 53> @0F8>=0;L=>9 ?A8E>B5@0?859 (>B ;0B. ratio  @07C<). «'B> :0A05BAO <5=O, ?8A0; >=, B> O 2A5340 ?>;030;, GB> ?A8E>B5@0?8O 4>;6=0 ?@54AB02;OBL A>1>9 ?5@52>A?8B0=85 8 GB> A;54C5B ?@81530BL : B5< 65 ?@85<0<, GB> 8 ?@8 2>A?8B0=88, B. 5. =C6=> @072820BL 8 C:@5?;OBL C< 1>;L=>3>, =0CG8BL 53> ?@028;L=> A<>B@5BL =0 25I8, C<8@>B2>@8BL 53> GC2AB20, <5=OO 2K7202H85 8E C<AB25==K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O. ;O MB>3> =5B 8=>3> A@54AB20, :@><5 C15645=8O ?>A@54AB2>< 480;5:B8:8, :>B>@>5 <>6=> 1K =0720BL A>:@0B>2A:8< <5B>4><». "5E=8:0 ;5G5=8O. "5E=8:0 ;5G5=8O C15645=85<, no Dubois, A2>48BAO : 15A540< A 1>;L=K<, 2> 2@5<O :>B>@KE 2@0G @07JOA=O5B 5<C >1@0B8<K9 E0@0:B5@ 8<5NI8EAO C =53> =0@CH5=89, ?@87K205B 1>;L=>3> 87<5=8BL A2>5 >B=>H5=85 : 2>;=CNI8< 53> A>1KB8O< >:@C60NI59 >1AB0=>2:8, ?5@5AB0BL D8:A8@>20BL A2>5 2=8<0=85 =0 8<5NI8EAO C =53> ?0B>;>38G5A:8E A8<?B><0E. Dubois 3>2>@8; 1>;L=><C, AB@0402H5<C «=5@2=>9 15AA>==8F59»: «5 4C<09B5 > A=5  >= C;5B05B, :0: ?B8F0, :>340 70 =8< 3>=OBAO, C=8GB>6LB5 74@02K< @07<KH;5=85< 20H8 ?CABK5 701>BK 8 70:>=G8B5 45=L =0 :0:>9-=81C4L ?@>AB>9 <KA;8, :>B>@0O 40AB 20< A?>:>9=> 70A=CBL». «K, AC40@K=O, 2 4>1@>< 74>@>2L5, <>;>4K 8 :@5?:8, C:07K20; >= 1>;L=>9, AB@0402H59 A5@4F5185=85<, A2O70==K< A A5<59=K<8 =5?@8OB=>ABO<8, 20H >@30=87< 2 ?@52>AE>4=>< A>AB>O=88, 20H8 A5@4F5185=8O =5@2=K5. 5B =8:0:8E ?@87=0:>2 1>;57=8 A5@4F0. 0: 1K =8 1K; G0AB 20H ?C;LA, >?0A=>AB8 =5B =8:0:>9. 48= B>;L:> AB@0E ?@82>48B =0A 2 B0:>5 A>AB>O=85. >25@LB5 <=5, GB> 5A;8 1K 2K <>3;8 871028BLAO >B AB@0E0, 2A5 20H8 @0AAB@>9AB20 ?@>H;8 1K =5<54;5==>. 5 701K209B5 =8GB> =5 70AB02;O5B B0: A8;L=> 18BLAO A5@4F5, :0: GC2AB2> AB@0E0. C, ?>;>68<, 2K ?@>A=C;8AL A A5@4F5185=85<; >=> <>3;> 1KBL 2K720=> :0:8<-=81C4L AB@0H=K< A=>2845=85<, :>B>@>5 2K BCB 65 701K;8, 0 1KBL <>65B, A45;0;>AL >B :>D5 8;8 G0O, MB> 2A5 @02=>. A;8, :0: B>;L:> 2K ?>GC2AB2C5B5 A5@4F5185=85, 2K A59G0A 65 ?>4405B5AL AB@0EC 8 4C<05B5, GB> 2K C65 C<8@05B5, 2K A>7405B5 MB8< 4CH52=>5 2>;=5=85, :>B>@>5 70AB02;O5B 20H5 A5@4F5 CA8;5==> 18BLAO. A;8 ?5@54 MB8< ?C;LA 1K; 100, >= CG0AB8BAO 4> 120. ">A:;82>5 GC2AB2> >B MB>3> B>;L:> CA8;8205BAO 8, ?>-2848<><C, >?@024K205B 20H AB@0E 8 2>;=5=85: 2 @57C;LB0B5 ?C;LA 5I5 1>;LH5 CA:>@O5BAO 8 4>E>48B 4> 140. 0>1>@>B, 5A;8, C15482H8AL, GB> =8G53> =5B, 2K CA?>:>8B5AL, ?C;LA 70<54;8BAO. 0AAC6409B5 ?>?@>ABC B0:: O <>;>40, A8;L=0 8 74>@>20, C <5=O =5B =8 1>;57=8 A5@4F0, =8 4@C3>3> >@30=8G5A:>3> AB@040=8O; >B MB8E A5@4F5185=89 O =5 C<@C!  A5@4F5 20H5 ?5@5AB0=5B CG0I5==> 18BLAO, B>A:0 ?@>945B 8 2K 70A=5B5 A?>:>9=>». !0< Dubois, AB@0AB=> C15640O A2>8E 1>;L=KE 2 =587156=>AB8 2K74>@>2;5=8O, D0:B8G5A:8 >1KG=> A>G5B0; <5B>4 C15645=8O :0: A ?@O<K< 2=CH5=85< =0O2C, B0: 8 :>A25==K< 2=CH5=85<. @8 ;5G5=88 8AB>I5==KE 1>;L=KE, :@><5 B>3>, >= >1KG=> ?@81530; : @5:><5=4>20==><C Weir-Mitchell ;5G5=8N ?>AB5;L=K< @568<>< 2 CA;>28OE 87>;OF88 >B 2AO:8E 2=5H=8E @074@068B5;59 (70?@5I5=85 ?5@5?8A:8, A2840=89, 15A54 A 4@C38<8 1>;L=K<8) 2 A>G5B0=88 A CA8;5==K< ?8B0=85<. "0:8< >1@07>< Dubois ?@>2>48; @O4 ;5G51=KE <5@>?@8OB89, F5=B@0;L=K< 725=>< :>B>@KE O2;O;8AL 4;8B5;L=K5 A8AB5<0B8G5A:85 15A54K A 1>;L=K<.  F5;>< ;5G5=85 2 AB0F8>=0@=KE CA;>28OE 70=8<0;> >1KG=> >:>;> 2 <5AOF52. @8<5@>< B0:>3> ;5G5=8O <>65B O2;OBLAO A;54CNI55 =01;N45=85 Dubois, :>B>@>5 <K ?@82>48< 2 A>:@0I5==>< 2845. >;L=>9 46 ;5B, 042>:0B, >1@0B8;AO A 60;>10<8 =0 >1ICN @57:CN A;01>ABL, 2 @57C;LB0B5 :>B>@>9 >= =5 <>65B AB>OBL =5?>4286=> 1>;55 5 A5:C=4 8 ?@>9B8 1>;55 100 350 H03>2, =5 <>65B =8 G8B0BL, =8 A;CH0BL GB5=85 4>;LH5 =5A:>;L:8E <8=CB, 0 B0:65 =0 @O4 48A?5?A8G5A:8E O2;5=89. 01>;520=85 =0G0;>AL ?>A;5 :@C?=KE A;C651=KE 8 A5<59=KE =5?@8OB=>AB59 8 45@60;>AL 2 B5G5=85 9 ;5B. >?KB:8 ;5G5=8O 2 A0=0B>@8OE 8 =0 :C@>@B0E, C 0;;>?0B>2 8 3><5>?0B>2, 7=0E0@59 8 A2OI5==8:>2, 0 B0:65 ?>2B>@=K5 ?>574:8 =0 1>3><>;L5 2 C@4 MDD5:B0 =5 40;8. «%>@>H>, 3>2>@N O 5<C, >AB0209B5AL 8 2K ?>?@028B5AL; 2>B GB> =C6=> 45;0BL. 1. 0 1 =545;L 2K 4>;6=K ;5GL 2 ?>AB5;L. A5 B0:85 1>;57=5==K5 A>AB>O=8O 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 A2O70=K A @50;L=K< 8AB>I5=85<, ?>MB><C 8<5NBAO ?>:070=8O ?> :@09=59 <5@5 2 B5G5=85 8725AB=>3> 2@5<5=8 A25AB8 : <8=8<C<C @0AE>4 M=5@388. "0:>3> @>40 ?>;=K9 >B4KE 25AL<0 65;0B5;5= 8 ?>B><C, GB> 2K 4;8B5;L=> B5@O5B5 2 25A5. 2. "0: :0: 2K AB@040;8 48A?5?A8G5A:8<8 @0AAB@>9AB20<8 ?A8E>35==>3> ?@>8AE>645=8O, E0@0:B5@ :>B>@KE O 20< A> 2@5<5=5< >1JOA=N, 2K 4>;6=K 2 ?@>4>;65=85 6 4=59 ?>;CG0BL 8A:;NG8B5;L=> <>;>G=>5 ?8B0=85, 8 =5 274C<09B5 CB25@640BL, GB> 2K 53> =5 ?5@5=>A8B5. >;>:> 2A5 ?5@5=>AOB. >A;5 MB8E 6 4=59 2K 1C45B5 A=>?0 2 87>18;88 5ABL 2A5, GB> ?>65;05B5, 0 2 ?@><56CB:0E, :@><5 B>3>, =8BL 8 <>;>:>, GB> 20A A>25@H5==> ?>AB028B =0 =>38. K =5 25@8B5 8 C;K105B5AL. >@>3>9 <>9, 1C4LB5 ?>:>9=K. / 3>2>@N 20< B>, GB> 7=0N 87 >?KB0. 3. 0G8=0O A 7-3> 4=O 20A 1C4CB <0AA8@>20BL. >;LH>9 =5>1E>48<>AB8 2 MB>< =5B, => <0AA06 70<5=8B 20< 42865=8O 8 C;CGH8B F8@:C;OF8N :@>28 2 :>65 8 <KHF0E 'B> :0A05BAO 20H59 >1I59 A;01>AB8, B> <K : =59 5I5 25@=5<AO. >:0 C:@5?;O9B5 A51O :0: A>:@0I5=85< ?>B@51;5=8O (?>AB5;L=K9 @568<), B0: 8 C25;8G5=85< ?>ABC?;5=8O (CA8;5==>5 ?8B0=85). @845@68209B5AL <>8E ?@54?8A0=89 8 2A5 1C45B E>@>H>». #65 =0 3-9 45=L MB>3> ;5G5=8O >B4KE>< O 4>AB0B>G=> C7=0; <>53> 8=B5;;835=B=>3>, @0AAC48B5;L=>3> 1>;L=>3>, GB>1K ?@8ABC?8BL =5?>A@54AB25==> : ?A8E8G5A:><C ;5G5=8N 8, 2KABC?0O @5H8B5;L=> ?@>B82 53> A0<>2=CH5=89, 703>2>@8; A =8< B0:: «0< =04> ?@5>4>;5BL 2A53>-=02A53> H5ABL ?@5?OBAB289: 2K =5 <>65B5 AB>OBL =0 =>30E, E>48BL, G8B0BL, 5ABL, :0: 2A5 ;N48, 8<5BL ?@028;L=K5 :8H5G=K5 >B?@02;5=8O 8, =0:>=5F, 2K =5 <>65B5 ?>?>;=5BL. > 2A5 MB8 ?@5?OBAB28O <>6=> C=8GB>68BL 8;8, 25@=55 A:070BL, 8E =5B A>2A5<. =8 ACI5AB2CNB ;8HL 2 20H5< ?@54AB02;5=88: MB> 2A5 @02=>, GB> G5@B0 <5;>< =0 ?>;C, G5@57 :>B>@CN =5 <>65B ?5@5ABC?8BL 7038?=>B878@>20==K9 B>;L:> ?>B><C, GB> 40; A51O 2 MB>< C25@8BL. >9<8B5 MB>. 0H5 2K74>@>2;5=85 7028A8B >B B>3>, GB> 2K B25@4> 8 15A?>2>@>B=> 2 MB>< C1548B5AL!». 0 3-9 =545;5 1>;L=>9 A:070; <=5: «>:B>@, B@5E ?@53@04 C65 =5B, 25@=55 A:070BL, >=8 1K;8 =57=0G8B5;L=K5 8 O 157 =0?@O65=8O ?5@5A:>G8; G5@57 =8E. @5645 2A53>, : <>5<C 25;8G09H5<C C482;5=8N, O ?5@5=5A <>;>:> 8 CA8;5==>5 ?8B0=85. / <>3 5ABL 2A5 8 =8 >4=> 87 1;N4, :>B>@K5 O @0=LH5 AG8B0; 4;O A51O =5?@85<;5<K<8, =8A:>;L:> <=5 =5 ?>2@548;>. @54AB02LB5 A515, =0 7-9 45=L ?>A;5 <>;>G=>9 485BK O 2?5@2K5 70 12 ;5B AJ5; @K1C A <09>=57><. 0B5< ABC; AB0; ?@028;L=K< 8 >B?@02;5=8O ?@8A?>A>18;8AL CB@>< : >?@545;5==><C G0AC. 0:>=5F, ?>A;5 B>3> :0: O 4>;3>5 2@5<O 157@57C;LB0B=> AB0@0;AO ?>?>;=5BL, 70 :064CN =545;N O ?@8102;O; 2 25A5 2 :3. 'B> 70AB02;O5B <5=O 1KBL <0;>4CH=K<, MB> =5A?>A>1=>ABL AB>OBL 8 G8B0BL. / A><=520NAL 2 1;03>?@8OB=KE @57C;LB0B0E 2 MB>< >B=>H5=88». «>=8<0N 20A, >B25G0N O 5<C, MB>, :>=5G=>, A0<K5 BO65;K5 4;O 20A A8<?B><K. > 2A?><=8B5 B>;L:> >4=>: C 20A =5B =8:0:>3> >@30=8G5A:>3> 701>;520=8O, 2K ?@>AB> =5@2=K9 G5;>25:. >25@LB5, 2A5 A8<?B><K 20H8 >4=>3> A2>9AB20, MB> ?OB=0, A45;0==K5 >48=0:>2K<8 G5@=8;0<8. A;8 C40;>AL AB5@5BL B@8 ?OB=0, B> ?>G5< 2K 4C<05B5, GB> =5 C40ABAO B> 65 8 A >AB0;L=K<8? A?><8=09B5 G0I5 >1 MB>< A@02=5=88 8;8, 5A;8 20< MB> 1>;LH5 =@028BAO, > A@02=5=88 A G5@B>9 <5;>< =0 ?>;C.  2 B5G5=85 3 =545;L, :>B>@K5 20< 5I5 >AB05BAO ?@>;560BL 2 ?>AB5;8, 2159B5 A515 E>@>H5=L:> 2 3>;>2C MBC <KA;L. > B5E 65 ?>@ =5 45;09B5 =8:0:>9 ?>?KB:8 =8 AB>OBL, =8 E>48BL, =8 G8B0BL; =5C40G0 <>3;0 1K 20A @0AAB@>8BL. 0728209B5 MBC @C:>2>4OICN 845N 8 C1548B5 A51O >:>=G0B5;L=> 2 B><, GB> 2K 1C45B5 74>@>2K!». '5@57 6 =545;L >= 2AB0; 8 2 ?5@2K9 65 45=L 2 A>AB>O=88 1K; E>48BL 2 B5G5=85 2 G0A>2. 57 2AO:>9 CAB0;>AB8 8 ?>:0;K20=8O 2 3;070E A<>3 ?@>G8B0BL 3075BC. 0 =>30E B>65 <>3 AB>OBL 3>@074> 4>;LH5, E>BO 8 GC2AB2>20; ?@8 MB>< =5:>B>@>5 CB><;5=85 8 AB@0E. / >1JOA=8; 5<C ?A8E8G5A:89 E0@0:B5@ MB>3> >1AB>OB5;LAB20, C:0702 5<C =0 53> E0@0:B5@>;>38G5A:85 >A>15==>AB8. = 2?>;=5 ?>4B25@48; <>8 70:;NG5=8O, 70<5B82 ?@8 MB><: «/ 8 A0< 286C, GB> <>8 ?@54AB02;5=8O 83@0NB 2 MB>< 1>;LHCN @>;L. >340 O 84C, =0?@8<5@, 87 A2>53> :018=5B0 2 :><=0BC <>8E A;C60I8E, B> O <>3C 2?>;=5 AB>OBL 8 84B8, 5A;8 425@L >B:@K205BAO 157 B@C40, => 5A;8 >=0 A:@8?8B 8 ;53:> =5 >B:@K205BAO, B> :>;5=8 C <5=O ?>4:0H820NBAO. "5?5@L O 286C, GB> 2 MB>< =5B =8:0:>9 @50;L=>9 >A=>2K, GB> MB> ;8HL 459AB285 ?@54AB02;5=8O». >A;5 2-<5AOG=>3> ;5G5=8O 1>;L=>9 2K?8A0;AO 2?>;=5 74>@>2K<. 5F8482>2 =5 =01;N40;>AL. 8HL 8=>340 2>7=8:0;> GC2AB2> =5:>B>@>9 =5C25@5==>AB8 2 A515.  A2O78 A MB8< Dubois, ?@>4>;602H89 2 B5G5=85 @O40 ;5B ?>445@6820BL A 1>;L=K< ?5@5?8A:C, =0?8A0; 5<C: «5@538B5AL, 2K 8=B5;;835=BK, >1;0405B5 74@02K< C<>< 8 8<5==> MB><C :0G5AB2C >1O70=K A2>8< 2K74>@>2;5=85<. K =5 ;8H5=K ;>38:8, 8 5A;8 >=0 7025;0 20A A=0G0;0 =0 ;>6=K9 ?CBL, B> MB> ?>B><C, GB> 2K 8AE>48;8 87 ;>6=KE ?>AK;>:, 87 8?>E>=4@8G5A:8E A0<>2=CH5=89; => MB0 65 ;>38:0 ?@825;0 20A : 2K74>@>2;5=8N ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: 2K 87<5=8;8 8AE>4=CN B>G:C, 8 O 20< ?>:070;, :0:CN @>;L 2 20H59 1>;57=8 83@0NB ?@54AB02;5=8O. > =5 701K209B5: 2K =5<=>3> AC525@=K, <0;>4CH=K. 0< =5 E20B05B =5:>B>@>3> ?@5=51@565=8O : 20H59 1@5==>9 >1>;>G:5. >340 =5B =8:0:>3> >@30=8G5A:>3> AB@040=8O, :0:, =0?@8<5@, C 20A, B> 74>@>2L5 7028A8B 3;02=K< >1@07>< >B =5?>:>;518<>9 C25@5==>AB8 G5;>25:0 2 B><, GB> >= 74>@>2. C4LB5 >AB>@>6=K, 20H5 <0;>4CH85 <>65B AK3@0BL A 20<8 ?;>ECN HCB:C!». >A;5 MB>3> A>AB>O=85 1>;L=>3> 2=>2L C;CGH8;>AL 8 >= >AB020;AO 74>@>2K<. @3C<5=BK, 8A?>;L7C5<K5 ?@8 ;5G5=88 C15645=85<, <>3CB 1KBL A0<>3> @07;8G=>3> E0@0:B5@0: «K A0<8 <548F8=A:89 @01>B=8:, 3>2>@8;8 <K >4=><C 1>;L=><C. K CB25@6405B5, GB> 2K 1>;L=K @0:>< 8 >B 20A MB> A:@K20NB. > 254L 2K A59G0A =0E>48B5AL 2 ?A8E80B@8G5A:>9 :;8=8:5. 0725 <K AB0;8 1K 45@60BL 745AL G5;>25:0, 1>;L=>3> @0:><? 0 <K 1K 53> A59G0A 65 ?5@525;8 2 >=:>;>38G5A:89 AB0F8>=0@. A;8 G5;>25: 1>;5= @0:>< 8 AG8B05B ?@8 MB><, GB> C =53> @0:, B> 254L MB> =>@<0;L=>. 0725 53> ?><5ABOB 2 ?A8E80B@8G5A:CN 1>;L=8FC? 0A ?><5AB8;8 AN40 ?>B><C, GB> 2K 2=CH8;8 A515 B>, G53> C 20A =5B. K <=8B5;L=K9 G5;>25:. # 20A 8 @0=LH5 G0AB> ?>O2;O;8AL >?0A5=8O 701>;5BL @0:><, => 2K A =8<8 1>@>;8AL.  B5?5@L @0AA:07 > 701>;520=88 20H59 7=0:><>9 >1>AB@8; 20H8 >?0A5=8O. K AB0;8 D8:A8@>20BL 2=8<0=85 =0 @01>B5 65;C4:0, :8H5G=8:0 8 ?>MB><C >ICI0BL B>, G53> @0=LH5 =5 >ICI0;8. KA;L > @0:5 >2;045;0 20<8 8 2K CB@0B8;8 =04 A>1>9 :>=B@>;L. K ?><>65< 20< 53> >1@5AB8 (?5@5E>48< =0 2=CH5=85 =0O2C)  C 20A =5B @0:0, =5B @0:0! (0;55 >1KG=K< B>=><). K 1C45B5 =0E>48BLAO 745AL 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 2K MB> ?>9<5B5!..». @8 ;5G5=88 <5B>4>< C15645=8O F5;5A>>1@07=> @07JOA=OBL 1>;L=><C 2 D878>;>38G5A:>< ?;0=5 >1@0B8<K9 E0@0:B5@ 8<5NI8EAO C =53> 1>;57=5==KE A8<?B><>2 8 2>7<>6=>ABL 8E CAB@0=5=8O, 2>7=8:=>25=85 8AB5@8G5A:>3> ?0@0;8G0  ?@>F5AA>< B>@<>65=8O, G0AB8G=>3> A=0 2 A>>B25BAB2CNI59 >1;0AB8 <>730, =5:>B>@K5 D>188  <5E0=87<>< CA;>2=>3> @5D;5:A0. «# 20A @07;8G=K5 =5?@8OB=K5 >ICI5=8O 2 B5;5  2 >1;0AB8 B> A5@4F0, B> 3@C48, B> 65;C4:0, 8 2K ?>;0305B5, GB> MB> ?@87=0:8 :0:>3>-B> BO65;>3>, >?0A=>3> 4;O 687=8 701>;520=8O, 3>2>@8;8 <K 1>;L=><C.  459AB28B5;L=>AB8 MB> =5 B0:. 0H5 A5@4F5 =5?@5@K2=> @01>B05B, =5?@5@K2=> 42865BAO :@>2L ?> :@>25=>A=K< A>AC40<, A>:@0I0NBAO AB5=:8 :8H5G=8:0, ?5@5<5I0O ?8IC. A5 MB> <K >1KG=> =5 >ICI05<.  AG0ABLN ?>B>: 8<?C;LA>2, ?>ABC?0NI8E 2 <>73 >B 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2, =0<8 =5 >A>7=05BAO. = 7045@68205BAO, 25@>OB=>, =0 C@>2=5 <56CB>G=>3> <>730. K ?5@568;8 B@02<C G5@5?0 8 B5?5@L  D8;LB@K" =5<=>3> >A;01;8  8<?C;LAK AB0;8 ?@>=8:0BL 2 A>7=0=85 8 2K AB0;8 8E >ICI0BL. 5;> =5 2 B><, GB> C 20A A5@4F5 8;8 65;C4>: @01>B0NB =5=>@<0;L=>, 0 2 B><, GB> C 20A A=878;AO ?>@>3 2>71C48<>AB8 8 2K AB0;8 >ICI0BL B>, G53> 2 =>@<5 =5 >ICI0NB. # 20A =5B 1>;57=8 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2, 0 ;8HL ?>2KH5==0O GC2AB28B5;L=>ABL : =>@<0;L=K< @074@065=8O<. =0 CA8;8205BAO >BB>3>, GB> 2K D8:A8@C5B5 2=8<0=85 =0 MB8E >ICI5=8OE. >9<8B5, >=8 O2;ONBAO =5 ?@87=0:>< :0:>9-B> AB@0H=>9 1>;57=8 A5@4F0 8;8 65;C4:0, 0 =528==K<8 >ICI5=8O<8. '5< 1>;LH5 2K =0 =8E 1C45B5 >1@0I0BL 2=8<0=85, B5< A8;L=55 2K 8E 1C45B5 2>A?@8=8<0BL... K 4048< 20< ;5:0@AB2>, :>B>@>5 ?>2KA8B ?>@>3 2>A?@8OB8O 8 B0:8< >1@07>< >A;018B MB8 >ICI5=8O, => 3;02=>5 2 20A A0<><  709<8B5 A51O @01>B>9, =5 40209B5 A515 A>A@54>B>G820BL =0 =8E 2=8<0=85, =5 ?@840209B5 8< 7=0G5=8O, 8 2K ?>?@028B5AL». @82>48< >B@K2:8 =0H59 15A54K A 42C<O 1>;L=K<8, 8<52H59 F5;LN 87<5=8BL @50:B82=>ABL =0 ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI85 2>7459AB28O 8 ?>2;8OBL =0 =5:>B>@K5 E0@0:B5@>;>38G5A:85 >A>15==>AB8: «0H5 701>;520=85  A;54AB285 B>3>, GB> 2K >G5=L >184G82K, GC2AB28B5;L=K. K 4>;6=K 87<5=8BL A2>5 >B=>H5=85 : >:@C60NI5<C, ?5@5AB@>8BLAO, ?5@52>A?8B0BL A51O, B>340 2K 871028B5AL 8 >B  =52@>70 A5@4F0", :>B>@K9 20A 15A?>:>8B, 8 >B ?>2KH5=89 0@B5@80;L=>3> 402;5=8O ?@8 2>;=5=88. 0H0 @50:F8O =0 >:@C60NI55 2> <=>3>< 7028A8B >B B>3>, :0: <K 1C45< 53> 8AB>;:>2K20BL. @54AB02LB5 A515, GB> <8<> G5;>25:0 ?@>H5; 53> 7=0:><K9, =5 ?>A<>B@52 =0 =53> 8 =5 ?>74>@>202H8AL A =8<. 07=K5 ;N48 <>3CB 8AB>;:>20BL MB> ?>-@07=><C. 48= ?>4C<05B, GB> 7=0:><K9 1K; 70=OB A2>8<8 <KA;O<8, =5 70<5B8; 53> 8 =5 ?@840AB MB><C 7=0G5=8O. @C3>9 <>65B >F5=8BL 2A5 8=0G5. = A:065B «>B 20= 20=>28G B5?5@L C65 8 4@C759 =5 C7=05B, =5 74>@>205BAO, AB0; 206=K<, B5?5@L 8 A<>B@5BL =0 <5=O =5 E>G5B...» 8 <>65B ?>GC2AB2>20BL A51O >1865==K<. A8E8G5A:8 1>;L=>9 A 1@54>< @52=>AB8 <>65B C2845BL 2 MB>< =0<5: =0 O:>1K 4C@=>5 ?>2545=85 53> 65=K I5 @8<A:89 D8;>A>D 8 8<?5@0B>@ 0@: 2@5;89 3>2>@8;:  ...87<5=8 A2>5 >B=>H5=85 : 25I0<, :>B>@K5 15A?>:>OB B51O, 8 BK 1C45HL >B =8E 2 157>?0A=>AB8" -B> : 20< 2 ?>;=>9 <5@5 >B=>A8BAO. C6=> =0AB@>8BL A51O B0:, GB>1K ?@028;L=> @5038@>20BL =0 25I8. 7102LB5AL >B 87;8H=59 >184G82>AB8 8 ?>4>7@8B5;L=>AB8. !59G0A 20< =C6=> >3@048BL A51O >B 2>;=5=89, ?>MB><C =0AB@>9B5 A51O B0:, GB>1K =8:0:85 ?CABO:8 =0 20A =5 459AB2>20;8, 20A =5 2>;=>20;8. !=87LB5 A2>9 C@>25=L 2>71C48<>AB8 C4LB5 B5?5@L A>25@H5==> A?>:>9=K, 2A5340 A?>:>9=K (3>2>@8BAO 1>;L=><C 2=CH0NI8< B>=><). B> 1K 20< 8 GB> 1K 20< =8 3>2>@8;, 2K 1C45B5 =0 MB> @5038@>20BL A?>:>9=>, A>25@H5==> A?>:>9=> (?>A;54=85 A;>20 2=CH0NBAO =0O2C). > E0@0:B5@C 20H59 @01>BK 20< ?@8E>48BAO 8<5BL 45;> A <0B5@O<8 45B59. @54AB02LB5 A515, GB> >4=0 87 =8E 20A =570A;C65==> C?@5:=5B 2 @57:>9 D>@<5. "5?5@L 2K >B=5A5B5AL : MB><C A>25@H5==> A?>:>9=>. !?>:>9=> >B25B8B5 59  K >H8105B5AL". K ?>4C<05B5: 25@>OB=>, >A:>@182H0O <5=O 65=I8=0 1K;0 G5<-B> 2>71C645=0, <>65B 1KBL, C =55 4><0H=85 =5?@8OB=>AB8 8 ?>MB><C =0?@0A=> :> <=5 ?@84@0;0AL. AB0=5B5AL ?@8 MB>< A>25@H5==> A?>:>9=>9. 54L ?A8E80B@ =0 @01>B5 =5 @5038@C5B =0 >A:>@1;5=8O 8 ;>6=K5 >128=5=8O A2>8E 1>;L=KE. = >AB05BAO A>25@H5==> A?>:>9=K<. "0: 8 2K 4>;6=K A51O =0AB@>8BL =0 B>, GB> =5 1C45B5 M<>F8>=0;L=> @5038@>20BL =0 =570A;C65==K5 C?@5:8 8;8 >A:>@1;5=8O... 5 1@>< 8 =5 20;5@80=0, 0 A0<>2>A?8B0=85 <>65B 871028BL 20A >B ;8H=8E 2>;=5=89». #15645=85 E>@>H> A>G5B0BL A 2=CH5=85< =0O2C 8 <>B828@>20==K< A0<>2=CH5=85<. «# 20A O2;5=8O =52@0AB5=88  ;53:85, >1@0B8<K5 =0@CH5=8O, 3>2>@8;>AL 4@C3><C 1>;L=><C. K >B4>E=5B5 8 2A5 1KAB@> ?@>945B. K 1C45B5 74>@>2K. 4=0:> 3;02=>5 ;5:0@AB2>  MB> A0<>2>A?8B0=85. K =5 4>;6=K 1KBL AB>;L BI5A;02=K K E>@>H89 <C7K:0=B, E>@>H89 ?@5?>4020B5;L <C7K:8, 20A ;N1OB CG5=8:8, 8I8B5 2 MB>< 2KA>:>5 <>@0;L=>5 C4>2;5B2>@5=85. K ?@8=>A8B5 ?>;L7C >1I5AB2C. 4=0:> =5;L7O ?@5B5=4>20BL =0 1>;LH55, G5< BK <>65HL 40BL, =0 1>;LH55, G5< BK A?>A>15=... 7<5=8B5 C@>25=L 20H8E ?@8BO70=89. @82548B5 53> 2 A>>B25BAB285 A> A2>8<8 2>7<>6=>ABO<8, 8 2K =5 1C45B5 ?5@56820BL, =0 <>9 273;O4, <=8<KE =5C40G, =02A5340 871028B5AL >B =52@0AB5=88. 5;L7O AG8B0BL A51O =5AG0AB=K< G5;>25:>< >B B>3>, GB> BK =5 0D0M;L, =5 "8F80= 8 =5 '09:>2A:89»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suggestio) 22545=85 8=D>@<0F88, 2>A?@8=8<05<>9 157 :@8B8G5A:>9 >F5=:8 8 >:07K20NI59 2;8O=85 =0 B5G5=85 =5@2=>-?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2 (. . !2O4>I). CB5< 2=CH5=8O <>3CB 2K7K20BLAO >ICI5=8O, ?@54AB02;5=8O, M<>F8>=0;L=K5 A>AB>O=8O 8 2>;52K5 ?>1C645=8O, 0 B0:65 >:07K20BL 2>7459AB28O =0 2535B0B82=K5 DC=:F88 157 0:B82=>3> CG0AB8O ;8G=>AB8, 02B><0B8G5A:8, 157 ;>38G5A:>9 ?5@5@01>B:8 2>A?@8=8<05<>3>. =CH5=85 =52>7<>6=> ?@8 >BACBAB288 A5<0=B8G5A:>3> (A<KA;>2>3>) A>45@60=8O 2 A>>1I5=88. "0:, =0?@8<5@, G5;>25:C =5;L7O GB>-;81> 2=CH8BL =0 =57=0:><>< 5<C O7K:5. 4=0:> 40;5:> =5 2AO:0O 8=D>@<0F8O >:07K205B 2=CH0NI55 2>7459AB285.  7028A8<>AB8 >B D>@<K ?>40G8, 8AB>G=8:0 ?>ABC?;5=8O 8 8=48284C0;L=KE >A>15==>AB59 ;8G=>AB8 >4=0 8 B0 65 8=D>@<0F8O <>65B ;81> >1;040BL, ;81> =5 >1;040BL 8<.  G5< 65 A?5F8D8:0 2=CH5=8O? ;O >B25B0 =0 MB>B 2>?@>A @0AA<>B@8< 2K428=CBCN =0<8 25@8D8:0F8>==CN :>=F5?F8N 2=CH5=8O. !>3;0A=> MB>9 :>=F5?F88, 2 <>73C G5;>25:0 ?@>B5:0NB ?@>F5AAK 25@8D8:0F88 8=D>@<0F88, B. 5. >?@545;5=8O 55 4>AB>25@=>AB8. 0 682>9 >@30=87< ?0405B >3@><=>5 :>;8G5AB2> @07;8G=KE, 8=>340 ?@>B82>@5G82KE, A83=0;>2, =5ACI8E 8=D>@<0F8N > ?@>8AE>4OI5< :0: 2> 2=5H=59, B0: 8 2=CB@5==59 A@545. >;55 A;>6=K5 87 =8E ?>425@30NBAO ;>38G5A:>9 ?5@5@01>B:5 8 >F5=:5, >ACI5AB2;O5<>9 ?CB5< A>7=0B5;L=>3> F5;5=0?@02;5==>3> <KH;5=8O. 4=0:> 1>;LH0O G0ABL ?>ABC?0NI59 8=D>@<0F88 ?>425@305BAO 2 A>>B25BAB288 A 8<5NI8<8AO 0;3>@8B<0<8 02B><0B8G5A:>9 =5>A>7=0205<>9 >F5=:5 A B>G:8 7@5=8O 55 4>AB>25@=>AB8, 0 B0:65 7=0G8<>AB8. ;03>40@O MB><C >@30=87<, =5 703@C60O A>7=0=8O, >3@06405BAO >B =5045:20B=>3> @5038@>20=8O =0 A83=0;K, :>B>@K5 : =5<C =5 8<5NB >B=>H5=8O ;81> =5ACB ;>6=CN 8;8 =5ACI5AB25==CN 8=D>@<0F8N. "0:, >1>@>=8B5;L=0O @50:F8O =5 2>7=8:=5B, 5A;8 @515=>:, =0?@0282 83@CH5G=>5 @C6L5, 1C45B 2K:@8:820BL A;>20 C3@>7K; =5 2>7=8:=5B 8 >ICI5=8O 70?0E0, 5A;8, ?>402 ?0;>G:C, @515=>: A:065B, GB> MB> 1C:5B F25B>2. A>15==>ABL 2=CH5=8O :@>5BAO 2 B><, GB> ?@8 =5<, ?><8<> >A=>2=>9 (A5<0=B8G5A:>9), 8=D>@<0F88, >?@545;ONI59 A>45@60=85 2=CH5=8O, 22>48BAO 5I5 4>102>G=0O  25@8D8F8@CNI0O  8=D>@<0F8O, ?>2KH0NI0O 4>AB>25@=>ABL >A=>2=>9. "0:, =0?@8<5@, O ?@>AB> 3>2>@N 1>;L=>9: « C:5 =5 1>;L=>». / 2=CH0N 59 65: « C:5 =5 1>;L=>!»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«?@5>1;040NI55, =570:>==>5 8 =5>4>;8<>5 7=0G5=85»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«CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>ABLN 8;8 65;0B5;L=>ABLN», <>3CB 1KBL ;53G5 2=CH5=K, G5< =5 >1;040NI85 B0:>2>9. "0:8< >1@07><, 2=CH05<>ABL <>65B >:070BLAO 8718@0B5;L=> ?>2KH5==>9 ;8HL 2 >B=>H5=88 >?@545;5==>3> :@C30 ?@54AB02;5=89. 07;8G0NB 2=CH5=85 ?@O<>5 8 :>A25==>5. @O<>5 2=CH5=85 <>65B @50;87>20BLAO ;81> =5?>A@54AB25==> 2A;54 70 459AB285< 2K7202H53> 53> A;>20 (=0?@8<5@, 1>;L=><C 2=CH0NB: «"5?5@L 3>;>20 C 20A ?5@5AB05B 1>;5BL, 3>;>20 =5 1>;8B!»), ;81> A?CABO =5:>B>@>5 2@5<O («'5@57 15 <8=CB 3>;>20 ?5@5AB0=5B 1>;5BL»), ;81> ?@8 CA;>288 459AB28O 4>102>G=>3> @074@068B5;O, AB02H53> CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K< 1;03>40@O ?@>872545==><C 2=CH5=8N («>340 2K ?>GC2AB2C5B5 70?0E 2>4:8, 20< AB0=5B ?@>B82=>, ?>O28BAO B>H=>B0»). @8 ?@O<>< 2=CH5=88 2 A>AB>O=88 1>4@AB2>20=8O 8;8 =53;C1>:>3> 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 1>;L=>9 >1KG=> <>65B CAB0=>28BL A2O7L <564C ?@>872545==K< ?@O<K< 2=CH5=85< 8 2K720==K< 8< 459AB285<, B. 5. 8AB>G=8: ?>ABC?;5=8O 8=D>@<0F88 8< >A>7=05BAO. @8 ?@O<>< 2=CH5=88 2> 2@5<O 3;C1>:>3> 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 8;8 5AB5AB25==>3> A=0, :>340 ?> ?@>1C645=88 =0ABC?05B 0<=578O A0<>3> 0:B0 2>A?@8OB8O @5G8, 1>;L=>9 <>65B =5 7=0BL, GB> =0ABC?82H55 459AB285 2K720=> 2=CH5=85< 8 1C45B @0AF5=820BL 53> 8;8 :0: A?>=B0==> 2>7=8:H55, 8;8 :0: ?@>872>;L=>5 459AB285, <>B82K :>B>@>3> 5<C =5 OA=K. @8 :>A25==>< 2=CH5=88 2A5340 ?@81530NB : ?><>I8 4>102>G=>3> @074@068B5;O, =045;O5<>3> =>2K< 8=D>@<0F8>==K< 7=0G5=85< 1;03>40@O ?@>872545==><C ?@O<><C 2=CH5=8N 8 >1;53G0NI8< 25@8D8:0F8N 2=CH05<>3>. "0:, =0?@8<5@, 4;O CAB@0=5=8O 3>;>2=>9 1>;8 ?@8 :>A25==>< 2=CH5=88 3>2>@8B: «K A59G0A ?@8<5B5 2>B MB>B ?>@>H>:. = >1;0405B >1571>;820NI8<8 A2>9AB20<8. = =0 20A ?>459AB2C5B G5@57 10 <8=CB 8 2K7>25B ?@5:@0I5=85 3>;>2=>9 1>;8!». ;O CAB@0=5=8O 15AA>==8FK :>A25==K< 2=CH5=85< C:07K20NB: «!53>4=O 2K ?@8<5B5 ?>@>H>: 70 15 <8=CB 4> A=0. 0?L5B5 53> ?>;>28=>9 AB0:0=0 3>@OG59 2>4K (3>@OG0O 2>40 ;CGH5 @0AB2>@O5B ;5:0@AB2> 8 >=> A:>@55 459AB2C5B), 8 G5@57 30 <8=CB ?>A;5 ?@85<0 C 20A =0ABC?8B A>=!». @8 MB>< 2 >1>8E A;CG0OE 405BAO 8=48DD5@5=B=K9 ?>@>H>:, =5 >1;040NI89 =8 0=0;L3578@CNI8<, =8 A=>B2>@=K< A2>9AB2><. "0:8< >1@07><, ?@8 :>A25==>< 2=CH5=88 2 >B;8G85 >B ?@O<>3> 1>;L=>9 2A5340 >H81>G=> ?@8?8AK205B =0ABC?82H55 ;5G51=>5 459AB285 :0:><C-B> @074@068B5;N, :>B>@K9 A0< ?> A515, 157 CG0AB8O 2=CH5=8O, =5 A?>A>15= 53> 2K7K20BL. < <>65B AB0BL ;N1>9 @074@068B5;L  3><5>?0B8G5A:85 ?8;N;8, D878>B5@0?52B8G5A:0O ?@>F54C@0, 8=J5:F88 ?5=8F8;;8=0  2 7028A8<>AB8 >B E0@0:B5@0 ?@>872545==>3> 2=CH5=8O. 0: 8725AB=>, CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K9 @074@068B5;L ?5@2>3> ?>@O4:0 O2;O5BAO 1>;55 A8;L=K<, G5< CA;>2=>-@5D;5:B>@=K9 @074@068B5;L 2B>@>3> ?>@O4:0. 5?>A@54AB25==K9 @074@068B5;L >1KG=> A8;L=55 A;54>2>3>, ?>MB><C G5;>25:C ;53G5 2=CH8BL, GB> >= 2848B, =0?@8<5@, 1C:5B F25B>2 2 40==K9 <><5=B, G5< 2=CH8BL, GB> >= C2848B 53> 702B@0 CB@><, :>340 G0AK ?@>1LNB 9. >G5<C 65 G5;>25:C 2 1>4@AB2CNI5< A>AB>O=88 G0AB> ;53G5 2=CH8BL, GB> 1>;L C =53> ?@>945B G5@57 15 <8=CB ?>A;5 ?@85<0 ?>@>H:0, >1;040NI53> O:>1K >1571>;820NI8< 459AB285<, G5< 2=CH8BL, GB> >=0 =5<54;5==> (=0?@8<5@, ?> AG5BC «B@8») 8;8 ?@>AB> ?@5:@0B8BAO G5@57 15 <8=CB? >G5<C G0AB> :>A25==>5 2=CH5=85, A45;0==>5 G5;>25:C 2 1>4@AB2CNI5< A>AB>O=88, 1K205B MDD5:B82=55, 459AB2C5B A8;L=55, G5< ?@O<>5 2=CH5=85, E>BO, :070;>AL 1K, 4>;6=> 1KBL =0>1>@>B? 1JOA=O5BAO MB> B5<, GB> ?@8 :>A25==>< 2=CH5=88 2=CH5==K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O >1KG=> 2AB@5G0NB <5=LH55 ?@>B82>459AB285 A> AB>@>=K 8<5NI8EAO, 0 8=>340 4065 ?>445@6820NBAO 8 CA8;820NBAO 8<8. "0:, C G5;>25:0, C :>B>@>3> 8<5NBAO ?@54AB02;5=8O > B><, GB> 3>;>2=0O 1>;L <>65B 1KBL CAB@0=5=0 B>;L:> 459AB285< >1571>;820NI53> ;5:0@AB20 (?>@>H:0), 2=CH5=85 B>3>, GB> >=0 ?@5:@0B8BAO ?>A;5 ?@85<0 ?>@>H:0, =5 2AB@5B8B ?@>B82>459AB28O A> AB>@>=K 8<5NI8EAO ?@54AB02;5=89, 0, =0>1>@>B, CA8;8BAO 8<8, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: ?@O<>5 2=CH5=85, GB> 1>;L ?@5:@0B8BAO ?> AG5BC «B@8», 2K7>25B ?@>B82>459AB285. "0:8< >1@07><, ?@8 ;5G5=88 2=CH5=85<, :0: ?@O<K<, B0: 8 :>A25==K<, 206=> CG8BK20BL >?KB 1>;L=>3>, 8<5NI85AO C =53> ?@54AB02;5=8O 8 AB0@0BLAO AB@>8BL 2=CH5=85 B0:, GB>1K >=> 2AB@5G0;> A 53> AB>@>=K :0: <>6=> <5=LH5 ?@>B82>459AB28O 8 :0: <>6=> 1>;LH5 ?>445@6:8, B. 5. 45;0BL 53> @0F8>=0;L=K<, <>B828@>20==K<. -B>3> =5@54:> <>6=> 4>AB83=CBL 8 ?CB5< ?@5420@8B5;L=>9 @07JOA=8B5;L=>9 15A54K, >A;01;ONI59 8;8 CAB@0=ONI59 459AB285 ?@54AB02;5=89, :>B>@K5 <>3;8 1K ?@>B82>459AB2>20BL 2=CH5=8N.  :0G5AB25 A@54AB2 :>A25==>3> 2=CH5=8O A CA?5E>< <>65B 1KBL ?@8<5=5=> B>, 2 459AB285 G53> 1>;L=>9 25@8B, =0?@8<5@ M;5:B@>?@>F54C@K, <548:0<5=BK, ?@8=8<05<K5 2=CB@L 8;8 22>48<K5 ?>4:>6=>, 8 B. ?. A?>;L7>20=85 A MB>9 F5;LN ?@85<>2 8;8 25I59, :>B>@K5 <>3CB C:@5?8BL 8;8 2K720BL AC525@=K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O, 01A>;NB=> =54>?CAB8<>. =CH5=85 <>65B ?@>2>48BLAO AC1J5:BC, =0E>4OI5<CAO 2 1>4@AB2CNI5< A>AB>O=88 (2=CH5=85 =0O2C), 30: 8 2 A>AB>O=88 A=0  5AB5AB25==>3>, 38?=>B8G5A:>3> 8;8 =53;C1>:>3> =0@:>B8G5A:>3>. =CH5=85 =0O2C =CH5=8O =0O2C 45;0NBAO M<>F8>=0;L=> =0AKI5==K< ?>25;8B5;L=K< («2=CH0NI8<») B>=><, 2 2845 @57:8E, :>@>B:8E D@07, >1KG=> =5A:>;L:> @07 ?>2B>@O5<KE. 5GL A>?@>2>6405BAO F5;K< ?>B>:>< A83=0;>2, ?>AK;05<KE <8<8:>9, 65AB0<8 8 8=B>=0F859 3>2>@OI53>, :>B>@K5 <>3CB 8< ?@8 MB>< =5 >A>7=020BLAO. =8 <>3CB CA8;820BL 8;8 >A;01;OBL 55 8=D>@<0F8>==>5 7=0G5=85, 2;8ONB =0 ?@>F5AAK 25@8D8:0F88, 0 B5< A0<K< 8 =0 A8;C 55 2=CH0NI53> 459AB28O. 4=8 8 B5 65 A;>20, A:070==K5 B5< 65 B>=><, A B>9 65 3@><:>ABLN 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B B>3>, :5< >=8 A:070=K, B. 5. >B 02B>@8B5B0 A:0702H53> 8E ;8F0, <>3CB 8<5BL @07=>5 8=D>@<0F8>==>5 7=0G5=85, 0 A;54>20B5;L=>, >:07K20BL @07=>5 2=CH0NI55 459AB285. '5< ;8F> 02B>@8B5B=55, B5< <5=LHCN :@8B8G5A:CN >F5=:C 2AB@5G05B 53> @5GL. >65B 1KBL, 8=>340 ?@8 MB>< 8<55B 7=0G5=85 8 >682;5=85 AB0@KE @5D;5:B>@=KE A2OG5=, 2>7=8:H85 5I5 2 45BA:>< 2>7@0AB5, :>340 A;>20 @>48B5;59 8;8 =0AB02=8:>2 2>A?@8=8<0;8AL A;5?>, 157 :@8B8G5A:>9 ?5@5@01>B:8. @8 2=CH5=88 =0O2C 1>;LHCN @>;L 83@05B 0DD5:B82=>5 A>AB>O=85 B>3>, :><C 2=CH0NB. >2545=85 ;N459 2> 2@5<O AB8E89=KE 154AB289 8 :0B0AB@>D, 0 B0:65 8AB>@8O A5:B 8 =5:>B>@KE =0@>4=KE 42865=89 A2845B5;LAB2CNB, GB> AB@0E, 3=52, M:AB07 8 4@C385 M<>F8>=0;L=K5 A>AB>O=8O A?>A>1AB2CNB @57:><C ?>2KH5=8N 2=CH05<>AB8 8 A>740NB 2>7<>6=>ABL >ACI5AB2;5=8O <0AA>2>3> 2=CH5=8O =0O2C. !B5?5=L 3>B>2=>AB8 : 2>A?@8OB8N 2=CH5=89 =0O2C <>65B @57:> 2>7@0AB0BL ?>4 2;8O=85< 25@K 2 <>3CI5AB2> B5E 8;8 8=KE 2>7459AB289. "0:, =0?@8<5@, ?>A;5 45<>=AB@0F88 A50=A0 38?=>B5@0?88 2=CH05<>ABL 0C48B>@88 =0AB>;L:> ?>2KH05BAO, GB> ?@8ACBAB2CNI8< =5@54:> C405BAO 2=CH8BL =0O2C O2;5=8O ?0@0;8G0 8 0=5AB5788. ;O MB>3> 65;0NI8< ?@54;0305BAO A;>68BL @C:8 B0:, GB>1K ?0;LFK >4=>9 @C:8 2E>48;8 <564C ?0;LF0<8 4@C3>9, 8 A60BL 8E, 0 70B5< 3>2>@8BAO, GB> ?> AG5BC «B@8» @C:8 =5 A<>3CB 1KBL @0760BK (GB> 2K?>;=8BL =5A:>;L:> 70B@C4=8B5;L=> 8 157 2=CH5=8O). 0B5< =0?@O65==K< B>=>< AG8B0NB 4> B@5E, ?>A;5 G53> 3@><:> 2=CH0NB: «"5?5@L 20H8 @C:8 =5 @0768<0NBAO, =5 @0768<0NBAO... K =5 <>65B5 8E @0760BL... ?0;LFK A68<0NBAO 2A5 :@5?G5... =C, ?>?@>1C9B5 8E @0760BL  2K =5 <>65B5!..»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«!O4LB5 B5?5@L 2>B B0:» (CA06820NB 53> ?>C4>1=55 =0 ABC;5 8;8 2 :@5A;5). !B0=>2OBAO ?5@54 1>;L=K< 8 =53@><:8< 3>;>A><, => 2 ?>25;8B5;L=>< B>=5 3>2>@OB: «!<>B@8B5 <=5 2 3;070» (40;55 5 A5:C=4 ?@8AB0;L=> A<>B@OB =0 1>;L=>3>), «0:@>9B5 3;070!», ;81> ?@O<> ?@54;030NB 70:@KBL 3;070 157 ?@5420@8B5;L=>9 D8:A0F88 27>@0 1>;L=>3>. >340 1>;L=>9 70:@K; 3;070, 2@0G :;045B A2>N ?@02CN @C:C =0 53> ;>1, A;53:0 =0402;820; @C:>9 8 A68<0O ?0;LF0<8 28A:8 1>;L=>3>, 8 <54;5==> =0?@O65==K< 3>;>A>< 3 4 @070 ?@>87=>A8B D>@<C;C 2=CH5=8O A 8=B5@20;0<8 2 =5A:>;L:> A5:C=4, 70B5< 45;05B =51>;LHCN ?0C7C (?@8<5@=> 2 10 A5:C=4) 8 A?>-:>9=K<, 2:@04G82K< 3>;>A>< ?@>87=>A8B =5A:>;L:> D@07, <>B828@CNI8E A>45@60=85 2=CH5=8O. @8 MB>< A2>N @C:C 2@0G ;81> >B=8<05B >B 3>;>2K 1>;L=>3>, ;81> @0AA;01;O5B 55. 0B5< ?>A;5 ?0C7K 2 45AOB>: A5:C=4 2=>2L =068<05B @C:>9 =0 3>;>2C 1>;L=>3> 8 @57:8<, 4>AB0B>G=> 3@><:8<, =0?@O65==K<, 2=CH0NI8< 3>;>A>< 3 4 @070 ?>2B>@O5B D>@<C;C 2=CH5=8O. A;8 2@0G 2=CH05B D>@<C;C: «K A>25@H5==> A?>:>9=K, A5@4F5 1L5BAO A?>:>9=>», B> ?@8 ?>2B>@=KE 2=CH5=8OE 55 <>65B A2>N 2B>@CN @C:C ?>;>68BL =0 >1;0ABL A5@4F0 1>;L=>3> 8, 2K7K20O B5B0=8G5A:>5 A>:@0I5=85 <KHF ?@54?;5GLO, 45;0BL @C:>9 ;53:>5 281@8@CNI55 42865=85. @8 2=CH5=8OE, =0?@02;5==KE =0 =>@<0;L=>5 DC=:F8>=8@>20=85 >@30=0, @C:>9 45;0NBAO A>>B25BAB2CNI85 ?>3;06820NI85 42865=8O. 0?@8<5@, 2=CH0O, GB> ?8I0 1C45B ?@>E>48BL ;53:> 8 A2>1>4=>, ?@>2>4OB =5A:>;L:> @07 @C:>9 24>;L ?8I52>40, ?@8 2=CH5=88, GB> :8H5G=8: DC=:F8>=8@C5B =>@<0;L=>  ?> E>4C :8H5G=8:0, 2=CH0O, GB> @5GL A2>1>4=0  A;53:0 <0AA8@CNB 3>@B0=L. =CH5=8O 2> 2@5<O >4=>3> A50=A0 3 4 @070 G5@54CNBAO A C15645=85<. >A;5 MB>3> ?@54;030NB 1>;L=><C >B:@KBL 3;070 8 ?5@5E>4OB : >1KG=>9 15A545. 0@80=B 2.  >B;8G85 >B ?5@2>3> 20@80=B0 1>;L=><C C:07K20NB, GB> 53> 1C4CB ;5G8BL A50=A0<8 2=CH5=8O, 8 ?>OA=ONB <5E0=87< 53> 459AB28O. "5E=8:0 ;5G5=8O 284=0 87 A;54CNI53> =01;N45=8O. >;L=>9 ., 46 ;5B, <C7K:0=B  A>;8AB 8 48@865@, >1@0B8;AO A 60;>10<8 =0 =02O7G82K9 AB@0E ?C1;8G=>3> 2KABC?;5=8O, ?>O2;ONI89AO 2 <><5=B 2KE>40 =0 AF5=C 8 8A?>;=5=8O ?5@2>3> <C7K:0;L=>3> ?@>872545=8O. ?5@2K5 AB@0E C =53> ?>O28;AO, :>340 ?>A;5 ?5@5@K20 2 7 ;5B >= 8A?>;=O; A>;> =0 B@C15 2 A>?@>2>645=88 >@:5AB@0 ?5@54 ?@>A;CH8202H59 53> :><8AA859. @8 MB>< >= B0: 4@>60; >B AB@0E0, GB> 2K=C645= 1K; ?@860BLAO : @>O;N 2> 2@5<O 8A?>;=5=8O ?5@2>3> ?@>872545=8O. ! MB>3> 2@5<5=8 AB@0E, A>?@>2>6402H89AO @57:8< GC2AB2>< A60B8O 2 3@C48, 4@>60=85< 8 38?5@384@>7><, 2>B C65 2 3>40 ?>O2;O5BAO :064K9 @07 ?5@54 ?5@2K< 2KE>4>< =0 AF5=C 8 2> 2@5<O 8A?>;=5=8O B>3> A0<>3> ?@>872545=8O. My7K:0=B 8A?>;=O5B 53> A B@C4><, B0: :0: <C7K:0;L=K9 8=AB@C<5=B A8;L=> 4@>68B 2 @C:0E. >A;54CNI85 2KE>4K =0 AF5=C 2 B5G5=85 B>3> 65 25G5@0, A>;L=>5 8A?>;=5=85, 0 B0:65 48@868@>20=85 >@:5AB@>< AB@0E>< =5 A>?@>2>640NBAO «/ ?>=8<0N, A:070; >=, GB> C <5=O MB> CA;>2=K9 @5D;5:A, GB> C <5=O ?>2B>@O5BAO AB@0E, 8A?KB0==K9 2 3>40 =0704 2> 2@5<O ?@>A<>B@0, => O =8G53> =5 <>3C A A>1>9 ?>45;0BL. / =5 <>3C 53> ?@5>4>;5BL». I5 704>;3> 4> 1>;57=8 . =5A:>;L:> @07 ?KB0;8AL 38?=>B878@>20BL 2KABC?02H85 =0 AF5=5 38?=>B875@K, => 157CA?5H=> !0< 1>;L=>9 ?@>A8; ?>;5G8BL 53> 38?=>7><. >;L=><C C:070=>, GB> 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>= 8 2=CH5=85  MB> =5 >4=> 8 B> 65, 8 GB> 4;O ;5G5=8O 53> =5 B@51C5BAO 2=CH0BL =0ABC?;5=85 A=0  ?>3@C60BL 53> 2 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>=. 1@07>202HCNAO C =53> ?0B>;>38G5A:CN CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=CN A2O7L <>6=> ?@5@20BL, 70B>@<>78BL 2=CH5=85< =0O2C. =CH5=85 =0O2C ?> A8;5 459AB28O <>65B =5 CABC?0BL 2=CH5=8N 2 38?=>B8G5A:>< A=5. 0O2C C4020;>AL ?CB5< 2=CH5=8O 2K7K20BL ?0@0;8G8 8 BCB 65 8E CAB@0=OBL. >;L=><C ?@54;>65=> A<>B@5BL 2 3;070 2@0GC. @0G, A;53:0 A68<0O ?0;LF0<8 3>;>2C 1>;L=>3>, A:070; <54;5==>, @57:8<, =0?@O65==K< B>=><: «"5?5@L ?@8 2KE>45 =0 AF5=C 2K =8:0:>3> AB@0E0 8A?KBK20BL =5 1C45B5. K 1C45B5 A>25@H5==> A?>:>9=K, A>25@H5==> A?>:>9=K, A>25@H5==> A?>:>9=K... # 20A 1C45B ?@5:@0A=>5 A0<>GC2AB285 8 =0AB@>5=85... ?@5:@0A=>5 A0<>GC2AB285 8 =0AB@>5=85... K 1C45B5 8A?KBK20BL ;53:>ABL, @04>ABL». 0;55 A?>:>9=K< B>=>< C:070=>: «K ?>=8<05B5, GB> ?5@568B>5 20<8 2 3>40 =0704 GC2AB2> AB@0E0, A>2?02 2> 2@5<5=8 A 2KE>4>< =0 AF5=C 8 8A?>;=5=85< ?5@2>3> ?@>872545=8O, A2O70;>AL A =8< 8 B5?5@L, :>340 2K 2KE>48B5 =0 AF5=C, >=> 2>A?@>872>48BAO ?> <5E0=87<C CA;>2=>3> @5D;5:A0. "5?5@L MB0 CA;>2=0O A2O7L ?@5@20=0. @8 2KE>45 =0 AF5=C 2K =8:0:>3> AB@0E0 8A?KBK20BL =5 1C45B5, =5 1C45B5!». AO ?@82545==0O D>@<C;0 2=CH5=8O ?>2B>@5=0 2=>2L. > 2@5<O 2=CH5=8O ;8F> 1>;L=>3> ?>:@0A=5;>, ?>:@K;>AL :0?;O<8 ?>B0, 4KE0=85 AB0;> CG0I5==K<. @8<5@=> G5@57 10 <8=CB, :>340 1>;L=>9 C65 A>18@0;AO CE>48BL, 5<C 2=>2L ?@54;>65=> A5ABL =0 ABC; 8 A50=A 2=CH5=8O =0O2C ?>2B>@5=. 5G5@>< B>3> 65 4=O 1>;L=>9 A>25@H5==> A?>:>9=> 2KABC?8; =0 AF5=5. «5@54 2KE>4>< =0 AF5=C O A C482;5=85< 70<5B8;, @0AA:070; >=, GB> =5 8A?KBK20N AB@0E0 8 GC2AB2CN A51O ?@5:@0A=>. 0 AF5=5 O 1K; A>25@H5==> A?>:>5= 8 =8 <0;59H53> AB@0E0 2> 2@5<O 8A?>;=5=8O ?5@2>9 25I8 =5 8A?KBK20; 8 =5 AB0; : @>O;N, GB>1K : =5<C ?@860BLAO. 0H8 A;>20 72CG0;8 C <5=O 2 CH0E». $>18O 1>;LH5 =5 2>7>1=>2;O;0AL. 0@80=B 3. > 2@5<O 15A54K A 1>;L=K< 8;8 ?5@54 53> CE>4>< 2@0G <>;G0 ?@8AB0;L=> =0 =53> A<>B@8B =5A:>;L:> A5:C=4 8, A<5=82 A?>:>9=K9 B>= 15A54K =0 @57:89, 2=CH0NI89, =0?@O65==K9, M<>F8>=0;L=> =0AKI5==K9, ?@>87=>A8B D>@<C;C 2=CH5=8O, =0?@8<5@: «"5?5@L <>65B5 2A5 5ABL. ">H=>B0 8 @2>B0 =5 1C45B =0ABC?0BL... >65B5 2A5 5ABL!.. K 74>@>2K» 8;8 « <C65 (>AB0282H5< 1>;L=CN) B5?5@L =5 4C<05B5, =5 4C<05B5! K > =5< 701K;8, 701K;8» 8;8 «K A>25@H5==> A?>:>9=K. K B5?5@L 2A5340 A?>:>9=K. 8:0:>9 (?>4G5@:8205BAO B>=><) B>@>?;82>AB8. 5 A?5H8B5, =5 A?5H8B5!» 0@80=B 4. >;L=><C ?@5420@8B5;L=> =0O2C 2=CH05BAO A>AB>O=85 «?>;=>3> 1572>;8O», ?0AA82=>9 ?>4G8=O5<>AB8 (1;87:>5 : 38?=>B8G5A:8<). ;O MB>3> <>65B 1KBL @5:><5=4>20=0 A;54CNI0O D>@<C;0 2=CH5=8O, ?@54;>65==0O . !. !C<1052K<: «>4 2;8O=85< 2=CH5=8O 2K 2?0;8 2 A>AB>O=85 ?>;=>3> 1572>;8O, ?>;=>9 ?>4G8=O5<>AB8. > 2K =5 A?8B5, 20< A>25@H5==> =5 E>G5BAO A?0BL... K =5 >:07K205B5 <=5 =8:0:>3> A>?@>B82;5=8O, ?>;=>ABLN <=5 4>25@O5B5, 7=0O, GB> O =5 1C4C 7;>C?>B@51;OBL 20H8< 4>25@85< :> <=5. K 1C45B5 =0E>48BLAO 2 MB>< A>AB>O=88 157>3>2>@>G=>3> ?>4G8=5=8O 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 O 20A 87 =53> =5 2K254C.  MB>< A>AB>O=88 2K G@572KG09=> 2>A?@88<G82K :> 2A5< 2=CH5=8O< 8 ?@8:070=8O<, :>B>@K5 O 45;0N, :> 2A5< A;>20<, :>B>@K5 O ?@>87=>HC. K =5 >1@0I05B5 2=8<0=8O =0 ?@8ACBAB2CNI8E ;8F. K =8 > G5< =5 4C<05B5, :@><5 B>3>, > G5< O 20< 3>2>@N. 0A =8GB> =5 15A?>:>8B, =5 B@52>68B, 2K GC2AB2C5B5 A51O >G5=L E>@>H>».  MB>< A>AB>O=88 ?@>2>4OB ;5G51=K5 2=CH5=8O.  B>9 8;8 8=>9 AB5?5=8 2=CH5=85 2A5340 CG0AB2C5B 2 459AB288 ;N1>3> =07=0G5==>3> 2@0G>< ;5:0@AB20 8;8 ;5G51=>9 ?@>F54C@K, B0: GB> : ;5G5=8N 2=CH5=85< =0O2C A>7=0B5;L=> 8;8 15AA>7=0B5;L=> ?@815305B :064K9 2@0G.  7028A8<>AB8 >B A>?CBAB2CNI53> 2=CH5=8O 8=>340 >4=> 8 B> 65 ;5:0@AB2> 2 @C:0E >4=>3> 2@0G0 <>65B 2K720BL ?>;>68B5;L=K9 MDD5:B, 0 2 @C:0E 4@C3>3>  =5 2K7K20BL 53>. BAN40 402=> @>48;AO 0D>@87<, GB> 206=> =5 B>;L:>, GB> =07=0G5=>, => :5< 8 :0: =07=0G5=>. ;O CA8;5=8O 2=CH05<>3> 459AB28O ;5:0@AB20 206=> @07JOA=8BL 1>;L=><C <5E0=87< 53> ;5G51=>3> 459AB28O, 2=CH8BL, GB> >=> ?><>65B. >4@>1=> =0?8A0==K9 =0 ;8AB:5 1C<038 ?>@O4>: ?@85<0 ;5:0@AB20 8;8 ;5G51=KE ?@>F54C@ A C:070=85< @O40 B@51>20=89, :>B>@K5 A;54C5B ?@8 MB>< A>1;N40BL (=0?@8<5@, ?@8=8<0BL ;5:0@AB2> 70 ?>;G0A0 4> 54K, 70?820BL AB0:0=>< 3>@OG53> G0O, <5;:8<8 3;>B:0<8, 2 B5G5=85 10 <8=CB 8;8 «70 ?>;B>@0 G0A0 4> A=0, ?@>3C;:0 2 B5G5=85 50 <8=CB, 70 20 <8=CB 4> A=0 3>@OG0O =>6=0O 20==0 A 4>102;5=85< G5B25@B8 AB0:0=0 ?>20@5==>9 A>;8 =0 254@> 2>4K» 8 B. ?.), CA8;8205B 2=CH0NI55 459AB285 ?@>F54C@K. -B> 402=> 1K;> 70<5G5=> B0:8<8 2K40NI8<8AO @CAA:8<8 :;8=8F8AB0<8, :0: . . 0E0@L8= 8 !. . >B:8=, H8@>:> 8A?>;L7>202H8<8 2=CH5=85 2 ;5G51=>9 ?@0:B8:5. G5=L H8@>:> 2=CH5=85< ?>;L7CNBAO 3><5>?0BK, =07=0G0O ?@85<K 3><5>?0B8G5A:8E ?8;N;L :064K5 2 G0A0 ?> 4 HBC:8 A B@51>20=85< =5 @07652K20BL 8E, 0 45@60BL 2> @BC 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 ?8;N;8 A0<8 =5 @0AB0NB, A>G5B0O MB> A C15645=85< 1>;L=>3> > B><, GB> B>G=>5 A>1;N45=85 MB>3> ?@82545B : 2K74>@>2;5=8N. 5G5=85 2=CH5=85< =0O2C, >A>15==> 2 A>G5B0=88 A C15645=85<, ?>:070=> ?@8 2A5E =52@>70E. => =5 8<55B ?@>B82>?>:070=89 8 4>;6=>, ?> =0H5<C <=5=8N, ?@8<5=OBLAO ?@8 ;5G5=88 2A5E 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8, 2 B>< G8A;5 8 B>340, :>340 ?@8<5=ONBAO 4@C385 <5B>4K ;5G5=8O. A>15==> ?>:070=> ;5G5=85 2=CH5=85< 2 B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 35=57 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0 >G52845=, :0: 2 ?@82545==>9 2KH5 D>188 2KE>40 =0 AF5=C. "@C4=> =09B8 B0:>5 A><0B8G5A:>5 701>;520=85, ?@8 ;5G5=88 :>B>@>3> 40==K9 <5B>4 2 B>9 8;8 8=>9 D>@<5 =5 1K; 1K ?>:070=. =CH5=85 2> A=5 !>=, ?> . . 02;>2C, MB> A>AB>O=85 B>@<>65=8O :>@K 3>;>2=>3> <>730, A?CA:0NI55AO 8 =0 53> =865;560I85 >B45;K. !>3;0A=> A>2@5<5==K< 2>77@5=8O<, MB> =5 B>B0;L=>5 B>@<>65=85, B0: :0: >:>;> ?>;>28=K =59@>=>2 <>730 2> 2@5<O A=0 0:B82=K. !>= =0ABC?05B 2 @57C;LB0B5 0:B82=>9 DC=:F88 B0;0<>-:>@B8:0;L=KE A8=E@>=878@CNI8E 0??0@0B>2 <>730. 59@>D878>;>38G5A:85 8AA;54>20=8O, ?@>2545==K5 2 ?>A;54=85 3>4K, ?>:070;8, GB> <>6=> @07;8G0BL 420 2840 A=0: 1) >1KG=K9, 8;8 <54;5==K9, A>=, ?@8 :>B>@>< A A>AB>O=85< ?>;=>3> ?>:>O >B<5G05BAO 70<54;5=85 @8B<0 4KE0=8O 8 A5@45G=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, 0 B0:65 ?>O2;5=85 =0 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<5 <54;5==KE 2>;=; 2) ?0@04>:A0;L=K9, 8;8 1KAB@K9, A>= 8;8 A>= A> A=>2845=8O<8. > 2@5<O MB>3> A=0 =01;N40NBAO 1KAB@K5 42865=8O 3;07=KE O1;>:, 87<5=G82>ABL, =5@53C;O@=>ABL 2535B0B82=KE ?@>O2;5=89 (?C;LA0, 4KE0=8O). -;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<0 ?@81;8605BAO : =01;N405<>9 2> 2@5<O 1>4@AB2>20=8O, E>BO 8 8<55B =5:>B>@K5 >A>15==>AB8 (2A?KH:8 0;LD0-2>;= 2 70BK;>G=>9 >1;0AB8 ?> G0AB>B5 =0 1 2 3F <5=LH5, G5< 2> 2@5<O 1>4@AB2>20=8O; >1=0@C68205BAO =87:>2>;LB=0O 0:B82=>ABL; 2A?KH:8 >AB@KE 2>;= G0AB>B>9 2 3 2 A5:C=4C 2 F5=B@0;L=>9 >1;0AB8 :>@K, 4;OI85AO =5A:>;L:> A5:C=4 8 A2O70==K5 ?> 2@5<5=8 A 1KAB@K<8 42865=8O<8 3;07). > 2@5<O ?0@04>:A0;L=>3> A=0 =01;N40NBAO A=>2845=8O. > 2A59 25@>OB=>AB8, 2> 2@5<O <54;5==>3> A=0 ?@>8AE>48B :>=A>;840F8O A;54>2, B. 5. ?5@52>4 8E 2 4>;3>2@5<5==CN ?0<OBL, 0 B0:65 >A2>1>645=85 5<:>AB59 >?5@0B82=>9 ?0<OB8, 2> 2@5<O 1KAB@>3> A=0 «>B@5038@>20=85» ?5@56820=89. 0@04>:A0;L=K9 A>= G5@54C5BAO A <54;5==K<. = A<5=O5B 53> 4 5 @07 2 B5G5=85 =>G8 8 4;8BAO :064K9 @07 6 8, @565 15 20 <8=CB, 70=8<0O >:>;> 20 25% 2A53> 2@5<5=8 ?>2545=G5A:>3> A=0. 5@2K9 ?5@8>4 ?0@04>:A0;L=>3> A=0 =0ABC?05B G5@57 45 90 <8=CB ?>A;5 70AK?0=8O. -B>B 284 A=0 @53C;8@C5BAO 4@52=8<8 <5E0=87<0<8 AB2>;0 <>730. @8 53> 45?@820F88 =01;N40NBAO =52@>B8G5A:85 ?@>O2;5=8O. 0: 4;O >1KG=>3> <54;5==>3>, B0: 8 4;O ?0@04>:A0;L=>3> A=0 E0@0:B5@5= «?5@5@K2 =5?@5@K2=>AB8 ?>B>:0 A>7=0=8O»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«AB>@>652>9 ?C=:B». '5@57 =53> A?OI89 <>65B ?>445@6820BL :>=B0:B  @0??>@B (>B D@0=F. rapport  >B=>H5=8O, A2O7L, A=>H5=8O) A 2=5H=8< <8@><. AB5AB25==>, GB> A>= A> «AB>@>652K< ?C=:B><»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«!B>@>652>5 682>B=>5 148B5;L=> >E@0=O5B AB04>.  A;CG05 ?@81;865=8O >?0A=>AB8 >=> 87405B >A>1K9 72C:, A83=0;, 8 MB>3> 4>AB0B>G=>, GB>1K 2A5 AB04> 1K;> =0 =>30E, 3>B>2>5 : 153AB2C, 70I8B5 8 B. ?., 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B E0@0:B5@0 A83=0;0. 8:0:85 4@C385 HC<K, =0?>;=ONI85 ;5A, =5 B@52>60B A>= AB040. 564C AB>@>65< 8 AB04>< ?>445@68205BAO @0??>@B. A;8 1K 53> =5 1K;>, AB04> ?>381;> 1K». =B5@5A=>5 =01;N45=85 ?@82>48B . . @15;8: «>;>2>=>389 <>;;NA:->AL<8=>3 >1;0405B A<5=>9 A=0 8 1>4@AB2>20=8O. = C:;04K205BAO =0 4=5 0:20@8C<0, ?>418@05B 2>:@C3 A51O =>38, 70:@K205B 3;070 8 A?8B. > 87 2>AL<8 =>3 >4=C =>3C >= >AB02;O5B 456C@=>9. !5<L =>3 >?CB0=K 2>:@C3 BC;>28I0, 0 2>AL<0O B>@G8B :25@EC 8 ?@>45;K205B 2A5 2@5<O 2@0I0B5;L=K5 42865=8O. =B5@5A=>, GB> 5A;8 2> 2@5<O A=0 :0:>9-=81C4L ?0;>G:>9 B@>=CBL C =53> BC;>28I5 8;8 :>=5G=>ABL, >= =5 ?@>AK?05BAO, => 5A;8 2K ?@8:>A=5B5AL : 456C@=>9 ;0?5, B> ?@>AK?05BAO, 2K?CA:05B G5@=CN :@0A:C 8 2>>1I5 ?@>O2;O5B A>>B25BAB2CNICN 0:B82=CN @50:F8N». G5284=>, 2> 2@5<O A=0 <>;;NA:0 A>E@0=O5BAO AB>@>652>9 ?C=:B, G5@57 :>B>@K9 8 >ACI5AB2;O5BAO :>=B0:B (@0??>@B) A 2=5H=8< <8@><. . . 8@<0=C C4020;>AL M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=> ?>;CG0BL C A>10: A>= A O2;5=8O<8 @0??>@B0. ;O MB>3> C 682>B=>3> 2K@010BK20;AO CA;>2=K9 @5D;5:A =0 AB@>3> >?@545;5==K9 B>= (4>  265). 0B5< 682>B=>5 ?>3@C60;>AL 2 3;C1>:89 A>= 459AB285< >B@8F0B5;L=KE, 48DD5@5=F8@>2>G=KE, 8=0:B82=KE @074@068B5;59. "5?5@L ?@8 459AB288 B>=0 4>  265, A>G5B02H53>AO @0=55 2A5340 A ?>4:0@<;820=85<, 682>B=>5 =5<54;5==> ?@>1C640;>AL, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: >=> ?>GB8 8;8 A>2A5< =5 @5038@>20;> =0 4@C385 @074@068B5;8 (A28AB, 1C;L:0=L5, A8;L=K9 ABC: 2 425@L). «G5284=>, C:07K205B . . 8@<0=, 2 70B>@<>65==>9 :>@5 A>10:8 >48= ?C=:B A>E@0=O; A2>N 2>71C48<>ABL, >AB020;AO 1>4@AB2CNI8<. -B>B ?C=:B, @5038@>202H89 =0 B>= 4>  265, A>E@0=O5B, B0:8< >1@07><, A2O7L MDD5:B>@=KE 0??0@0B>2 A MB8< @074@068B5;5<, B>340 :0: A2O7L A >AB0;L=K<8 2=5H=8<8 @074@068B5;O<8 1K;0 ?@5@20=0, 2K:;NG5=0. ;03>40@O ACI5AB2>20=8N B0:>3> AB>@>652>3> ?C=:B0 A>= <>3 1K 1KBL 3;C1>:8<, => =5 1K; ?>;=K<  MB> 1K; A>= A G0AB8G=K< 1>4@AB2>20=85<». ;03>40@O =0;8G8N AB>@>652>3> ?C=:B0 2> 2@5<O A=0 A?OI89 <>65B ?>445@6820BL :>=B0:B A 2=5H=8< <8@><. >A?@8OB85 @5G8 2> 2@5<O A=0 2>7<>6=> B>;L:> ?@8 =0;8G88 AB>@>652>3> ?C=:B0, G5@57 :>B>@K9 >ACI5AB2;O5BAO @0??>@B. !>= A> AB>@>652K< ?C=:B>< <>65B 1KBL 5AB5AB25==K<, 38?=>B8G5A:8< 8 =53;C1>:8< =0@:>B8G5A:8<, GB> ?>72>;O5B ;5G8BL 2=CH5=85<. #(  !!"/ !"!" ! #AB02H0O <0BL <>65B :@5?:> 70A=CBL 2>7;5 @515=:0 8 =5 @5038@>20BL =0 HC<, 4>=>AOI89AO A C;8FK, 72>=:8 8;8 ABC: 87 A>A54=59 :><=0BK. 4=0:> 4>AB0B>G=> ?>O28BLAO <0;59H5<C H>@>EC, 8AE>4OI5<C >B @515=:0, :0: >=0 CA;KH8B 8 A@07C 65 ?@>A=5BAO. !>;40B <>65B :@5?:> A?0BL, =5 ?@>1C640OAL >B 4>=>AOI8EAO 3@><:8E 72C:>2 AB@5;L1K, >4=0:> A@07C 65 ?@>A=5BAO, :0: B>;L:> CA;KH8B A83=0; B@52>38, ?>40==K9 G0A>2K<. =0;>38G=K< >1@07>< :0?8B0= =0 :>@01;5 <>65B ?@>A=CBLAO, :0: B>;L:> ?@5:@0B8BAO <>=>B>==K9 ABC: <0H8=K, <5;L=8: 5A;8 >AB0=>28BAO <5;L=8F0 8 ?5@5AB0=5B 4>=>A8BLAO ABC: :>;5A. > 2A5E MB8E A;CG0OE 2> 2@5<O 5AB5AB25==>3> A=0 8<55BAO AB>@>652>9 ?C=:B, G5@57 :>B>@K9 ?>445@68205BAO @0??>@B A> AB@>3> >?@545;5==K< @074@068B5;5<. «C=:B» MB>B ?> ACI5AB2C O2;O5BAO A;>6=>9 A8AB5<>9, 2:;NG0NI59 CAB@>9AB2>, >15A?5G820NI55 ?@85< A83=0;0, 53> A;8G5=85 8 MDD5:B>@=K9 <5E0=87<, A?>A>1=K9 2K720BL ?>;=>5 8;8 =5?>;=>5 ?@>1C645=85. 0: 1K;> ?>:070=> =0<8 (1940), AB>@>652>9 ?C=:B 2> 2@5<O 5AB5AB25==>3> A=0 <>65B 2>7=8:=CBL, 5A;8 G5;>25: 70AK?05B ?@8 2>A?@8OB88 @5G8 8 A2O7L <564C =8< 8 8AB>G=8:>< @5G8 ?@>4>;605B A>E@0=OBLAO (>A>15==> 5A;8 ?@8 MB>< ?@>87=>AOBAO D@07K «!?8B5 A?>:>9=>, =5 ?@>AK?09B5AL... !;CH09B5 8 70?><8=09B5 A;>20... 0CB@> 1C45B5 2A5 ?><=8BL...») 8;8 5A;8 >= ?5@54 A=>< =0AB@>8B A51O =0 2>A?@8OB85 @5G8, 2=CH8B A515, GB> 1C45B A?0BL 8 A;CH0BL @5GL =5 ?@>AK?0OAL. >6=> >1@07>20BL AB>@>652>9 ?C=:B 8 ?@8 ?><>I8 4@C38E ?@85<>2, =0?@8<5@ ?@5420@8B5;L=>3> 2=CH5=8O =0O2C 8;8 2 38?=>B8G5A:>< A=5. :070;>AL, 8=>340 <>6=> =5 B>;L:> 2>A?@8=8<0BL @5GL (=0?@8<5@, A;>20 8=>AB@0==>3> O7K:0), => 8 A>E@0=OBL 55 2 ?0<OB8 2 0:BC0;L=>< ;81> ;0B5=B=>< 2845.  ?5@2>< A;CG05 G5;>25: <>65B CA8;85< 2>;8 0:BC0;878@>20BL, B. 5. 2A?><=8BL, 2>A?@8=OB>5, 2>-2B>@><  =5 <>65B, => =5>1KG=> ;53:> 2KCG8205B 53> ?> ?@>1C645=88. !0< ?@>F5AA 2>A?@8OB8O @5G8 2> 2@5<O A=0 =5 >A>7=05BAO. A?KBC5<K5 =5 >B40NB A515 >BG5B0 2 B><, GB> >=8 A;CH0NB @5GL, :>B>@0O ?5@568205BAO :0: <KA;8, =58725AB=> :0: ?>?02H85 2 3>;>2C, A?>=B0==> ?>O282H85AO 8;8 65 2>7=8:H85 ?> ;>38G5A:><C E>4C 459AB289, @0725@=C2H8EAO 2 A=>2845=88 (. . !2O4>I, 1940, 1962 1965). !>3;0A=> A>2@5<5==K< 2>77@5=8O<, ?@8 2>A?@8OB88 2 A>AB>O=88 1>4@AB2>20=8O A83=0; >B >@30=0 GC2AB2 ?>ABC?05B 2 <>73  :>@:>2CN ?@>5:F8>==CN 7>=C 40==>3> 0=0;870B>@0  8 =5A5B 8=D>@<0F8N > E0@0:B5@5 @074@065=8O. 4=>2@5<5==> A83=0; >B >@30=0 GC2AB2 ?>ABC?05B 2 @5B8:C;O@=CN D>@<0F8N. BAN40 ?> «=5A?5F8D8G5A:><C» ?CB8 A 70?>740=85< =0 =5A:>;L:> <8;;8A5:C=4 =0?@02;ONBAO 8<?C;LAK, 0:B828@CNI85 :>@C. > 2@5<O 3;C1>:>3> 5AB5AB25==>3> A=0 8 4065 2 A>AB>O=88 =0@:>70 72C:>2>9 A83=0; >B >@30=>2 GC2AB2 ?>ABC?05B 2 :>@C <>730 8 2K7K205B @50:F8N =0 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<5. 4=0:> 8<?C;LA>2 87 @5B8:C;O@=>9 D>@<0F88 =5 ?>ABC?05B. !83=0; >AB05BAO 87>;8@>20==K<, =5 A2O70==K< A 4@C38<8 CG0AB:0<8 <>730, 8 G5;>25:, ?@>A=C2H8AL, =5 <>65B 53> 2A?><=8BL. 54L A>B=8 ;N459 A?OB 2 B> 2@5<O, :>340 :B>-=81C4L @073>20@8205B 8;8 845B @048>?5@540G0, >4=0:> =0CB@> >1KG=> =5 ?><=OB B>3>, > G5< 3>2>@8;>AL 2> 2@5<O 8E A=0. 5 B@C4=> 4>18BLAO ?>ABC?;5=8O A83=0;0 2 :>@C <>730, B@C4=> 4>18BLAO 53> CA2>5=8O  2>7<>6=>AB8 2>A?@>872545=8O ?> ?@>1C645=881. >A;54=55 >:070;>AL =52>7<>6=K< 2> 2@5<O 3;C1>:>3> A=0 (:>340 =0 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<5 4><8=8@CNB <54;5==K5 2>;=K) 8 C405BAO ;8HL ?@8 =53;C1>:>< A=5. 0: =5 ;N10O @5GL, 2>A?@8=OB0O 2 A>AB>O=88 1>4@AB2>20=8O, B0: 8 =5 2AO:0O @5GL, 2>A?@8=OB0O 2> 2@5<O A=0, >:07K205B 2=CH0NI55 459AB285. A;8 4;O F5;59 >1CG5=8O 2> 2@5<O A=0 (38?=>?5488) >G5=L 206=>, GB>1K 2>A?@8=OB>5 =5 ?>425@30;>AL 0<=5788, B. 5. GB>1K ?> ?@>1C645=88 G5;>25: <>3 2A?><=8BL 2>A?@8=OB>5 2> 2@5<O A=0, B> 4;O F5;59 2=CH5=8O MB>3> =5 B@51C5BAO. 0>1>@>B, ?@0:B8:0 38?=>B5@0?88 ?>:07K205B, GB> 2=CH5=8O >A>15==> 459AB25==K, 5A;8 ?> ?@>1C645=88 >B A=0 >=8 ?>425@30NBAO 0<=5788. -B> >B=>A8BAO 8 : 2=CH5=8O< 2> 2@5<O A=0 5AB5AB25==>3>. >MB><C B5E=8:0 2=CH5=8O 2> 2@5<O 5AB5AB25==>3> A=0 >B;8G05BAO >B B5E=8:8, ?@8<5=O5<>9 A F5;LN 38?=>?5488. =CH5=85< 2> 2@5<O 5AB5AB25==>3> A=0 ?CB5< =0H5?BK20=8O D@07 A?OI5<C ?@>1>20;8 ;5G8BL 45B59 . . O75<A:89, Burdon, Coué 8 4@. A>15==> H8@>:>5 @0A?@>AB@0=5=85 MB>B <5B>4 =0H5; 2 !(. -DD5:B >B 2=CH5=8O 2> 2@5<O 5AB5AB25==>3> A=0 =5@54:> =5 CABC?0; MDD5:BC ?@8 3;C1>:>< 38?=>75. 5B8 8=>340 @073>20@820NB 2> 2@5<O 5AB5AB25==>3> A=0, 8 A =8<8 C405BAO CAB0=>28BL @5G52>9 :>=B0:B. 4=0:> >= >1KG=> 1KAB@> CB@0G8205BAO, 8 ?>?KB:8 2=CH8BL 8< GB>-;81> 2 B0:>< A>AB>O=88 C40NBAO @54:>.  >1I5< CAB0=>28BL @0??>@B A G5;>25:><, A?OI8< 5AB5AB25==K< A=><, B@C4=>. "5E=8:0 2=CH5=8O 2> 2@5<O 5AB5AB25==>3> A=0. =CH5=8O 2> 2@5<O A=0 ?@>2>4OBAO B8E8< 3>;>A><, 2=CH0NI8< B>=><. '0I5 2A53> >=8 =0G8=0NBAO A;>20<8: «!?8B5 3;C165, =5 ?@>AK?09B5AL. 0AK?09B5 3;C165 8 3;C165... ! :064K< 4=5< 2K A51O GC2AB2C5B5 ;CGH5 8 ;CGH5, ;CGH5 8 ;CGH5...» 0;55 A;54C5B ;5G51=>5 2=CH5=85, ?>2B>@O5<>5 A ?0C70<8 4> 5 A5:C=4 =5A:>;L:> @07 (A5@8O 2=CH5=89). =0 G5@54C5BAO A> A;>20<8 «!?8B5 3;C165, 3;C165... ! :064K< 4=5< GC2AB2C5B5 A51O 2A5 ;CGH5 8 ;CGH5...» 0 A50=A ?@>2>4OBAO 5 6 A5@89 2=CH5=89. >7<>6=K @07;8G=K5 20@80=BK B5E=8:8 2=CH5=8O 2> 2@5<O A=0. 0@80=B 1. !04OBAO C 873>;>2LO A?OI53>. @8:0A0NBAO : 53> ?0;LFC 8 A;53:0 C45@6820NB ?>A;54=89 B0:, GB>1K =5 @071C48BL A?OI53> (?@8 MB>< 2A5 65 3;C18=0 A>==>3> B>@<>65=8O C A?OI53> C<5=LH05BAO). 0;55 2 B5G5=85 2 3 <8=CB B8E8< H5?>B><, 2 @8B< 4KE0=8O, ?>2B>@ONB A;>20 «!?8-B5 3;C1 65, A?8-B5 3;C1-65», 70B5< =0G8=0NB B> =5A:>;L:> 70<54;OBL @8B< A;>2, B> =5A:>;L:> CA:>@OBL 53>. A;8 ?@8 MB>< @8B< 4KE0=8O A?OI53> B0:65 =0G=5B A>>B25BAB25==> B> CA:>@OBLAO, B> 70<54;OBLAO, :>=B0:B CAB0=>2;5= 8 <>6=> ?5@5E>48BL : ;5G51=K< 2=CH5=8O<. > 8E ?@>872>4AB20 F5;5A>>1@07=> A:070BL A?OI5<C «>9 3>;>A 20A =5 1C48B, =5 ?@>1C6405B, .A?8B5 2A5 3;C165, 3;C165 8 3;C165...».  A;CG05, 5A;8 ?@8 ?>?KB:5 CAB0=>2;5=8O @0??>@B0 A?OI89 ?@>A=5BAO, <>6=> ?@8153=CBL : >?8AK205<>9 =865 >1KG=>9 B5E=8:5 38?=>B870F88  ;CGH5 2A53> ;53:8<8 ?0AA0<8 8 2=CH5=85< =0ABC?;5=8O A=0 ?@8 ?><>I8 @5G8. @>A8BL 1>;L=>3> >B:@KBL 3;070 8 D8:A8@>20BL 273;O4>< :0:>9-=81C4L ?@54<5B =5F5;5A>>1@07=>, B0: :0: MB> <>65B ?@825AB8 : @0AA5820=8N ?@>A>=>G=>3> A>AB>O=8O, 5A;8 ?@>1C645=85 >B A=0 1K;> =5?>;=K<. @85=B8@>2>G=0O @50:F8O ?@>A=C2H53>AO 8 53> =54>C<5=85 ?> ?>2>4C ?@>8AE>4OI53> 45;0NB ?>3@C65=85 2 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>= 27@>A;KE ;N459, 70@0=55 =5 ?@54C?@5645==KE >1 MB><, 25AL<0 70B@C4=8B5;L=K<8 0@80=B 2. >;L=><C 4=5< @07JOA=ONB ;5G5=85 2=CH5=85< 2> 2@5<O A=0. "5:AB 2=CH5=8O 70?8AK20NB =0 ;5=BC <03=8B>D>=0 8 =0G0;> 53> (?5@2K5 1 2 <8=CBK) 40NB ?@>A;CH0BL 2 1>4@AB2CNI5< A>AB>O=88, GB>1K 2 40;L=59H5< >A;018BL >@85=B8@>2>G=CN @50:F8N (5A;8 1>;L=>9 =0AB08205B, @07@5H0NB ?@>A;CH0BL 25AL B5:AB). @54;0305BAO ?>AB028BL =0 =>GL <03=8B>D>= 8;8 48=0<8: >B =53> =540;5:> >B 873>;>2LO A?OI53> 8 2:;NG8BL, :>340 B>B 1C45B ;560BL 2 ?>AB5;8 8 70E>G5B A?0BL. >;L=>9 4>;65= 70A=CBL ?>4 72C:8 ?5@540G8 (?>A;5 55 >:>=G0=8O <03=8B>D>= >B:;NG05BAO ;81> 02B><0B8G5A:8, ;81> ;8F><, ?@>2>4OI8< ;5G5=85). 0 ;5=B5 70?8AK205BAO B5:AB ?@8<5@=> A;54CNI53> A>45@60=8O, 2> <=>3>< =0?><8=0NI89 D>@<C;K 38?=>B870F88: «0AK?09B5 A?>:>9=K< A=><. 8 > G5< ?>AB>@>==5< =5 4C<09B5. > AG5BC 30 1C45B5 A?0BL. 07... 420... B@8...» 8 B. 4. AG8B0NB 4> 30 <54;5==K<, <>=>B>==K< 3>;>A><  ?>;CH5?>B><, A ?0C70<8 2 3 4 A5:C=4K <564C A;>20<8. «!?8B5 A?>:>9=>, =5 ?@>AK?09B5AL... ! :064K< 4=5< GC2AB2C5B5 A51O 2A5 ;CGH5 8 ;CGH5...» 8 40;55 A;54CNB D>@<C;K ;5G51=>3> 2=CH5=8O. =8 ?@>87=>AOBAO B8E8< 3>;>A><, => 2=CH0NI8< B>=><. $>@<C;K ?>2B>@ONBAO A ?0C70<8 2 3 4 A5:C=4K 5 6 @07. >A;5 MB>3> A;54CNB A;>20: «!?8B5 A?>:>9=>, =5 ?@>AK?09B5AL. ! :064K< 4=5< GC2AB2C5B5 A51O 2A5 ;CGH5 8 ;CGH5», 40;55 2=>2L 845B A5@8O 2=CH5=89 8 B0: 5 10 @07.  70:;NG5=85 3>2>@8BAO: «!?8B5 A?>:>9=K< 3;C1>:8< A=><. 0CB@> 1C45B5 A51O GC2AB2>20BL 1>4@K<, E>@>H> 2KA?02H8<AO». !50=AK ?>2B>@ONBAO @O4 =>G59 ?>4@O4. =CH5=85 <>65B ?@>2>48BLAO 8 =5?>A@54AB25==> 2@0G>< 157 ?@8<5=5=8O <03=8B>D>=0 8;8 >= <>65B 2:;NG0BLAO 8 2K:;NG0BLAO ?><>I=8:>< 2@0G0. 0ABC?0NI89 5AB5AB25==K9 A>= A>G5B05BAO A M;5<5=B0<8 A=0 38?=>B8G5A:>3>. >445@68205<K9 @5G52>9 :>=B0:B ?@8 70AK?0=88 >1;53G05B 2>A?@8OB85 @5G8. 0@80=B 3. =CH5=85 45;0NB =>GLN 2 B5G5=85 ?5@2KE 15 40 <8=CB A=0 8 40;55 ?>4 CB@> 70 1 2 G0A0 4> ?@>1C645=8O. !04OBAO =0 @0AAB>O=88 <5B@0 >B A?OI53> (>1KG=> @515=:0) 8 B8E8< 3>;>A>< ?@>87=>AOB A;>20: «!?8 3;C165, 3;C165... 5 ?@>AK?09AO.» 0;55 20 @07 ?>2B>@ONB A;>20 2=CH5=8O. 0?@8<5@, @515=:C A =>G=K< =545@60=85< <>G8 3>2>@OB: «"5?5@L BK <>65HL C45@6820BL <>GC 2AN =>GL. "2>O :@>20B:0 2A5340 ACE0O 8 G8AB0O». A;8 @515=>: ?@>A=C;AO, ?5@5=>AOB A50=A =0 A;54CNICN =>GL. >A?@8=OB>5 ?>425@305BAO 0<=5788. # =5:>B>@KE 1>;L=KE A =02O7G82K<8 AB@0E0<8 8;8 <KA;O<8, 8;8 ;8F, AB@040NI8E >B 4C@=>9 ?@82KG:8, <>65B 2> 2@5<O A=0 ?@>8AE>48BL 8718@0B5;L=>5 2>A?@8OB85 @5G52KE A83=0;>2, 04@5ACNI8EAO : 8<5NI5<CAO C =8E «1>;L=><C ?C=:BC», 2 B> 2@5<O :0: CA2>5=8O @5G8 =59B@0;L=>3> A>45@60=8O <>65B 8 =5 1KBL. !C48BL > B><, GB> @5GL 1K;0 2>A?@8=OB0, ?@8E>48BAO ?> B5@0?52B8G5A:><C MDD5:BC (:@8B5@89 =5 =04565=). =>340 A MB>9 F5;LN <>6=> ?@54;>68BL 1>;L=><C 70?><=8BL B5 8;8 8=K5 A;>20, =0?@8<5@ 10 @CAA:8E A;>2, :>B>@K5 <=>3>:@0B=> ?>2B>@ONB, 8;8 2 3 D@07K, @8ACNI85 :0:CN-;81> AF5=C («K =0 15@53C <>@O...»). @8 MB>< 3>2>@8BAO: «C45B5 ?><=8BL MB8 A;>20. 0CB@> A<>65B5 8E @0AA:070BL»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«!53>4=O =>GLN 2K 70A=5B5 ?>4 72C:8 <>53> 3>;>A0 8 CA;KH8B5 B>, GB> O 20< A:06C. C45B5 A?0BL 8 A;KH0BL, =5 ?@>AK?0OAL»,  >AB0;L=>< ;5G5=85 ?@>2>48BAO, :0: 2 20@80=B5 3. @8 4@C3>9 <>48D8:0F88 1>;L=><C ?@5420@8B5;L=> 0=0;>38G=K< >1@07>< 2=CH05BAO, GB> >= 1C45B =>GLN A?0BL A?>:>9=K< A=><. !:2>7L A>= CA;KH8B AG5B 4> 12 8 2=CH5=8O, :>B>@K5 5<C A45;0NB. 0;55 =>GLN ?@>2>48BAO ;5G5=85, :0: 2 20@80=B5 3, => =0G8=0NB A50=A A> AG5B0 >B 1 4> 12. !G8B0NB B8E8< 3>;>A><, A> A:>@>ABLN ?@8<5@=> >4=>3> A;>20 2 A5:C=4C. @8<5=5=85 AG5B0 >1;53G05B =0AB@>9:C =0 7040==K9 A83=0;. <5AB> ?@5420@8B5;L=>3> 2=CH5=8O ?@5420@8B5;L=0O =0AB@>9:0 =0 2>A?@8OB85 @5G8 <>65B 1KBL 4>AB83=CB0 ?CB5< A0<>2=CH5=8O. ;O MB>3> ?@54;0305BAO 8A?KBC5<><C A5ABL 8;8 ;5GL 2 C4>1=>9 ?>75 8 <KA;5==> =5A:>;L:> @07 ?>2B>@OBL A;>20: «C4C A?0BL 8 A;KH0BL, A?0BL 8 A;KH0BL, A?0BL 8 A;KH0BL, =5 ?@>AK?0OAL». !0<>2=CH5=85 1>;55 MDD5:B82=>, 5A;8 >=> >ACI5AB2;O5BAO 2 A>AB>O=88 @5;0:A0F88, 2K720==>< 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:>9. 0@80=B 5. >;L=>3> ?5@52>4OB 87 A>AB>O=8O A=0 2 ?@>A>-=>G=>5 A>AB>O=85, A =8< CAB0=02;820NB @5G52>9 :>=B0:B, 70B5< 40NB 2=>2L 70A=CBL. ;O MB>3> :;04CB @C:C =0 3>;>2C A?OI53>, >= A;53:0 ?@>1C6405BAO 8 5<C ?@54;030NB 2K?>;=8BL ?@>AB59H85 459AB28O (3>2>@OB: «>4=8<8B5 @C:C... 2KH5... 2KH5. @>4>;609B5 A?0BL... !?8B5 3;C165, 3;C165...»). 0;55 ?5@5E>4OB : ;5G51=K< 2=CH5=8O<. !50=AK 2=CH5=8O 2> 2@5<O 5AB5AB25==>3> A=0 <>3CB ?@>2>48BLAO :0: 8=48284C0;L=>, B0: 8 :>;;5:B82=>.  =0H59 :;8=8:5 . . !CE0@52K< >=8 ?@>2>4OBAO :>;;5:B82=> ?@8 ;5G5=88 1>;L=KE E@>=8G5A:8< 0;:>3>;87<>< 8 =52@>70<8. @8<5=O5BAO 3;02=K< >1@07>< 20@80=B 5 <5B>48:8. >;;5:B82=K5 A50=AK 38?=>B5@0?88 4=5< A>G5B0NBAO A :>;;5:B82=K<8 A50=A0<8 2=CH5=8O 2> 2@5<O 5AB5AB25==>3> =>G=>3> A=0. 8=0<8:8 CAB0=>2;5=K 2 ?0;0B0E. =CH5=85 ?@>2>48BAO ?CB5< 2>A?@>872545=8O 72C:>70?8A8. @8 :>;;5:B82=KE A50=A0E 2=CH5=8O 2> 2@5<O 5AB5AB25==>3> A=0 1>;L=K< =52@>70<8 2=CH05BAO ?>:>9 8 >1I55 E>@>H55 A0<>GC2AB285 («! :064K< 4=5< GC2AB2C5B5 A51O 2A5 ;CGH5 8 ;CGH5. !>25@H5==> A?>:>9=K. 0AB@>5=85 @>2=>5, E>@>H55. >;=K 1>4@>AB8, A8;K, M=5@388»). ;O ?@>2545=8O :>;;5:B82=KE A50=A>2 2=CH5=8O 2> 2@5<O =>G=>3> A=0 <>65B 1KBL @5:><5=4>20= ?@54;>65==K9 =0<8 20@80=B <5B>48:8, ?>;CG82H89 =0720=85 =8:B>AC335AB88 (>B 3@5G. «=8:B>A»  =>GL 8 «AC335AB8O» 2=CH5=85). @8 =5< ?5@2>=0G0;L=> ?@>2>48BAO A50=A :>;;5:B82=>9 38?=>B5@0?88 8;8 2=CH5=8O =0O2C, 2> 2@5<O :>B>@>3> 2K@010BK205BAO «AB>@>652>9 ?C=:B», >15A?5G820NI89 2>A?@8OB85 @5G8 2> 2@5<O =>G=>3> A=0. ;O MB>3> 1>;L=><C ?@5420@8B5;L=> 2=CH05BAO, GB> =>GLN >= 1C45B A?0BL, =5 ?@>AK?0OAL, => A:2>7L A>= CA;KH8B A83=0; (AG5B 4> 12) 8 40;55 A;>20 2=CH5=8O. >GLN 2:;NG05BAO <03=8B>D>= A 70?8ALN 3>;>A0 2@0G0. >;L=>9 A;KH8B A83=0; (AG5B 4> 12) 8 40;55 D@07K: «!?8B5 3;C165, =5 ?@>AK?09B5AL... KE0=85 @>2=>5, A?>:>9=>5... 0AK?09B5 2A5 3;C165 8 3;C165...»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«=5 4C<0BL > 1>;57=5==>< A8<?B><5; 5A;8 8 2A?><=8B5, =5 2>;=C9B5AL, 1C4LB5 A>25@H5==> A?>:>9=K...»). #(  !!"/ "'! ! !;>2> «38?=>7» ?@>8AE>48B >B 3@5G5A:>3> «hypnos  A>=. "5@<8= MB>B 1K; 2?5@2K5 ?@54;>65= 2 1843 3. 0=3;89A:8< E8@C@3>< Braid. /2;5=8O 38?=>70 1K;8 8725AB=K 5I5 6@5F0< @52=53> 38?B0 8 =488, >4=0:> ?@82;5:;8 : A515 2=8<0=85 ;8HL A 70-E 3>4>2 XVIII AB>;5B8O, A> 2@5<5=8 >?KB>2 25=A:>3> 2@0G0 Mesmer. > 2@5<5=0 Mesmer p <548F8=5 5I5 H8@>:> ?@8<5=O;>AL ;5G5=85 <03=8B0<8. >@OG8< AB>@>==8:>< MB>3> ;5G5=8O O2;O;AO 0@0F5;LA, :>B>@K9 ?>;030;, GB> <03=8B >1;0405B >A>1K<8 70304>G=K<8 A2>9AB20<8. "0: 65, :0: <03=8B <>65B ?@8BO3820BL 65;57=K5 >?8;:8, >= O:>1K <>65B >:07K20BL 2;8O=85 8 =0 B:0=8 G5;>25:0, «2KBO3820O» 1>;57=L 8 CAB@0=OO 1>;8. 5G5=85 <03=8B>< A2>48;>AL : B><C, GB> 8< 2>48;8 24>;L 1>;L=>9 G0AB8 B5;0 (45;0;8 ?0AAK), ?@8G5< =5@54:> >B<5G0;>AL, GB> 1>;8 ?@8 MB>< 8AG570;8. Mesmer 70<5B8;, GB> >4=8<8 42865=8O<8 A2>59 @C:8 24>;L B5;0 1>;L=>3> 5<C C405BAO 4>AB83=CBL B0:>3> 65 MDD5:B0, :0: ?@8 ;5G5=88 <03=8B><. 5 @0A?>7=02 O2;5=89 2=CH5=8O, ;560I8E 2 >A=>25 MB>3>, Mesmer ?@8H5; : >H81>G=><C 2K2>4C > B><, GB> >= >1;0405B B>9 65 >A>1>9 «A8;>9», GB> 8 <03=8B, 8 =0720; MBC 1C4B> 1K ?@8ACICN 5<C A8;C «682>B=K< <03=5B87<><». @85E02 87 5=K 2 0@86, Mesmer AB0; H8@>:> ;5G8BL B0< 1>;L=KE «682>B=K< <03=5B87<><». >340 G8A;> 65;0NI8E ;5G8BLAO =0AB>;L:> 2>7@>A;>, GB> >= =5 <>3 2A5E 8E ;5G8BL «<03=5B8G5A:8<8 ?0AA0<8» ;8G=>, Mesmer ?>?KB0;AO A>1@0BL O:>1K ?@8ACI89 5<C «682>B=K9 <03=5B87<» 2 G0= A 2>4>9, ?@>AB> >?CAB82 2 =53> 4;O MB>3> A2>8 @C:8. :070;>AL, GB> MB0 «=0<03=8G5==0O» 2>40 <>3;0 >:07K20BL B0:>5 65 ;5G51=>5 459AB285 =0 1>;L=KE, :0: 8 A0< Mesmer. ">340 >= AB0; «=0<03=8G820BL» @07;8G=K5 ?@54<5BK  B0@5;:8, :@>20B8, 45@52LO, 65;57=K5 >?8;:8  8 ?@>?CA:0BL «<03=5B8G5A:CN A8;C» ?> B@C10<. 5@54:> 1>;L=K5, 45@602H85AO 70 MB8 B@C1K, 2?040;8 2 A>AB>O=85 >F5?5=5=8O (:0B0;5?A88); <=>385 ?>A;5 «;5G5=8O» =0G8=0;8 GC2AB2>20BL A51O ;CGH5. AE>4O 87 D0=B0AB8G5A:8E 0AB@>;>38G5A:8E ?@54AB02;5=89, H8@>:> @0A?@>AB@0=5==KE 2 BC M?>EC1. Mesmer A>740; F5;CN B5>@8N, A>3;0A=> :>B>@>9 2 <8@5 O:>1K @07;8B0 >A>10O =52848<0O 684:>ABL «<03=5B8G5A:89 D;N84», =0;8G85< :>B>@>9 1C4B> 1K >1JOA=O5BAO 2;8O=85 =515A=KE B5; 4@C3 =0 4@C30, =0 AC4L1K ;N459, 0 B0:65 O2;5=8O «682>B=>3> <03=5B87<0». =>3>G8A;5==K5 H0@;0B0=K, :>B>@K5 AB0;8 5748BL ?> @07=K< N@>40< 8 45<>=AB@8@>20BL ?C1;8:5 «GC45A0 <03=5B87<0», ?@>4>;60;8 ?@>?030=48@>20BL MB8 273;O4K Mesmer. 5@568B:>< ?>4>1=KE 273;O4>2 O2;ONBAO A>E@0=82H85AO :>5-345 8 4> =0H8E 4=59 ?@54AB02;5=8O > B><, GB> O2;5=8O 38?=>70 >:@C65=K >@5>;>< B08=AB25==>AB8, GB> ;8G=>ABL 38?=>B875@0 87;CG05B :0:85-B> >A>1K5 A8;K («D;N84K»), 38?=>B878@>20BL <>65B B>;L:> B>B, :B> >1;0405B «>A>1>9 A8;>9 2>;8», «>A>1K< 273;O4><», G5@=K<8 3;070<8 8 B. ?. > . . 02;>2C, 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>=  MB> CA;>2=>-@5D;5:B>@=K9 A>=, 2K720==K9 2=CH5=85< 8 E0@0:B5@87CNI89AO =0;8G85< AB>@>652>3> ?C=:B0, G5@57 :>B>@K9 ?>445@68205BAO :>=B0:B <564C 7038?=>B878@>20==K< 8 38?=>B875@><. 8?=>B8G5A:89 A>= O2;O5BAO G0AB8G=K< A=><. 5;L7O A>3;0A8BLAO A <=5=85<, A>3;0A=> :>B>@><C «A>= =5 5ABL 38?=>7 8 38?=>7 MB> =5 2=CH5==K9 A>=, =5 <>48D8:0F8O A=0 8 =5 GB>-;81> ?@><56CB>G=>5 <564C A=>< 8 1>4@AB2>20=85<» (Bass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ennes, Hackman), 70<54;O5BAO >1<5= 25I5AB2 (Grafe, Traumann). @8 ?>3@C65=88 1>;L=>3> 2 3;C1>:89 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>= M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<0, :0: >B<5G0NB Dynes 8 4@., >AB05BAO AE>4=>9 A> A=OB>9 2 A>AB>O=88 1>4@AB2>20=8O. 4=0:> AE>4AB2> A A>AB>O=85< 1>4@AB2>20=8O >B<5G05BAO 8 2> 2@5<O ?0@04>:A0;L=>3> A=0, E>BO ?@8=04;56=>ABL :> A=C =5 2K7K205B A><=5=8O. > . . 52A:><C, 4> >?@545;5==>9 3;C18=K :0: 38?=>B8G5A:89, B0: 8 5AB5AB25==K9 A>= ?@>O2;ONBAO AE>4=K<8 87<5=5=8O<8 18>M;5:B@8G5A:8E ?>B5=F80;>2 <>730: =01;N40NBAO D07K C@02=820=8O @8B<0, 0;LD0-25@5B5=, <8=8<0;L=>9 M;5:B@8G5A:>9 0:B82=>AB8 8 <54;5==KE 2>;= A 45;LB0-@8B<>< 4 7. B;8G8O <564C =8<8 A2>4OBAO : A;54CNI5<C: 1) A<5=0 18>M;5:B@8G5A:8E D07 2 A>AB>O=88 5AB5AB25==>3> A=0 ?@>8AE>48B 3>@074> 1KAB@55; 2) 18>M;5:B@8G5A:85 87<5=5=8O ?@8 5AB5AB25==>< A=5 =5 >3@0=8G820NBAO B5<8 D070<8, :>B>@K5 >B<5G5=K 2 38?=>75, 0 ?@5B5@?520NB ?>A;54>20B5;L=K5, 5I5 1>;55 3;C1>:85 87<5=5=8O A ?>O2;5=85< =87:>G0AB>B=KE 18>M;5:B@8G5A:8E :>;510=89 (>B 1 4> 3 3F), :>B>@K5 8<5NB @53C;O@=K9 E0@0:B5@ 8 2KA>:>5 =0?@O65=85 ?>B5=F80;>2 (4> 300 500 <:2). =8 E0@0:B5@87CNB 3;C1>:>5 B>@<>65=85 ?@8 D878>;>38G5A:>< A=5 8 =5 >1=0@C6820NBAO 4065 ?@8 A0<>< 3;C1>:>< 38?=>B8G5A:>< A=5. > . . 53@01O=C 8 . . 5;8:-0H0O=C, A C3;C1;5=85< 38?=>B8G5A:>3> >=0 =0ABC?05B A4283 D07 :>;510=89 18>?>B5=F80;>2 <564C ;>1=>9 8 70BK;>G=K<8 >1;0ABO<8 :>@K 3>;>2=>3> <>730 >B 180° : 0°. !8=D07=>ABL @0=LH5 2>7=8:05B 2 ?@02>< ?>;CH0@88, G5< 2 ;52><. A;8 >=0 AB0=>28BAO 1>;55 @57:>9 A;520, B> >1KG=> =0ABC?05B CB@0B0 @0??>@B0 8 ?5@5E>4 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 2 5AB5AB25==K9. G5284=>, @0??>@B A2O70= A =0;8G85< :>=F5=B@8@>20==>3> 2>71C645=8O 2 ;52>< ?>;CH0@88, 2 @5G542830B5;L=>< 0=0;870B>@5. '5HA:89 8AA;54>20B5;L Krakora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«=>3>>1J5<;5<>ABL A;>20, ?8A0; . . 02;>2, 45;05B ?>=OB=K< B>, GB> 2=CH5=85< <>6=> 2K720BL 2 38?=>B878@>20==>< G5;>25:5 B0: <=>3> @07=>>1@07=KE 459AB289, =0?@02;5==KE :0: =0 2=5H=89, B0: 8 =0 2=CB@5==89 <8@ G5;>25:0... $0:B, GB> 38?=>B878@C5<><C <>6=> 2=CH8BL 2A5 ?@>B82>?>;>6=>5 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 8 2K720BL @50:F8N, ?@O<> ?@>B82>?>;>6=CN 459AB28B5;L=K< @074@065=8O<: A;04:89 2:CA 2<5AB> 3>@L:>3>, =5>1K:=>25==>5 7@8B5;L=>5 @074@065=85 2<5AB> A0<>3> >1K:=>25==>3> 8 B. 4., 157 =0BO6:8 <>6=> 1K;> 1K ?>=OBL :0: ?0@04>:A0;L=CN D07C 2 A>AB>O=88 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K, :>340 A;01K5 @074@065=8O 8<5NB 1>;LH89 @074@068B5;L=K9 MDD5:B, G5< A8;L=K5. 50;L=>5 @074@065=85, =0?@8<5@, >B A;04:>3> 25I5AB20, 84CI55 ?@O<> 2 A>>B25BAB2CNICN =5@2=CN :;5B:C, =04> 4C<0BL, 1>;LH5 A@02=8B5;L=> A @074@060NI8< A;>2><  3>@L:89", ?5@5E>4OI8< 87 A>>B25BAB2CNI59 72C:>2>9 :;5B:8 2 :;5B:C, >B25G0NICN @50;L=><C @074@065=8N 3>@L:8<, :0: CA;>2=K9 @074@068B5;L ?5@2>3> ?>@O4:0 2A5340 A8;L=55 CA;>2=>3> @074@068B5;O 2B>@>3> ?>@O4:0»1. !B>@>==8:0<8 ?A8E>0=0;870 402=> 1K;> ?>4<5G5=> GB> 2 2>7=8:=>25=88 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 <>3CB 83@0BL @>;L >B=>H5=8O, 2>7=8:0NI85 <564C 38?=>B875@>< 8 38?=>B878@C5<K<. -B8 >B=>H5=8O B>;:>20;8AL 8<8 2 ?;0=5 «?5@5=5A5=8O» (B@0=AD5@0) ?>402;5==>3> ?>;>2>3> 2;5G5=8O : >BFC 8;8 <0B5@8 =0 ;8G=>ABL 38?=>B875@0. ! MB8< =5;L7O A>3;0A8BLAO, => B>, GB> >B=>H5=85 : 2@0GC 8 B5 M<>F88, :>B>@K5 >= 2K7K205B, <>3CB 8<5BL 7=0G5=85 ?@8 38?=>B870F88, 15AA?>@=>. >7=8:0NI85 8=>340 ?@8 38?=>B870F88 =5>A>7=0205<K5, A<CB=K5 M@>78B8G5A:85 ?5@56820=8O <>3CB A?>A>1AB2>20BL 2>7=8:=>25=8N B>@<>65=8O 42830B5;L=>9 AD5@K (<>65B 1KBL >682;5=85 AB0@KE 8=AB8=:B>2 A5:AC0;L=>3> ?>4G8=5=8O), >A>15==>, =0?@8<5@, ?@8 38?=>B870F88 ;8F ?@>B82>?>;>6=>3> ?>;0. ! 45BAB20 2>A?8B0==0O 25@0 2 02B>@8B5B @>48B5;LA:>3> A;>20, CG8B5;O, =0G0;L=8:0, ?@82KG:0 ?>4G8=OBLAO 8< B0:65 <>3CB A?>A>1AB2>20BL B><C, GB> ?> 0AA>F80F88 0=0;>38G=>5 >B=>H5=85 2>7=8:05B 8 : 459AB28O< 38?=>B875@0. 1I85 ?@8=F8?K 8 B5E=8:0 38?=>B870F88 >3@C65=8N 2 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>= A?>A>1AB2C5B 2A5 B>, GB> ?@82>48B : =0ABC?;5=8N 5AB5AB25==>3> A=0. >MB><C G5;>25:0, :>B>@><C E>G5BAO A?0BL, ?>3@C78BL 2 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>= ;53G5, G5< 2KA?02H53>AO. 5G5@>< 7038?=>B878@>20BL ;53G5, G5< 4=5< 8;8 CB@><, >BAN40 65;0B5;L=>, >A>15==> ?5@2K9 A50=A, ?@>2>48BL 2 25G5@=55 2@5<O. @8 38?=>B870F88 ;CGH5 ?>A048BL 1>;L=>3> 2 C4>1=>5 :@5A;> 8;8 ?@54;>68BL 5<C ;5GL 2 B>9 ?>75, 2 :>B>@>9 >= >1KG=> 70AK?05B, B0: :0:, :>340 G5;>25: AB>8B, 2 <>73 ?>ABC?05B 1>;LH>5 :>;8G5AB2> 8=B5@>F5?B82=KE @074@065=89 >B <KHF, A2O7>:, ACAB02>2, ?>2KH0NI8E B>=835==>5 2;8O=85 @5B8:C;O@=>9 D>@<0F88 8 B5< A0<K< ?@5?OBAB2CNI8E =0ABC?;5=8N A=0. 0ABC?;5=8N 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 A?>A>1AB2CNB B0:65 B8H8=0, >BACBAB285 O@:>3>, @074@060NI53> A25B0, B. 5. C<5=LH5=85 ?>B>:0 @074@065=89, ?>ABC?0NI8E G5@57 A;CE>2>9 8;8 7@8B5;L=K9 0=0;870B>@, 206=> B0:65, GB>1K :@5A;> 8;8 4820=, =0 :>B>@>< ?@>2>48BAO 38?=>B870F8O, =5 1K;8 E>;>4=K<8. ;8B5;L=K5 >4=>>1@07=K5 A;01K5 @074@065=8O, 2K7K20O, ?> <=5=8N . . 02;>20, B@0BC M=5@35B8G5A:8E 70?0A>2 :;5B:8 :>@K, 254CB : @0728B8N 2 =59 >E@0=8 B5;L=>3> B>@<>65=8O. @@0480F8O 53>, =0ABC?0NI0O >A>15==> ;53:> ?@8 =87:>< @074@068B5;L=>< B>=CA5 :>@K, <>65B ?@825AB8 : =0ABC?;5=8N A=0. 0< :065BAO 1>;55 25@>OB=K< 4@C3>9 <5E0=87<, >4=>>1@07=K5 @074@065=8O 254CB : C30A0=8N >@85=B8@>2>G=>9 @50:F88 (?@>3=>78@>20=8O 8=48DD5@5=B=>3> A>1KB8O). => A2O70=> A >A;01;5=85< B>=835==>3> 2;8O=8O @5B8:C;O@=>9 D>@<0F88, GB> A?>A>1AB2C5B =0ABC?;5=8N A=0. BAN40 CAK?;ONI55 459AB285 C:0G820=8O, C10N:820=8O, >4=>>1@07=KE B0:B8;L=KE 8 4@C38E @074@065=89. -B8< 65 <5E0=87<>< 2 8725AB=>9 <5@5 ?>;L7CNBAO 8 4;O ?>3@C65=8O 2 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>=. "0:, =0?@8<5@, ?@8<5=ONB >4=>>1@07=K5 A;01K5 7@8B5;L=K5 @074@065=8O, 4;O G53> ?@54;030NB 1>;L=><C A<>B@5BL, =5 <830O, =0 1;5ABOICN B>G:C (AB5:;O==K9 H0@8:, :>=5F <>;>B>G:0 8 B. ?.). @8<5=ONB A;01K5 A;CE>2K5 @074@065=8O 2 2845 >4=>>1@07=>9 B8E>9 <>=>B>==>9 @5G8 8;8 ?@83;CH5==>3> ABC:0 <5B@>=><0, A;01K5 B0:B8;L=K5 @074@065=8O 2 2845 ;53:8E ?@8:>A=>25=89 : 1>;L=><C ?CB5< 42865=89 @C:>9 24>;L 53> B5;0 (?0AA>2), B> =0 =5:>B>@>< >B =53> @0AAB>O=88, B> A;53:0 ?@8:0A0OAL : =5<C, 0 B0:65 A;01K5 8=B5@>F5?B82=K5 @074@068B5;8, 8AE>4OI85 >B <KHF @C:. C6=> A:070BL, GB> 2 A8BC0F88 38?=>B870F88 D8:A0F8O 273;O40 =0 1;5ABOI5< ?@54<5B5, ?0AAK 8 B><C ?>4>1=K5 ?@85<K 2K7K20NB 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>= =5 B>;L:> ?> >?8A0==><C 2KH5 <5E0=87<C 459AB28O A;01KE, >4=>>1@07=KE @074@065=89, => 8 ?CB5< 2=CH5=8O 8 A0<>2=CH5=8O, B0: :0: >=8 =5@54:> 1K20NB A2O70=K C 1>;L=KE A ?@54AB02;5=85< > B><, GB> >=8 4>;6=K 2K720BL 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>=. N1>9 2=5H=89 035=B, A>2?02 ?> 2@5<5=8 A =0ABC?;5=85< A=0, <>65B =0G0BL 2K7K20BL A>= ?> CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=><C <5E0=87<C. "0:, 2 >?KB0E . . 02;>20 8 53> A>B@C4=8:>2 A>= C 682>B=KE 2>7=8:0; ?>4 459AB285< >4=>>1@07=KE 4;8B5;L=> 8;8 ?>2B>@=> ?@8<5=O2H8EAO @074@068B5;59.  40;L=59H5< >= AB0; =0ABC?0BL, :0: B>;L:> 682>B=>5 22>48;8 2 M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=CN :><=0BC 8 AB028;8 2 AB0=>:, B. 5. 4> B>3>, :0: MB8 @074@068B5;8 ?@8<5=O;8AL. 1AB0=>2:0 :><=0BK, A>2?02 ?> 2@5<5=8 A =0ABC?;5=85< A=0, AB0;0 2K7K20BL A>= ?> CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=><C <5E0=87<C. . . @K;>2 2K7K20; C A>10: A>= 22545=85< ?>4 :>6C <>@D8=0, ?>A;5 G53> CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K< ?CB5< A>= AB0; C =8E 2>7=8:0BL A=0G0;0 ?@8 70<5=5 8=J5:F88 <>@D8=0 8=J5:F859 D878>;>38G5A:>3> @0AB2>@0, 0 40;55 8 ?@8 >4=>< 2845 H?@8F0. #A;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K< ?CB5< <>65B 459AB2>20BL 8 A;>2> «A?0BL». -B> A;>2>, <=>3> @07 A>2?0402H55 C G5;>25:0 A =0ABC?;5=85< 5AB5AB25==>3> A=0, <>65B O2;OBLAO CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K< @074@068B5;5<, 2K7K20NI8< A>=. =0;>38G=K< >1@07>< <>65B 459AB2>20BL >?8A0=85 >ICI5=89, 2>7=8:0NI8E ?@8 70AK?0=88. A;8 A;>2> «A?0BL» >1;0405B A2>9AB2>< 2K7K20BL A>= CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K< ?CB5<, B>, :070;>AL 1K, 5A;8 ?>4>9B8 : =57=0:><><C G5;>25:C, ?>;C4@5<;NI5<C =0 4820=5 2 70;5 >6840=8O 2>:70;0 2>7;5 A2>8E 25I59, 8 A:070BL 5<C: «!59G0A 2K CA=5B5. 0H8 25:8 BO65;5NB. KE0=85 @>2=>5, A?>:>9=>5... !?0BL!..», B> >= 4>;65= 1K; 1K CA=CBL ?>4 2;8O=85< MB8E A;>2. 4=0:> 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 MB>3> =5 ?@>87>945B. !>=;82>ABL, :>B>@CN >= 4> B>3> 8A?KBK20;, =0>1>@>B, A@07C 65 8AG57=5B. = A B@52>3>9 8;8 =54>C<5=85< ?>A<>B@8B =0 3>2>@OI53> 8 =0 A2>8 25I8... -B8 65 A;>20, A:070==K5 B5< 65 ;8F><, B5< 65 B>=><, => 2 4@C3>9 >1AB0=>2:5, =0?@8<5@ 2> 2@0G51=>< :018=5B5, <>3CB C B>3> 65 ;8F0 2K720BL 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>=. 45AL 45;> 2 B><, GB> 2 @07=>9 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 A8BC0F88 A;>2> <>65B 8<5BL @07;8G=>5 7=0G5=85. !;>2> «A?0BL» 2 >1AB0=>2:5 2>:70;0 O2;O;>AL A83=0;>< B@52>38, 0 =5 A83=0;>< A=0 8 ?>MB><C, 5AB5AB25==>, A>= =5 2K7K20;>. 0 ?@8=F8?5 2K7K20=8O A=0 CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K< ?CB5< >A=>20=0 38?=>B870F8O A ?><>ILN 2=CH5=8O. >;L=><C 2=CH05BAO, GB> >= CA=5B, 8 @8AC5BAO :0@B8=0 =0ABC?;5=8O A=0. . . !2O4>I 8 !. . $09=15@3 (1936, 1937) 2 ?5480B@8G5A:>9 :;8=8:5 I 5=8=3@04A:>3> <548F8=A:>3> 8=AB8BCB0, @C:>2>48<>9 ?@>D. . . @0A=>3>@A:8<, 70?8A0;8 =0 ?;5=:C B5:AB @5G8, ?@>87=>A8<>9 2@0G>< 2> 2@5<O A50=A0 38?=>70. :070;>AL, GB> ;53:> 2=CH05<K5 AC1J5:BK <>3CB 1KBL ?>3@C65=K 2 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>=, <>3CB 2K?>;=8BL @07;8G=K5 2=CH5=8O 2> A=5 8 1KBL 2K2545=K 87 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 ?@8 2>A?@>872545=88 B5:AB0 A50=A0 2 72C:>70?8A8, 157 =5?>A@54AB25==>3> CG0AB8O 2@0G0. ">340 65 >=8 ?>:070;8 2>7<>6=>ABL 70<5=K @O40 ?>2B>@=KE A50=A>2 38?=>70 ?@8 ;5G5=88 1>;L=KE E@>=8G5A:8< 0;:>3>;87<>< 72C:>70?8ALN. >A;5 MB>3> 38?=>B870F8O 72C:>70?8ALN AB0;0 ?@8<5=OBLAO 2 :;8=8:5 3>A?8B0;L=>9 B5@0?88 B>3> 65 8=AB8BCB0 (. . C;L), 0 B0:65 2 @O45 4@C38E :;8=8: !>25BA:>3> !>N70. 8?=>B8G5A:89 A>= <>65B 1KBL 2K720= 8 <5B>4><, >B;8G0NI8<AO >B B5E, :>B>@K5 ?@8<5=ONBAO 4;O 2K7K20=8O 5AB5AB25==>3> A=0, 459AB285< @57:>3> A25@EA8;L=>3> @074@068B5;O. >A;54=89, ?> 2A59 25@>OB=>AB8, 2K7K205B 70?@545;L=>5 B>@<>65=85 :>@K, 0=0;>38G=> B><C, :0: 1K;> >?8A0=> 2KH5 ?@8 @0AA<>B@5=88 MB8>;>388 8 ?0B>35=570 0DD5:B82=>-H>:>2>3> ABC?>@0. ;O B>3> GB>1K ?@8 =0ABC?;5=88 A=0 A>E@0=8;AO AB>@>652>9 ?C=:B, G5@57 :>B>@K9 2>7<>6=> ?>445@60=85 @0??>@B0 A 38?=>B878@C5<K<, ?@8 70AK?0=88 AB0@0NBAO ?>445@6820BL A =8< @5G52>9 :>=B0:B. >340 1>;L=>3> =5 C405BAO ?>3@C78BL 2 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>= C:070==K<8 2KH5 <5B>40<8 8;8 :>340 65;0B5;L=> ?>;CG8BL 1>;55 3;C1>:89 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>=, <>6=> 4020BL A=>B2>@=K5 (=0?@8<5@, 0,2 0,3 3 0<8B0;-=0B@8O 8;8 0,5 3 <548=0;0) 70 30 40 <8=CB 4> 38?=>B870F88, 2K7K20NI85 8;8 >1;53G0NI85 =0ABC?;5=85 A=0 (=0@:>38?=>7). @8 38?=>B870F88 1>;LHCN @>;L 83@05B 2K7K20=85 A=0 ?CB5< 2=CH5=8O. -B> 2=CH5=85 =0G8=05BAO =0O2C, B. 5. 5I5 4> B>3>, :0: A>= =0ABC?8;. K720==K9 A>= 2 A2>N >G5@54L 2545B : ?>2KH5=8N 2=CH05<>AB8. 1KG=> G5< 1>;LH5 G5;>25: 2=CH05< 2 1>4@AB2CNI5< A>AB>O=88, B5< ;53G5 C =53> 2K720BL 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>=. @0240, 8=>340 B><C 8;8 8=><C G5;>25:C 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B 8<5NI8EAO C =53> 273;O4>2, ?@>B82>1>@AB2CNI8E 2=CH5=8N, ;53:> <>3CB 1KBL 2=CH5=K >4=8 ?@54AB02;5=8O 8 A B@C4><  4@C385 8;8 ?CB5< 2=CH5=8O ;53:> <>3CB 1KBL 2K720=K >4=8 A>AB>O=8O 8 A B@C4><  4@C385, 2 G0AB=>AB8 A>=. A5 65 4> B>3>, :0: =0G0BL 38?=>B878@>20BL 1>;L=>3>, @5:><5=4C5BAO ?@>25AB8 ?@>1K, 40NI85 :>5-:0:85 ?@54AB02;5=8O > AB5?5=8 2=CH05<>AB8 1>;L=>3>, 0 B0:65 ?@8153=CBL : =5:>B>@K< ?@85<0< 55 ?>2KH5=8O. "5E=8:0 ;5G5=8O. @8 ;5G5=88 2=CH5=85< 2 A>AB>O=88 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 1>;L=><C ?@5645 2A53> @07JOA=ONB >1@0B8<K9 E0@0:B5@ 53> 1>;57=5==KE A8<?B><>2. 0;55 :@0B:> ?>OA=ONB ACI=>ABL ;5G51=>3> <5B>40. 0?@8<5@, C:07K20NB, GB> 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>=  MB> >1KG=>5 A>AB>O=85 4@5<>BK 8;8 3;C1>:>3> A=0, 2> 2@5<O :>B>@>3> G5;>25: <>65B A;KH0BL @5GL 2@0G0. =CH05<>ABL 2 MB>< A>AB>O=88 ?>2KH5=0, 2 A2O78 A G5< <>6=> CAB@0=8BL 8<5NI85AO C 1>;L=>3> 1>;57=5==K5 A8<?B><K. 0B5< ?@>2>4OB ?@>1K, ?>72>;ONI85 AC48BL > AB5?5=8 2=CH05<>AB8 38?=>B878@C5<>3>, 0 ?@8 =5:>B>@KE 87 =8E  =5A:>;L:> 55 ?>2KA8BL. 5@54 8E ?@>2545=85< 1>;L=><C <>6=> A:070BL, GB> E>BOB ?@>25@8BL =5:>B>@K5 AB>@>=K 53> =5@2=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. >3CB 1KBL @5:><5=4>20=K A;54CNI85 ?@>1K: 1. >;L=><C, :>B>@K9 7=05B 2:CA ;8<>=0, ?@54;030NB 2>>1@078BL, GB> >= 5AB A59G0A ;8<>=. 0;55 2=CH0NI8< B>=>< 5<C C:07K20NB, GB> >= ?@54AB02;O5B A515, :0: MB>B ;8<>= @56CB, 2K68<0NB, 8 GB> >= >ICI05B :8A;K9 2:CA 2> @BC. 8F0, C :>B>@KE B0:8< ?CB5< C405BAO 2K720BL >18;L=>5 2K45;5=85 A;N=K 8 >ICI5=85 :8A;>BK 2> @BC, ?> =0H8< =01;N45=8O<, >:07K20NBAO >1KG=> 1>;55 2=CH05<K, G5< B5, C :>B>@KE MB>3> 2K720BL =5 C405BAO. 2. >;L=><C ?@54;030NB @0AA;018BL <CA:C;0BC@C @C:8 A B5<, GB>1K, :>340 2@0G 55 ?>4=8<5B, @C:0 ?040;0 A>25@H5==> A2>1>4=>, :0: ?;5BL. 5A:>;L:> @07 ?>4=8<0NB @C:C 1>;L=>3> 8 >B?CA:0NB 55, 4>1820OAL ?>;=>3> @0AA;01;5=8O <CA:C;0BC@K @C:8. 0B5< 1>;L=><C ?@54;030NB 2KBO=CBL @C:C 8 >?5@5BLAO 5N =0 @C:C 2@0G0 A55< 25A>< A2>53> B5;0. @0G 2=570?=> C18@05B A2>N @C:C, ?@8G5<, 5A;8 1>;L=>9 CA?5H=> 2K?>;=8; MB> ?@54;>65=85, >= B5@O5B @02=>25A85 (2@0G 4>;65= 1KBL =03>B>25, GB>1K ?@8 MB>< ?>445@60BL 1>;L=>3> 8 =5 40BL 5<C C?0ABL). '5< CA?5H=55 1>;L=K< 2K?>;=O5BAO 7040=85, B5< 2KH5 >1KG=> 8 2=CH05<>ABL. A;8 65 1>;L=>9 >AB05BAO AB>OBL =5?>4286=>, 5<C C:07K20NB, GB> >= 4>;65= ?>AB0@0BLAO =0AB@>8BL A51O B0:, GB>1K AC<5BL 2K?>;=8BL ?@54;0305<K5 5<C 7040=8O. 3. !84OI5<C 1>;L=><C ?@54;030NB ?>;>68BL @C:C =0 A2>5 :>;5=>. 0B5< ?@>AOB 53> =5A:>;L:> A5:C=4 A<>B@5BL 2 :0:CN-;81> >4=C B>G:C 8 2=CH0NB, GB> @C:0 53> A59G0A AB0;0 >G5=L BO65;0O, A;>2=> =0;8;0AL A28=F><. >A;5 MB>3> 2@0G A;53:0 ?@8?>4=8<05B @C:C 1>;L=>3> 8 @>=O5B 55 5<C =0 :>;5=>. '5< 1>;LH55 A>?@>B82;5=85 2@0G 2AB@5G05B ?@8 ?>?KB:5 ?>4=OBL @C:C 1>;L=>3>, B5< 2KH5 2=CH05<>ABL ICI5=85, GB> @C:0 AB0;0 BO65;>9, 2>7=8:05B C 1>;L=>3> 4>2>;L=> ;53:>, 8 MB> 2545B : ?>2KH5=8N 53> 2=CH05<>AB8. 4. >;L=><C 2=CH0NB =0O2C =52>7<>6=>ABL @0760BL @C:8, :0: MB> 1K;> >?8A0=> ?@8 @0AA<>B@5=88 2=CH5=8O =0O2C. 53:> 2=CH05<K< ;N4O< C405BAO MB> 2=CH8BL. 8F0, C :>B>@KE C405BAO 2K720BL 2=CH5=85< =0O2C ?0@0;8G8 8 0=5AB5788, >1KG=> <>3CB 1KBL ?>3@C65=K 2 A><=0<1C;8G5A:CN AB048N 38?=>70 5. >;L=><C 3>2>@OB, GB> A59G0A ?@8:>A=CBAO :>=G8:>< 20B:8 : 53> 3;07C, GB> MB> =8:0:>9 1>;8 =5 2K7>25B, 8 ?@54;0305BAO A<>B@5BL =5?>4286=> =0 :0:>9-;81> ?@54<5B, =0?@8<5@ =0 ?0;5F 2@0G0, 8 ?>AB0@0BLAO =5 <830BL ?@8 ?@8:>A=>25=88. =CH0NI8< B>=>< C:07K20NB: «K <>65B5 =5 <830BL ?@8:>A=>25=85 A>25@H5==> 1571>;57=5==>. 8:0:8E =5?@8OB=KE >ICI5=89 >=> =5 2K7K205B...» @8 MB>< ?@8:0A0NBAO 20B:>9 : A:;5@5 3;070 21;878 @>3>28FK. 0B5< 3>2>@OB: « A59G0A, :>340 O ?@8:>A=CAL MB>9 65 20B:>9 : 20H5<C 3;07C, 20< 1C45B >G5=L =5?@8OB=>, GC2AB28B5;L=>ABL @57:> >1>AB@8;0AL. >?@>1C9B5 =5 <83=CBL, 2K =5 A<>65B5 C45@60BLAO, GB>1K =5 <83=CBL...» 8 ?@8:0A0NBAO =570<5B=> 4;O 1>;L=>3> =5 : A:;5@5, 0 : :@0N @>3>28FK. !:;5@0 A@02=8B5;L=> <0;>GC2AB28B5;L=0, 8 ?>4028BL @5D;5:A A> A:;5@K, 5A;8 >= 5ABL, =5 ?@54AB02;O5B B@C40. >3>28F0 65 >G5=L GC2AB28B5;L=0, 8 ?@8:>A=>25=85 : =59 1>;57=5==>. >4028BL @>3>28G=K9 @5D;5:A >3@><=><C 1>;LH8=AB2C ;N459 =5 C405BAO. -B0 ?@>10 >1KG=> 2545B : CA8;5=8N 2=CH05<>AB8 1>;L=>3>, A>74020O C =53> 2?5G0B;5=85, GB> @07=8F0 2 >ICI5=8OE ?@8 ?5@2>< 8 2B>@>< ?@8:>A=>25=88 2K720=0 459AB285< 2=CH5=8O. ;O >?@545;5=8O 2=CH05<>AB8 4>AB0B>G=> ?@>25AB8 425-B@8 87 MB8E ?@>1, ?>A;5 G53> ?5@5E>4OB : A0<>9 38?=>B870F88. A;8 2=CH05<>ABL 2KA>:0O, 38?=>B870F8O <>65B ?@>2>48BLAO 1>;55 1KAB@>, 5A;8 =87:0O  1>;55 <54;5==>. ;O 2K7K20=8O 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 <>3CB 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=K @07;8G=K5 <5B>4K. =8 ?> ACI5AB2C O2;ONBAO @07=>284=>ABO<8 <5B>40 25@10;L=>3> 2=CH5=8O. K >AB0=>28<AO =0 B5E 87 =8E, :>B>@K5, =0 =0H 273;O4, =081>;55 4>ABC?=K. 5@10;L=K9 <5B>4. 0ABC?;5=85 A=0 4>AB8305BAO >4=8< A;>25A=K< (25@10;L=K<) 2>7459AB285<. @8 MB>< 1>;LHCN @>;L 83@0NB =5 B>;L:> A>45@60=85 @5G8 2@0G0, => 8 55 8=B>=0F88. >;L=>9 ;>68BAO =0 4820=5 8;8 ?>AB5;8 ;81> A048BAO 2 :@5A;5 2 C4>1=>9 4;O A=0 ?>75. @0G A048BAO 8;8 AB0=>28BAO C 53> 873>;>2LO 8 3>2>@8B B8E8<, 2=CH0NI8< B>=><, 8=>340 @0ABO3820O =5:>B>@K5 A;>20 A =51>;LH8<8 ?0C70<8 <564C D@070<8: «0:@>9B5 20H8 3;070... 8 > G5< ?>AB>@>==5< =5 4C<09B5... 5 ?@5?OBAB2C9B5 =0ABC?;5=8N A=0. !>= =0ABC?8B A0< ?> A515... KH8B5 @>2=>, A?>:>9=>... / 1C4C AG8B0BL, 8 A :064K< AG5B>< A>=;82>ABL 1C45B 2A5 C25;8G820BLAO... 007... 42000... "@888... KE0=85 @>>>2=>5, AAA?>:>9=>5... >>>;=K9 >B4KE, ?>>;=K9 ?>:>9... 'G5BK@5... ?OBL... KHFK B5;0 @0AA;018;8AL... 'C2AB2C5B5 ?@8OB=CN BO65ABL 2> 2A5< B5;5... ?>>>;=K9 ?>:>9, ?>>;=K9 ?>:>9... (H5ABL... AA5<L... 2>>A5<L... >9 3>;>A 459AB2C5B =0 20A CA?>:000820NI5, CAK?;OOO5B 20A 3;CCC165 8 3;CCC165... 5552OBL... 4555AOBL... >48==04F0BL... 425=0004F0BL... 0A >E20BK205B =5?@5>4>;8<0O A>=;82>ABL... !?000BL E>G5BAO 2A5 1>>;LH5 8 1>>>;LH5... 01K205B5AL 2A5 3;CCC165 8 3;CC165... "@8=0004F0BL... G5BKKK@=04F0BL& ?OB=0004F0BL... !?0BL 3;CCCCC165 8 3;CCCCC165... I5 3;CC165, 5I555 :@5?G5... A5 3;CCC165, 3;CCC165 8 3;CCC165 70AK?09B5...» 8 B0: 40;55 AG8B0NB, =0?@8<5@, 4> 20, 30 8;8 40. >A;54=85 2 3 F8D@K 87 =0<5G5==KE ?@>87=>AOB B8E>, => A =0@0AB0NI8< =0?@O65=85< 2 3>;>A5. "0:, ?@8 AG5B5 20 3>2>@OB: «>A5<=0004F0BL, 452OB=00004F0BL, 4204F0BL! !?0BL, A?0BL 3;C165! ;CCC165, 3;CCC165 8 3;CCC165!» ;O C3;C1;5=8O A=0 3>2>@OB 1>;55 B8E>, @5H8B5;L=K< N=><: « A59G0A ?> AG5BC 2>A5<L... A45;05B5 3;C1>:89 24>E. !?0BL 1C45B5 5I5 3;C165, 5I5 :@5?G5... 07... 420 (?@>87=>AOB :>@>B:>, >B@K28AB>)... B@8, G5BK@5... ?OOOBL... H555ABL (40;55 B8E8< 3>;>A>< A =0@0AB0=85< =0?@O65==>AB8)... A5<LLL... 2>A5<LLL. ;C1>:89 24>E. !?0BL! !?0BL 3;CC165, 3;CCC165 8 3;CCC165... I5 3;C165, 5I5 :@5?G5...». 5:>B>@K5 02B>@K 871530NB 2=CH0BL 1>;L=><C ?0@0;8G8, 0=5AB5788 8 B. ?. 8;8, =0?@8<5@, =52>7<>6=>ABL >B:@KBL 25:8, B0: :0: 5A;8, =5A<>B@O =0 2=CH5=8O, 1>;L=><C C40ABAO >B:@KBL 25:8 8;8 42830BL G0ABLN B5;0, ?0@0;8G :>B>@>9 1K; 5<C 2=CH5=, MB> =5 1C45B A?>A>1AB2>20BL CA?5EC ;5G5=8O. 0@80=B A <>=>B>==K< 72C:><. A?>;L7C5BAO CAK?;ONI55 459AB285 ?>2B>@ONI8EAO <>=>B>==KE 72C:>2, =0?@8<5@ ?@83;CH5==>3> 72C:0 <5B@>=><0, 70?8A0==>3> =0 ;5=BC <03=8B>D>=0, 72C:0 <>@A:>3> ?@81>O, HC<0 ?040NI8E :0?5;L 2>4K, >4=>>1@07=>3> 3C45=8O 8=4C:B>@0. => A>G5B05BAO A> A;>25A=K< 2=CH5=85< =0ABC?;5=8O A=0. >;L=>3> C:;04K20NB 2 ?>;CB5<=>9 :><=0B5. 5240;5:5 2:;NG0NB 8AB>G=8: <>=>B>==>3> 72C:0 8 40NB 1>;L=><C 2 3 <8=CBK 040?B8@>20BLAO : =5<C. 0;55 ?@54;030NB 70:@KBL 3;070 8 A;CH0BL MB>B 72C: 8 70AK?0BL. >2>@8BAO ?@8<5@=> A;54CNI55: «0:@>9B5 3;070. 8 > G5< ?>AB>@>==5< =5 4C<09B5. >AB0@09B5AL 70A=CBL. 8GB> 20< =5 <5H05B 70AK?0BL. K A;CH05B5 72C:8 <5B@>=><0 (:0?5;L 2>4K, 7C<<5@0, ?@81>O) 8 <>9 3>;>A. ! :064K< 72C:>< <5B@>=><0 (7C<<5@0 8;8 B. ?.) 1C45B5 70AK?0BL 2A5 3;C165 8 3;C165, :@5?G5 8 :@5?G5...» 8 40;LH5, :0: ?@8 >1KG=>< 25@10;L=>< <5B>45. 5B>4 D8:A0F88 27>@0. >;L=><C ?@54;030NB =5?>4286=> D8:A8@>20BL A2>9 27>@ =0 :0:>9-;81> >4=>9 B>G:5. >7=8:0NI55 5AB5AB25==>5 CB><;5=85 3;07 8 65;0=85 70:@KBL 8E A?>A>1AB2C5B =0ABC?;5=8N A=0, >1KG=> B@0:BC5BAO 1>;L=K< :0: @57C;LB0B «459AB28O 38?=>70» 8 2545B : ?>2KH5=8N 2=CH05<>AB8. => A>G5B05BAO A> A;>25A=K< 2=CH5=85< =0ABC?;5=8O A=0. >;L=>9 ;568B 8;8 A848B 2 C4>1=>9 4;O A=0 ?>75. @0G AB0=>28BAO 8;8 A048BAO A?5@548 8;8 =5A:>;L:> A1>:C >B =53> 8 3>2>@8B: «!<>B@8B5 =0 :>=G8: <>;>B>G:0 (8;8 4@C3>9 ?@54<5B, ;CGH5 =0 1;5ABOI89 <5B0;;8G5A:89 H0@8: =0 ?0;>G:5) 2=8<0B5;L=>, ?> 2>7<>6=>AB8 =5 <830O. 8 > G5< ?>AB>@>==5< =5 4C<09B5. >AB5?5==> 2K ?>GC2AB2C5B5 CAB0;>ABL 2 3;070E, BO65ABL 2 25:0E, 70E>G5BAO 70:@KBL 3;070. ">340 70:@>9B5 25:8 8 2K CA=5B5 A?>:>9=K<, @>2=K< A=><». >=5F <>;>B>G:0 =5?>4286=> 45@60B 1 2 <8=CBK ?@8<5@=> =0 @0AAB>O=88 10 A< >B 3;07 1>;L=>3> B0:, GB>1K ?@8 A>75@F0=88 53> 25:8 1K;8 ?>;C>?CI5=K. 0B5< =0G8=0NB >G5=L <54;5==>, ?>AB5?5==> >?CA:0BL :>=G8: <>;>B>G:0 2 AB>@>=C 3@C48 1>;L=>3> A B5<, GB>1K 1>;L=>9 1K; 2K=C645= ?>AB5?5==> >?CA:0BL 25:8. 4=>2@5<5==> B8E8< 3>;>A>< 3>2>@OB, ?> =5A:>;L:C @07 ?>2B>@OO >4=C 8 BC 65 D@07C: «0H8 25:8 BO65;5NB 2A5 1>>>;LH5 8 1>>>;K=5... ;070 =0G8=0NB CAB020BL... >=BC@K <>;>B>G:0 AB0=>2OBAO @0A?;K2G0BK<8, =5>BG5B;82K<8... A5 B5<=55 AB0=>28BAO 2>:@C3 20A... KE0=85 @>>>2=>5, A?>:>>>9=>5, :0: 2> A=5... 5:8 AB0=>2OBAO A>2A5< BO6555;K5, A;>2=> A28=F>2K5... !?0BL E>G5BAO 2A5 1>>>;LH5 8 1>>>;LH5... %>G5BAO 70:@KBL 3;070... 0A >E20BK205B A>=;82>ABL... 5:8 A<K:000NBAO... !?000BL!». A;8 1>;L=>9 ?@>4>;605B 45@60BL 3;070 >B:@KBK<8, <>6=> @C:>9 >AB>@>6=> >?CAB8BL 53> 25:8 8 A;53:0 ?@860BL 8E ;53:8< 402;5=85< =0 1@>28. 0;55 ?>A;5 ?0C7K ?@>4>;60NB: «K 70AK?05B5 2A5 3;C165 8 3;CCC165, 3;C165 8 3;CCC165...» -B> A ?0C70<8 ?>2B>@ONB =5A:>;L:> @07. =>340 45;0NB =5A:>;L:> ?0AA>2. 5B>4 <>6=> A>G5B0BL A 25@10;L=K< <5B>4>< 38?=>B870F88. 5B>4 D0AF8=0F88 (>B ;0B. fascinare  >G0@>2K20BL 273;O4><) -B>B <5B>4 O2;O5BAO @07=>284=>ABLN ?@54K4CI53>.  >B;8G85 >B =53> 1>;L=>3> ?@>AOB A<>B@5BL 2 3;070 2@0GC, =5 <830O. @0G ?@8 MB>< A<>B@8B ;81> 2 >48=, >1KG=> =081>;55 >A25I5==K9, 3;07, ;81> =0 ?5@5=>A8FC 1>;L=>3>. A;8 1>;L=>9 <8305B, ?@>AL10 ?>2B>@O5BAO. '5@57 1 2 <8=CBK 3>2>@8BAO: «0H8 25:8 BO65;5NB 2A5 1>;LH5 8 1>;LH5, 3;070 AB0=>2OBAO CAB0;K<8. %>G5BAO 70:@KBL 3;070» 8 B. 4., :0: ?@8 <5B>45 D8:A0F88 27>@0. A;8 1>;L=>9 3;070 =5 70:@>5B, <>6=> 157 A;>2 >?CAB8BL 53> 25:8 ?@8:>A=>25=85< : :>65 =041@>2=KE 4C3 8;8 A:070BL 5<C. «0:@>9B5 3;070», ?>A;5 G53> ?@>4>;60BL 2=CH0BL ?@87=0:8 A>=;82>AB8. 5B>4 ?0AA>2 (>B D@0=F. passer  ?@>E>48BL, ?>3;06820BL). @8<5=O5BAO G0I5 2A53> 2 A>G5B0=88 A C:070==K<8 2KH5 <5B>40<8 38?=>B870F88. > 2@5<O 2=CH5=8O =0ABC?;5=8O A=0 2@0G 45;05B ?0AAK 24>;L ;8F0 8 BC;>28I0 1>;L=>3>. ;O MB>3> ?@>2>48B =5A:>;L:> @07 ;04>=LN A H8@>:> @0AAB02;5==K<8 ?0;LF0<8 24>;L ;8F0 8 BC;>28I0 1>;L=>3>, ?> =0?@02;5=8N >B 3>;>2K : =>30<, =0 @0AAB>O=88 2 3 A< >B 53> :>68, =5 ?@8:0A0OAL : =59. 8?=>B870F8O <>65B 8 2 >A=>2=>< A2>48BLAO : ?0AA0<, 4>?>;=OOAL ;8HL 87@54:0 @5G52K< 2>7459AB285<. 0==K9 <5B>4 22545= 5I5 =B>=>< 5A<5@><, ?>;0302H8<, GB> >= 459AB2C5B =0 1>;L=>3> «<03=5B8G5A:8<8 D;N840<8». ><8<> AC335AB82=>3> E0@0:B5@0 ?@>F54C@K, 2>7<>6=>, GB> 8=>340 2;8ONB 8 A;01K5 B5<?5@0BC@=K5 @074@065=8O, 2K720==K5 B5?;>2K<8 87;CG5=8O<8 @C:8 2@0G0, 0 B0:65 ;53:85 A25B>2K5 @074@065=8O, ?>ABC?0NI85 A:2>7L 70:@KBK5 25:8 1>;L=>3>, 5A;8 2 :><=0B5 A25B;>. 0@80=B0<8 40==>3> <5B>40 O2;ONBAO B0:B8;L=K5 ?0AAK 2 2845 ;53:8E ?>3;06820=89 ;8F0, BC;>28I0 8 =>3 1>;L=>3>, 0 B0:65 B5?;>2K5 ?0AAK, :>B>@K5 45;0NB, ?@>2>4O @5D;5:B>@><, 87;CG0NI8< B5?;> (A8=59 ;0<?>9) =0 =51>;LH>< @0AAB>O=88 >B :>68 1>;L=>3>. @8OB=K5 ;53:85 B5?;>2K5 @074@065=8O <>3CB A?>A>1AB2>20BL =0ABC?;5=8N A=0. 4=>2@5<5==> 2=CH05BAO >ICI5=85 ?@8OB=>3> B5?;0 8 70AK?0=85. 0AAK 8=>340 254CB : =565;0B5;L=><C CA8;5=8N M@>B8G5A:>9 =0AB@>5==>AB8, GB> A;54C5B CG8BK20BL ?@8 38?=>B870F88 ;8F A ?>2KH5==>9 A5:AC0;L=>9 2>71C48<>ABLN. 5B>4 A1;865=8O @C:. >;L=><C ?@54;030NB 70:@KBL 3;070 8 A>3=CBL @C:8 2 ;>:B52KE ACAB020E ?>4 C3;>< 90° 8 <54;5==> A1;860BL :>=G8:8 ?0;LF52 >158E @C:, C:07K20O «0H8 ?0;LFK 1C4CB <54;5==> A1;860BLAO. >340 :>=G8:8 8E A>94CBAO, 2K A45;05B5 3;C1>:89 24>E 8 1C45B5 A?0BL :@5?:8< A=><». =CH0NB A8<?B><K =0ABC?;5=8O A=0, ?>2B>@OO. «0H8 ?0;LFK A1;860NBAO 2A5 1>>>;LH5 8 1>>>;LH5... KE0=85 @>2=>5, A?>:>9=>5. K 70AK?05B5 2A5 3;CCC165 8 3;CC165... 0;LFK A1;860NBAO, A1;860NBAO, A1;860NBAO... 0;LFK A>2A5< A1;878;8AL (5A;8 1>;L=>9 ?@5:@0B8; A1;860BL A2>8 ?0;LFK, 2@0G 8E B8E>=L:> A1;8605B A2>8<8 @C:0<8). ;C1>:89 24>E. K 70AK?05B5 A?>:>9=K<, 3;C1>:8< A=><. !?8B5 3;C165...». ><8<> 2=CH5=8O, 83@0NB @>;L A;01K5 >4=>>1@07=K5 8=B5@>F5?B82=K5 @074@065=8O, ?>ABC?0NI85 >B <KHF ?@8 42865=88 @C:0<8. 5B>4 A;54>2KE >1@07>2. >;L=><C ?@54;030NB =5?>4286=>, =5 <830O, A<>B@5BL =0 O@:> >A25I5==K9 F25B=>9 (A8=89 8;8 :@0A=K9) :@C3 8;8 F25B=CN ?>;>AC.  =>@<5 C 1>;LH8=AB20 ;N459 G5@57 20 30 A5:C=4 ?>O2;ONBAO A;54>2K5 >1@07K 2 2845 :05<>: 4>?>;=8B5;L=>3> F25B0 (:@0A=K9  75;5=K9, A8=89  65;BK9). A;8 1>;L=>9 ?5@52>48B 27>@ =0 A5@CN ?>25@E=>ABL, =0 =59 G5@57 30 40 A5:C=4 ?>O2;O5BAO F25B=0O D83C@0 B0:>9 65 25;8G8=K 8 D>@<K, => ?@>B82>?>;>6=>3> F25B0. -B>B D5=><5= =5:>B>@K5 38?=>;>38 (Levy-Suhl, Stokvis, Kleinsorge, Klumbies) ?@54;030NB 8A?>;L7>20BL 4;O ?>2KH5=8O 2=CH05<>AB8 1>;L=>3>, =57=0:><>3> A =8<. >;L=><C 3>2>@OB, GB> :>340 >= C2848B F25B=K5 :05<:8 2>:@C3 D83C@K, «2=CH5=85 ?>459AB2>20;>», 8;8 GB> B>340 5<C A;54C5B 70:@KBL 3;070 8 70AK?0BL, ?>A;5 G53> 2=CH05BAO =0ABC?;5=85 A=0 >1KG=K<8 <5B>48:0<8. Stokvis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«!59G0A 2K CA=5B5 3;C1>:8<, :@5?:8< A=><. !B>9B5 @>2=>, =5 A3810O B5;0. 0:@>9B5 3;070». 0;55, ?>;>682 1>;L=><C ?@02CN @C:C =0 ;>1, 0 ;52CN  =0 70BK;>:, >= A;53:0 >B:84K205B 3>;>2C 1>;L=>3> =0704 8 2=CH05B: «0H5 B5;> A2>1>4=> @0A:0G8205BAO». @8 MB>< 402;5=85< =0 3>;>2C 1>;L=>3> 2@0G =0G8=05B A;53:0 53> @0A:0G820BL, ?>AB5?5==> C25;8G820O 0<?;8BC4C: «0A BO=5B 2A5 1>;LH5 8 1>;LH5 =0704. K ?0405B5 =0704 2A5 1>;LH5 8 1>;LH5. K =5 1>8B5AL C?0ABL. / 20A 45@6C». 0B5<, 5I5 1>;LH5 C25;8G82 0<?;8BC4C :0G0=8O, 2@0G 2=570?=K< 402;5=85< =0 ;>1 1>;L=>3> @57:> >?CA:05B 53> 2 :@5A;> 8;8 =0 4820=, AB>OI89 A7048, 8 3@><:8<, ?>25;8B5;L=K< B>=>< ?@8:07K205B: «!?0BL! !?0BL 3;C165, 3;C165 8 3;C165!» 5:>B>@K5 2@0G8 4> B>3>, :0: 2=CH0BL 1>;L=><C, GB> 53> BO=5B C?0ABL =0704, ?@54;030NB 38?=>B878@C5<><C 4;O ?>2KH5=8O 53> 2=CH05<>AB8 =5A:>;L:> 45AOB:>2 A5:C=4 A<>B@5BL 8< 2 3;070 8 45;0NB 1 2 ?0AA0 24>;L B5;0 1>;L=>3>.  B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 <K ?@81530;8 : H>:>2>9 <5B>48:5, <K ?@54?>G8B0;8 ?5@59B8 : =59 ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: 1>;L=><C 2=CH0;>AL: «> AG5BC  2>A5<L" 2K A45;05B5 3;C1>:89 24>E, A?0BL 1C45B5 5I5 3;C165, 5I5 :@5?G5». 0;55 B8E> AG8B0;8, ?>A;54=85 65 425 F8D@K ?@>87=>A8;8 1>;55 =0?@O65==K< B>=>< 8 ?>A;5 ?@>87=5A5=8O F8D@K «2>A5<L» 2=570?=> @57:> @C:>9 =0402;820;8 =0 ;>1 1>;L=>3>, >4=>2@5<5==> 3@><:8<, ?>25;8B5;L=K< 3>;>A>< ?@8:0702: «!?0BL! !?0BL 3;C165, 3;C165... ;C165 70AK?09B5, 5I5 3;C165, 5I5 3;C165, 5I5 :@5?G5» 8 40;55 ?5@5E>48;8 : 2=CH5=8O< >1KG=K< B8E8< 3>;>A><. ><8<> ?@82545==KE 2KH5, ACI5AB2C5B 8 @O4 4@C38E <5B>4>2 38?=>B870F88, ?>;CG82H8E =51>;LH>5 @0A?@>AB@0=5=85. "0:, Vogt ?@54;>68; ?>3@C60BL 1>;L=KE 2 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>= D@0:F8>==K< <5B>4><. A:>@5 ?>A;5 =0G0;0 38?=>B870F88 A;>25A=K< 2=CH5=85< >= ?@54;030; 1>;L=><C >B:@KBL 3;070 8 @0AA:070BL > A2>8E >ICI5=8OE, ?>A;5 G53> ?@>4>;60; 38?=>B870F8N. !B028;AO 0:F5=B =0 2=CH5=88 B5E >ICI5=89, :>B>@K5, ?> @0AA:07C 1>;L=>3>, C =53> C4020;>AL 2K720BL (GC2AB2> BO65AB8 @. :>=5G=>ABOE, =52>7<>6=>ABL >B:@KBL 3;070). =>340 MB>B <5B>4 ?>72>;O5B 1KAB@> 4>AB8GL 65;05<>9 3;C18=K 38?=>70. Kretschmer (1949) 8 Langen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«"5?5@L 2K A:>@> ?@>A=5B5AL, 2K 1C45B5 A51O ?@5:@0A=> GC2AB2>20BL. K >G5=L E>@>H> 2KA?0;8AL, >B4>E=C;8. @>A=C2H8AL, 1C45B5 A51O GC2AB2>20BL ?>;=K< 1>4@>AB8 8 M=5@388. 0AB@>5=85 1C45B @>2=K<, E>@>H8<, A0<>GC2AB285  ?@5:@0A=K<. !;54CNI89 @07 2K 1C45B5 A?0BL 5I5 3;C165, 5I5 :@5?G5, CA=5B5 5I5 1KAB@55... "5?5@L A>= 20H ?>AB5?5==> ?@>E>48B, >= A<5=O5BAO 4@5<>B>9... @5<>B0 AB0=>28BAO 2A5 ;53G5 8 ;53G5...  B5?5@L 4@5<>B0 A>2A5< ?@>H;0. @>A=8B5AL!» ;8 2=CH05B: «"5?5@L ?> AG5BC  425=04F0BL" 2K ?@>A=5B5AL. 48=, 420, B@8 8 B. 4., ?@>AK?05B5AL 2A5 1>;LH5 8 1>;LH5. !>= 20H @0AA58205BAO... H5ABL, A5<L, 2>A5<L... 5I5 1>;LH5 ?@>AK?05B5AL... 452OBL, 45AOBL.., 425=04F0BL! @>A=8B5AL!». C6=> A:070BL, GB> >?8A0==K5 ?@85<K 8 D>@<C;K 2=CH5=8O O2;ONBAO ;8HL AE5<0<8, 8 :064K9 2@0G, 70=8<0NI89AO 38?=>B5@0?859, >1KG=> ?>AB5?5==> 2K@010BK205B A2>8 D>@<C;K 2=CH5=8O 8 2K18@05B 87;N1;5==K5 8< ?@85<K ;5G5=8O. . . !B@5;LGC: ?@8 2K1>@5 <5B>40 38?=>B870F88 @5:><5=4C5B CG8BK20BL >A>15==>AB8 2708<>459AB28O A83=0;L=KE A8AB5< 1>;L=>3>. 8?=>B8G5A:89 A>=, C:07K205B MB>B 02B>@, 1KAB@55 8 ;CGH5 2A53> 4>AB8305BAO ?CB5< ?5@28G=>3> 2>7459AB28O G5@57 BC A83=0;L=CN A8AB5<C, :>B>@0O 1>;55 B>@<>78<0 C 40==>3> 1>;L=>3>. >MB><C ?@8 38?=>B870F88 1>;L=KE 8AB5@859 >= @5:><5=4C5B ?@8<5=OBL A;>25A=K5 2>7459AB28O, B. 5. ?5@28G=>5 2>7459AB285 =0 2B>@CN A83=0;L=CN A8AB5<C, ?@8 ;5G5=88 1>;L=KE ?A8E0AB5=859 8 =02O7G82K< =52@>7><  2>7459AB285 =0 ?5@2CN A83=0;L=CN A8AB5<C <>=>B>==K<8, @8B<8G5A:8<8 72C:>2K<8, A25B>2K<8 8 :>6=K<8, >A>15==> B5?;>2K<8 @074@068B5;O<8, C 1>;L=KE 157 @57:>3> ?@5>1;040=8O :0:>9-;81> >4=>9 87 A83=0;L=KE A8AB5<  A>G5B0=85 A;>25A=>3> 2=CH5=8O A> 7@8B5;L=K<8, :>6=K<8 8;8 A;CE>2K<8 @074@068B5;O<8. @8 2K1>@5 <5B>40 38?=>B870F88, ?> <=5=8N . . >3>;5?>20, A;54C5B CG8BK20BL A>AB>O=85 2535B0B82=>9 A8AB5<K 38?=>B878@C5<>3>. "0:, AC1J5:BK, C :>B>@KE ?@8 ?5@5E>45 2 3>@87>=B0;L=>5 ?>;>65=85 =0ABC?05B @57:>5 70<54;5=85 ?C;LA0, ?> . . >3>;5?>2C, ;53G5 ?>440NBAO 38?=>B870F88 2 3>@87>=B0;L=>< ?>;>65=88, 0 AC1J5:BK A OA=> 2K@065==K< A8<?B><>< @B=5@0 (70<54;5=85 ?C;LA0 ?@8 70?@>:84K20=88 3>;>2K =0704 2 A84OG5< ?>;>65=88 A >B:8=CB>9 =0704 3>;>2>9. @8 38?=>B870F88 ;8F A ?@5>1;040=85< ?0@0A8<?0B8G5A:>9 A8AB5<K, ?> 53> <=5=8N, A:>@55 459AB2CNB >4=>>1@07=K5 A;01K5 @074@068B5;8 (:>@:>2K9, =8AE>4OI89 38?=>7, ?> . . >3>;5?>2C), 0 =0 ;8F A ?@5>1;040=85< A8<?0B8G5A:>9 A8AB5<K 8 >A>15==> B5E, C :>3> ?5@5E>4 2 3>@87>=B0;L=>5 ?>;>65=85 2K7K205B 7=0G8B5;L=>5 70<54;5=85 ?C;LA0, H>:>2K9 <5B>4 (?>4:>@:>2K9, 2535B0B82=K9, 2>AE>4OI89 38?=>7, ?> . . >3>;5?>2C). @8 2A5E >?8A0==KE 2KH5 <5B>40E 38?=>B870F88, :>340 284OB, GB> 4KE0=85 AB0;> @>2=K<, A?>:>9=K<, 25:8 =5 4@>60B 8 1>;L=>9 2A5< A2>8< 284>< =0?><8=05B A?OI53>, ?5@5E>4OB : ;5G51=K< 2=CH5=8O<. =>385 02B>@K 2> 2@5<O ?5@2>3> A50=A0 2=CH0NB ;8HL E>@>H55 >1I55 A0<>GC2AB285, @>2=>5 =0AB@>5=85. =CH5=85, =0?@02;5==>5 =5?>A@54AB25==> =0 CAB@0=5=85 1>;57=5==KE A8<?B><>2, ?@>2>4OB 2> 2@5<O ?>A;54CNI8E A50=A>2. 5A><=5==>, GB> ?@8 ;5G5=88 <=>38E 1>;L=KE >A>15==> B5E, :>3> C405BAO ?>3@C78BL 2 3;C1>:89 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>=, B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> CA?5E0 =5@54:> <>6=> 4>AB83=CBL 8 2> 2@5<O ?5@2>3> A50=A0 2=CH5=8O<8, =0?@02;5==K<8 =5?>A@54AB25==> =0 CAB@0=5=85 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0, B0: GB> =5B =5>1E>48<>AB8 >B:;04K20BL 8E ?@>2545=85. =CH5=8O 45;0NBAO 2 1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG052 =53@><:8< 3>;>A><, >4=0:> 2=CH0NI8< B>=>< 8 :>@>B:8<8 D@070<8. 4=8 8 B5 65 D@07K >1KG=> ?>2B>@ONBAO =5A:>;L:> @07. =CH5=8O A>?@>2>640NBAO D@070<8, 8<5NI8<8 F5;L ?@840BL MB8< 2=CH5=8O< @0F8>=0;L=CN D>@<C, B. 5. A>G5B0NBAO A M;5<5=B0<8 C15645=8O 1>;L=>3>. 5@54:> E>@>H85 @57C;LB0BK 405B :>A25==>5 2=CH5=85, A45;0==>5 2 A>AB>O=88 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0. "0:, =0?@8<5@, 2=CH0NB ?>AB5?5==>5 C<5=LH5=85 8AB5@8G5A:>3> 38?5@:8=570 8 ?>;=>5 53> CAB@0=5=85 ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: 1>;L=>9 ?@8<5B =07=0G5==>5 :>;8G5AB2> B5E 8;8 8=KE ?@>F54C@ 8;8 :0:>5-B> ;5:0@AB2>. ;O 4>AB865=8O >4=><><5=B=>3> :C?8@>20=8O 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2 G0AB> ?@8E>48BAO ?@81530BL : 2=CH5=8O<, A45;0==K< @57:8<, M<>F8>=0;L=> =0AKI5==K<, ?>25;8B5;L=K< B>=><. !50=AK 38?=>B5@0?88 <>3CB ?@>2>48BLAO >4=>2@5<5==> A 3@C??>9 1>;L=KE. @8 MB>< M:>=><8BAO 2@5<O 8, :@><5 B>3>, ?>2KH05BAO 2=CH05<>ABL 1>;L=KE 2 A8;C ?>4@060=8O 8 2708<>2=CH5=8O.  ?>2KH5=8N 2=CH05<>AB8 <>65B ?@825AB8 8 45<>=AB@0F8O A50=A0 ;5G5=8O =0 1 2 ;53:> 2=CH05<KE 1>;L=KE. !50=AK :>;;5:B82=>9 38?=>B5@0?88 1K;8 22545=K 2 =0H59 AB@0=5 . . 5EB5@52K<, H8@>:> ?@8<5=O2H8< 8E 4;O ;5G5=8O 1>;L=KE E@>=8G5A:8< 0;:>3>;87<>< 8 =52@>70<8. > ?@>2545=8O A50=A0 :>;;5:B82=>9 38?=>B5@0?88 :064>3> 1>;L=>3> ?@5420@8B5;L=> >A<0B@8205B 2@0G 8 @5H05B 2>?@>A > =07=0G5=88 5<C ;5G5=8O 2=CH5=85< 2 A>AB>O=88 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0. !50=AK :>;;5:B82=>9 38?=>B5@0?88 ?@>2>4OBAO 2 E>@>H> ?@>25B@5==>< B5?;>< ?><5I5=88. "5E=8:0 8E 2 >A=>2=>< B0:0O 65, :0: A50=A>2 8=48284C0;L=>9 38?=>B5@0?88. >;L=KE CA06820NB 2 H57;>=38, :@5A;0 8;8 C:;04K20NB =0 4820=K 8 40NB A?>:>9=> ?>1KBL 2 MB>< A>AB>O=88 ?@8<5@=> 10 <8=CB. 0B5< ?@>2>4OB 2ABC?8B5;L=CN 15A54C 8 ?@8<5=ONB B0:CN 65 B5E=8:C 38?=>B870F88, :0: ?@8 8=48284C0;L=KE A50=A0E. >6=> ?@8<5=OBL D8:A0F8N 273;O40 38?=>B878@C5<KE =0 1;5ABOI5< ?@54<5B5 A ?@54;>65=85< 70:@KBL 3;070 ?> AG5BC «2>A5<=04F0BL» 8;8, 5A;8 ?>O28BAO 65;0=85, @0=LH5. 0;55 <54;5==> AG8B0NB 4> 2>A5<=04F0B8, @8ACO :0@B8=C =0ABC?;5=8O A=0. >A;5 B>3> :0: 1>;L=K5 70:@K20NB 3;070, ?> >G5@548 ?>4E>4OB : =8<, 45;0O ?0AAK 8 C3;C1;OO 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>=. ! CA?5E>< ?@8 :>;;5:B82=KE A50=A0E <K ?@8<5=O;8 B0:65 >?8AK205<K5 =865 ?@85<K 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:8 8 <5B>4 D8:A0F88 27>@0 8;8 A1;865=8O @C:. 0B5< 2A5< 1>;L=K< >4=>2@5<5==> 2=CH0NB E>@>H55 A0<>GC2AB285 8 A>AB>O=85 ?>:>O. A;8 3@C??0 1>;L=KE ?> E0@0:B5@C 701>;520=8O >4=>@>4=0, =0?@8<5@ 2A5 ;5G0BAO ?> ?>2>4C E@>=8G5A:>3> 0;:>3>;87<0, 2A5< 8< ?@>872>4OB >4=>2@5<5==> >1I55 2=CH5=85 >B2@0I5=8O : 0;:>3>;N. 5;0B5;L=> ?>4>9B8 : :064><C 1>;L=><C 2 >B45;L=>AB8 8 ?>2B>@8BL B5 8;8 8=K5 M;5<5=BK D>@<C;K ;5G51=>3> 2=CH5=8O, >A>15==> ?@8 ;5G5=88 1>;L=KE A @07=>@>4=K<8 701>;520=8O<8.  MB8E A;CG0OE 2@0G, >1E>4O A?OI8E, 45;05B :064><C 8=48284C0;L=>5 2=CH5=85. K2>4OB 1>;L=KE 87 A>AB>O=8O 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 :>;;5:B82=>. 5;L7O =5 A>3;0A8BLAO A !. . $09=15@3><, GB> 2 CA;>28OE 0<1C;0B>@=>9 ?@0:B8:8 B0:>9 <5B>4 38?=>B5@0?88 O2;O5BAO A0<K< ?@0:B8G=K< 8 C4>1=K<, A>G5B0NI8< 2A5 ?@58<CI5AB20 :>;;5:B82=>3> 8 8=48284C0;L=>3> A50=A>2 8 40NI8< 2>7<>6=>ABL ?>;=>F5==> 8 48DD5@5=F8@>20==> >1A;C68BL 1>;LH>5 G8A;> 1>;L=KE. @>2545=85 ?5@2>3> 65 A50=A0 2 :>;;5:B825 G0AB> 405B ;CGH89 MDD5:B, G5< 8=48284C0;L=>5 CAK?;5=85. A;>6=5=8O ?@8 38?=>B870F88 A;>6=5=8O ?@8 38?=>B870F88 2AB@5G0NBAO @54:> 8 =5 ?@54AB02;ONB >?0A=>AB8 4;O 1>;L=>3>. >3CB =01;N40BLAO A;54CNI85 >A;>6=5=8O. 1. #B@0B0 @0??>@B0. K@0605BAO >=0 2 B><, GB> 7038?=>B878@>20==K9 ?5@5AB05B @5038@>20BL =0 @5GL 2@0G0 8 2K?>;=OBL :0:85-;81> 2=CH5=8O. 01;N405BAO MB> >1KG=>, :>340 A 7038?=>B878@>20==K< 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 4;8B5;L=>5 2@5<O =5 ?>445@68205BAO @0??>@B (=0?@8<5@, 2@0G >AB02;O5B 53> 2 38?=>B8G5A:>< A=5, 0 A0< CE>48B). ">340 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>= ?5@5E>48B 2 >1KG=K9 5AB5AB25==K9, >B :>B>@>3> 1>;L=>9 ;81>, 2KA?02H8AL, ?@>AK?05BAO A0<>AB>OB5;L=>, ;81> <>65B 1KBL @071C65= >1KG=K<8 <5B>40<8. 2. 52>7<>6=>ABL 2K2545=8O 1>;L=>3> 87 A>AB>O=8O 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0. ?0A5=8O, GB> 7038?=>B878@>20==>3> 2 40;L=59H5< =5 C405BAO 2K25AB8 87 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0, O2;ONBAO <0;>>1>A=>20==K<8. 8HL C 1>;L=KE 8AB5@859 2 :@09=5 @54:8E A;CG0OE 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>= <>65B ?5@59B8 2 A>AB>O=85 8AB5@8G5A:>3> ABC?>@0. '0I5 MB> 1K205B B>340, :>340 1>;L=><C A45;0=> =5?@8OB=>5 4;O =53> ?>AB38?=>B8G5A:>5 2=CH5=85 (B0:>2K< 8=>340 <>65B O28BLAO 2=CH5=85, GB> 1>;57=5==K9 A8<?B><, =0?@8<5@ A;5?>B0, 3;CE>B0, 0AB078O-01078O, CAB@0=8BAO, :0: B>;L:> 1>;L=>9 ?@>A=5BAO). K25AB8 1>;L=>3> 87 MB>3> A>AB>O=8O <>6=> ;81> M=5@38G=K< 2=CH5=85< ?@>1C645=8O, ;81> =53;868@>20=85< @07282H53>AO A>AB>O=8O (=0?@8<5@, 70O2;ONB: «CABL A?8B. >340 2KA?8BAO ?@>A=5BAO!») 8 ?@54>AB02;5=85< 1>;L=><C 2>7<>6=>AB8 «A?0BL» 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 >= =5 «?@>A=5BAO», ;81> ?@8<5=5=85< 4@C38E <5B>4>2, ?@82545==KE ?@8 >?8A0=88 ;5G5=8O 8AB5@88. 3. >7=8:=>25=85 M<>F8>=0;L=>9 @50:F88 2> 2@5<O 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0. =>340 2> 2@5<O 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 C 1>;L=>3> 157 2=5H=53> ?>2>40 2=570?=> 2A?;K20NB B@02<8@>202H85 53> ?5@56820=8O, 2 A2O78 A G5< <>3CB ?>O28BLAO A;57K =0 3;070E, AB>=K, @K40=8O, M:A?@5AA82=K5 42865=8O. 0:>9-;81> >?0A=>AB8 4;O 1>;L=>3> >=8 =5 ?@54AB02;ONB. 5:>B>@K5 02B>@K A?5F80;L=> AB0@0;8AL 2K720BL C 1>;L=>3> B0:>5 A>AB>O=85, =0?><8=0O 5<C > B@02<8@>202H8E 53> ?5@56820=8OE A F5;LN 8E >B@5038@>20=8O (:0B0@78A0). >4028BL 2>7=8:HCN @50:F8N >1KG=> ;53:> C405BAO ?@O<K< ?@8:070=85< ?@5:@0B8BL 55 8 A?0BL 3;C165 (?@8:070=85 4>;6=> 1KBL A45;0=> @57:8< B>=><). 4. >7=8:=>25=85 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?@8?04:>2 8 AC<5@5G=KE A>AB>O=89 2 A2O78 A 38?=>B870F859. # 1>;L=KE 8AB5@859 8=>340 2 =0G0;5 38?=>B870F88 8;8 2> 2@5<O 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 <>3CB 2>7=8:0BL 8AB5@8G5A:85 ?@8?04:8 8;8 AC<5@5G=K5 A>AB>O=8O. '0I5 2A53> MB> 1K205B 8;8 ?@8 2=CB@5==5< A>?@>B82;5=88 1>;L=>3> ;5G5=8N, 8;8 B>340, :>340 ?@>872>48<>5 2=CH5=85 3;C1>:> ?@>B82>@5G8B AB@5<;5=8O< 1>;L=>3>. B:07 >B ;5G5=8O 8 ?@>1C645=85 >B 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 8;8, =0>1>@>B, C3;C1;5=85 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 A 2=CH5=85< CAB@0=5=8O 8AB5@8G5A:>9 @50:F88, A45;0==>5 @57:8< B>=><, ?@82>48B : 55 ?@5:@0I5=8N. B0:, : :0:8<-;81> >?0A=K< 4;O 1>;L=>3> >A;>6=5=8O< 38?=>B870F8O =5 2545B. "5E=8:0 55 ?@>AB0 8 5N <>65B >2;045BL :064K9 2@0G. ;O MB>3> =5 B@51C5BAO =8 G5@=KE 3;07, =8 >A>1>9 A8;K 2>;8, =8 :0:8E-B> 2@>645==KE 7040B:>2. >AB0B>G=> 2A?><=8BL, GB> ;53:>2=CH05<KE AC1J5:B>2 2 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>= <>65B ?>3@C78BL 4065 ?0B5D>==0O ?;0AB8=:0, =0 :>B>@>9 70?8A0= B5:AB 2=CH5=8O. B 2@0G0 B@51C5BAO ;8HL 7=0=85 B5E=8:8 38?=>B870F88 8 C<5=85 C25@5==> 45@60BLAO ?@8 ?@>2545=88 ;5G5=8O. ;8B5;L=>ABL A50=A0 ;5G5=8O 2=CH5=85< 2 A>AB>O=88 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 <>65B 7=0G8B5;L=> 20@L8@>20BL (G0I5 2A53> >= 70=8<05B 15 20 <8=CB). '0AB>B0 A50=A>2 7028A8B >B E0@0:B5@0 701>;520=8O, A>AB>O=8O 1>;L=>3> 8 CA?5E0 ;5G5=8O. "0:, 4;O CAB@0=5=8O 8AB5@8G5A:>3> A8<?B><0 8=>340 1K205B 4>AB0B>G=> >4=>3> A50=A0, 0 2 =5:>B>@KE A;CG0OE B@51C5BAO @O4 A50=A>2. # 1>;LH8=AB20 1>;L=KE :>;8G5AB2> A50=A>2 ?@8 ?@>2545=88 :C@A0 38?=>B5@0?88 =5 ?@52KH05B 15. 1KG=> ?5@2>5 2@5<O A50=AK ?@>2>4OB =5A:>;L:> G0I5  G5@57 45=L, 70B5< 1 2 @070 2 =545;N 8 5I5 @565. . . >6=>2 AG8B05B, GB> A;8H:>< G0AB>, =0?@8<5@ ?> =5A:>;L:C @07 2 45=L 8;8 5654=52=>, ?@>2>48BL A50=AK =5 A;54C5B 87-70 A=865=8O 2>A?@88<G82>AB8 : 38?=>7C. >A;54=55 >1JOA=O5BAO, ?> <=5=8N MB>3> 02B>@0, B5<, GB> 38?=>7 2>7=8:05B ?> CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=><C <5E0=87<C, 0 CA;>2=K9 @5D;5:A ?@8 G0AB>< ?>2B>@5=88 ?>AB5?5==> =0G8=05B 70B>@<06820BLAO, >A;015205B 8 2 :>=F5 :>=F>2 A>2A5< 8AG5705B. !:>@>ABL =0ABC?;5=8O MB>3> B>@<>65=8O =0E>48BAO 2 ?@O<>9 7028A8<>AB8 >B G0AB>BK ?>2B>@5=8O CA;>2=>3> @5D;5:A0 8 B8?0 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K. ;C1>:89 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>= (O2;5=8O A><=0<1C;87<0) C405BAO, ?> =0H8< =01;N45=8O<, 2K720BL ?@8<5@=> C 10% 2A5E 38?=>B878@C5<KE, 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>= 2B>@>9 AB5?5=8  C 30 40% ;N459. /2;5=8O A><=0<1C;87<0 ;53G5 2A53> 2K7K20NBAO C ;8F EC4>65AB25==>3> B8?0 ?> . . 02;>2C, AB@040NI8E 8AB5@859, 0 B0:65 C =0@:><0=>2 (E@>=8G5A:8E 0;:>3>;8:>2). 8F <KA;8B5;L=>3> B8?0, ?A8E0AB5=8:>2, A:;>==KE : A><=5=8O< 8 D8:A0F88 2=8<0=8O =0 A2>8E >ICI5=8OE 8 ?5@56820=8OE, A B@C4>< C405BAO ?>3@C78BL 2 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>=. =>340 1>;L=>3>, :>B>@>3> =5 C40;>AL ?>3@C78BL 2 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>= >4=><C 2@0GC, C405BAO ?>3@C78BL 4@C3><C 8;8 B><C 65 2@0GC, => ?@8 ?>A;54CNI8E A50=A0E. !B5?5=8 3;C18=K 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 8 87<5=5=8O 2 >@30=87<5, 2K7K205<K5 2=CH5=85< Forel ?@54;030; @07;8G0BL A;54CNI85 B@8 AB5?5=8 3;C18=K 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0: ?5@20O AB5?5=L  A>=;82>ABL; 38?=>B878@C5<K9 ?@8 8725AB=>< =0?@O65=88 <>65B 5I5 ?@>B82>AB>OBL 2=CH5=8N, >B:@KBL 3;070; 2B>@0O AB5?5=L ;53:89 A>= 8;8 38?>B0:A8O; CAK?;O5<K9 =5 <>65B A0< >B:@KBL 3;070 8 2K?>;=O5B 2=CH5=8O (=5:>B>@K5 8;8 2A5); ?@8 MB>< 0<=5788 =5 1K205B 8 2=CH8BL 55 =5 C405BAO; ?> ?@>1C645=88 >B 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 A>E@0=ONBAO 2>A?><8=0=8O >1> 2A5<, GB> 1K;> 2> 2@5<O 38?=>70; B@5BLO AB5?5=L  3;C1>:89 A>= 8;8 A><=0<1C;87<; E0@0:B5@87C5BAO 0<=57859 8 2K?>;=5=85< =5 B>;L:> 38?=>B8G5A:8E, => 8 ?>AB38?=>B8G5A:8E 2=CH5=89; 0<=578O <>65B 1KBL CAB@0=5=0 ?@8 ?>2B>@=>< ?>3@C65=88 2 3;C1>:89 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>= 8;8 ?@8 ?><>I8 A>>B25BAB2CNI53> 2=CH5=8O 2> 2@5<O 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0. K45;5=85 MB8E AB5?5=59 3;C18=K 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 A ?@0:B8G5A:>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O >:070;>AL =081>;55 C4>1=K<. @8 ?><>I8 2=CH5=8O 2 A>AB>O=88 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 <>3CB 1KBL 2K720=K A0<K5 @07;8G=K5 D5=><5=K. "0:, 2 A>AB>O=88 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 B@5BL59 AB5?5=8 ;53:> 2=CH8BL ?0@0;8G8, A:0702 1>;L=><C: «> AG5BC  B@8" 20H0 ?@020O @C:0 =5 1C45B 42830BLAO, 2K =5 A<>65B5 A>25@H0BL 5N 42865=8O. 48=, 420, B@8... @C:0 =5 428305BAO, ?>?@>1C9B5 ?>4=OBL @C:C  2K =5 <>65B5...  B5?5@L ?> AG5BC  420" 42865=8O @C:>9 ?>;=>ABLN 2>AAB0=>2OBAO. 48=, 420... "5?5@L 2K <>65B5 A2>1>4=> 42830BL @C:>9, =C, ?>?@>1C9B5... @C:0 A2>1>4=> 428305BAO...». "0: 65 ;53:> C405BAO 2=CH8BL «=0A8;LAB25==K5» 42865=8O, 0=5AB578N. =0 <>65B 1KBL AB>;L 3;C1>:>9, GB> C405BAO >?5@8@>20BL 1>;L=>3> ?>4 38?=>7><, CAB@0=8BL 1>;8 2> 2@5<O @>4>2, 0 B0:65 ;N1K5 4@C385 1>;52K5 >ICI5=8O.  B0:>< A>AB>O=88 <>6=> 2=CH8BL 2K:;NG5=85 DC=:F88 ;N1>3> 0=0;870B>@0  ?>;=CN 3;CE>BC, A;5?>BC, CB@0BC >1>=O=8O, 2:CA0 8 B. ?. 50:F8O =0 @074@068B5;L, 04@5A>20==K9 : 2K:;NG5==><C 0=0;870B>@C, 2 1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG052 <>65B 1KBL >1=0@C65=0 =0 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<5, E>BO 1>;L=K5 ?> ?@>1C645=88 8 C:07K20NB, GB> >=8 =5 2>A?@8=8<0;8 A25B0, =5 A;KH0;8 72C:0, =5 GC2AB2>20;8 1>;8 >B C:>;0. =>340 MBC @50:F8N 2KO28BL =5 C405BAO. "0:, 2 =0H8E >?KB0E C 42CE 87 ?OB8 8A?KBC5<KE, =0E>482H8EAO 2 A>AB>O=88 3;C1>:>3> 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 (A><=0<1C;87<0), ?@8 <=>3>:@0B=KE 8AA;54>20=8OE =0 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<5 :064K9 @07 =5 =01;N40;>AL =8:0:>9 @50:F88 =0 A25B>2>9 @074@068B5;L ?@8 2=CH5=88 3;CE>BK 8 =0 1>;52>9 @074@068B5;L (C:>;)  ?@8 2=CH5=88 ?>;=>9 ?>B5@8 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8. @8 2=CH5=88 2>AAB0=>2;5=8O 2K:;NG5==>9 DC=:F88 @50:F8O =0 A25B, 72C: 8 1>;52>9 @074@068B5;L 2>AAB0=02;820;0AL.  0=0;>38G=KE >?KB0E !. . 528=0, :0: C:07K20;>AL, >BACBAB2>20;0 CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=0O A5:@5B>@=0O @50:F8O, 0 2 >?KB0E . . >@>B:8=0 8 . . !CA;>2>9 ?@8 2K:;NG5=88 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 3;070  <830B5;L=0O @50:F8O. 0 8718@0B5;L=>< E0@0:B5@5 3;CE>BK, 2=CH5==>9 2 38?=>75, <K >AB0=02;820;8AL ?@8 @0AA<>B@5=88 8AB5@8G5A:>9 3;CE>BK. 45AL ;8HL 70<5B8<, GB> 2 38?=>B8G5A:>< A=5 <>65B 1KBL 2=CH5=0 3;CE>B0 4065 B>;L:> =0 >?@545;5==K5 72C:8 8;8 3@C??K A;>2, =0?@8<5@ A>1AB25==K5 8<5=0, A;5?>B0 B>;L:> 2 >B=>H5=88 >?@545;5==KE ?@54<5B>2, =0?@8<5@ <>6=> 2=CH8BL, GB> 1>;L=>9 =5 1C45B 2845BL ABC;LO, 2A5 65 >AB0;L=>5 >= 1C45B 2845BL. >3CB 1KBL 2=CH5=K 8 30;;NF8=0F88 ;N1>3> A>45@60=8O, =0?@8<5@ 72C:8, HC<K, >@:5AB@>20O <C7K:0, 1C:5B F25B>2, AB>OI89 2 2075, 70?0E @>7 8 B. ?. @8 2=CH5==>9 30;;NF8=0F88 A;01>3> 8=48DD5@5=B=>3> @074@068B5;O (284 15;>9 ;>H04:8, B8E>5 6C660=85) @50:F8O =0 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<5 =57=0G8B5;L=0O, >4=0:> ?@8 2=CH5=88 >G5=L O@:>3> A25B0 ?@>65:B>@0 8;8 >G5=L 3@><:>9 <C7K:8, 0 B0:65 AB@0H=KE GC4>28I =0 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<5 >B<5G0;>AL @57:>5 C25;8G5=85 M;5:B@8G5A:>9 0:B82=>AB8, CG0I0;8AL G0AB>B0 @8B<0 A 30 35 4> 60 2 A5:C=4C 8 C25;8G820;0AL 0<?;8BC40 :>;510=89, :>B>@K5 4>E>48;8 2<5AB> 8AE>4=KE 50 4> 200 <:2 ( . !2O4>I 8 . /. %2>;5A).  A>AB>O=88 A><=0<1C;87<0 <>65B 1KBL 2=CH5=0 0<=578O ;N1KE A>1KB89, 0 B0:65 ;N1KE @0=55 8<52H8EAO 7=0=89 8 =02K:>2. =>340 <>3CB 1KBL 2K720=K 2>A?><8=0=8O 701KBKE A>1KB89, 2 B>< G8A;5 ?@>8AH54H8E 2> 2@5<O 8AB5@8G5A:8E AC<5@5G=KE A>AB>O=89 8 @0=55 ?@>2>482H8EAO 38?=>B8G5A:8E A50=A>2.  A>AB>O=88 A><=0<1C;87<0 1>;L=><C <>6=> 2=CH8BL, GB>1K >= >B:@K; 3;070 8 ?@>4>;60; A?0BL A >B:@KBK<8 3;070<8 8 ?@8 MB>< <>3 @073>20@820BL, >B25G0BL =0 2>?@>AK, A2>1>4=> A>25@H0BL 42865=8O. ;O MB>3> 1K205B 4>AB0B>G=> A:070BL 1>;L=><C: « B5?5@L ?> AG5BC  B@8" >B:@>9B5 3;070 8 ?@>4>;609B5 A?0BL A >B:@KBK<8 3;070<8».  MB>< A>AB>O=88 1>;L=><C <>6=> 2=CH8BL ?5@56820=85 8=>9 A8BC0F88, =0?@8<5@, GB> >= 2 B50B@5, A;CH05B >?5@C 8;8 =0 ?;O65 ?@8=8<05B A>;=5G=K5 20==K, 5<C 60@:> 8;8 GB> A59G0A =0G8=05BAO =02>4=5=85, 2>40 70;8205B :><=0BC, 8 B>340 1>;L=>9, «A?0A0OAL» >B 2>4K, =0G8=05B 2718@0BLAO =0 AB>;K 8 ABC;LO, «GB>1K =5 70<>G8BL =>38». @8 2=CH5=88 1>;L=><C, GB> >= AB0; A59G0A @515=:><, GB> 5<C ?@8<5@=> 4 3>40, <>6=> 2K720BL O2;5=8O ?CM@8;87<0 A 45BA:8< ?>2545=85< 8 @5GLN. CB5< 2=CH5=8O 2A5 MB8 O2;5=8O <>6=> BCB 65 CAB@0=8BL. @8 A><=0<1C;87<5 2 ?>2545=88 7038?=>B878@>20==KE =5@54:> 2KABC?0NB G5@BK B50B@0;L=>AB8, @8A>2:8, =083@0==>AB8. > 2KE>45 87 MB>3> A>AB>O=8O >=8 8=>340 CB25@640NB, GB> O:>1K ?@8B2>@O;8AL A?OI8<8 2 C3>4C 38?=>B875@C, ?KB0OAL B5< A0<K< :0: 1K >?@0240BL A2>5 ?>2545=85. >7<>6=>ABL 2=CH5=8O 2 MB8E A>AB>O=8OE 3;C1>:>9 0=5AB5788 (>?5@0F88 ?>4 38?=>7><), 0 B0:65 2;8O=85 =0 2535B0B82=K5 ?@>F5AAK A2845B5;LAB2CNB > B><, GB> =5?@028;L=> 1K;> 1K A2>48BL A>AB>O=8O A><=0<1C;87<0 2> 2A5E A;CG0OE : 3>;><C ?@8B2>@AB2C 8 CB25@640BL, 1C4B> 1>;L=K5 2 MB>< A>AB>O=88 2A5340 ?> 65;0=8N <>3CB >B:@KBL 3;070 8 ?@5:@0B8BL «A?5:B0:;L», :>B>@K9 >=8 @07K3@K20NB. 0 >B;8G88 MB8E A>AB>O=89 >B 8AB5@8G5A:8E AC<5@5G=KE A>AB>O=89 <K >AB0=02;820;8AL ?@8 @0AA<>B@5=88 ?>A;54=8E. @8 2=CH5=88 M<>F8>=0;L=KE A>AB>O=89 (AB@0E0, @04>AB8 8 4@.) >B<5G05BAO A>>B25BAB2CNI55 87<5=5=85 2535B0B82=KE DC=:F89  CG0I5=85 A5@4F5185=89, 4KE0=8O, 87<5=5=85 :>;8G5AB20 A0E0@0 2 :@>28 8 B. ?. =>340 ?CB5< 2=CH5=8O C405BAO >:070BL 7=0G8B5;L=>5 2;8O=85 =0 B5G5=85 2535B0B82=KE ?@>F5AA>2. "0:, =0?@8<5@, ?>A;5 B>3> :0: 8A?KBC5<><C 2=CH0;8, GB> >= 2K?8; 3 AB0:0=0 2>4K, 48C@57 C =53> 2 B5G5=85 1;8609H53> G0A0 C25;8G820;AO 2 10 @07. @8 MB>< A=860;AO C45;L=K9 25A <>G8 8 >B<5G0;>AL A3CI5=85 :@>28. @8 2=CH5=88 8A?KBC5<><C 2 B5?;>9 :><=0B5, GB> >= =0E>48BAO @0745BK9 =0 <>@>75, >1<5= 25I5AB2 7=0G8B5;L=> CA:>@O;AO. .. ;0B>=>2, 2=CH0O 8A?KBC5<K<, =0E>4OI8<AO 2 A>AB>O=88 38?=>70, 1C4B> >=8 AJ5;8 <=>3> A0E0@0, >B<5G0; C25;8G5=85 :>;8G5AB20 53> 2 :@>28 =0 20 30%. O4 02B>@>2 >B<5G0NB, GB> ?@8 2=CH5=88 8A?KBC5<><C ?@8:>A=>25=8O : 53> @C:5 @0A:0;5==>3> 65;570 C =53> 8=>340 =0 <5AB5 <=8<>3> >6>30 G5@57 30 <8=CB ?>A;5 2=CH5=8O ?>O2;O5BAO 38?5@5<8O 8 G5@57 273 G0A0  ?C7K@L, ?@8 2=CH5=88 CH810  >B5: 8 B. 4. CB5< 2=CH5=8O C405BAO :0: 2K720BL, B0: 8 7045@60BL ?>O2;5=85 <5=AB@C0F88 (Forel). -B> 65 8 =0< C40;>AL ?>;CG8BL C >4=>9 65=I8=K. Kleinsorge 8 Klumbies 2=CH0;8 1>;L=>9 A 848>A8=:@07859 : 75<;O=8:5, GB> >=0 5AB MBC O3>4C, 8 =01;N40;8 ?>O2;5=85 0;;5@38G5A:>9 AK?8. < 65 C40;>AL ?CB5< 2=CH5=8O 2K720BL @57:CN 848>A8=:@078N C 1>;L=>3>, C :>B>@>3> @0=55 8<5;AO 0=0D8;0:B8G5A:89 D5=><5= @BNA0. Kleinsorge ?>:070;, GB> ?CB5< 38?=>B8G5A:>3> 2=CH5=8O <>6=> ?@54>B2@0B8BL @0728B85 0=0D8;0:B8G5A:>3> H>:0. . . C;L ?@8 2=CH5=88 0AB<0B8G5A:>3> ?@8ABC?0 1>;L=>9, @0=55 AB@0402H59 1@>=E80;L=>9 0AB<>9, =01;N40; ?@8 1@>=E>3@0D88 A?07< <CA:C;0BC@K 1@>=E>2. = 65 >1=0@C68; @5=B35=>;>38G5A:85 87<5=5=8O D>@<K 8 ?>;>65=8O 65;C4:0 ?@8 2=CH5=88 GC2AB20 3>;>40 8 AKB>AB8, D>@<K 65;G=>3> ?C7K@O  ?>A;5 2=CH5=8O, GB> AJ545=0 68@=0O ?8I0. =>3>G8A;5==K5 8AA;54>20=8O . . ;0B>=>20, !. . 528=0, . . >6=>20, . . C;O 8 <=>38E 4@C38E ?>:07K20NB, GB> 2=CH5=85 2> 2@5<O 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 8=>340 <>65B >:07K20BL 4065 1>;55 A8;L=>5 2>7459AB285, G5< @50;L=K5 @074@068B5;8. A?KBC5<><C 2=CH0;8, =0?@8<5@, GB> >= 5AB >4=C ?8IC, 0 4020;8 5<C 4@C3CN. !>AB02 A;N=K 87<5=O;AO 2 A>>B25BAB288 A 2=CH5==>9 ?8I59, 0 =5 A 459AB28B5;L=> 40202H59AO. =CH0;8, GB> @C:0 >?CI5=0 2 E>;>4=CN 2>4C, 0 >?CA:0;8 55 2 3>@OGCN. 0 ?;5B87<>3@0<<5, A=OB>9 A> 2B>@>9 @C:8, @50:F8O 1K;0 B0:0O, :0:0O 1K205B ?@8 @074@065=88 =5 3>@OG59, 0 E>;>4=>9 2>4>9.  A>AB>O=88 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 >1KG=> =5 C405BAO 2=CH8BL B>, GB> ?@>B82>@5G8B MB8G5A:8< 8 <>@0;L=K< CAB>O< ;8G=>AB8 38?=>B878@C5<>3>. A;8 B0:85 2=CH5=8O 45;0NBAO, B> >=8 G0I5 2A53> ?@>AB> =5 2K?>;=ONBAO (7038?=>B878@>20==K9 >B:07K205BAO 8E 2K?>;=OBL, ?@>4>;60O >AB020BLAO 2 A>AB>O=88 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0) 8;8 2K7K20NB 0DD5:B82=CN @50:F8N A ?@>1C645=85< >B 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0. "0:8< >1@07><, 4065 2 A>AB>O=88 A><=0<1C;87<0 7038?=>B878@>20==K9 =5 O2;O5BAO «1572>;L=K<»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«0H0 =5@2=0O A8AB5<0 >B4KE05B, CA?>:08205BAO. K A>25@H5==> A?>:>9=K.  <C65 =5 4C<05B5. = 4;O 20A =5 ACI5AB2C5B. K A>25@H5==> A?>:>9=K >GLN A?8B5 3;C1>:8<, :@5?:8< A=><. ! :064K< 4=5< GC2AB2C5B5 A51O ;CGH5 8 ;CGH5. # 20A 2 687=8 2A5 2?5@548...» >A;5 5 A50=A>2, ?@>2545==KE G5@57 45=L, ?>GC2AB2>20;0 A51O 2K74>@>252H59.  0=0;>38G=>< A;CG05 O2;5=8O «=52@>70 A5@4F0»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«=5@2=>3> E0@0:B5@0» 8 1C45B =0<8 ?>;=>ABLN CAB@0=5=>. >A;5 6 A50=A>2 38?=>B5@0?88 0AB078O-01078O A=O;0AL. 5. >;L=>9 ., 38 ;5B. 02O7G82K9 AB@0E 703@O7=5=8O =0 ?@>BO65=88 12 ;5B. >3@C65= 2 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>= ?5@2>9 AB5?5=8, 0 ?@8 ?>A;54CNI8E A50=A0E  2B>@>9. @>2545=> 10 A50=A>2 38?=>B5@0?88. B<5G05BAO ;8HL =5:>B>@>5 >A;01;5=85 GC2AB20 AB@0E0. A>15==> H8@>:> C:070==K9 <5B>4 ?@8<5=O5BAO ?@8 ;5G5=88 1>;L=KE 8AB5@859. > 40==K< Forel, 87 55 1>;L=KE 8AB5@859, ;5G5==KE 8< 38?=>7><, ?>;=>ABLN CAB@0=8BL 8AB5@8G5A:85 A8<?B><K C40;>AL C 31, G0AB8G=>  C 15 8 =5 C40;>AL  C 9. . . $5938= (1944) =01;N40; ?>;>68B5;L=K5 @57C;LB0BK 38?=>B5@0?88 C 8 87 14 1>;L=KE A <>=>A8<?B><0B8G5A:8<8 8AB5@8G5A:8<8 @0AAB@>9AB20<8, . . ?B5@ (1930) C 12 87 18. Nonne (1917) C:07K20;, GB> 87 285 1>;L=KE «2>5==K<8 =52@>70<8» (8AB5@859.  . !.) ?@8 ;5G5=88 38?=>7>< ?>;=>5 87;5G5=85 =0ABC?8;> C 80%. C;CGH5=85  C 15% 8 =5 ?>440;8AL ;5G5=8N 5% 1>;L=KE. 4=0:> B>;L:> 3,5% 1>;L=KE 1K;8 2>72@0I5=K 02B>@>< 2 AB@>9; >AB0;L=K5 ?>A;5 87;5G5=8O =0?@02;O;8AL 4;O @01>BK 2 BK;. G5284=>, 2 4>AB865=88 2KA>:>3> B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> MDD5:B0 745AL 83@0;0 @>;L =5 B>;L:> 38?=>B5@0?8O. 01;N402H85AO Nonne 1>;L=K5 7=0;8, GB> ?>A;5 2K74>@>2;5=8O >=8 2A5 @02=> =5 25@=CBAO 2 C3@>60NICN 8E 687=8 >1AB0=>2:C, 0 >AB0=CBAO 2 BK;C. ;03>40@O MB><C 8AB5@8G5A:85 A8<?B><K B5@O;8 4;O =8E A2>N «CA;>2=CN ?@8OB=>ABL 8;8 65;0B5;L=>ABL» 8, 5AB5AB25==>, ;53:> ?>44020;8AL CAB@0=5=8N. 5GB> ?>4>1=>5 ?@8<5=O;8 Debenham, Sargant, Hill 8 Slater ?@8 ;5G5=88 0=3;89A:8E A>;40B 2> 2@5<O 2B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K, C:07K20O 8<, GB> >=8 1C4CB 45<>18;87>20=K, => B>;L:> ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: >A2>1>4OBAO >B A2>53> 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0 («74>@>2K9 3@0640=8= 1>;55 ?>;575= @>48=5, G5< 1>;L=>9 A>;40B»). AB5@8G5A:85 <>=>A8<?B><K C405BAO :C?8@>20BL >4=8< 38?=>B8G5A:8< 2=CH5=85<, ?> =0H8< =01;N45=8O<, =5 1>;LH5 G5< C ?>;>28=K 1>;L=KE, :>B>@KE C405BAO ?>3@C78BL 2 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>=. @8 MB>< 206=> >B<5B8BL, GB> 38?=>B8G5A:>5 2=CH5=85 =5 2A5340 405B ?>;>68B5;L=K9 B5@0?52B8G5A:89 MDD5:B 4065 2 B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 1>;L=>3> C405BAO ?>3@C78BL 2 3;C1>:89 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>=. "0:, =0?@8<5@, 2 1>;L=KE A 8AB5@8G5A:8<8 35<8?;538O<8 =>3, @07282H8<8AO ?>A;5 :>=BC788, =0< C4020;>AL ?>3@C78BL 2 3;C1>:89 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>= B@5BL59 AB5?5=8 ?> Forel.  B0:>< A>AB>O=88 C4020;>AL 2=CH8BL 8< 0=5AB578N, 30;;NF8=0F88, 2K:;NG5=85 >@30=>2 GC2AB2, ?0@0;8G8 @C: 8 B. ?. 8 BCB 65 ;53:> CAB@0=8BL MB8 @0AAB@>9AB20 ?CB5< 2=CH5=8O, >4=0:> 2 >B=>H5=88 8AB5@8G5A:>9 ?0@0?;5388 MB> =5 C4020;>AL. @8 M=5@38G=KE ?>?KB:0E 55 CAB@0=5=8O =0ABC?0;0 1C@=0O 8AB5@8G5A:0O @50:F8O A @07<0H8ABK<8 42865=8O<8 @C:, 3@><:8<, CG0I5==K< 4KE0=85<, ?@>DC7=K< ?>B>< (C >1>8E 1>;L=KE ?0@0?;538N C40;>AL >4=><><5=B=> CAB@0=8BL ?> <5B>4C MD8@=>9 <0A:8). A;8 A50=AK 2=CH5=8O B@51C5BAO <=>3>:@0B=> ?>2B>@OBL 8;8 5A;8 C ;53:>2=CH05<>3> 1>;L=>3> ?5@8>48G5A:8 2>7=8:0NB B5 8;8 8=K5 1>;57=5==K5 A8<?B><K (1>;8, @2>B0 8 4@.), ?>440NI85AO CAB@0=5=8N 38?=>B8G5A:8< 2=CH5=85<, ?>2B>@=K5 A50=AK 38?=>B8G5A:>3> 2=CH5=8O <>6=> ?@>2>48BL, :0: C:07K20;>AL, ?@8 ?><>I8 72C:>70?8A8. >;L=><C 2=CH0NB, GB> 5<C 404CB ?0B5D>==CN ?;0AB8=:C 8;8 ;5=BC <03=8B>D>=0, =0 :>B>@>9 70?8A0= 3>;>A 2@0G0, 8 GB>, 2:;NG82 55, >= 70A=5B 8 2K?>;=8B 2=CH5=8O, :>B>@K5 CA;KH8B. @8 72C:>70?8A8 >:>;> 1 <8=CBK 70=8<0NB D>@<C;K CAK?;5=8O, >:>;> 173 <8=CB  2=CH5=8O 8 >:>;> 30 A5:C=4  4538?=>B870F8O. !><=0<1C;0< <>6=>, =0?@8<5@, ?@>AB> 2=CH8BL: «>340 ?>GC2AB2C5B5 1>;8 (@2>BC 8;8 4@C3>9 1>;57=5==K9 A8<?B><), 2>7L<5B5 D>B>:0@B>G:C 2@0G0 8 1C45B5 ?@8AB0;L=> =0 =55 A<>B@5BL. '5@57 <8=CBC 1>;8 (@2>B0) ?>;=>ABLN ?@5:@0BOBAO» 8;8 «'5@57 30 A5:C=4 2K 70A=5B5, 1>;8 ?@>94CB 8 G5@57 2 3 <8=CBK A0<8 ?@>A=5B5AL». Kleinsorge 8 Klumbies @5:><5=4CNB 1>;L=><C ?5@54 A50=A>< «70>G=>3> 38?=>70» ?>AB028BL 1C48;L=8: =0 B> 2@5<O, 2 :>B>@>5 5<C 70E>G5BAO 2K25AB8 A51O 87 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0, ?@5420@8B5;L=> 2=CH82 5<C, GB>, :>340 1C48;L=8: 7072>=8B, 1>;L=>9 ?@>A=5BAO. 5G5=85 2=CH5=85< 2 A>AB>O=88 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 ?@>B82>?>:070=> 1>;L=K<, A:;>==K< : 1@54>2K< 845O< >B=>H5=8O 8 2>7459AB28O, 2 G0AB=>AB8 38?=>B8G5A:>3> (H87>D@5=8O 8 4@C385 ?A8E>7K), B0: :0: <>65B ?@825AB8 : C:@5?;5=8N MB8E 8459 8 2:;NG5=8N 38?=>B5@0?52B0 2 1@54>2CN A8AB5<C. 54>AB0B:>< <5B>40 O2;O5BAO B>, GB> >= =0?@02;5= >1KG=> ;8HL ?@>B82 :0:>3>-;81> 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0, =5 CAB@0=OO ?@8G8=K 701>;520=8O. "5@0?52B8G5A:89 MDD5:B 1>;55 AB>5:, :>340 2=CH5=85 2 A>AB>O=88 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 A>G5B05BAO A 4@C38<8 2840<8 ?A8E>B5@0?88, 2 G0AB=>AB8 A ;5G5=85< C15645=85<, 0 8=>340 8 :0C70;L=>9 ?A8E>B5@0?859. @><5 B>3>, =54>AB0B:>< <5B>40 O2;O5BAO B>, GB> 40;5:> =5 2A5E 1>;L=KE C405BAO ?>3@C78BL 2 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>=. =CH5=8O, A45;0==K5 2 A>AB>O=88 A><=0<1C;87<0, >1KG=> 1>;55 459AB25==K. 4=0:> =5A><=5==>, GB> E>@>H85 B5@0?52B8G5A:85 @57C;LB0BK <>3CB 1KBL ?>;5G5=K 8 ?@8 ;5G5=88 2=CH5=85< 2 A>AB>O=88 ;53:>3> 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 8 4065 =0O2C. 5:>B>@K5 02B>@K, ?@8<5=O2H85 ;5G5=85 2=CH5=85< 2 38?=>B8G5A:>< A=5, ?>AB5?5==> >B:070;8AL >B MB>3> <5B>40 8 ?5@5H;8 =0 ;5G5=85 2=CH5=85< =0O2C, B0: :0: 4>AB830;8 2 ?>A;54=5< A;CG05 B0:>3> 65 B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> MDD5:B0, :0: 8 2 ?5@2><. @C385 02B>@K AG8B0NB =54>AB0B:>< 38?=>70 B>, GB> >= >25O= >@5>;>< G53>-B> <8AB8G5A:>3>, 70304>G=>3> 8 ?>MB><C ?@8<5=5=85 53> O:>1K =5F5;5A>>1@07=>. -B> 2>7@065=85 =5 2K45@68205B :@8B8:8, B0: :0: ?@8 ?@028;L=>< @07JOA=5=88 ACI=>AB8 38?=>70 ACI5AB2CNI85 ?@54@0AAC4:8 <>3CB 1KBL CAB@0=5=K. > 2AO:>< A;CG05 =0;8G85 8E A0<> ?> A515 =5 A;C68B ?>2>4>< 4;O >B:070 >B ?@8<5=5=8O 38?=>B5@0?88, 0 <>65B O2;OBLAO ;8HL >A=>20=85< 4;O 1>@L1K A MB8<8 ?@54@0AAC4:0<8. #:07K205BAO, GB> 1>;L=>9 <>65B ?>?0ABL 2 A;8H:>< 1>;LHCN 7028A8<>ABL >B 38?=>B875@0. 4=0:> 1>;L=>9 2 A>AB>O=88 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 =5 O2;O5BAO 1572>;L=K< 02B><0B><, 83@CH:>9 2 @C:0E 38?=>B875@0. @8<5=5=85 38?=>B5@0?88 ?> <548F8=A:8< ?>:070=8O< 8 4>?CI5=85 : ?@>2545=8N 55, A>3;0A=> 8=AB@C:F88 0@:><74@020 !$!  >B 1926 3., B>;L:> 2@0G59 CAB@0=O5B C:070==CN >?0A=>ABL. > >:>=G0=88 :C@A0 38?=>B5@0?88 ;53:> ?>440NI8<AO 38?=>B870F88 1>;L=K< 65;0B5;L=> 2=CH8BL, GB> >=8 A<>3CB 1KBL ?>3@C65=K 2 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>= 2 40;L=59H5< B>;L:> 2@0G>< 8 =5 CA=CB, 5A;8 8E ?>?KB05BAO 38?=>B878@>20BL =5 2@0G. @0:B8G5A:8 7=0G8B5;L=> 1>;LHCN >?0A=>ABL ?@8<5=5=85 38?=>70 ?@54AB02;O5B =5 4;O 1>;L=>3>, 0 4;O 2@0G0, B0: :0: >= <>65B AB0BL 65@B2>9 ;>6=KE >128=5=89 2 8A?>;L7>20=88 MB>3> <5B>40 2 :>@KAB=KE F5;OE. -@>B8G5A:85 A=>2845=8O, :>B>@K5 8=>340 <>3CB 2>7=8:0BL C 1>;L=KE 2> 2@5<O 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 8 ?@8=8<0BLAO 8<8 70 459AB28B5;L=>ABL, <>3CB 40BL ?>2>4 4;O ;>6=>3> >128=5=8O 2@0G0 2 ?>?KB:5 87=0A8;>20=8O.  MB><C 65 8=>340 <>65B ?@825AB8 8 A:;>==>ABL 8AB5@>84=KE ?A8E>?0B>2 : ;682>AB8 8 2K<KA;0<. ;O >3@0645=8O 2@0G0 >B ?>4>1=KE >128=5=89 A50=AK 38?=>70, A>3;0A=> 8=AB@C:F88, @07@5H05BAO ?@>2>48BL ;8HL 2 ;5G51=KE CG@5645=8OE, ?@8G5< 65;0B5;L=> 2 ?@8ACBAB288 B@5BL53> ;8F0. 0==K5 > A50=A5 ;CGH5 70=>A8BL 2 A?5F80;L=CN B5B@04L. 8?=>B5@0?8O, =5A><=5==>, O2;O5BAO =0CG=> >1>A=>20==K< <5B>4>< ?A8E>B5@0?88, >A>15==> =52@>7>2. 7CG5=85 D878>;>38G5A:8E >A=>2 55 ?>72>;8;> @0725OBL B>B >@5>; 70304>G=>AB8 8 B08=AB25==>AB8, :>B>@K< >=0 1K;0 >:@C65=0 A> 2@5<5= 5A<5@0. =CH5=85 2 A>AB>O=88 =0@:>B8G5A:>3> A=0 =CH5=85 2 A>AB>O=88 =0@:>B8G5A:>3> A=0 <>65B ?@>872>48BLAO ;8HL 2 B>< A;CG05, 5A;8 A>= =53;C1>:89. @8 3;C1>:>< =0@:>B8G5A:>< A=5 B>@<>65=85 =>A8B AB>;L 3;C1>:89 8 @07;8B>9 E0@0:B5@, GB> =5 C405BAO A>E@0=8BL «AB>@>652>9 ?C=:B» 2 :>@5, G5@57 :>B>@K9 <>6=> ?>445@60BL :>=B0:B A> A?OI8<. @><5 B>3>, 2 B0:>< A>AB>O=88 B@C4=> 2K720BL «>G03 :>=F5=B@8@>20==>3> 2>71C645=8O» 2 <>73C, ;560I89 2 >A=>25 2=CH5=8O.  A2O78 A MB8< 2=CH5=8O, A45;0==K5 2 A>AB>O=88 =0@:>B8G5A:>3> A=0, >B;8G0NBAO, ?> =0H8< =01;N45=8O<, <5=LH59 AB>9:>ABLN, G5< 2> 2@5<O 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0, GB> >A>15==> ACI5AB25==> 2 B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 A45;0==>5 ;5G51=>5 2=CH5=85 4>;6=> 4;8B5;L=> A>E@0=OBL A2>5 459AB285, :0:, =0?@8<5@, ?@8 ;5G5=88 1>;L=KE E@>=8G5A:8< 0;:>3>;87<><, 8 <5=55 206=> ?@8 >4=><><5=B=>< :C?8@>20=88 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2. "5E=8:0 ;5G5=8O. >;L=><C @07JOA=ONB E0@0:B5@ ?@>2>48<>3> ;5G5=8O 8 C:;04K20NB 53> 2 3>@87>=B0;L=>5 ?>;>65=85. 2>4OB 5<C 2=CB@825==> >G5=L <54;5==> 2 8 <; 10% @0AB2>@0 ?5=B>B0;0, 0<8B0;-=0B@8O, 35:A5=0;0 (>A;01;5==K< 1>;L=K< ;CGH5 22>48BL 5% @0AB2>@). >AB83=C2 65;05<>9 3;C18=K A=0, ?>445@6820NB 55 2 B5G5=85 =5A:>;L:8E <8=CB <54;5==K< 22545=85< A=>B2>@=>3> (83;C 87 25=K =5 2K=8<0NB). > 2@5<O =0ABC?82H53> A=0 ?@>872>4OB ;5G51=K5 2=CH5=8O, ?>A;5 G53> 40NB 1>;L=><C 2>7<>6=>ABL 2KA?0BLAO. 081>;55 1;03>?@8OB=K< 4;O ?@>872>4AB20 2=CH5=8O O2;O5BAO =53;C1>:89 =0@:>B8G5A:89 A>=, ?@54H5AB2CNI89 ?>O2;5=8N 0=0;L35788 8 @0728B8N ?>A;54CNI59 0<=5788 MB>3> ?5@8>40. ;O :>=B@>;O 3;C18=K A=0 ?@54;030NB 1>;L=><C 2A;CE AG8B0BL >B 20 2 >1@0B=>< ?>@O4:5 8;8 ?@>872>48BL ?@>AB>5 2KG8A;5=85 (=0?@8<5@, >B 42C7=0G=KE G8A5; >B=8<0BL 2A5340 4) 8 AG8B0NB A>= A;8H:>< 3;C1>:8<, 5A;8 1>;L=>9 =5 2 A>AB>O=88 MB> 2K?>;=8BL.  ?@>F5AA5 ;5G51=KE 2=CH5=89 8=>340 ?@>8AE>48B >682;5=85 ?A8E>B@02<8@>202H8E ?5@56820=89, 2 A2O78 A G5< 2>7=8:05B 1C@=0O M<>F8>=0;L=0O @50:F8O, 2K@060NI0OAO 2 2845 0DD5:B0 B> AB@0E0, B> B>A:8 8;8 >BG0O=8O, A>?@>2>640NI8EAO M:A?@5AA82=K<8 42865=8O<8.  MB8E A;CG0OE 2 4>AB865=88 B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> MDD5:B0, ?><8<> 2=CH5=8O, <>65B 83@0BL @>;L 8 >B@5038@>20=85 8E 2> 2@5<O A=0 (=0@:>:0B0@78A). K7K20=85 =0@:>B8G5A:>3> A=0 <>65B A>G5B0BLAO A 2K7K20=85< 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0. @8 MB>< ;81> <>6=> @0=LH5 4020BL A=>B2>@=>5, ?>B>< ?@>2>48BL 38?=>B870F8N (=0@:>38?=>7), ;81> @0=LH5 2K7K20BL 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>= 8 70B5< 4;O C3;C1;5=8O 53> 4020BL A=>B2>@=>5 (38?=>=0@:>7). @8 B0:>< ;5G5=88 B@51C5BAO B5< <5=LH0O 4>70 A=>B2>@=>3>, G5< 3;C165 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>=. 5G5=85 2=CH5=85< 2 A>AB>O=88 =0@:>B8G5A:>3> A=0 ?>:070=> 2 B5E 65 A;CG0OE, GB> 8 2> 2@5<O 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0, >A>15==> 5A;8 1>;L=K5 ?;>E> ?>440NBAO 38?=>7C. >;>68B5;L=K5 @57C;LB0BK >B 53> ?@8<5=5=8O <K =5@54:> 2845;8 ?@8 8AB5@8G5A:8E <>=>A8<?B><0E (38?5@:8=570E, ?0@0;8G0E 8 ?0@570E, @2>B5, 8:>B5 8 4@.), 0 B0:65 8=>340 ?@8 D>18OE 8 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?A8E>70E  ?@>2>48;>AL :C@A>2>5 ;5G5=85 (4> 10 A50=A>2 G5@57 45=L). . -. "5;5H52A:0O, H8@>:> ?@8<5=O2H0O MB>B <5B>4 ?>4 =0720=85< =0@:>?A8E>B5@0?88 8 45B0;L=> @07@01>B02H0O <5B>48:C ;5G5=8O, 4>AB830;0 A 53> ?><>ILN CAB@0=5=8O 8AB5@8G5A:8E <>=>A8<?B><>2 <=>3>;5B=59 402=>AB8, 70BO6=KE 0AB5=>-8?>E>=4@8G5A:8E A>AB>O=89, @0AAB@>9AB2 A=0 8 M<>F8>=0;L=KE =0@CH5=89 C 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8. =3;89A:85 8 0<5@8:0=A:85 02B>@K H8@>:> ?>;L7>20;8AL MB8< <5B>4>< 2> 2@5<O 2B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K 4;O ;5G5=8O «2>5==KE =52@>7>2». !#(  =>@<5 ?@54AB02;5=8O <>3CB >:07K20BL =5:>B>@>5 2;8O=85 =0 D878>;>38G5A:85 ?@>F5AAK 2 >@30=87<5, =0?@8<5@ ?@54AB02;5=8O > 42865=88  2K7K20BL 845><>B>@=K5 0:BK, ?@54AB02;5=85 > @04>AB=>< 8;8 ?5G0;L=>< A>1KB88 2535B0B82=CN @50:F8N. !0<>2=CH5=85  MB> CA8;5=85 2;8O=8O ?@54AB02;5=89 =0 2535B0B82=K5 8;8 ?A8E8G5A:85 ?@>F5AAK, 2K720==>5 ?A8E8G5A:>9 0:B82=>ABLN ;8F0, ?@>872>4OI53> A0<>2=CH5=85 (. . !2O4>I). A;8 ?@8 ;5G5=88 2=CH5=85< :>=F5=B@8@>20==>5 @074@065=85 =5?>A@54AB25==> 2K7K205BAO 459AB285< A;>20 2@0G0, B> ?@8 A0<>2=CH5=88 >=> 2>7=8:05B 1;03>40@O A;54>2><C 2>71C645=8N  @074@065=8O<, ?@>872545==K< ?>A@54AB2>< 2=CB@5==8E A2O759, 0AA>F80F89. @8 A0<>2=CH5=88 459AB2C5B 8=D>@<0F8O, @0=55 ?>ABC?82H0O 8 40;55 2>A?@>872>48<0O A0<8< 1>;L=K<. !0<>2=CH5=85 <>65B >:07K20BL >3@><=>5 2;8O=85 =0 ?A8E8G5A:85 8 2535B0B82=K5 ?@>F5AAK 2 >@30=87<5, 2 B>< G8A;5 =0 ?>440NI85AO ?@>872>;L=>9 @53C;OF88. =>3>G8A;5==K5 ?@8<5@K MB><C ?@82545=K =0<8 2 3;025 > =52@0AB5=88, =52@>75 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 8 =52@>75 >6840=8O 8, 3;02=K< >1@07><, 8AB5@88. >4 2;8O=85< A0<>2=CH5=8O, =0?@8<5@, <>3CB 2>7=8:0BL 1>;52K5 >ICI5=8O, 0=5AB5788, 30;;NF8=0F88 (>A>15==> 8AB5@8G5A:85), 8AB5@8G5A:85 0<=5788, AC<5@5G=K5 A>AB>O=8O, ?@8?04:8, ?0@57K, ?0@0;8G8, 38?5@:8=57K, 3;CE>B0, A;5?>B0, =0@CH5=8O DC=:F88 A5@45G=>-A>AC48AB>9, 4KE0B5;L=>9, ?8I520@8B5;L=>9, ?8I52>9 A8AB5<K. 0: C:07K20;>AL, ?CB5< A0<>2=CH5=8O <>3CB 1KBL 2K720=K 4065 B0:85 =5 ?>440NI85AO ?@>872>;L=><C 2;8O=8N O2;5=8O, :0: >?8A0==0O 2KH5 :0@B8=0 ;>6=>9 8AB5@8G5A:>9 15@5<5==>AB8, 7045@6:0 <5=AB@C0F88, ?C7K@L =0 <5AB5 A0<>2=CH5==>3> >6>30 8 B. ?. 0H8 =01;N45=8O 3>2>@OB > ACI5AB2>20=88 ;8F A ?A8E>A><0B>;018;L=>9 :>=AB8BCF859  2KA>:>9 ?A8E>A><0B8G5A:>9 ?5@5:;NG05<>ABLN. # =8E ?@54AB02;5=8O, >A>15==> M<>F8>=0;L=> 70@O65==K5, <>3CB ;53:> 2;8OBL =0 2535B0B82=K5 ?@>F5AAK, >1KG=> =5 ?>440NI85AO ?@>872>;L=><C :>=B@>;N, 25AB8 : =0@CH5=8O< DC=:F88 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2 8;8 2K7K20BL O@:85 0;L38G5A:85 >ICI5=8O. "0:85 ;8F0 =5@54:> 2AB@5G0NBAO A@548 M<>B82=>-;018;L=KE, 8AB5@8G=KE, 0 B0:65 ;8F A O@:> 2K@065==>9 M945B8G5A:>9 A?>A>1=>ABLN. K =01;N40;8 1>;L=KE 8AB5@859, ?5@5=5AH8E "2 ?@>H;>< 2 3 >?5@0F88 =0 1@NH=>9 ?>;>AB8 8;8 >@30=0E <0;>3> B070, ?@8G5< A>74020;>AL 2?5G0B;5=85, GB> @5GL H;0 ;8HL > ?A8E>35==KE =0@CH5=8OE 2535B0B82=KE DC=:F89, 0 =5 ?>4>7@5202H8EAO A><0B8G5A:8E 701>;520=8OE. -B8 701>;520=8O 70A;C6820NB 2=8<0=8O E8@C@3>2, 38=5:>;>3>2 8 B5@0?52B>2 8 >AB0NBAO 5I5 <0;>87CG5==K<8. !0<>2=CH5=85 <>65B 1KBL =5?@>872>;L=K< 8 ?@>872>;L=K<.  ?5@2>< A;CG05 A0<>2=CH5==K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O ?@8>1@5B0NB 1>;LHCN A8;C, 5A;8 >=8 4;8B5;L=> ?>;CG0NB 70@O4K 87 M<>F8>=0;L=>9 AD5@K (2>7<>6=>, 1;03>40@O B>=835==K< 8<?C;LA0< 87 @5B8:C;O@=>9 D>@<0F88). "0:, =0?@8<5@, 1K205B ?@8 B@52>6=>< >?0A5=88 8;8 AB@0AB=>< 65;0=88 G53>-;81>. > 2B>@>< A;CG05 A0<>2=CH5=85, :0: <K C2848<, 2>7<>6=>, 5A;8 A>A@54>B>G8BL <KA;8 =0 A>>B25BAB2CNI5< ?@54AB02;5=88 8 <=>3>:@0B=> <KA;5==> ?>2B>@OBL 04@5A>20==K5 : =5<C @5G52K5 D>@<C;K. $>@<C;K A0<>2=CH5=8O, :0: 8 2=CH5=8O, 65;0B5;L=> 2K18@0BL :@0B:85, >A>15==> 5A;8 >=8 =0?@02;5=K =0 ?@>F5AAK, =5 ?>440NI85AO :>=B@>;N A>7=0=8O, =0?@8<5@ =0 BC 8;8 8=CN 2535B0B82=CN DC=:F8N. A;8 65 >=8 =0?@02;5=K =0 ?@5>4>;5=85 =565;0B5;L=KE 2>;52KE ?>ABC?:>2 (=0?@8<5@, C?>B@51;5=85 0;:>3>;L=KE =0?8B:>2), B> <>3CB 1KBL ?@8<5=5=K 8 1>;55 @0725@=CBK5 D>@<C;K. !0<>2=CH5=85 <>65B A>G5B0BLAO A A0<>C15645=85<, B. 5. 1KBL <>B828@>20==K<. "0:, ?@8 ;5G5=88 E@>=8G5A:>3> 0;:>3>;87<0 <>B828@>20==K< A0<>2=CH5=85< . . 20=>2 @5:><5=4C5B 1>;L=K< ?@>4C<0BL B5 A8BC0F88, 2 :>B>@KE 2>7<>65= @5F8482 ?LO=AB20, 8 ?>2B>@OBL D>@<C;K A0<>2=CH5=8O, =0?@02;5==K5 =0 8E ?@5>4>;5=85. 0?@8<5@, 2 A8BC0F88 «B>20@8I5A:>9» 2AB@5G8, :>340 «=5C4>1=>» >B:070BLAO >B 28=0, 2=CH0BL A515: «>5 @5H5=85 ?>1548BL BO3C : 28=C >:>=G0B5;L=>. 0:>9 1K ?@54;>3 =8 2KAB02;O;8 4@C7LO, :0: 1K <5=O =8 C?@0H820;8, ?@8 ;N1>< A>1KB88 O =5 ?>440<AO C3>2>@C, =5 87<5=N A2>5<C @5H5=8N. / 4>;65= AB0BL 74>@>2K<». -B8< 65 02B>@>< ?@82>4OBAO 8=B5@5A=K5 =01;N45=8O =04 1>;L=K<8 =52@>70<8, :>B>@K5 A0<8 4;O A51O A>AB028;8 D>@<C;K A0<>2=CH5=8O (A0<>>1>4@5=8O). "0:, >4=0 1>;L=0O 3>2>@8;0 A515: «5@8 A51O 2 @C:8, B51O ?>445@60BL =5:><C, BK =5 8<55HL ?@020 1>;5BL», 4@C30O 2=CH0;0 A515: «5BL 2 70;5 =5 AB@0H=>, 0 ?@8OB=>», B@5BLO: «/ 2AN 687=L =5@2=0O, => =C6=>, =5A<>B@O =0 MB>, @01>B0BL». 5:>B>@K5 1>;L=K5 ?@81530;8 : 2A?><>30B5;L=K< ?@85<0<. >;L=0O :0@48>D>1859, :0: B>;L:> =0G8=0;0 8A?KBK20BL A5@4F5185=85, :;0;0 A515 @C:C =0 >1;0ABL A5@4F0 8 ?>2B>@O;0: «>B >=> 745AL, =8:C40 =5 45;>AL, =8G53> =5 A;CG8BAO». >;L=0O A =02O7G82>9 <KA;LN 1@0;0 ;8AB 1C<038 8 =5 B>;L:> ?@>87=>A8;0, => 8 ?8A0;0 D>@<C;K A0<>2=CH5=8O, 8 MB> C<5=LH0;> C =55 =02O7G82>ABL. !0<>2=CH5=85 M<?8@8G5A:8 402=> ?@8<5=O5BAO 4@52=59 8=489A:>9 <548F8=>9. O4 ?@85<>2 53> 1K; @07@01>B0= 2 =488 9>30<8. A?>;L7>20;>AL >=> 8 AB0@K<8 38?=>;>30<8.  1890 3. . . 5EB5@52K< A0<>2=CH5=85 1K;> @5:><5=4>20=> 2 AB0BL5 «!;CG09 =02O7G82KE 8459, 87;5G5==KE A0<>2=CH5=8O<8 2 =0G0;L=KE ?5@8>40E 38?=>70». >;L=0O ?>3@C60;0AL 8< 2 ;53:89 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>= 8 2 MB>< A>AB>O=88 4>;6=0 1K;0 B@864K ?@>87=>A8BL A;>20 A0<>2=CH5=8O: «B=K=5 <5=O =5 4>;6=K 15A?>:>8BL 1>;8 8 =8:0:85 =5?@8OB=K5 <KA;8. A;8 >=8 1C4CB ?@8E>48BL, 1C4C >B=>A8BLAO : =8< @02=>4CH=>». @8 ?>A;54CNI8E A50=A0E 4>102;O;8AL A0<>2=CH5=8O, =0?@02;5==K5 =0 4@C385 1>;57=5==K5 A8<?B><K («A<>3C 5ABL», «A<>3C H8BL», «A<>3C 2K?>;=OBL 4><0H=NN @01>BC»).  1897 3. ?A8E>B5@0?52B /. . >B:8= A>>1I8;, GB> 2 1888 3. >= 87;5G8; A51O A0<>2=CH5=85< >B =52@0;388 ;8F52>3> =5@20. «A>15==> E>@>H> ?@>2>48BL A0<>2=CH5=8O ?5@54 70AK?0=85< 8 ?@>1C645=85<, C:07K20; >= 8 1911 3., ?@8G5< D>@<C;K A0<>2=CH5=8O 4>;6=K 1KBL 8=48284C0;878@>20==K<8, ?@>87=>A8BLAO 2 CB25@48B5;L=>9 D>@<5 8 2 =0AB>OI5<, 0 =5 2 1C4CI5< 2@5<5=8».  1898 3. D@0=FC7A:89 ?A8E>B5@0?52B Levy «4;O C:@5?;5=8O 2>;8» ?@54;>68; <5B>48:C CA8;5==>9 :>=F5=B@0F88 <KH;5=8O, >A=>20==CN =0 A0<>2=CH5=88.  40;L=59H5< 1K; ?@54;>65= @O4 <5B>4>2 A0<>2=CH5=8O («0CB>38?=>70»), A2O70==KE ;81> A ?@8<5=5=85< ?>AB38?=>B8G5A:>3> 2=CH5=8O, :0: <5B>4K Salter (1941) 8 Powers (1956), ;81> B@51CNI8E 4;8B5;L=>9 B@5=8@>2:8 4> 2 G0A>2 5654=52=>, :0: <5B>4K Rodos (1952) 8 Weitzenhoffer. -B8 <5B>4K, =0 =0H 273;O4, <0;>?@85<;5<K 4;O ;5G5=8O, ?>MB><C <K =0 =8E >AB0=02;820BLAO =5 1C45<. ! B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 F5;LN =081>;55 ?@8<5=8< <5B>4 A0<>2=CH5=8O ?> Coué 8 <5B>4 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:8 ?> Schultz. @8 ;5G5=88 A0<>2=CH5=85< >1KG=> 2 B>9 8;8 8=>9 <5@5 ?>;L7CNBAO 2=CH5=85< 8 C15645=85<. !50=AK A0<>2=CH5=8O <>3CB ?@>2>48BLAO 1>;L=K< 2 >BACBAB285 2@0G0, >4=0:> 2@0G51=>5 =01;N45=85 70 B5G5=85< 701>;520=8O 8 E>4>< ;5G5=8O 4>;6=> 1KBL >15A?5G5=>. 5B>4 CM !2>5>1@07=K9 <5B>4 ;5G5=8O A0<>2=CH5=85< 1K; ?@54;>65= D@0=FC7A:8< 0?B5:0@5< Coué. !0< Coué 1@0;AO ;5G8BL ?> A2>5<C <5B>4C 1>;L=KE, AB@0402H8E ;N1K<8, 2 B>< G8A;5 >@30=8G5A:8<8, 701>;520=8O<8, =5 8=B5@5ACOAL =8 ;8G=>ABLN 1>;L=>3>, =8 B5<, G5< >= 1>;5=, E>BO ?@8 MB>< ?>4G5@:820;, GB> A0<>2=CH5=85 =5 70<5=O5B ;5G5=85 4@C38<8 <548F8=A:8<8 <5B>40<8, 0 B>;L:> ?><>305B 8<. ! 1>;L=K<8 Coué ?@>2>48; @O4 15A54, 2> 2@5<O :>B>@KE ?KB0;AO C1548BL 8E 2 B><, GB> 3;02=>5 2;8O=85 =0 >@30=87< >:07K205B =0H5 2>>1@065=85, ?>MB><C 8 ;5G8BLAO =C6=> ?CB5< 2>7459AB28O =0 ?>A;54=55. ;O MB>3> A;54C5B ?@8153=CBL : A0<>2=CH5=8N. "0:8< >1@07><, !>8Q A=0G0;0 ?@81530; : C15645=8N 8 ?@O<><C 2=CH5=8N =0O2C. 0;55 >= 45;0; :>A25==>5 2=CH5=85, GB> 2K74>@>2;5=85 =0ABC?8B, 5A;8 G5;>25: 1C45B A>25@H0BL @5:><5=4>20==CN 5<C ?@>F54C@C A0<>2=CH5=8O. 8HL ?>A;5 MB>3> 1>;L=>9 ?5@5E>48; : A0<>2=CH5=8N. "5E=8:0 ;5G5=8O. ! 1>;L=K< ?@>2>4OB 15A54C, 2> 2@5<O :>B>@>9 5<C >?8AK20NB 2;8O=85 A0<>2=CH5=8O =0 >@30=87< G5;>25:0 8 @07JOA=ONB, :0:8< >1@07>< ?@54;0305<>5 ;5G5=85 A0<>2=CH5=85< <>65B >:070BL =0 =53> F5;51=>5 2>7459AB285. 0;55 ?@54;030NB 1>;L=><C ;5G8BLAO A0<>2=CH5=85< =0 4><C, 4;O G53> 5<C A;54C5B 4><0 A5ABL 8;8 ;5GL 2 C4>1=>9 ?>75, 70:@KBL 3;070 8, ?@>1K2 2 A>AB>O=88 ?>:>O 2 3 <8=CBK, ?>2B>@OBL A0<><C A515 <KA;5==> 8;8 H5?>B>< 157 2AO:>3> =0?@O65=8O 02B><0B8G5A:8 20 25 @07 >4=C 8 BC 65 D>@<C;C A0<>2=CH5=8O, A>AB>OICN 87 3 4 D@07. 0?@8<5@: «! :064K< 4=5< 2> 2A5E A;CG0OE 687=8 <=5 AB0=>28BAO 2A5 ;CGH5 8 ;CGH5. @5=85 <>5 C;CGH05BAO. ! :064K< 4=5< O 286C 2A5 ;CGH5 8 ;CGH5... =0AB@>5=85 C;CGH05BAO, A8;K C25;8G820NBAO!» 8;8 «/ B5?5@L <>3C A?>:>9=> ?5@5E>48BL C;8FK 8 ?;>I048, O A>25@H5==> 74>@>2!»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½ - 2-<5AOG=>3> :C@A0. 5:>B>@K5 1>;L=K5 !>8Q ;5G8;8AL ?> 3>4C 8 4>;LH5. >AB>8=AB2>< <5B>40 O2;O5BAO CG0AB85 1>;L=>3> 2 ?@>F5AA5 ;5G5=8O, 0 B0:65 B>, GB> 2=CH5=85 ?>4:@5?;O5BAO ?>2B>@=K< 459AB285< @5G52KE D>@<C;, ?@>87=>AOI8EAO 1>;L=K<. 4=> 2@5<O <5B>4 Coué ?>;L7>20;AO 7=0G8B5;L=>9 ?>?C;O@=>ABLN 2> $@0=F88, E>BO 8 2K7K20; @O4 2>7@065=89, B0: :0: 2 B>< 2845, 2 :0:>< 53> ?@8<5=O; !>8Q, >= 25AL<0 ?@8<8B825=. =>340 !>8Q 4>AB830; ?>@078B5;L=>3> B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> MDD5:B0.  MB> A2O70=> =5 B>;L:> A B5<, GB> >= >1;040; B0;0=B>< ?@>?>254=8:0 8 >:07K20; A8;L=>5 2=CH0NI55 2>7459AB285 =0 A2>8E 1>;L=KE, => 8 B5<, GB> 2 >A=>25 <5B>40 ;560;> 4;8B5;L=>5, A8AB5<0B8G5A:>5 ?>2B>@5=85 D>@<C; A0<>-2=CH5=8O. >A;54=55, :0: <K C2848< ?@8 @0AA<>B@5=88 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:8, <>65B >:07K20BL 1>;LH>5 2;8O=85 =0 B5G5=85 ?A8E8G5A:8E 8 2535B0B82=KE ?@>F5AA>2. 48= 87 M;5<5=B>2 <5B>40, @5:><5=4>20==>3> Coué, B5E=8:0 A0<>2=CH5=8O 2 A>G5B0=88 A @0F8>=0;L=> ?>AB@>5==>9 B5@0?859 C15645=85< 8 2=CH5=85<  <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20= ?@8 ;5G5=88 =52@>7>2, 2 G0AB=>AB8 1>;L=KE =52@0AB5=859, 2 B>< G8A;5 A =0@CH5=85< DC=:F88 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2 8AB5@859 8 =52@>7>< >6840=8O. CB>35==0O B@5=8@>2:0 CB>35==0O (>B 3@5G. autos  A0< 8 genos  2>7=8:0NI89) B@5=8@>2:0  <5B>4 A0<>2=CH5=8O, ?@54;>65==K9 =5<5F:8< ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< Schultz. @8 MB>< <5B>45 ?5@2>=0G0;L=> ?CB5< A0<>2=CH5=8O 2K7K205BAO >ICI5=85 BO65AB8 2 B5;5 8 B0:8< >1@07>< 4>AB8305BAO A>AB>O=85 <KH5G=>3> @0AA;01;5=8O  @5;0:A0F8O. 0B5< ?@>2>4OBAO A0<>2=CH5=8O, =0?@02;5==K5 =0 @07;8G=K5 DC=:F88 >@30=87<0. Schultz >1@0B8; 2=8<0=85 =0 B>, GB> C 38?=>B878@C5<KE >1KG=> 2>7=8:05B >ICI5=85 BO65AB8 8 B5?;0 2 B5;5. 5@2>5 A2O70=> A >A;01;5=85< B>=CA0 ?>?5@5G=>?>;>A0B>9 <CA:C;0BC@K, 2B>@>5  B>=CA0 AB5=>: :@>25=>A=KE A>AC4>2. BAN40 @>48;0AL <KA;L 2K7K20BL A>AB>O=85 0CB>38?=>70 ?CB5< A0<>2=CH5=8O >ICI5=89 BO65AB8 8 B5?;0 2 B5;5.  40;L=59H5< ?@8 @07@01>B:5 <5B>40 MB8< 02B>@>< 1K;8 8A?>;L7>20=K =5:>B>@K5 ?@85<K 8=489A:8E 9>3>2. CB>35==0O B@5=8@>2:0 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O AB0;0 >A=>2=K< <5B>4>< ?A8E>B5@0?88 2 5@<0=88. ! 3>@OG59 ?>445@6:>9 55 2KABC?8;8 Kretshmer, Muller-Hegemann, Kleinsorge, Klumbies, Binder 8 4@.  !!!  >=0 2?5@2K5 AB0;0 A8AB5<0B8G5A:8 87CG0BLAO A 1957 3. (. . !2O4>I, . !. ><5=) 8 A59G0A 2A5 H8@5 8 H8@5 8A?>;L7C5BAO 2> <=>38E :;8=8:0E !>25BA:>3> !>N70 (. . 20=>2, . !. 51548=A:89, . . >6=>2, . . (030<, !. !. 818E). (8@>:>5 @0A?@>AB@0=5=85 0CB>35==0O B@5=8@>2:0 ?>;CG8;0 8 2 4@C38E AB@0=0E (Luthe). "5E=8:0 B@5=8@>2:8 (:;0AA8G5A:0O <5B>48:0). >;L=><C @07JOA=ONBAO F5;8 ;5G5=8O 8 C:07K205BAO, GB> 53> >1CG0B >A>1>9 B5E=8:5 A0<>2=CH5=8O 2 A>AB>O=88 ?>:>O 8 <KH5G=>3> @0AA;01;5=8O, :>B>@0O ?>72>;8B 5<C 4>18BLAO CAB@0=5=8O 1>;57=5==KE A8<?B><>2. 0AA:07K205BAO > 459AB25==>AB8 A0<>2=CH5=8O 8 B5E 87<5=5=8OE 2 >@30=87<5, :>B>@K5 C405BAO 2K720BL A 53> ?><>ILN (=0?@8<5@, ?@>872>;L=> 87<5=OBL B5<?5@0BC@C :>68). 0;55 >?8AK20NBAO >ICI5=8O, :>B>@K5 1>;L=><C @5:><5=4C5BAO C A51O 2K720BL. >4G5@:8205BAO, GB> ?>2B>@5=85 D>@<C; A0<>2=CH5=8O 4>;6=> ?@>2>48BLAO A> A?>:>9=>9 :>=F5=B@0F859 2=8<0=8O =0 =8E  157 :0:>3>-;81> =0?@O65=8O. #:07K205BAO, GB> B5E=8:0 B@5=8@>2:8 ?@>AB0  5654=52=> 2 3 @070 2 45=L A;54C5B ?@>2>48BL A50=AK A0<>2=CH5=8O: ?5@2K5 3 =545;8 4;8B5;L=>ABLN 4> 1 2 <8=CB (=5 4>;LH5), ?>A;54CNI85 2 5 <8=CB 8;8 =5<=>3> 4>;LH5. "@5=8@>2:0 ?@>2>48BAO ?>4 =01;N45=85< 2@0G0. ;O MB>3> ?5@2K5 <5AOFK 1 2 @070 2 =545;N, 0 2 40;L=59H5< >48= @07 2 1 2 =545;8 1>;L=><C @5:><5=4C5BAO ?@8E>48BL =0 ?@85< : 2@0GC 8 ?@>2>48BL A50=AK 2 53> ?@8ACBAB288 8;8, ;CGH5, ?@8E>48BL 1 2 @070 2 =545;N =0 A50=AK :>;;5:B82=>9 B@5=8@>2:8. !50=A 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, GB> G5;>25: A048BAO 2 C4>1=>9 ?>75 8;8 ;>68BAO 8 2 A>AB>O=88 ?>:>O <KA;5==> ?>2B>@O5B =5A:>;L:> D@07, 2K7K20O C A51O >?@545;5==K5 >ICI5=8O.  ?@>F5AA5 B@5=8@>2:8 =C6=> 1C45B ?>A;54>20B5;L=> >2;045BL H5ABLN C?@06=5=8O<8. 2;045=85 :064K< 87 =8E 70=8<05B 10 14 4=59, B. 5. 2A53> 4;O >2;045=8O B5E=8:>9 B@5=8@>2:8 ?>B@51C5BAO >:>;> 2 3 <5AOF52. >A;5 MB>3> 65;0B5;L=> A0<>AB>OB5;L=> ?@>4>;60BL B@5=8@>2:C E>BO 1K ?> >4=><C @07C 2 45=L 5I5 2 B5G5=85 4 6 <5AOF52, GB>1K 2 A>25@H5=AB25 >2;045BL B5E=8:>9 8 1KBL A?>A>1=K< 1KAB@>, 02B><0B8G5A:8, 2 ;N1>9 >1AB0=>2:5 >:070BL 2;8O=85 =0 A>>B25BAB2CNICN DC=:F8N >@30=87<0. !50=AK ?@>2>4OBAO ;560 8;8 A84O: 1>;L=K5 ;>60BAO 2 ?>AB5;8 8;8 =0 4820=5 =0 A?8=C, ?@>BO=C2 @C:8 24>;L BC;>28I0, 8;8 65 A04OBAO C4>1=> 2 :@5A;>, ?>;>682 @C:8 =0 53> @CG:8. >6=> ?@>2>48BL A50=AK 8 =0 >1KG=>< ABC;5. ">340 A04OBAO 2 «:CG5@A:CN» ?>7C  3>;>2C >?CA:0NB 2?5@54, @C:8 (:8AB8 8 ?@54?;5GLO) :;04CB : A515 =0 :>;5=8 (B>G=55 =0 ?5@54=NN ?>25@E=>ABL 1545@ 8 :>;5=8), =>38 C4>1=> @0AAB02;ONB. ;070 70:@K20NB 8 =5A:>;L:> A5:C=4 A84OB A>25@H5==> A?>:>9=>, =8 > G5< =5 4C<0O. @8 MB>< <KHFK @C: 8 BC;>28I0 ?> 2>7<>6=>AB8 @0AA;01;ONB (GB>1K ;CGH5 =0CG8BLAO 8E @0AA;01;OBL, <>6=> ?@5420@8B5;L=>, AB>O 8;8 A84O, ?>4=OBL 8 >?CAB8BL @C:8, :0: ?;5B8, 8 =5A:>;L:> @07 ?>B@OAB8 8<8). 0;55, =0E>4OAL 2 A>AB>O=88 ?>;=>3> ?>:>O, 2K?>;=ONB A;54CNI85 AB0=40@B=K5 C?@06=5=8O. #?@06=5=85 1  2K7K20=85 >ICI5=8O BO65AB8. KA;5==> ?>2B>@ONB 157 2AO:>3> =0?@O65=8O D>@<C;C: 1. «@020O (C ;52H59  ;520O) @C:0 BO65;0O»  6 @07. 2. «/ A>25@H5==> A?>:>5=»  1 @07. =>340 4;O :>=B@>;O <>6=> ?>?KB0BLAO GCBL-GCBL ?@8?>4=OBL @C:C, GB>1K C1548BLAO 2 ?>O2;5=88 >ICI5=8O BO65AB8. #?@06=5=85 ?>2B>@ONB 10  14 4=59. >A;5 ?5@2KE 4 6 4=59 C?@06=5=89 >ICI5=85 BO65AB8 2 @C:5 AB0=>28BAO 2A5 1>;55 >BG5B;82K<. 0;55 >=> @0A?@>AB@0=O5BAO =0 >15 @C:8, =>38 8, =0:>=5F, 2A5 B5;>. ">340 A>>B25BAB25==> 2=CH0NB A515: «15 @C:8..., >15 =>38..., 2A5 B5;> AB0;> BO65;K<». >340 >A2>5=> ?5@2>5 C?@06=5=85, B. 5. C405BAO 2K720BL >ICI5=85 BO65AB8, ?5@5E>4OB :> 2B>@><C. #?@06=5=85 2  2K7K20=85 >ICI5=8O B5?;0. KA;5==> ?>2B>@ONB: 1. «"5;> BO65;>5» (2K7K205BAO >ICI5=85 BO65AB8 8 <KH5G=>3> @0AA;01;5=8O)  1 2 @070. 2. «/ A>25@H5==> A?>:>5=»  1 @07. 3. «@020O (C ;52H59  ;520O) @C:0 B5?;0O»  5 @07.  ?@>F5AA5 B@5=8@>2>:, ?> <5@5 B>3> :0: >ICI5=85 B5?;0 2>7=8:05B 2> 2B>@>9 @C:5, 40;55 2 =>30E 8 70B5< 2> 2A5< B5;5, ?5@5E>4OB : D>@<C;0< «>15 @C:8 B5?;K5», «@C:8 8 =>38 B5?;K5», «B5;> B5?;>5». #?@06=5=85 AG8B05BAO CA2>5==K<, :>340 >ICI5=85 B5?;0 2K7K205BAO ;53:> 8 >BG5B;82>. #?@06=5=85 3  @53C;OF8O @8B<0 A5@45G=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. K7K205BAO >ICI5=85 BO65AB8, ?>:>O, B5?;0 :0: 2 C?@06=5=88 2. 0B5< <KA;5==> 5 6 @07 ?>2B>@ONB D>@<C;C: «!5@4F5 1L5BAO A?>:>9=> 8 <>I=>». @5420@8B5;L=> 8A?KBC5<><C @5:><5=4C5BAO =0CG8BLAO <KA;5==> AG8B0BL A5@4F5185=8O. A;8 >= MB>3> =5 C<55B, B> ?@8 2K?>;=5=88 C?@06=5=8O ?5@2K5 4=8 @5:><5=4CNB :;0ABL ?@02CN @C:C =0 >1;0ABL A5@4F0, GB>1K >ICI0BL A5@45G=K9 B>;G>: (?>4 ;>:>BL @C:8 ?>4:;04K205BAO ?>4CH5G:0, GB>1K @C:0 ;560;0 ?>2KH5). #?@06=5=85 AG8B05BAO CA2>5==K<, :>340 C405BAO 2;8OBL =0 @8B< A5@45G=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. #?@06=5=85 4  @53C;OF8O 4KE0=8O. K7K205BAO >ICI5=85 C?@06=5=89 1 3  BO65AB8, ?>:>O 8 B. 4. 0B5< <KA;5==> 5 6 @07 ?>2B>@ONB D>@<C;C: «KE0=85 A?>:>9=>5» 8;8, GB>1K ?>4G5@:=CBL, GB> 0:B 4KE0=8O ?@>B5:05B ?@8 MB>< 02B><0B8G5A:8, 157 =0?@O65=8O, <>6=> ?@8<5=OBL D>@<C;C: «KH8BAO A?>:>9=>». #?@06=5=85 5  2;8O=85 =0 >@30=K 1@NH=>9 ?>;>AB8. >;L=><C C:07K205BAO, GB> A>;=5G=>5 A?;5B5=85 =0E>48BAO ?@8<5@=> =0 A5@548=5 @0AAB>O=8O <564C =86=8< :@05< 3@C48=K 8 ?C?:><. K7K20NBAO >ICI5=8O C?@06=5=89 1 4. 0B5< <KA;5==> 5 6 @07 ?>2B>@ONB D>@<C;C: «!>;=5G=>5 A?;5B5=85 B5?;>5, 87;CG05B B5?;>». @8 ?>O2;5=88 >BG5B;82>3> >ICI5=8O B5?;0 2 M?830AB@0;L=>9 >1;0AB8 C?@06=5=85 AG8B05BAO CA2>5==K<. #?@06=5=85 6  2K7K20=85 >ICI5=8O ?@>E;04K 2 >1;0AB8 ;10. =0G0;5 2K7K20NBAO >ICI5=8O, A>>B25BAB2CNI85 >?8A0==K< 5 C?@06=5=8O<. 0B5< 5 1 @07 <KA;5==> ?>2B>@ONB D>@<C;C: «>1 ?@8OB=> ?@>E;04=K9» 8;8 «;>1 A;53:0 ?@>E;04=K9» (=5 E>;>4=K9!). #?@06=5=85 >A2>5=>, :>340 1>;L=>9 =0CG05BAO 2K7K20BL >BG5B;82>5 >ICI5=85 ;53:>9 ?@>E;04K 2 >1;0AB8 ;10. >340 B> 8;8 8=>5 C?@06=5=85 E>@>H> >A2>5=>, 4;8==K5 D>@<C;K A0<>2=CH5=8O 70<5=ONBAO :@0B:8<8: «A?>:>9AB285», «BO65ABL», «B5?;>», «A5@4F5 8 4KE0=85 A?>:>9=>5», «A>;=5G=>5 A?;5B5=85 B5?;>5», «;>1 ?@>E;04=K9». >A;5 >:>=G0=8O C?@06=5=89 A84OB A?>:>9=> ?5@2K5 2 =545;8 B@5=8@>2:8 30 60 A5:C=4, 2 40;L=59H5<  4>;LH5 (A:>;L:> 70E>G5BAO). >A;5 MB>3> 2A5340 40NB «>B1>9»  2K2>4OB A51O 87 A>AB>O=8O ?>:>O 8 A>=;82>AB8. ;O MB>3> 40NB A515 @57:CN <KA;5==CN :><0=4C: 1. «!>3=CBL @C:C» (?@8 MB>< 45;0NB 2 3 @57:8E A3810B5;L=KE 42865=8O 2 ;>:B52>< ACAB025). 2. «;C1>:> 274>E=CBL». 3. «B:@KBL 3;070». 5@2K5 =545;8 A50=AK ;CGH5 ?@>2>48BL 2 B8H8=5, ?@8 =5O@:>< A25B5, ?>A;54CNI85  ?@8 =5@57:>< HC<5 A B5<, GB>1K ?@82K:=CBL A>A@54>B>G820BLAO 2 ;N1>9 >1AB0=>2:5 (A50=AK <>6=> ?@>2>48BL 2> 2@5<O 574K 2 02B>1CA5 ?;8 ?>5745). >;L=KE ?@54C?@5640NB, GB> >=8 =5 4>;6=K 2=CH0BL A515, 5A;8 MB> =5 =07=0G5=> 2@0G><, 70<54;5=85 A5@45G=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, B0: :0: MB> <>65B ?@825AB8 : 2@5<5==><C =0@CH5=8N DC=:F88 A5@4F0, 0 B0:65 2=CH0BL A515, GB> «3>;>20 3>@OG0O», GB>1K =5 2K720BL =565;0B5;L=>3> ?@8;820 :@>28 : 3>;>25. 5 @07@5H05BAO 70<5=OBL D>@<C;C «;>1 ?@8OB=> ?@>E;04=K9» D>@<C;>9 «;>1 E>;>4=K9» 2> 871560=85 2>7=8:=>25=8O >1<>@>G=>3> A>AB>O=8O, ?@8ABC?0 <83@5=8 8;8 4@C38E 207><>B>@=KE =0@CH5=89. @82545==K5 6 C?@06=5=89 Schultz >B=>A8B : «=87H59 ABC?5=8» 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:8, ?>72>;ONI59 8718@0B5;L=> 2>7459AB2>20BL =0 =5:>B>@K5 2535B0B82=K5 8 ?A8E8G5A:85 ?@>F5AAK.  «2KAH59 ABC?5=8», 8;8 0CB>35==>9 <548B0F88 (A0<>A>75@F0=8N), >= >B=>A8B C?@06=5=8O, =0?@02;5==K5 =0 2K7K20=85 A>AB>O=8O =8@20=K A> A?>A>1=>ABLN : ?@>872>;L=>9 O@:>9 287C0;870F88 ?@54AB02;5=89, 0 B0:65 A2>5>1@07=>3> A=>284=>3> @0AI5?;5=8O A>7=0=8O, 2> 2@5<O :>B>@>3> 70=8<0NI89AO A0< A515 70405B 2>?@>AK 8 ?>;CG05B >B25BK 2 2845 A=>284=KE >1@07>2.  =8<, ?> 53> <=5=8N, <>3CB ?5@5E>48BL B5, :B> =5 <5=55 1 12 <5AOF52 70=8<0;AO 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:>9. -B8 C?@06=5=8O =5 =0H;8 H8@>:>3> B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> ?@8<5=5=8O 8 <K =0 =8E =5 >AB0=02;8205<AO. @8 ?@>2545=88 :>;;5:B82=KE 70=OB89 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:>9 ?@54;030NB 1>;L=><C 70=OBL 8AE>4=CN ?>;C (A84O 8;8 ;560), @0AA;018BL <KHFK, 70:@KBL 3;070, =8 > G5< ?>AB>@>==5< =5 4C<0BL 8 40;55 <KA;5==> 8;8 B8E8< H5?>B>< ?>2B>@OBL D@07K 70 2@0G><, :>B>@K9 ?@>87=>A8B 8E <54;5==>, B8E8<, <>=>B>==K< 3>;>A><. 11>A;5 :064>9 D@07K 45;05BAO ?0C70 2 3 5 A5:C=4, GB>1K 1>;L=>9 CA?5; <KA;5==> ?>2B>@8BL D@07C. @>87=>AOBAO D@07K, ?@82545==K5 ?@8 >?8A0=88 C?@06=5=89 1 6 («?@020O @C:0 BO65;0O», 0 B@5=8@>20==K< ;8F0< ?@>AB> A;>20: «BO65ABL», «?>:>9» 8 B. 4.). $@07K «>B1>O» ?@>87=>AOBAO 2@0G>< @57:8<, 2=CH0NI8< B>=><. @8 :>;;5:B82=KE A50=A0E A0<>2=CH5=8O >1KG=> A>G5B0NBAO A M;5<5=B0<8 2@0G51=>3> 2=CH5=8O. Kleinsorge 8 Klumbies ?@54;030NB 1>;L=><C <KA;5==> ?>2B>@OBL 70 =8<8 1>;55 @0725@=CBK5 D@07K, G5< ?@8=OB> :;0AA8G5A:>9 <5B>48:>9, 8 ?@8 MB>< A>G5B0NB 2> 2@5<O A50=A0 M;5<5=BK 2=CH5=8O 8 A0<>2=CH5=8O. "0:, =0?@8<5@, 4;O 2K7K20=8O >ICI5=8O BO65AB8 8 B5?;0 3>2>@8BAO: «/ A>25@H5==> A?>:>5=... !?>:>5= 8 @0AA;01;5=... A5 B5;> >E20BK205B 3;C1>:89 ?>:>9... >:>9 8 @0AA;01;5=85... 064K9 <CA:C; @0AA;01;5= 8 2O;... 8GB> <=5 =5 <>65B <5H0BL. / A>25@H5==> A?>:>5=... @020O @C:0 BO65;> ;568B. @020O @C:0 2O;0O 8 BO65;0O... @8OB=0O B5?;>B0 @0A?@>AB@0=O5BAO ?> 2A59 ?@02>9 @C:5... !28=F>20O BO65ABL 2 ?@02>9 @C:5, ?@02>< ?@54?;5GL5, :8AB8, :>=G8:0E ?0;LF52... @>25=>A=K5 A>AC4K ?@02>9 @C:8 @0AH8@ONBAO. @020O @C:0 AB0=>28BAO B5?;>9. @8OB=>5 B5?;> @0A?@>AB@0=O5BAO ?> ?@02>9 @C:5... @8OB=>5 B5?;> @0A?@>AB@0=O5BAO ?> ?@54?;5GLN, :8AB8, ?0;LF0<... @020O @C:0 B5?;0O 8 BO65;0O. / A>25@H5==> A?>:>5=& >:>9 >E20BK205B <5=O». 0;55 405BAO :><0=40: «;C1>:89 24>E! C:C A>3=CBL! B:@KBL 3;070'». @8 2K?>;=5=88 C?@06=5=8O ?> @53C;OF88 @8B<0 A5@45G=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 8<8 @5:><5=4CNBAO D>@<C;K: «/ 5420 GC2AB2CN A5@4F5... @8OB=>5 B5?;> @0A?@>AB@0=O5BAO A ;52>9 @C:8 2 ;52CN ?>;>ABL 3@C4=>9 :;5B:8... 0AH8@ONBAO :@>25=>A=K5 A>AC4K ;52>9 @C:8... 520O @C:0 B5?;0O 8 H8@>:0O... "5?;> ?@>=87K205B A5@4F5... !5@4F5 @01>B05B A0<> ?> A515, A>25@H5==> A?>:>9=>... !?>:>9=> :0G05B :@>2L. / A>25@H5==> A?>:>5=...» @8 40;L=59H8E C?@06=5=8OE 8A?>;L7CNBAO D>@<C;K: «!>25@H5==> A?>:>9=> 4KE0=85... KH8BAO ;53:> 8 A2>1>4=>, ?@8OB=> >A25605B... KH8BAO A?>:>9=> 8 ;53:> A0<> ?> A515... >74CE ?@>E>48B ;53:> 8 A2>1>4=>... / A>25@H5==> A?>:>5=...» «/ A>25@H5==> A?>:>5=... >O 3>;>20 A2>1>4=0O 8 ;53:0O... >1 ?@8OB=> ?@>E;045=& / >ICI0N, :0: ?@>E;040 >1405B 3>;>2C. >;>20 AB0=>28BAO OA=>9 8 A2>1>4=>9... >;>20 OA=0O, :0: 3>@=K9 @CG59. /A=0O, :0: :@8AB0;;... / <>3C =0 :064>9 <KA;8 :>=F5=B@8@>20BLAO. >;>20 OA=0O 8 =5=0?@O65==0O». <8 65 @5:><5=4>20=> ?@>2>48BL C?@06=5=85 ?>4 72C:8 ?@8OB=> CA?>:0820NI59 <C7K:8. Muller-Hegemann @5:><5=4C5B ?>A;5 10 =545;L 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:8 22>48BL D>@<C;K A0<>2=CH5=8O: «<KHFK ;8F0 @0AA;01;5=K», «=86=OO G5;NABL >B28A05B», «O7K: BO65;K9», «3;07=K5 O1;>:8 70:0BK20NBAO 225@E»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«KHFK :8AB59 (AB>?) 2A53> B5;0 @0AA;01;5=K», A2>1>4=> @0AA;018BL @C:8 (=>38) 8 A45;0BL 8<8 =5A:>;L:> @07 ?>B@OE820NI85 42865=8O. @8 2K?>;=5=88 B@5BL53> C?@06=5=8O ?> (C;LFC A;54C5B ?@5420@8B5;L=> 2K720BL >ICI5=85 B5?;0 2 >1;0AB8 3@C4=>9 :;5B:8 (2=CH0BL A515: «@C4L B5?;0O»), ?>A;5 G53> =0G0BL >2;045=85 @8B<>< A5@45G=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. @8 2K?>;=5=88 C?@06=5=8O 4 ?> (C;LFC (@53C;OF8O 4KE0=8O) ?@8 <KA;5==>< ?@>87=5A5=88 D@07K «/ 4KHC A>25@H5==> A?>:>9=>»  45;0BL 24>E >4=>2@5<5==> A> A;>20<8 «/ 4KHC» 8 2K4>E  A> A;>20<8 «...A>25@H5==> A?>:>9=>». A;8 2> 2@5<O B@5=8@>2:8 :@0B:85 D>@<C;K A0<>2=CH5=8O: « C:0 B5?;0O...» 8 4@. >:07K20NBAO <0;>MDD5:B82=K, ?@54;0305BAO A>?@>2>640BL 8E 2K7K20=85< A>>B25BAB2CNI53> >1@07=>3> ?@54AB02;5=8O, =0?@8<5@, GB> @C:0 >?CI5=0 2 B07 A 3>@OG59 2>4>9. >6=> ?@8<5=8BL 8 157CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=>5 ?>4:@5?;5=85, =0?@8<5@ A0<>2=CH5=85 « C:0 E>;>4=0O» A>G5B0BL A >?CA:0=85< 55 2 E>;>4=CN 2>4C. 54>AB0B:>< <5B>48:8 (C;LF0 O2;O5BAO B>, GB> 4;O A5 >2;045=8O B@51C5BAO 2 3 <5AOF0. ;O A>:@0I5=8O MB>3> A@>:0 <K AB0;8 >1J548=OBL C?@06=5=8O 1 8 2 ?> (C;LFC 8 ?>A;5 1 2 =545;L B@5=8@>2:8 22>48BL ;5G51=K5 A0<>2=CH5=8O. ! MB>9 65 F5;LN . ". >@B=8: 8 . !. 51548=A:89 ?@54;030NB C4;8=8BL :064K9 A50=A 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:8 4> 25 30 <8=CB, A>G5B0O 53> A M;5<5=B0<8 2=CH5=8O. 0 CA2>5=85 :064>3> 87 6 C?@06=5=89 (C;LF0 ?@8 MB>< 70B@0G8205BAO 2 A@54=5< 3 4=O, ?>A;5 G53> 5I5 3. B5G5=85 10 12 4=59 ?@>2>48BAO B@5=8@>2:0 A ?@8<5=5=85< 2A5E >B@01>B0==KE D>@<C;. 5G51=K5 A0<>2=CH5=8O 2:;NG0NBAO A ?5@2KE 4=59 70=OB89. 0 A>G5B0=89-M;5<5=B>2 2=CH5=8O 8 A0<>2=CH5=8O >A=>20=0 8 <>48D8:0F8O . !. 5;O520. @8 ?@>2545=88 B@5=8@>2>: 4><0 <>6=> 2>A?>;L7>20BLAO A>>B25BAB2CNI59 <03=8B>D>==>9 70?8ALN. !50=AK :>;;5:B82=>9 B@5=8@>2:8 C4>1=55 2A53> ?@>2>48BL A 3@C??0<8 4> 12 G5;>25:. ;8O=85 =0 =5:>B>@K5 D878>;>38G5A:85 ?@>F5AAK !>AB>O=85 <KH5G=>9 @5;0:A0F88 8 ?>:>O, 2>7=8:0NI55 2> 2@5<O 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:8, A>?@>2>6405BAO >A;01;5=85< B>=CA0 =5 B>;L:> ?>?5@5G=>?>;>A0B>9, => 8 3;04:>9 <CA:C;0BC@K, 0 B0:65 C<5=LH5=85< M<>F8>=0;L=>9 =0?@O65==>AB8.  MB>< >B=>H5=88 0CB>35==0O B@5=8@>2:0 =0@O4C A <5B>4>< ?@>3@5AA82=>9 <KH5G=>9 @5;0:A0F88, ?> Jacobson, <>65B 1KBL >B=5A5=0 : <5B>40< @5;0:A0F88 (Aboulker, Chertok, Sapir, A. M. !2O4>I, Kleinsorge, Klumbies), E>BO, :0: <K C2848<, <5B>4K Schultz 8 Jacobson 2> <=>3>< >B;8G0NBAO 4@C3 >B 4@C30. > 2@5<O @5;0:A0F88 =0ABC?05B =5:>B>@>5 A=865=85 0@B5@80;L=>3> 402;5=8O, 70<54;5=85 G0AB>BK ?C;LA0 (2 A@54=5< =0 4 6 2 <8=CBC); 4KE0=85 AB0=>28BAO 1>;55 <54;5==K< 8 ?>25@E=>AB=K<. !>AB>O=85 @5;0:A0F88 E0@0:B5@87C5BAO ;53:>9 A>=;82>ABLN, :>B>@0O ;53:> <>65B ?5@5E>48BL 2 A>=. AA;54>20=85 M;5:B@8G5A:>9 0:B82=>AB8 3>;>2=>3> <>730 (. . 0@0=>2A:0O, . !. ><5= 8 . . !2O4>I) ?>:070;>, GB> 2 =0G0;5 @5;0:A0F88 >BG5B;82> 2KABC?05B 0;LD0-@8B<.  40;L=59H5< 2 >4=8E A;CG0OE >B<5G05BAO A=865=85 M;5:B@8G5A:>9 0:B82=>AB8 <>730, 2 4@C38E  ?>O2;5=85 <54;5==KE 2>;= @07;8G=>9 G0AB>BK (>B 2 4> 7 2 A5:C=4C) 8 0<?;8BC4K (>B 25 4> 100 <:2). =8 1K;8 ;81> 548=8G=K<8, ;81> A;54>20;8 F5;K<8 A5@8O<8, ?>O2;OOAL ?5@8>48G5A:8. > 2@5<O A0<>2=CH5=89 (2K7K20=8O ?@54AB02;5=89 B5?;0) >B<5G0;0AL 45?@5AA8O D>=>2>3> @8B<0, 3;02=K< >1@07>< 2 =0G0;5 A0<>2=CH5=89. # =5:>B>@KE 8A?KBC5<KE 2 A>AB>O=88 ?>:>O 8 @5;0:A0F88, 0 B0:65 2> 2@5<O A0<>2=CH5=89 :0:8E-;81> 87<5=5=89 =0 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<5 ?> A@02=5=8N A 1>4@AB2>20=85< >1=0@C68BL =5 C4020;>AL. 8DDC7=K9 E0@0:B5@ 87<5=5=89 M;5:B@8G5A:>9 0:B82=>AB8 :0: 2> 2@5<O @5;0:A0F88, B0: 8 2 <><5=B A0<>2=CH5=89 3>2>@8B 2 ?>;L7C 7028A8<>AB8 8E >B B>=835==KE 2;8O=89 @5B8:C;O@=>9 D>@<0F88. 5;0:A0F8O, C<5=LH0O ?>B>: 8=B5@>F5?B02=KE 8<?C;LA>2, 2545B : A=865=8N @50:B82=>AB8 38?>B0;0<CA0 8 B5< A0<K< : C<5=LH5=8N M<>F8>=0;L=>9 2>71C48<>AB8. >;CG5==K5 =0<8 40==K5 3>2>@OB, GB> A>AB>O=85 ?>:>O 8 @5;0:A0F88 O2;O5BAO 38?=>B8G5A:8< D07>2K<. BAN40 ?>=OB=0 ?>2KH5==0O 2 =5< 2=CH05<>ABL. A>1CN A8;C 2 MB>< A>AB>O=88 ?@8>1@5B0NB 8 A0<>2=CH5=8O.  8A. 1 0B0;5?B8G5A:89 <>AB, 2K720==K9 A0<>2=CH5=85< (. . !2O4>I 8 . !. ><5=, 1966) A>15==>ABLN @5;0:A0F88 O2;O5BAO B>, GB> >=0 2K720=0 A0<>2=CH5=85< 8 GB> ?@8 =59 38?=>B8G5A:>5 A>AB>O=85 <>65B 1KBL 8718@0B5;L=K< ?> =0?@02;5==>AB8, 1;03>40@O G5<C 2>7<>65= :>=B@>;L 70 A2>8<8 ?5@56820=8O<8 8 >ACI5AB2;5=85 40;L=59H8E A0<>2=CH5=89.  =0H59 :;8=8:5 1K;8 ?@>2545=K A;54CNI85 >?KBK (. !. ><5=, 1961): 100 74>@>2K< 8A?KBC5<K< (2 1>;LH8=AB25 ABC45=B0<), @0=55 =5 70=8<02H8<AO 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:>9, 1K;> ?@54;>65=> A5ABL 2 C4>1=>9 ?>75, 70:@KBL 3;070 8 <KA;5==> 2=CH0BL A515 (?@54AB02;OBL), GB> 8E @C:0 AB0;0 B5?;>9.  @57C;LB0B5 83 87 =8E >B<5B8;8, GB> C =8E 459AB28B5;L=> ?>O28;>AL >ICI5=85 B5?;0 2 @C:5. 4=0:> :>340 87<5@8;8 B5<?5@0BC@C :>68, B> >:070;>AL, GB> C 97 87 100 B5<?5@0BC@0 :8AB8 A:>;L:>-=81C4L ACI5AB25==> =5 87<5=8;0AL (:>;510=85 2 ?@545;0E 0,1 0,2°). 8HL C B@>8E (2 0:B5@>2-?@>D5AA8>=0;>2 8 1 0:B5@0-;N18B5;O) >=0 87<5=8;0AL =0 0,5 0,8°. ">340 50 74>@>2KE ;8F 87 G8A;0 B5E, :>B>@K< =5 C40;>AL ?@>872>;L=> 87<5=8BL B5<?5@0BC@C :>68, 1K;8 ?>425@3=CBK 2 B5G5=85 1 4 <5AOF52 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:5. >A;5 MB>3> 40 87 50 A<>3;8 70 =5A:>;L:> 45AOB:>2 A5:C=4 ?CB5< A>>B25BAB2CNI53> A0<>2=CH5=8O ?>2KA8BL 8;8 ?>=878BL C A51O B5<?5@0BC@C :>68 :8AB8 =0 0,3 0,4°. @8G5< 30 87 =8E  1>;55 G5< =0 0,6°. =0G5 3>2>@O, >=8 =0CG8;8AL ?@>872>;L=> 2;8OBL =0 B>=CA :@>25=>A=KE A>AC4>2. K@01>B0==CN A?>A>1=>ABL ?@>872>;L=>3> 2;8O=8O =0 B5<?5@0BC@C :>68 C @O40 8A?KBC5<KE C4020;>AL >1=0@C68BL 4065 G5@57 3>4 ?>A;5 ?@5:@0I5=8O 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:8. >7<>6=>ABL ?@>872>;L=>3> 87<5=5=8O B5<?5@0BC@K :>68 =0 =5A:>;L:> 3@04CA>2 A ?><>ILN 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:8 >B<5G0NB B0:65 Schultz, Polzien, . . 8@>2A:89 8 . . (030<. /?>=A:85 02B>@K Ikemi, Nakagawa, Kimura 8 4@. C 1>;L=>3> A D8ABC;>9 65;C4:0 B@8 A0<>2=CH5=88 «682>B B5?;K9» =01;N40;8 =5 B>;L:> ?>2KH5=85 B5<?5@0BC@K :>68 682>B0 =0 2°, => 8 C25;8G5=85 :@>2>B>:0 2 AB5=:5 65;C4:0, 0 B0:65 CA8;5=85 53> <>B>@=>9 0:B82=>AB8.  4@C3>9 A5@88 =0H8E >?KB>2 (. !. ><5=) 15 ABC45=B>2  G;5=>2 ABC45=G5A:>3> =0CG=>3> :@C6:0 8 2 2@0G59, >2;0452H8E B5E=8:>9 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:8 8 =8:>340 @0=55 =5 38?=>B878@>202H8EAO, 2=CH0O A515, GB> B5;> 8E =0?@O3;>AL, =0CG8;8AL 2K7K20BL C A51O @57:CN <KH5G=CN :0B0;5?A8N. @8 MB>< =0ABC?0;> AC65=85 A>7=0=8O, ?>O2;O;>AL >ICI5=85 =525A><>AB8 B5;0 8 >=> A2>1>4=> C45@6820;>AL =0 25AC A >?>@>9 =0 425 B>G:8  ?OB:8 8 70BK;>:, >1@07CO :0B0;5?B8G5A:89 <>AB (@8A. 1). # =8E 65 ?@8 A0<>2=CH5=88 «@C:0 =8G53> =5 GC2AB2C5B», «@C:0 =5 <>O» 2>7=8:0;0 0=5AB578O, ?@8 :>B>@>9 <>6=> 1K;> 1571>;57=5==> ?@>:>;>BL :>6=CN A:;04:C (@8A. 2). =5AB578O <>65B 1KBL 2K720=0, ?> Schultz, C 50% ;8F, 70=8<0NI8EAO 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:>9. 48= 87 =0H8E <>;>4KE 2@0G59, 70=8<0NI89AO 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:>9, =0CG8;AO ?CB5< A0<>2=CH5=8O ?@>872>;L=> CA:>@OBL G0AB>BC A>:@0I5=89 A5@4F0 A 68 4> 144 2 <8=CBC 8 70<54;OBL 55 4> 46. > 2@5<O >4=>3> 87 >?KB>2 ?@8 2K7K20=88 O@:>3> >1@07=>3> ?@54AB02;5=8O  A?07<0 A>AC4>2 A5@4F0 («:>@>=0@=K5 A>AC4K A60;8AL, CG0AB>: A5@4F0 ?>15;5;») C =53> BCB 65 2?5@2K5 2 687=8 2>7=8: ?@8ABC? AB5=>:0@488, :>B>@K9 1K; :C?8@>20= ?@54AB02;5=85< B5?;0 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0 8 2 40;L=59H5< =5 ?>2B>@O;AO. =0;>38G=K5 C:070=8O =0 2>7<>6=>ABL CA:>@5=8O 8;8 70<54;5=8O ?C;LA0 8<55BAO 8 C Schultz.  8A. 2. !0<>2=CH5==0O 0=5AB578O (. . !2O4>I, . !. ><5=, 1966). CB5< 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:8 <>6=> @57:> ?>2KA8BL A?>A>1=>ABL : 287C0;870F88 ?@54AB02;5=89.  A>AB>O=88 @5;0:A0F88, :0: >B<5G05B Schultz, 8=>340 C405BAO 2K7K20BL 8 38?5@<=578N. "0:, >?8AK205<K5 8< 8A?KBC5<K5 <>3;8 ?>;=>ABLN 2A?><=8BL AB8E>B2>@5=8O, :>B>@K5 CG8;8 2 45BAB25, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: ?5@54 MB8< 2 1>4@AB2CNI5< A>AB>O=88 8< C4020;>AL 2A?><=8BL ;8HL 1 2 AB@>G:8 MB>3> AB8E>B2>@5=8O. 0?><8=0=85 8=>AB@0==KE A;>2 2 A>AB>O=88 @5;0:A0F88, 2K720==>9 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:>9, :0: A 8E 287C0;870F859, B0: 8 157 B0:>2>9 8=>340 ?@>B5:05B =5A:>;L:> CA?5H=55 (=0 20 30%), 8=>340 65 <5=55 CA?5H=>, G5< 2 1>4@AB2CNI5< A>AB>O=88 (. . F83A>=, . !. ><5=, . . !2O4>I). -. . 5945@ 8 !. !. 818E >B<5B8;8, GB> 87 14 H:>;L=8:>2, =0E>482H8EAO 2 A>AB>O=88 @5;0:A0F88, 2K720==>9 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:>9, :>B>@K< 1K; 75 @07 ?@>G8B0= B5:AB =0 =57=0:><>< 8< O7K:5, A<>3;8 2>A?@>8725AB8 2 AB@>:8 B5:AB0 13, 0 87 14 CG5=8:>2 :>=B@>;L=>9 3@C??K  =8 >48=. 0H8 8AA;54>20=8O (. . !2O4>I, . !. ><5=, 1966, 1967) ?>:070;8, GB> ?@8 ?><>I8 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:8 <>6=> =0CG8BLAO ?>3@C60BL A51O 2 0CB>38?=>B8G5A:>5 A>AB>O=85, 2> 2@5<O :>B>@>3> ?CB5< A0<>2=CH5=8O 2K7K20BL 02B><0B8G5A:CN @5GL (3;>AA>;0;8N) 8 02B><0B8G5A:>5 ?8AL<> (2=CH0O A515: «<>O @C:0 ?8H5B A0<0 A>1>9, 157 <>53> CG0AB8O»), 2;8OBL =0 A:>@>ABL 2>A?@8OB8O 2> 2@5<O ?@>AB>9 @50:F88. @8 MB>< 2 A>AB>O=88 @5;0:A0F88 A:>@>ABL 2>A?@8OB8O C<5=LH0;0AL, 2@5<O ?@>AB>9 @50:F88 C25;8G820;>AL, 87<5=O;0AL 4;8B5;L=>ABL A;54>2KE >1@07>2. @8 A0<>2=CH5=88 ?>2KH5==>3> 2=8<0=8O A:>@>ABL 2>A?@8OB8O 2>7@0AB0;0, 2@5<O ?@>AB>9 @50:F88 C:>@0G820;>AL. KAB@K9 ?5@5E>4 87 >4=>3> ?>OA=>3> 2@5<5=8 2 4@C3>5 2K7K205B =5>1E>48<>ABL ?5@5AB@>9:8 F8:;8G5A:8E @8B<>2 >@30=87<0 (@8B<0 A=0  1>4@AB2>20=8O, ?@85<0 ?8I8, D878>;>38G5A:8E >B?@02;5=89). 0<8 1K;> ?>:070=>, GB> ;8F0, >2;0452H85 B5E=8:>9 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:8, <>3CB ?CB5< A0<>2=CH5=8O 7=0G8B5;L=> CA:>@OBL 8 >1;53G0BL ?5@5AB@>9:C MB8E F8:;8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2. @8 ?><>I8 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:8 <>6=> =0CG8BLAO, :0: ?>:07K20NB =0H8 =01;N45=8O, ?@>AK?0BLAO 2 AB@>3> 7040==>5 2@5<O. =>340 C405BAO ?CB5< A0<>2=CH5=8O 2K@01>B0BL «AB>@>652>9 ?C=:B» 2> 2@5<O 5AB5AB25==>3> A=0, >15A?5G820NI89 2>7<>6=>ABL 2>A?@8OB8O @5G8. > 2@5<O 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:8 <>3CB 2>7=8:0BL 45?5@A>=0;870F8>==K5 ?5@56820=8O (Schultz, . !. ><5=). "0:, =0?@8<5@, >4=>2@5<5==> A GC2AB2>< BO65AB8 <>65B 2>7=8:=CBL >ICI5=85 C25;8G5=8O @07<5@>2 @C:8, ?@8 A0<>2=CH5=88 B5?;>BK  >ICI5=85 GC64>AB8 8;8 >BACBAB28O :>=5G=>AB8, 8=>340 55 C25;8G5=8O, 2 A>AB>O=88 :0B0;5?A88  GC2AB2> =525A><>AB8 B5;0.  35=575 45?5@A>=0;870F8>==KE ?5@56820=89, ?> 2A59 25@>OB=>AB8, 8<55B 7=0G5=85 87<5=5=85 8=B5@>F5?B82=KE >ICI5=89, A2O70==KE A <KH5G=K< @0AA;01;5=85<, 87<5=5=85< A>AC48AB>3> B>=CA0 8 0=0;L357859, 2>7=8:0NI8E =0 D>=5 38?=>B8G5A:>3> D07>2>3> A>AB>O=8O. '5< 65 >1JOA=8BL A8;C >:07K205<>3> 2>7459AB28O? >G5<C A0<>2=CH5=85 AB0;> 2K7K20BL C 74>@>2KE ;8F B0:85 O2;5=8O, :>B>@K5 4> B>3> =5 2K7K20;>? 848<>, 745AL 8<55B 7=0G5=85, 2>-?5@2KE, B>, GB> A0<>2=CH5=8O ?@>2>4OBAO 2 A>AB>O=88 @5;0:A0F88, B. 5. =0 D>=5 38?=>B8G5A:>3> D07>2>3> A>AB>O=8O, 2>-2B>@KE, A0<>2=CH5=8O <=>3>:@0B=> ?>2B>@ONBAO. ?KB Coué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uller-Hegemann, >?@545;OO M@3>-<5B@8G5A:8 <0:A8<0;L=CN @01>BC =0 25;>A8?545, ?>:070;, GB> >B4KE 2 A>AB>O=88 @5;0:A0F88 2545B : 1>;55 1KAB@><C 2>AAB0=>2;5=8N A8;, G5< 2 >1KG=>< A>AB>O=88 ?>:>O. @8 A>AB>O=8OE B@52>6=>3> >6840=8O C 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8, M<>F8>=0;L=>9 =0?@O65==>AB8, ?@54>?5@0F8>==KE 2>;=5=8OE, AB@0E5 (=52@>75 AB@0E0, D>18OE) 2K7K205BAO <KH5G=0O @5;0:A0F8O 8 ?@>2>4OBAO A8AB5<0B8G5A:85 A0<>2=CH5=8O D>@<C;K: «/ A?>:>5=, 2A5340 A?>:>5=»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«>2>@8BL 8;8 =5 3>2>@8BL  <=5 A>25@H5==> 157@07;8G=>... >2>@8BAO A0<> A>1>9... / 24KE0N A;>20». >6=> B0:65 2=CH0BL A515: «KHFK H58 @0AA;018;8AL», «>@B0=L B5?;0O». @8 ;5G5=88 <>@D8=8AB0 <K ?@54;>68;8 5<C 2=CH0BL A515: «0@:>B8:8 157@07;8G=K», «/ A?>:>5=, A>25@H5==> A?>:>5=». @><5 B>3>, 5<C 1K;> 2=CH5=>, GB>, >2;0452 B5E=8:>9 B@5=8@>2:8, >= A<>65B 2A5340 ;53:> ?@5>4>;5BL ;N1K5 :>;510=8O =0AB@>5=8O (48AD>@8G5A:85 A>AB>O=8O 8 ?A524>01AB8=5=B=K5 :@87K). >AB0B>G=> 5<C 1C45B 40BL A515 <KA;5==> :><0=4C «!?>:>5=, A>25@H5==> A?>:>5=» 8 =0AB@>5=85 AB0=5B @>2=K<. K;> ?@8<5=5=> A>G5B0=85 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:8 A CA;>2=>-@5D;5:B>@=K< <5B>4>< Wolpe. @8 ;5G5=88 :C@8;LI8:>2 8 0;:>3>;8:>2 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:>9 <K @5:><5=4C5< :@0B:85 D>@<C;K A0<>2=CH5=8O: «0?8@>AK 157@07;8G=K», «8=> 157@07;8G=>» 8;8 «0?8@>AK (28=>) 157@07;8G=K, =5 ?@82;5:0NB». Ruck ?@54?>G8B05B 1>;55 4;8==CN D>@<C;C: «/ 7=0N, GB> 1>;LH5 =5 ?LN =8 >4=>9 :0?;8, =8345 8 =8 2 :0:>9 D>@<5, =8 ?@8 :0:>< =0AB@>5=88, E>@>H5< 8;8 ?;>E><, =8 ?@8 :0:>9 A8BC0F88. @C385 ?LNB, 0 <=5 0;:>3>;L A>25@H5==> 157@07;8G5=». >A:>;L:C A>AB>O=85 ?>:>O 8 @5;0:A0F88 <KHF A>?@>2>6405BAO >A;01;5=85< B>=CA0 3;04:>9 <CA:C;0BC@K, >=> <>65B 1KBL ?@8<5=5=> 4;O ;5G5=8O 38?5@B>=8G5A:>9 1>;57=8 2 55 =52@>35==>9 AB0488, 1@>=E80;L=>9 0AB<K, :0@48>A?07<0, A?0AB8G5A:8E A>AB>O=89 65;C4:0 8 :8H5G=8:0. ><8<> 2K7K20=8O ?>:>O 8 @5;0:A0F88, ?@8 1@>=E80;L=>9 0AB<5 ?>:070=> >4=> 87 A;54CNI8E A0<>2=CH5=89 8;8 8E :><18=0F8O: «>1 ?@>E;04=K9, 2A5 ;8F> 8 H5O 4> =043>@B0==8:0 ?@>E;04=K5, B@0E5O, 1@>=E8 8 ;53:85 B5?;K5, 4KH8BAO A2>1>4=>» 8;8 «;070, =>A, ;>1, H5O, 3>@B0=L A;53:0 ?@>E;04=K5 8 =5GC2AB28B5;L=K5, 4KHC A2>1>4=>, 2 =>AC, 2> @BC, 2 3>@;5 ?@>E;040, 3@C4L B5?;0O».  :>=FC :064>3> A50=A0 B@5=8@>2:8 @5:><5=4CNBAO 4KE0B5;L=K5 C?@06=5=8O ?>4 <KA;5==CN :><0=4C: «4>E... 2K4>E... ?0C70». @8 MB>< =C6=> 45;0BL <54;5==K9 24>E 8 1KAB@K9 2K4>E. 5G5=85 E>@>H> A>G5B0BL A =5A:>;L:8<8 A50=A0<8 38?=>B5@0?88. @8 :0@48>A?07<5 @5:><5=4C5BAO D>@<C;0: «8I52>4 B5?;K9, <KHFK @0AA;01;5=K» 8;8 «(5O B5?;0O, <KHFK H58 @0AA;01;5=K». Schultz ?>;0305B, GB> 0CB>35==0O B@5=8@>2:0 <>65B ?><>GL ?@8 ?A8E>35==>< 15A?;>488 C 65=I8=, CAB@0=OO DC=:F8>=0;L=K9 A?07< D0;;>?852KE B@C1, 5A;8 B0:>2>9 2>>1I5 ACI5AB2C5B. @8 38?>B>=88 . . 8@>2A:89 8 . . (030< @5:><5=4CNB 2 A>AB>O=88 @5;0:A0F88 2=CH0BL A515 B5 >ICI5=8O, :>B>@K5 2K7K205B 04@5=0;8= 8;8 =>@04@5=0;8= (>ICI5=85 >7=>10, «3CA8=>9 :>68», E>;>40 8 B. ?.) 8 70B5< @57:>, B>;G:>>1@07=> 2K25AB8 A51O 87 A>AB>O=8O ?>3@C65=8O :><0=4>9: «AB0BL!» A;54 70 MB>9 :><0=4>9  <3=>25==> 2K1@>A8BL 2?5@54 @C:8 8 2AB0BL. >A;5 A50=A0 C4020;>AL ?>2KA8BL 0@B5@80;L=>5 402;5=85: A8AB>;8G5A:>5 A 60 70 4> 110 130 << @B. AB., 480AB>;8G5A:>5  A 45 50 4> 70 80 <<. @8 ;5G5=88 =>G=>3> M=C@570 @5:><5=4C5BAO ;81> D>@<C;0: « 11 G0A>2 25G5@0 (4;O 45B59) O ?@>AK?0NAL, 84C <>G8BLAO, 70B5< ;>6CAL 2 ?>AB5;L 8 A?;N :@5?:>. @>20BL <>O >AB05BAO ACE>9» (> Kummer, <0;5=L:8< 45BO< ?@8 MB>< 40NB G0AK 87 :0@B>=0 A F8D@>9 11), ;81> D>@<C;0: «>G52>9 ?C7K@L B5?;K9... !?;N A?>:>9=K<, 3;C1>:8< A=><...» K ?@54?>G8B05< 2B>@CN D>@<C;C. Oles @5:><5=4C5B D>@<C;C «KHFK 682>B0 @0AA;018;8AL. 065 @0AA;018;8AL 8 <KHFK <>G52>3> ?C7K@O. =8 AB0;8 E>@>H> A=0160BLAO :@>2LN, 2 =8E =0ABC?8; ?@8;82 :@>28». =>340, :0: >B<5G05B . !. ><5=, =0>1>@>B, ?><>305B A0<>2=CH5=85: «82>B E>;>4=K9. KHFK, 70?8@0NI85 <>G52>9 ?C7K@L, A>:@0B8;8AL. >GLN =5 E>G5BAO <>G8BLAO». 5G5=85 <>6=> A>G5B0BL :0: A 38?=>B8G5A:8< 2=CH5=85<, B0: 8 A 2=CH5=85< 2> 2@5<O 5AB5AB25==>3> A=0. K @5:><5=4C5< ?@8 A;01>AB8 M@5:F88 ?A8E>35==>3> 35=570 A;54CNI85 A0<>2=CH5=8O: «/ A?>:>5= 8 C25@5=, C25@5=...» (?>OA=O5BAO 1>;L=><C, GB> ?>4 C25@5==>ABLN ?>4@07C<5205BAO >BACBAB285 1>O7=8 =5C40G8 ?>;>2>3> A1;865=8O). «';5= B5?;K9, B5?;K9... =0;8205BAO, C25;8G8205BAO, @0AB5B...» @8 MB>< =C6=> 2K7K20BL 8 .A>>B25BAB2CNI85 >1@07=K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O M@5:F88, 0 B0:65 ?@54AB02;5=8O M@>B8G5A:>3> E0@0:B5@0, =081>;55 7=0G8<K5 4;O 40==>3> ;8F0. "0:, =0?@8<5@, C >4=>3> =0H53> 1>;L=>3> 8<?>B5=F859 4;8B5;L=> >BACBAB2>202H85 M@5:F88 ?>O28;8AL =0 3-< <5AOF5 70=OB89 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:>9 ?@8 A0<>2=CH5=88 B5?;0 2 >1;0AB8 35=8B0;89 8 O@:>3> ?@54AB02;5=8O >1@070 452CH:8, :>B>@CN >= =5A5B =0 @C:0E. > B@5=8@>2:8 ?>?KB:8 2K720BL M@5:F8N ?CB5< M@>B8G5A:8E D0=B0789 1K;8 BI5B=K<8. @8 B@52>6=>< >6840=88 =5C40G8 ?@8<5=O5BAO D>@<C;0: «/ A?>:>5=, A?>:>5= 8 C25@5=... A5 1C45B E>@>H>... A5 ?@845B A0<> A>1>9... 8 > G5< =5 4C<0N. ';5= A0< C25;8G8BAO, AB0=5B 1>;LH8<, B25@4K<...»; ?@8 ?@56452@5<5==>9 MO:C;OF88  «!?>:>5=, A>25@H5==> A?>:>5=. ';5= =8G53> =5 GC2AB2C5B, >=, :0: 45@52O==K9... 2865BAO, =5 >ICI0O 2;030;8I0». @8 ?>;>2>9 E>;>4=>AB8 A>25BC5< 65=I8=5 2=CH0BL A515 65;0=85 8 ?@8OB=>ABL ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8, >ICI5=85 B5?;0 2 >1;0AB8 ?>;>2KE >@30=>2 8, GB> >A>15==> 206=>, >1>AB@5=85 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 ?>;>2KE >@30=>2, 2 G0AB=>AB8 : D@8:F8O< («'C2AB2CN, >ICI0N 402;5=85, B@5=85 1>;LH>3>, B25@4>3>... @8OB=>... 'C2AB2CN A8;L=55, A8;L=55... "5?;> @07;8205BAO ?> 2A5<C B5;C... @8OB=>...»). @8 2038=87<5 @5:><5=4C5BAO A0<>2=CH5=85 ?>:>O, ?>;=>3> @0AA;01;5=8O <KHF 2;030;8I0 8 0=0;L35788 ?>;>2KE >@30=>2 («%>GC >B40BLAO... 5 1>;L=>... ;030;8I5 1>;8 =5 GC2AB2C5B»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«>1 ?@>E;04=K9», 5A;8 65 1>;L=><C ;CGH5 ?><>30NB B5?;> 8 :>D58=  D>@<C;0 «>1 B5?;K9». A>15==> ?>:070=0 0CB>35==0O B@5=8@>2:0 4;O ;5G5=8O B0: =07K205<KE =52@>7>2 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2, 2 G0AB=>AB8 =52@>7>2 A5@4F0, 65;C4>G=>-:8H5G=>3> B@0:B0 (70?>@>2, ?>=>A>2, @2>BK, <5B5>@87<0 8 4@.), 48A:8=5789 65;G=KE ?CB59, 0=38>=52@>B8G5A:8E >B5:>2, 2535B0B82=KE 8 207><>B>@=KE @0AAB@>9AB2.  ?>A;54=5< A;CG05, 5A;8 2 >A=>25 =0@CH5=89 ;568B @0AH8@5=85 A>AC4>2, 2K7K205BAO >ICI5=85 ?@>E;04K, 5A;8 65 8E A?07<  >ICI5=85 B5?;0. ;O :C?8@>20=8O @57:>3> ?>:@0A=5=8O ;8F0, 2>7=8:0NI53> ?@8 2>;=5=88, =C6=> 2=CH0BL A515. «@>2L CE>48B 2 =>38», ?@8 GC2AB25 7O1:>AB8 2 =>30E 8; ; 4@C3>9 G0AB8 B5;0  2K7K20BL >ICI5=85 B5?;0. @8 ;5G5=88 O72K 65;C4:0 8 425=04F0B8?5@AB=>9 :8H:8 A;54C5B 8A:;NG8BL ?OB>5 C?@06=5=85 (2K7K20=85 >ICI5=8O B5?;0 2 >1;0AB8 65;C4:0), B0: :0: MB> <>65B 2K720BL :@>2>B5G5=85. 5 A;54C5B ?@8<5=OBL MB> C?@06=5=85 8 ?@8 ?>4>7@5=88 =0 >?CE>;L 2 1@NH=>9 ?>;>AB8. CB>35==0O B@5=8@>2:0 =0H;0 ?@8<5=5=85 ?@8 colitis mucosa et ulcerosa, 38?5@B8@5>75, 48A<5=>@55, M:75<5 (A0<>2=CH5=85 «>60 B5?;0O, 3;04:0O, G8AB0O»), 0;;5@38G5A:8E 701>;520=8OE, :@82>H55, ?8AG5< A?07<5, 0 B0:65 2 :0G5AB25 A8<?B><0B8G5A:>3> A@54AB20 4;O CAB@0=5=8O 1>;59 @07;8G=>3> 35=570, 2 B>< G8A;5 ?@8 >1571>;820=88 @>4>2. ! ?><>ILN 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:8 =5@54:> C405BAO CAB@0=8BL 1>;8 ?@8 AB5=>:0@488 (A0<>2=CH5=8O «@C4L (;520O ?>;>28=0) B5?;0O. !5@4F5 1L5BAO @>2=>, A?>:>9=>»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iiller-Hegemann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«420 @C:0 ?>BO=5BAO : 2>;>A0< (@BC, ?>;>2K< >@30=0<) >=0 A0<0 >?CAB8BAO (>B45@=5BAO)]». @8 ;5G5=88 >=0=87<0, :@><5 B>3>, AB@5<OBAO A>:@0B8BL 2@5<O ?@51K20=8O @515=:0 2 ?>AB5;8 ?5@54 70AK?0=85<. >MB><C Oles @5:><5=4C5B 70 ?>;G0A0 4> A=0 4020BL A=>B2>@=>5, 40;55 70<5=OBL 53> ?@54AB02;5=85<: «/ >G5=L CAB0; 8 70AK?0N». Ruck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¼ 1>;L=KE ?@56452@5<5==> ?@5@K205B B@5=8@>2:C 8;8 ?>B><C, GB> 8< =5 C405BAO A>A@54>B>G8BL 2=8<0=85 =0 55 2K?>;=5=88, 8;8 2A;54AB285 A:5?B8G5A:>3> >B=>H5=8O : =59 8 A:@KB>3> A>?@>B82;5=8O ;5G5=8N, 8;8 2 @57C;LB0B5 =54>AB0B:0 2K45@6:8, =5A?>A>1=>AB8 : 4;8B5;L=><C 2>;52><C CA8;8N. 5B8 4> 10 ;5B >1KG=> =5 <>3CB >A2>8BL MBC <5B>48:C. CB>35==CN B@5=8@>2:C F5;5A>>1@07=55 2A53> ?@8<5=OBL 2 :><?;5:A5 A 4@C38<8 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:8<8 <5B>40<8, 2 G0AB=>AB8 A>G5B0BL A ;5G5=85< C15645=85< 8 2=CH5=85<. >3CB ?@8<5=OBLAO ?@8 =59 8 <>B828@>20==K5 A0<>2=CH5=8O. #,/  "'!/ !%" / @8 :0C70;L=>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88 ?@>8AE>48B >1<5= 8=D>@<0F859 <564C 1>;L=K< 8 2@0G><, 254CI89 : >A>7=0=8N 8 >B@5038@>20=8N 1>;L=K< ?A8E>B@02<8@>202H8E ?5@56820=89. A;8 G5;>25:C <=>3>:@0B=> 22>48BL ?>4 :>6C 8=AC;8=, B> 2 :>=F5 :>=F>2 70<5=0 8=J5:F88 8=AC;8=0 8=J5:F859 D878>;>38G5A:>3> @0AB2>@0 8;8 48AB8;;8@>20==>9 2>4K <>65B 2K720BL CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=CN 38?>3;8:5<8N. >7=8:H89 CA;>2=K9 @5D;5:A ?@>B5:05B =57028A8<> >B 65;0=8O G5;>25:0 8 =5 <>65B 1KBL 8< ?@>872>;L=> ?>402;5=. 4=0:> 5A;8 G5;>25:C AB0=5B 8725AB=>, GB> 2<5AB> 8=AC;8=0 5<C 1C45B 22545=0 2>40, B> CA;>2=>-@5D;5:B>@=0O 38?>3;8:5<8O =5 =0ABC?8B. > 2A59 25@>OB=>AB8, CA;>2=K9 @5D;5:A 2 MB>< A;CG05 =5 2>7=8:05B, B0: :0: 2K7202H89 53> CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K9 @074@068B5;L ?>;CG8; =>2>5 A83=0;L=>5 (8=D>@<0F8>==>5) 7=0G5=85. > <=>38E A;CG0OE 206=>9 ?@54?>AK;:>9 2>7<>6=>AB8 CAB@0=5=8O ?0B>;>38G5A:>9 CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=>9 @50:F88 8;8 2;8O=8O =5:>B>@KE =5>A>7=0205<KE ?5@56820=89 O2;O5BAO >A>7=0=85 B5E >1AB>OB5;LAB2, :>B>@K5 ?@825;8 : 8E 2>7=8:=>25=8N. "0:, =0?@8<5@, C >4=>9 =0H59 1>;L=>9, C :>B>@>9 ?>=>A 2>7=8:0; ?> CA;>2=>-@5D;5:B>@=><C <5E0=87<C, ?@8G5< ?>4028BL 53> ?>O2;5=85 CA8;85< 2>;8 59 =5 C4020;>AL, 2K74>@>2;5=85 1KAB@> =0ABC?8;> ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: 59 @07JOA=8;8 ?@8G8=C 53> 2>7=8:=>25=8O (>=0 >A>7=0;0, GB> AB02H0O 4;O =55 =5?@8OB=>9 A;C651=0O >1AB0=>2:0 2K7K205B 53> ?> <5E0=87<C CA;>2=>3> @5D;5:A0).  =01;N45=88, ?@82545==>< . . 5@18:>2K< (1955), «...G5;>25:, M@C48@>20==K9 2 2>?@>A0E <548F8=K, 8<5; 2?5@2K5 ?@8ABC? AB5=>:0@488 B>340, :>340 >= =0E>48;AO 2 ?0@8:<0E5@A:>9. >340 2 A;54CNI89 @07 >= ?@8H5; 2 ?0@8:<0E5@A:CN, ?@8ABC? ?>2B>@8;AO. >;L=>9 @5H8; 1@8BLAO 4><0. 7O; 2 @C:8 1@8B2C  >?OBL A68<0NI0O 1>;L 2 >1;0AB8 A5@4F0, >?OBL AB5=>:0@48G5A:85 O2;5=8O. "0: CAB0=>28;0AL 2@5<5==0O ?0B>;>38G5A:0O A2O7L. 4=0:> >= A0< 40; A515 >BG5B 2 B><, GB> C =53> @0728;0AL ?0B>;>38G5A:0O 2@5<5==0O A2O7L 8, CAB0=>282 MB>, >= A<>3 1@8BLAO». "0:8< >1@07><, :0: >:070;>AL, 4;O B>3> GB>1K 871028BLAO >B =5:>B>@KE 1>;57=5==KE A8<?B><>2 ?A8E>35==>3> 35=570, =C6=> 2KO28BL 8 >A>7=0BL ?>@>482HCN 8E ?@8G8=C. @8G8=0 ?>-;0BK=8 causa, ?>MB><C 8 <5B>4 ;5G5=8O, >A=>20==K9 =0 2KOA=5=88 ?@8G8=K 701>;520=8O, <>65B 1KBL =0720= :0C70;L=>9, 8;8 ?@8G8==>9, ?A8E>B5@0?859.  H8@>:>< A<KA;5 A;>20 >= >B=>A8BAO : 0=0;8B8G5A:8< <5B>40<. @8=F8? 0=0;8B8G5A:>9 B5@0?88 1K; 2K428=CB Freud. < 65 40= 0=0;87 D>@<8@>20=8O =5:>B>@KE =52@>B8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2, 2 G0AB=>AB8 =02O7G82>AB8 C >4=>9 1>;L=>9, 8 ?>:070=0 8E A2O7L A @50;L=K<8 (=5 8=D0=B8;L=>-A5:AC0;L=K<8) ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI8<8 ?5@56820=8O<8. 4=0:> ?>4>1=K5 A;CG08 A8<?B><>>1@07>20=8O Freud AG8B0; @54:8<8 8 ?@8 @07@01>B:5 <5B>40 0=0;8B8G5A:>9 B5@0?88 ?>H5;, :0: C:07K20;>AL (AB@. 30 33), ?> ?CB8 ?A8E>0=0;870. @8 @0AA<>B@5=88 53> <K >AB0=02;820;8AL =0 >B;8G88 >B ?A8E>0=0;870 :0C70;L=>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88. @8 :0C70;L=>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88 >BKA:820NBAO «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«1>;L=><C ?C=:BC» C 1>;L=>3> 8=>340 2>7=8:05B 1C@=0O M<>F8>=0;L=0O @50:F8O, =5@54:> A @O4>< M:A?@5AA82=KE 42865=89  <>B>@=K< @07@O4>< (G0I5 2A53> MB> =01;N405BAO ?@8 ;5G5=88 1>;L=KE 8AB5@859).  4>AB865=88 B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> MDD5:B0 2 MB8E A;CG0OE, ?> 2A59 25@>OB=>AB8, 83@05B @>;L 8 >B@5038@>20=85 ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI53> ?5@56820=8O (?>4@>1=55 <K =0 =5< >AB0=>28<AO ?@8 @0AA<>B@5=88 ;5G5=8O :0B0@78A><). 0C70;L=0O ?A8E>B5@0?8O A0<0 ?> A515 40;5:> =5 2A5340 ?@82>48B : 87;5G5=8N. 081>;55 F5;5A>>1@07=> ?@8<5=OBL 55 2 A>G5B0=88 A B5@0?859 C15645=85< 8 2=CH5=85<, >A>15==> 4> B>3>, :0: ?@>2>48BL ?>A;54=55. =0 ?@8<5=8<0 ?@8 ;5G5=88 =52@>7>2 2 B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 ?@8G8=0, 2K7202H0O 701>;520=85, O2;O5BAO A:@KB>9. @8<5@0<8 ;5G5=8O ?> MB><C <5B>4C <>3CB A;C68BL A;54CNI85 =01;N45=8O. 52>G:0 12 ;5B >1@0B8;0AL A 60;>10<8 =0 @2>BC, 2K7K205<CN 70?0E>< E2>8. /2;5=8O MB8 45@60BAO C =55 C65 =5A:>;L:> ;5B. @8G8=C 8E 2>7=8:=>25=8O =8 >=0, =8 55 @>48B5;8 C:070BL =5 <>3CB. >?KB:8 CAB@0=8BL @2>BC A>>B25BAB2CNI8< 2=CH5=85< 2 38?=>B8G5A:>< A=5 2B>@>9 AB5?5=8 ?> $>@5;N 4020;8 :@0B:>2@5<5==K9 MDD5:B. B2@0I5=85 : 70?0EC E2>8 8AG570;> 2> 2@5<O 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 8 2=>2L 2>7>1=>2;O;>AL G5@57 15 20 <8=CB ?>A;5 ?@>1C645=8O. ">340 2 38?=>B8G5A:>< A=5 2B>@>9 AB5?5=8 ?> $>@5;N 1>;L=>9 1K;> C:070=>, GB> A59G0A >=0 >BG5B;82> 2A?><8=05B B> 2@5<O, :>340 70?0E E2>8 59 AB0; 2?5@2K5 =5?@8OB5=. >;L=0O @0AA:070;0, GB> 2 2>7@0AB5 6 ;5B >=0 2>H;0 2 :><=0BC, 345 ;560; 55 C<5@H89 454CH:0 8, ?>4>94O, ?>F5;>20;0 53>. >:@C3 1K; @57:89 70?0E E2>8. >340 65 >=0 ?@81;878;0AL : B@C?C, B> ?>GC2AB2>20;0, :@><5 B>3>, 8AE>482H89 >B =53> =5?@8OB=K9 70?0E, 2K7202H89 C =55 B>H=>BC 8 @2>BC. A?><8=0O ?5@568B>5, 1>;L=0O ?>:@0A=5;0, 4KE0=85 AB0;> CG0I5==K<, @5GL 272>;=>20==>9, ?>O28;>AL ;53:>5 4@>60=85 2A53> B5;0. 0 2>?@>A, GB> 65 C =55 2K720;> @2>BC, >=0 >B25B8;0: «0?0E B@C?0».  40;55 A:070;0, GB> 70?0E E2>8 8 4065 B>;L:> =0?><8=0=85 > =5< AB0;8 2K7K20BL @2>BC. > ?@>1C645=88 >B2@0I5=85 : 70?0EC E2>8 ?>;=>ABLN 8AG57;>. "0:8< >1@07><, 2 40==>< A;CG05 CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=0O @50:F8O ?5@5AB0;0 ?>O2;OBLAO, :0: B>;L:> CA;>28O 2>7=8:=>25=8O 55 1K;8 2A:@KBK 8 >A>7=0=K 1>;L=>9. @8 MB>< 8725AB=CN @>;L 2 =0ABC?;5=88 B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> MDD5:B0 <>3 83@0BL 8 <5E0=87< >1;040=8O >G030 ?0B>;>38G5A:8 8=5@B=>3> 2>71C645=8O ?CB5< @07@O40 53> M=5@388 (:0B0@78A). # 4@C3>9 1>;L=>9, ABC45=B:8 19 =5B, 4@>60=85, GC2AB2> AB@0E0 8 @2>B0 AB0;8 ?>O2;OBLAO B>340, :>340 55 65=8E =0G8=0; >1=8<0BL 55, E>BO >= 59 =@028;AO.  =0< >=0 >1@0B8;0AL, :>340 MB> AB0;> C3@>60BL 2>7<>6=>AB8 70<C65AB20. >;L=>9 1K;> C:070=>, GB> 2 >A=>25 55 701>;520=8O ;568B 2>7=8:=>25=85 @2>BK ?> <5E0=87<C CA;>2=>3> @5D;5:A0. «A;8 8A?KBC5<><C 22>48BL 8=AC;8= ?>4 :>6C, B> 2A:>@5 ?>A;5 8=J5:F88 8=AC;8=0 =0ABC?8B C<5=LH5=85 :>;8G5AB20 A0E0@0 2 :@>28. => =0ABC?05B =57028A8<> >B 65;0=8O G5;>25:0. A;8 ?>A;5 @O40 8=J5:F89 8=AC;8=0 >4=064K 225AB8 ?>4 :>6C 2<5AB> 8=AC;8=0 D878>;>38G5A:89 @0AB2>@, =5 3>2>@O >1 MB>< 1>;L=><C, B> D878>;>38G5A:89 @0AB2>@ ?> <5E0=87<C CA;>2=>3> @5D;5:A0 2K7>25B B0:CN 65 @50:F8N, :0: 8=AC;8=. @8 MB>< >?OBL-B0:8 CA8;85< 2>;8 8A?KBC5<K9 =5 A<>65B 7045@60BL 55 =0ABC?;5=85. A;8 65 8A?KBC5<><C AB0=5B 8725AB=>, GB> 2<5AB> 8=AC;8=0 5<C 22>48BAO D878>;>38G5A:89 @0AB2>@, B> B5?5@L 8=J5:F8O D878>;>38G5A:>3> @0AB2>@0 C<5=LH5=8O A>45@60=8O A0E0@0 2 :@>28 =5 2K7>25B...» 0;55 59 @0AA:070=> >1 >?8A0==>< 2KH5 1>;L=>< A =02O7G82K< A><=5=85<, =5 >AB0;0AL ;8 425@L >B:@KB>9, :>B>@>5 ?@>H;> ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: >= >A>7=0; 53> 35=57. >;L=>9 1K;> A:070=>: «1JOB8O 20H53> 65=8E0 <>3CB 2K7K20BL C 20A AB@0E8 8 @2>BC B>;L:> 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 2K =5 7=05B5, A83=0;>< G53> >=8 4;O 20A 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 O2;ONBAO, ?>:0 2K =5 7=05B5, A :0:8< >B2@0B8B5;L=K<, 2K7K20NI8< @2>BC A>1KB85< 8 ?@54AB02;5=8O<8 >=8 C 20A A2O70=K. >AB0@09B5AL 65 2A?><=8BL > 2A5E A>1KB8OE 20H59 687=8, :>B>@K5 <>6=> A2O70BL A ?@54AB02;5=8O<8 >1 >B2@0I5=88».  B5G5=85 B@5E 15A54 A 1>;L=>9, 2> 2@5<O :>B>@KE >=0 @0AA:07K20;0 > @07;8G=KE A>1KB8OE A2>59 687=8, CAB0=>28BL 35=57 MB>9 @2>BK =5 C4020;>AL. > 2@5<O G5B25@B>9 15A54K 59 ?@54;030;>AL A?>:>9=>, A84O 2 :@5A;5, 2A?><8=0BL 8 3>2>@8BL 2A5, GB> 59 ?@845B 2 3>;>2C, 157 2AO:>3> >B1>@0 >;L=0O 4>;3> 3>2>@8;0 8 24@C3 =0 <><5=B C<>;:;0 8 A;53:0 ?>:@0A=5;0. 0;55 ?@8 =0AB>9G82>9 ?@>AL15 @0AA:070BL B>, > G5< >=0 B>;L:> GB> ?>4C<0;0, A>>1I8;0, GB> >=0 2A?><=8;0 > 65=8E5 55 AB0@H59 A5AB@K, => GB> MB>, ?> 55 <=5=8N, =5206=> 8 >=0 =5 E>G5B >1 MB>< 3>2>@8BL. >A;5 ?>2B>@=>9 ?@>AL1K 1>;L=0O A>>1I8;0, GB> 2 2>7@0AB5 8 ;5B >4=064K A;CG09=> C2845;0 >B2@0B8B5;L=CN A5:AC0;L=CN A85=C <564C A5AB@>9 8 55 65=8E>< -B> 55 A8;L=> ?>B@OA;> 8 2A:>@5 2K720;> @2>BC «"5?5@L O ?>=8<0N, A:070;0 1>;L=0O 2 >B25B =0 =02>4OI89 2>?@>A, :>340 <>9 65=8E <5=O >1=8<05B, F5;C5B, MB>, 2848<>, =0?><8=05B <=5 > B5E A>1KB8OE 8 ?>MB><C 2K7K205B @2>BC. > >= C <5=O E>@>H89!» 0ABC?8;> ?>;=>5 2K74>@>2;5=85. -B8< 65 <5B>4>< 1K;> 4>AB83=CB> >?8A0==>5 2KH5 87;5G5=85 1>;L=KE =52@>7>< =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 8 ?A8E0AB5=859. > 2@5<O ;5G5=8O 1>;L=KE 65;0B5;L=> 2<5AB5 A =8<8 2KO2;OBL 8 >1AC640BL CA;>28O D>@<8@>20=8O C =8E G5@B E0@0:B5@0, A?>A>1AB2>202H8E 2>7=8:=>25=8N 701>;520=8O, A B5<, GB>1K 4>18BLAO 8E A<O3G5=8O 8 >1I53> >74>@>2;5=8O ;8G=>AB8. 4=0 =0H0 1>;L=0O =52@>7>< =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 AB@040;0 >B =02O7G82>9 <KA;8, GB> >=0 2A5 45;0;0 «=5 B0:». =0 1KB0 2K=C645=0 45AOB:8 @07 ?5@545;K20BL ;N1>5 A>25@H5==>5 5N 459AB-285  ?5@5B8@0BL ?>AC4C, ?5@5AB8;0BL A:0B5@BL, ?5@5AB02;OBL ABC; 8 B. ?.  ?@>F5AA5 ;5G5=8O 1>;L=0O ?>AB5?5==> ?@8H;0 : C15645=8N, GB> 55 =02O7G820O <KA;L 2>2A5 =5 O2;O5BAO =5;5?>9, 01AC@4=>9, =58725AB=> >B:C40 2>7=8:H59, :0: 59 MB> 2=0G0;5 :070;>AL, 0 >B@0605B 55 3;C1>:>5 A>60;5=85 >B B>3>, GB> >=0 2 687=8 ?>ABC?8;0 «=5 B0:»: A45;0;0 01>@B, 2A;54AB285 G53> ;8H8;0AL 2>7<>6=>AB8 <0B5@8=AB20. > 2@5<O 15A54 A 1>;L=>9 1K;8 45B0;L=> ?@>0=0;878@>20=K CA;>28O D>@<8@>20=8O 55 E0@0:B5@0 >:070=0 =5?@028;L=>ABL, C@>4;82>ABL 2>A?8B0=8O, ?>;CG5==>3> 5N 2 A5<L5, :>B>@>5 ?@825;> : D>@<8@>20=8N C =55 M3>F5=B@87<0, ?5@5>F5=:8 A2>59 ;8G=>AB8 8 ?>O2;5=8N ?@8BO70=89, =5 A>>B25BAB2CNI8E 55 2>7<>6=>ABO<. 1AC645=0 A 1>;L=>9 @>;L 55 E0@0:B5@>;>38G5A:8E >A>15==>AB59 2 2>7=8:=>25=88 701>;520=8O 8 C:070=0 206=>ABL 2:;NG5=8O 55 2 B@C4>2CN 45OB5;L=>ABL 2 CA;>28OE :>;;5:B820 "0:8< >1@07><, 4>AB83=CB> =5 B>;L:> CAB@0=5=85 O2;5=89 =02O7G82>AB8, => 8 =5:>B>@>5 >1I55 >74>@>2;5=85 ;8G=>AB8.  4@C3>< A;CG05 C 1>;L=>9 ?A8E0AB5=859 >=> 1K;> 4>AB83=CB> 2 ?@>F5AA5 >1AC645=8O CA;>289 2>A?8B0=8O 2 A5<L5 (?>402;5=85 0:B82=>AB8 @515=:0, 70?C3820=85 8 B. ?.), A?>A>1AB2>202H8E D>@<8@>20=8N C =55 B0:8E G5@B E0@0:B5@0, :0: 1>O7;82>ABL, =5@5H8B5;L=>ABL, <=8B5;L=>ABL, 0 B0:65 B5E ?5@56820=89, :>B>@K5 ?@825;8 : 8E CA8;5=8N. !>G5B0=85 :0C70;L=>9 8 @0F8>=0;L=>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88 ;568B, =0 =0H 273;O4, 2 >A=>25 @07@01>B0==>9 . . OA8I52K<, . . /:>2;52>9 8 . . 0G5?8F:8< B0: =07K205<>9 ?0B>35=5B8G5A:>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88, =0?@02;5==>9 =0 2KOA=5=85 ?0B>35=570 1>;57=8.  ?@>F5AA5 ;5G5=8O 2@0G 2KOA=O5B >1AB>OB5;LAB20 687=8 1>;L=>3> 8 B5 ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI85 A>1KB8O, :>B>@K5 ?@825;8 : 2>7=8:=>25=8N =52@>70, >1AC640O 8E A 1>;L=K<. >;LH>5 2=8<0=85 C45;O5BAO 2KO2;5=8N E0@0:B5@>;>38G5A:8E >A>15==>AB59, A45;02H8E 1>;L=>3> 25AL<0 GC2AB28B5;L=K< : B5< 8;8 8=K< ?A8E8G5A:8< 2>7459AB28O< 8 87<5=5=8N =5?@028;L=>3> >B=>H5=8O ;8G=>AB8 : >:@C60NI5<C. " + !&,+ !%" "'! "+   + >;;5:B82=0O, 8;8 3@C??>20O, ?A8E>B5@0?8O >;;5:B82=0O, 8;8 3@C??>20O, ?A8E>B5@0?8O AB0;0 ?@8<5=OBLAO A =0G0;0 XX AB>;5B8O (. . O75<A:89, 1904; Pratt, 1905; . . 5B:0G52, 1909; . . 5EB5@52, 1910, 8 4@.). ! MB>3> 2@5<5=8 8=B5@5A : =59 =5 >A;015205B: B>;L:> 2 1960 1965 33. 2 70@C156=>9 ?5G0B8 59 ?>A2OI5=> A2KH5 400 @01>B.  !!!  <5B>4K 55 @07@010BK20;8AL . . 8;O@>2A:8<, . . 8@<0=><, . !. 51548=A:8<, . . 20=>2K<, . 3. 5;L2>2A:8<, . . 0G5?8F:8<, . . /:>2;52>9, . . 8H5<, !. !. 818E><, . . !2O4>I5< 8 4@. A>15==>ABLN :>;;5:B82=>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88 O2;O5BAO B>, GB> A50=AK 55 ?@>2>4OBAO 2@0G>< >4=>2@5<5==> A 3@C??>9 1>;L=KE 8 GB> ?@8 MB>< D>@<8@C5BAO :>;;5:B82 1>;L=KE, :>B>@K9 >:07K205B ;5G51=>5 2>7459AB285 =0 53> G;5=>2. > 2@5<O A50=A>2 :>;;5:B82=>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88 ?@8<5=ONBAO ?@8=F8?80;L=> B5 65 <5B>4K, GB> 8 ?@8 8=48284C0;L=>9. "0:, =0?@8<5@, <>3CB ?@>2>48BLAO :>;;5:B82=K5 A50=AK 38?=>B5@0?88 (?@8 ;5G5=88 E@>=8G5A:>3> 0;:>3>;87<0), 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:8, 2=CH5=8O 2> 2@5<O 5AB5AB25==>3> A=0. "5E=8:C 8E <K >?8AK20;8 ?@8 @0AA<>B@5=88 C:070==KE <5B>4>2, ?>MB><C 745AL >AB0=>28<AO ;8HL =0 :>;;5:B82=>9 @0F8>=0;L=>9 ?A8E>B5@0?881. !50=AK :>;;5:B82=>9 @0F8>=0;L=>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88 ?@>2>4OBAO A 3@C??>9 1>;L=KE >1KG=> 1 2 @070 2 =545;N 2 B5G5=85 G0A0. -B8 3@C??K <>3CB 1KBL 1>;LH85 (15 G5;>25: 8 1>;LH5), A@54=85 (7 14 G5;>25:) 8 <0;K5 (2 6 G5;>25:).  B> 2@5<O :0: ?@8 ?@>2545=88 :>;;5:B82=KE A50=A>2 2=CH5=8O 8;8 A0<>2=CH5=8O (0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:8) 65;0B5;L=0 <0:A8<0;L=0O >4=>@>4=>ABL 3@C?? (3@C??0 ;5G0I8EAO ?> ?>2>4C 0;:>3>;87<0, 3@C??0 1>;L=KE ;>3>=52@>70<8, 3@C??0 A «=52@>7>< A5@4F0»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«! :5< 1K 87 1>;L=KE 2K E>B5;8 1K 1KBL 2 >4=>9 ?0;0B5?» 8;8 «! :5< 87 1>;L=KE 2K =5 E>B5;8 1K 1KBL 2 >4=>9 ?0;0B5?» 8 B. 4. > 2@5<O A50=A>2 :>;;5:B82=>9 @0F8>=0;L=>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88 ?>4G5@:8205BAO, GB> =52@>7K O2;ONBAO DC=:F8>=0;L=> >1@0B8<K<8 701>;520=8O<8. 0718@0NBAO >A>15==>AB8 @07;8G=KE ?0B>35==KE A8BC0F89 8 >B=>H5=8O : =8< ;8G=>AB8, @0AA<0B@820NBAO ?CB8 ?@5>4>;5=8O =52@>70, ?>:07K205BAO 206=>ABL ?5@52>A?8B0=8O, C<5=8O ?@5>4>;5BL >B@8F0B5;L=K5 E0-@0:B5@>;>38G5A:85 >A>15==>AB8, B@5=8@>2:8 =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2, >B<5G05BAO 7=0G5=85 B@C40 8 38385=8G5A:>3> @568<0 4;O A>E@0=5=8O 74>@>2LO 8 B.4. 1AC640NBAO 8AB>@88 701>;520=8O 2K?8A02H8EAO 1>;L=KE, 0 B0:65 @07;8G=K5 B8?8G=K5 ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI85 A8BC0F88, 254CI85 : 1>;57=8 @8<5@K ?>418@0NBAO B0:, GB>1K >=8 ?>72>;8;8 1>;L=><C C7=020BL >B45;L=K5 G5@BK A2>59 1>;57=8 157 B>3>, GB>1K 1KBL C7=0==K< >:@C60NI8<8 0@80=B>< :>;;5:B82=>9 @0F8>=0;L=>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88 O2;O5BAO 2=CB@8A5<59=0O 3@C??>20O ?A8E>B5@0?8O, ?@8 :>B>@>9 2@0G ?@>2>48B 15A54K A> 2A5<8 G;5=0<8 A5<L8 1>;L=>3> >4=>2@5<5==> = ?><>305B 8< @07>1@0BLAO 2 2>7=8:H8E «A5<59=KE B@C4=>ABOE», >1AC6405B =5 B>;L:> 2>?@>AK ?A8E>38385=K, => 8 ?>2545=85 B>3> 8;8 8=>3> G;5=0 A5<L8, D>@<K 53> @5038@>20=8O =0 B5 8;8 8=K5 @074@068B5;8, B 5. 2KABC?05B 8 :0: 2@0G, 8 :0: 2>A?8B0B5;L, 8 :0: =0AB02=8:. 0H8 =01;N45=8O A2845B5;LAB2CNB > 2KA>:>9 MDD5:B82=>AB8 2=CB@8A5<59=>9 3@C??>2>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88, ?>72>;ONI59 >74>@>28BL >B=>H5=8O 2 A5<L5 8 B5< A0<K< CAB@0=8BL 2>7<>6=K9 8AB>G=8: ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<0B870F88. 0 >4=>< 87 20@80=B>2 :>;;5:B82=>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88  «?A8E>4@0<5» ?> B5@<8=>;>388 Moreno, <K >AB0=>28<AO ?@8 @0AA<>B@5=88 ;5G5=8O :0B0@78A><. >AB>8=AB2>< :>;;5:B82=>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88 O2;O5BAO B>, GB> ?@8 =59 2@0G 70B@0G8205B <5=LH5 2@5<5=8 =0 ?@>2545=85 ;5G5=8O 8 <>65B >4=>2@5<5==> >E20B8BL F5;CN 3@C??C 1>;L=KE. @><5 B>3>, 2=CH05<>ABL 1>;L=>3>, 4>ABC?=>ABL ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:><C 2>7459AB28N ?@8 CA;>288 ?@51K20=8O 2 :>;;5:B825 >1KG=> 2>7@0AB0NB. @8 ?@>2545=88 A50=A>2 :>;;5:B82=>9 @0F8>=0;L=>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88, ?><8<> 2@0G0, ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>5 2>7459AB285 >:07K205BAO 2 ?@>F5AA5 15A54K 8 4@C38<8 G;5=0<8 :>;;5:B820. KA:07K205<K5 2@0G>< 273;O4K 8 @07JOA=5=8O ?> ?>2>4C B5E 8;8 8=KE >1AC6405<KE 2>?@>A>2 2>A?@8=8<0NBAO 1>;L=K< =5 :0: 04@5A>20==K5 A?5F80;L=> : =5<C A F5;LN CA?>:>8BL 53> 8;8 CAB@0=8BL 8<5NI89AO C =53> A8<?B><, 0 :0: >1@0I5==K5 :> 2A5<C :>;;5:B82C 8 ?>MB><C 2K7K20NB 1>;LH55 4>25@85 8 <5=LH55 A>?@>B82;5=85. 01;N45=85 70 CA?5E0<8 2 ;5G5=88 4@C38E 1>;L=KE ?>2KH05B 25@C 2 53> CA?5E, C:@5?;O5B CAB0=>2:C =0 2K?>;=5=85 @5:><5=4C5<KE 2@0G>< <5@>?@8OB89. B=>H5=8O, 2>7=8:0NI85 <564C 1>;L=K<8 2=CB@8 ;5G51=>9 3@C??K (8=B5@?5@A>=0;L=K5 >B=>H5=8O), <>3CB A?>A>1AB2>20BL >B2;5G5=8N >B 1>;57=5==KE ?5@56820=89, ?>O2;5=8N =>2KE 8=B5@5A>2, 2KO2;5=8N E0@0:B5@>;>38G5A:8E >A>15==>AB59 :064>3> 1>;L=>3>, ?>4;560I8E :>@@5:F88 ?CB5< ?A8E>B5@0?88. =0G5 3>2>@O, :>;;5:B82=K5 A50=AK <>3CB 8<5BL :0: ;5G51=>5, B0: 8 4803=>AB8G5A:>5 7=0G5=85. 54>AB0B:>< <5B>40 :>;;5:B82=>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88 O2;O5BAO B>, GB> ?@8 ?@>2545=88 :>;;5:B82=KE A50=A>2 B@C4=> >:070BL AB@>3> 8=48284C0;878@>20==>5 2>7459AB285 =0 1>;L=>3>. >MB><C A50=AK :>;;5:B82=>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88 4>;6=K A>G5B0BLAO A 8=48284C0;L=K<8 A50=A0<8 8 ?@>2>48BLAO 2@0G><, E>@>H> 7=0NI8< 1>;L=KE. !50=AK :>;;5:B82=>9 @0F8>=0;L=>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88 <>3CB A>G5B0BLAO A :>;;5:B82=K<8 A50=A0<8 2=CH5=8O 8;8 A0<>2=CH5=8O (0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:8) 8;8 ?@>3@5AA82=>9 <KH5G=>9 @5;0:A0F88, :>B>@K5 ?@>2>4OBAO A 3@C??>9 =5?>A@54AB25==> ?>A;5 A50=A0 @0F8>=0;L=>9 :>;;5:B82=>9 B5@0?88, >1@07CO :0: 1K 55 ?@>4>;65=85. 7<5=5=85 >B=>H5=8O 1>;L=>3> : A2>5<C 701>;520=8N, =0G02H0OAO ?5@5AB@>9:0 ;8G=>AB8, =0ABC?82H85 ?>4 2;8O=85< A50=A>2 :>;;5:B82=>9 @0F8>=0;L=>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88, >BG5B;82> 2KABC?8;8, :>340 1>;L=KE >?@>A8;8 4> 8 ?>A;5 =0G0;0 ;5G5=8O, :0:85 ?5@5<5=K 2 687=8 <>3;8 1K A>459AB2>20BL 8E 2K74>@>2;5=8N (0=:5B=K9 >?@>A 500 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8, ?@>2545==K9 !. !. 818E><). > =0G0;0 :C@A0 87 6 8 A50=A>2 :>;;5:B82=>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88 30% 1>;L=KE >B25B8;8: «5 7=0N», 20% 40;8 =5>?@545;5==K5 >B25BK 8 50% 2KA:070;8 G8AB> CB8;8B0@=K5 65;0=8O («?>;CG8BL :20@B8@C», «?>;CG8BL ?CB52:C», «<5=LH5 @01>B0BL» 8 B. 4.). > >:>=G0=88 :C@A0 ?A8E>B5@0?88 1>;LH8=AB2> >B25B8;>: «87<5=8BL A2>9 E0@0:B5@», «?@028;L=> >B=>A8BLAO : 687=5==K< B@C4=>ABO<», «@01>B0BL». >;;5:B82=0O @0F8>=0;L=0O ?A8E>B5@0?8O >A>15==> ?>:070=0, :>340 206=> 4>18BLAO CAB@0=5=8O =565;0B5;L=KE E0@0:B5@>;>38G5A:8E >A>15==>AB59 1>;L=>3>, 87<5=5=8O 53> >B=>H5=8O : ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI8< A>1KB8O<, 0 B0:65 2 B5E A;CG0OE, 5A;8 B@51C5BAO ?>2;8OBL =0 53> 273;O4K, CAB0=>2:8, 53> >F5=:C A2>53> 1>;57=5==>3> A>AB>O=8O, D>@<K @50:F88, B5 8;8 8=K5 687=5==K5 B@C4=>AB8. #A;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=0O B5@0?8O #A;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=>9 B5@0?859 2 H8@>:>< A<KA;5 A;>20 =07K20NB ;5G51=K5 <5B>4K, >A=>20==K5 =0 459AB288 ;N1KE CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=KE @074@068B5;59  :0: 157@5G52KE, B0: 8 @5G52KE, B. 5. 2:;NG0NB 2 =55 2A5 284K ?A8E>B5@0?88. K 1C45< ?>;L7>20BLAO MB8< ?>=OB85< 2 1>;55 C7:>< A<KA;5 A;>20 8 >B=>A8BL : =5<C ;8HL <5B>4K, >A=>20==K5 =0 2K@01>B:5 M;5<5=B0@=KE CA;>2=>-@5D;5:B>@=KE A2O759, =5 B@51CNI8E CG0AB8O @5G52KE 2>7459AB289. "0:85 A2O78 70<K:0NBAO =0 C@>2=5 ?5@2>9 A83=0;L=>9 A8AB5<K, E>BO 8 <>3CB =0E>48BL >B@065=85 2> 2B>@>9. #A;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=0O B5@0?8O O2;O5BAO >4=>9 87 D>@< ;5G5=8O 8=D>@<0F859. #A;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K9 A83=0; 8=D>@<0F8O > A>1KB88, :>B>@>5 A =5A><=5==>ABLN 4>;6=> =0ABC?8BL; CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=0O @50:F8O  ?>43>B>2:0 >@30=87<0 : MB><C A>1KB8N. =0G5 3>2>@O, CA;>2=K9 @5D;5:A  MB> ?@542>AE8I5=85 >?@545;5==>9 A8BC0F88 8 ?>43>B>2:0 : =59, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: >@85=B8@>2>G=0O @50:F8O  ?@542>AE8I5=85 =5>?@545;5==>9 A8BC0F88 (. . $5935=15@3). A;8 72>=>: 2K7K205B 2K45;5=85 A;N=K C 682>B=>3>, MB> 7=0G8B, GB> >@30=87< 682>B=>3> ?@>3=>78@C5B ?>ABC?;5=85 ?8I8 2A;54 70 72>=:>< 8 3>B>28BAO : 55 ?@85<C. A;8 72>=>: =5 ?>4:@5?;OBL 54>9, >= CB@0B8B A2>5 8=D>@<0B82=>5 7=0G5=85 8 ?5@5AB0=5B 2K7K20BL A;N=>>B45;5=85. @>F5AA 25@8D8:0F88 8=D>@<0F88 ?@8 2K@01>B:5 CA;>2=>3> @5D;5:A0 8 53> C30H5=85 <>3CB 1KBL 0;3>@8B<878@>20=K. @8 2K@01>B:5 M;5<5=B0@=KE CA;>2=KE @5D;5:A>2 C G5;>25:0 >G5=L 206=>, GB>1K ?>4:@5?;5=85 157CA;>2=>-@5D;5:B>@=K< @074@068B5;5< A;54>20;> 4>AB0B>G=> 1KAB@> 70 459AB285< CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=>3> @074@068B5;O A F5;LN 871560BL ?A8E8G5A:>9 ?5@5@01>B:8. "0:, 2 >?KB0E McAmster CA;>2=K9 7@0G:>2K9 @5D;5:A C G5;>25:0 ;53G5 2A53> C4020;>AL 2K@01>B0BL ?@8 ?>4:@5?;5=88 G5@57 ½ A5:C=4K 8 =5 C4020;>AL G5@57 2 ½ A5:C=4K. >7<>6=>, =5CA?5E CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=>9 B5@0?88 G5;>25:0 :@>5BAO 8=>340 2 =5A>1;N45=88 MB>3> B@51>20=8O. -<?8@8G5A:8 <5B>4K CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=>3> 2>7459AB28O A =570?0<OB=KE 2@5<5= ?@8<5=ONBAO 2 ?5403>38:5, =0?@8<5@ ?@8 >BCG820=88 45B59 >B «4C@=KE ?@82KG5:» (;53:89 C40@ ?> @C:5, :0: B>;L:> @515=>: A>25@H8; 8;8 ?KB05BAO A>25@H8BL 70?@5B=>5 42865=85). "5>@5B8G5A:CN >A=>2C CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=>9 B5@0?88 70;>68;8 @01>BK . . 02;>20. ?5@2K5 2K@01>B:0 CA;>2=KE (A>G5B0B5;L=KE, ?> B5@<8=>;>388 . . 5EB5@520) @5D;5:A>2 A B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 F5;LN 1K;0 ?@54;>65=0 . . 5EB5@52K< 2 1914 3.  40;L=59H5< AB0;8 ?@8<5=OBLAO <5B>4K CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=>9 B5@0?88, >A=>20==K5 =0 2K@01>B:5 1>;52>3> (. . 0=B>@>28G, 1929) 8 >A>15==> @2>B=>3> CA;>2=>3> @5D;5:A0 (. $. !;CG52A:89 8 . . $@8:5=, 1933) 4;O ;5G5=8O E@>=8G5A:>3> 0;:>3>;87<0, 0 B0:65 2K7K20=85 CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=>9 38?>3;8:5<88 ?CB5< 70<5=K 8=AC;8=0 D878>;>38G5A:8< @0AB2>@><, 38?5@B5@<88  70<5=>9 A5@K 8=48DD5@5=B=K< 25I5AB2>< 8;8 2K7K20=85 A=0  70<5=>9 A=>B2>@=>3> A>4>9.  1917 3. . . 5EB5@52 ?@54;>68; 4;O ;5G5=8O 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?0@0;8G59, 0=5AB5789, A;5?>BK, 3;CE>BK 8 4@. 2K@010BK20BL CA;>2=K5 @5D;5:AK ?CB5< A>G5B0=8O 8=48DD5@5=B=>3> A25B>2>3> 8;8 72C:>2>3> @074@068B5;O A 1>;52K< 157CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K< (M;5:B@8G5A:8< B>:><), 2K7K20NI8< ?0AA82=>->1>@>=8B5;L=CN @50:F8N. @8 MB>< >= 70<5B8;, GB> 5A;8 C 1>;L=>3> A 8AB5@8G5A:8< ?0@0;8G>< C405BAO 2K720BL CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=>5 42865=85 ?0@0;87>20==>9 :>=5G=>AB8, B> =0ABC?05B 2K74>@>2;5=85 >B ?0@0;8G0. =0;>38G=>, 5A;8 C405BAO 2K720BL CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=CN @50:F8N =0 A25B>2>9 @074@068B5;L C 1>;L=>3> A 8AB5@8G5A:>9 A;5?>B>9, =0ABC?05B 2K74>@>2;5=85 >B 8AB5@8G5A:>9 A;5?>BK 8 3;CE>BK. 7;5G5=85 ?@>8AE>48B, ?> <=5=8N . . 5EB5@520, 2A;54AB285 ?@O<>3> @0AB>@<06820=8O C3=5B5==>9 DC=:F88. @54;>65==K9 . . 5EB5@52K< <5B>4 ;5G5=8O 8AB5@8G5A:8E @0AAB@>9AB2 <>65B =09B8 ?@8<5=5=85, >A>15==> 2 A>G5B0=88 A B5@0?859 2=CH5=8O, ?@8 ;5G5=88 1>;L=KE 8AB5@859.  A>60;5=8N, 2 ;8B5@0BC@5 <K =5 =0H;8 C:070=89 =0 B>, GB> ?>A;5 . . 5EB5@520 MB>B <5B>4 :5<-;81> ?@8<5=O;AO.  1953 3. ?>;LA:89 D878>;>3 Zbrozina ?>:070;0, GB> 5A;8 <=>3>:@0B=> ?>4020BL :@0B:>2@5<5==K5 A83=0;K ?5@54 B5<, :0: A>10:0 :>=G05B 5ABL, B> 2A:>@5 MB>B A83=0; =0G=5B B>@<>78BL ?8I52CN @50:F8N, 4065 5A;8 >= 1C45B 40= 2 A5@548=5 54K. >MB><C Wolpe ?@54?>;>68;, GB> 5A;8 2K7K20BL C G5;>25:0 =5?@8OB=K5 >ICI5=8O M;5:B@8G5A:8< B>:>< 8 2K:;NG0BL 53> A@07C 65 ?>A;5 ?>40G8 :>@>B:>3> A83=0;0, B> 2A:>@5 MB>B A83=0; B0:65 =0G=5B 2K7K20BL A>AB>O=85, ?@>B82>?>;>6=>5 2K720==><C @074@065=85< M;5:B@8G5A:8< B>:><  ?@>B82>?>;>6=>5 B@52>35. AE>4O 87 MB>3> Wolpe ?@54;>68; A;54CNICN <5B>48:C ;5G5=8O A>AB>O=89 AB@0E0 C 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8: : 42C< ?0;LF0< ?0F85=B0 ?@8:@5?;ONBAO 2 M;5:B@>40 8 ?>42>48BAO 8=4C:F8>==K9 B>: <0:A8<C< 2 6 2. !8;0 B>:0 @53C;8@C5BAO ?>2>@>B>< @CG:8 >;L=><C ?@54;030NB 3@><:> ?@>87=5AB8 A;>2> «A?>:>9=>» (calm yourself) B>340, :>340 A8;0 B>:0 AB0=5B =5AB5@?8<>9. 0: B>;L:> >= ?@>87=>A8B MB> A;>2>, B>: 2K:;NG0NB. @>F54C@C ?>2B>@ONB =5A:>;L:> @07. !50=AK ?@>2>4OB 5654=52=>, 2 B5G5=85 1 2 =545;L. !;>2> «!?>:>9=>» 4;O 1>;LH8=AB20 ;N459 O2;O5BAO 5AB5AB25==K< CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K< @074@068B5;5<. 45AL 65 CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K< 2>7459AB285< 4>AB8305BAO CA8;5=85 53> B>@<>7=>3> 2;8O=8O, 2 A2O78 A G5< >=> A 1>;LH59 A8;>9 =0G8=05B ?>402;OBL GC2AB2> AB@0E0.  4=8 ;5G5=8O =5 40NBAO ;5:0@AB20, B>@<>7OI85 =5@2=CN A8AB5<C, B0: :0: >=8, ?> <=5=8N 02B>@0, 70B@C4=ONB 2K@01>B:C CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=>9 @50:F88, 8, =0>1>@>B, =07=0G0NBAO AB8<C;OB>@K, =0?@8<5@ 45:AB@8= ?> 10 <; 2 ACB:8 (87 3@C??K 45:A0<D5B0<8=>2). 2B>@ ;5G8; B0:8< A?>A>1>< 8 1>;L=KE D>18O<8, 87 =8E C 42CE =01;N40;AO 2K@065==K9 8 C G5BK@5E  =51>;LH>9 ?>;>68B5;L=K9 MDD5:B. %>@>H85 @57C;LB0BK <K =01;N40;8 ?@8 ;5G5=88 MB8< <5B>4>< 1>;L=>9 A =52@>7>< AB@0E0 8 1>;L=>9 A> AB@0E>< 70:@KBKE ?><5I5=89, 0 B0:65 ?@8 :C?8@>20=88 ?A524>01AB8=5=B=KE :@87>2 C =0@:><0=0. #A;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K9 <5B>4 ;5G5=8O E@>=8G5A:>3> 0;:>3>;87<0, ?@54;>65==K9 2 1929 3. . . 0=B>@>28G5<, 1K; ?@8<5=5= Wolpe 4;O ;5G5=8O >1A5AA89: 1>;L=>9 A> AB@0E>< 54K 2:CA=KE 25I59 8 =02O7G82K<8 A><=5=8O<8, 4>;6=0 >=0 8;8 =5 4>;6=0 5ABL B>, GB> 59 ?>40=>, 1K;> ?@54;>65=> ?@54AB02;OBL A515, 1C4B> >=0 A>18@05BAO AJ5ABL GB>-B> ?@8OB=>5. -B> 2K7K20;> ?>O2;5=85 C =55 =02O7G82KE A><=5=89. 0: B>;L:> C 1>;L=>9 2>7=8:0;> ?@54AB02;5=85 > 545, >=0 4>;6=0 1K;0 ?>4=OBL @C:C 8 45@60BL 55 2 MB>< ?>;>65=88, ?@>4>;60O 4C<0BL > 545.  @C:5 1K; ?@8A>548=5= M;5:B@>4 8, :>340 1>;L=0O ?>4=8<0;0 55, 2:;NG0;AO B>: >B 8=4C:F8>==>9 :0BCH:8 (@0AAB>O=85 <564C :0BCH:0<8 7 A<, =0?@O65=85 B>:0 2 6 2). C:C ?@54;030;>AL >?CAB8BL, :>340 B>: AB0=5B >G5=L =5?@8OB5=. 1KG=> 1>;L=0O >?CA:0;0 55 G5@57 2 3 A5:C=4K. 02O7G82K5 A><=5=8O, 4>;6=0 8;8 =5 4>;6=0 >=0 5ABL, ?@8 MB>< ?@5:@0I0;8AL. >A;5 @O40 A50=A>2 2>>1I5 8E ?>O2;5=85 1K;> 70B>@<>65=>. 0< C40;>AL ?@8 ?><>I8 MB>3> <5B>40 ?>4028BL =02O7G82K5 <C4@AB2>20=8O C >4=>9 1>;L=>9. K@01>B:0 @2>B=>3> CA;>2=>3> @5D;5:A0 A ?><>ILN 0?><>@D8=0, ?@54;>65==0O . $. !;CG52A:8< 8 . . $@8:5=>< 4;O ;5G5=8O E@>=8G5A:>3> 0;:>3>;87<0, 1K;0 A CA?5E>< ?@8<5=5=0 =0<8 4;O 1>@L1K A =02O7G82K< @8BC0;>< ?@8 ?A8E0AB5=88. >;L=>9 8A?KBK20; AB@0E 70 74>@>2L5 4>G5@8 (>8), 2 A2O78 A G5< ?@8 2845 F8D@K 3 (845=B8G=>9 1C:25 «3» ?> =0?8A0=8N) >= 4>;65= 1K; 3X13, B. 5. 39 @07 A>25@H8BL A8;L=K5 6520B5;L=K5 42865=8O G5;NABO<8, =5 8<5O =8G53> 2> @BC («@074028BL 2@03>2, GB>1K 4>G5@8 1K;> E>@>H>»). 8?=>7 8 =0@:>AC335AB82=0O B5@0?8O MDD5:B0 =5 4020;8. >;L=><C 1K; 22545= 0?><>@D8= ?>4 :>6C (Sol. Apomorphini hydrochlorici 1% 0,3 <;). '5@57 2 <8=CBK ?>A;5 MB>3> ?@54;>65=> <KA;5==> ?@54AB02;OBL A515, GB> >= A>25@H05B A2>8 70I8B=K5 6520B5;L=K5 42865=8O, 8 C:070=>, GB> B5?5@L MB> ?@54AB02;5=85 AB0=5B 2K7K20BL C =53> B>H=>BC. @54;>65=> ?>4=OBL ?0;5F, :0: B>;L:> ?>O28BAO ;53:>5 >ICI5=85 B>H=>BK. >340 >= ?>4=8<0; ?0;5F, ?>:07K20;0AL F8D@0 «3», ?@54;030;>AL A>25@H0BL 6520B5;L=K5 42865=8O, ?@8G5< 3>2>@8;>AL, GB> A59G0A 53> 1C45B B>H=8BL 5I5 1>;LH5 8 =0ABC?8B @2>B0. A;54 70 MB8< =0ABC?0;0 A8;L=0O B>H=>B0 8 @2>B0 (1>;L=>9 =5 7=0;, GB> >=0 2K720=0 459AB285< 0?><>@D8=0). >A;5 5 A50=A>2 2;5G5=85 : A>25@H5=8N =02O7G82>3> @8BC0;0 8AG57;> 8 A8<2>;8G5A:0O A2O7L F8D@K «3» A> 74>@>2L5< 4>G5@8 ?@5@20;0AL. @C385 =02O7G82>AB8, 8<52H85AO C 1>;L=>3>, A>E@0=8;8AL. 5B>4K CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=>9 B5@0?88 <>3CB =09B8 ?@8<5=5=85 ?@8 ;5G5=88 =52@>7>2 2 :><?;5:A5 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> 2>7459AB28O, 2 G0AB=>AB8 2 A>G5B0=88 A @0F8>=0;L=>9 ?A8E>B5@0?859, 2=CH5=85<, 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:>9 8;8 ;5G5=85< @5;0:A0F859 ?> 65:>1A>=C. 5B>4 ?@>3@5AA82=>9 <KH5G=>9 @5;0:A0F88 ?> 65:>1A>=C ?5@2K5 ?@54;>65= Jacobson 2 '8:03> 2 1922 3. 8 70B5< ?>AB5?5==> CA>25@H5=AB2>20= 8<. 01;N40O 70 ;8F0<8, =0E>4OI8<8AO 2 A>AB>O=88 C<AB25==>3> =0?@O65=8O 8;8 4CH52=>3> 2>;=5=8O, Jacobson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acobson ?>;030;, GB> :0640O >1;0ABL <>730 DC=:F8>=8@C5B 2 A2O78 A ?5@8D5@8G5A:8< =59@>-<CA:C;O@=K< 0??0@0B><, >1@07CO F5@51@>-=59@>-<CA:C;O@=K9 :@C3. @54;0305<K9 8< <5B>4 2;8O5B ?CB5< «@0AA;01;5=8O ?5@8D5@8G5A:>9 G0AB8 MB>3> :@C30» =57028A8<> >B 2=CH5=8O, A0<>2=CH5=8O 8 4@C38E 2>7459AB289 8 ?>B><C O2;O5BAO, ?> <=5=8N C:070==>3> 02B>@0, <5B>4>< «D878>;>38G5A:>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88». 0 D878>;>38G5A:8E >A=>20E @5;0:A0F88 <K >AB0=02;820;8AL ?@8 @0AA<>B@5=88 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:8. 45AL <K :>A=5<AO ;8HL 55 B5E=8:8. "5E=8:0 @5;0:A0F88 ?> 65:>1A>=C A2>48BAO : ?@>2545=8N A8AB5<0B8G5A:>3> :C@A0 B@5=8@>2:8, AB02OI59 F5;LN =0CG8BLAO 2K7K20BL ?@>872>;L=>5 @0AA;01;5=85 ?>?5@5G=>?>;>A0BKE <KHF 2 ?>:>5 (>A;01;5=85 @5784C0;L=>3> B>=CA0). ;O MB>3> @5:><5=4C5BAO ?@>2>48BL 38<=0AB8:C, =0?><8=0NICN C?@06=5=8O 8=489A:8E 9>3>2 ?> @0AA;01;5=8N <KHF B5;0. 1CG0NI5<CAO ?@54;0305BAO: 1) ;5GL =0 A?8=C, A>3=CBL @C:8 2 ;>:B52KE ACAB020E 8 @57:> =0?@OGL <KHFK @C:. 1@0B8BL 2=8<0=85 =0 2>7=8:0NI55 >ICI5=85 <KH5G=>3> =0?@O65=8O; 2) @0AA;018BL <KHFK 8 40BL @C:0< A2>1>4=> C?0ABL. 1@0B8BL 2=8<0=85 =0 2>7=8:0NI55 <KH5G=>5 @0AA;01;5=85 8 B0: ?>2B>@8BL =0?@O65=85 8 @0AA;01;5=85 <KHF =5A:>;L:> @07; 3) A>:@0I0BL 18F5?AK, =0?@O30O 8E A=0G0;0 A8;L=>, ?>B>< 2A5 1>;55 8 1>;55 A;01>. 0CG8BLAO >A>7=020BL A;01K5 <KH5G=K5 A>:@0I5=8O 8 >AB020BLAO 2 A>AB>O=88 ?>;=>9 =5?>4286=>AB8 A @0AA;01;5==K<8 <KHF0<8-D;5:A>@0<8. 0CG8BLAO 4>AB830BL 8AG57=>25=8O A0<KE ;53:8E AB5?5=59 =0?@O65=8O 18F5?A>2. >A;5 MB>3> ?@>2>4OBAO C?@06=5=8O, =0?@02;5==K5 =0 >1CG5=85 @0AA;01;5=8N >AB0;L=KE ?>?5@5G=>?>;>A0BKE <KHF-D;5:A>@>2 8 M:AB5=7>@>2 BC;>28I0, H58, ?;5G52>3> ?>OA0 8 4@., 2 ?>A;54=NN >G5@54L  <KHF ;8F0 8 3;07 (>B2>4OB 3;070 2 AB>@>=C 8 2K7K20NB >ICI5=85 =0?@O65=8O <KHF), <KHF 3>@B0=8 8 O7K:0, CG0AB2CNI8E 2 0:B5 @5G8. B>@>9 MB0? >1CG5=8O  «48DD5@5=F8@>20==0O @5;0:A0F8O»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«;5G5=85 C30H5=85< CA;>2=>9 A2O78» (. . !2O4>I, 1959). -<?8@8G5A:8 : =5<C 402=> ?@81530NB 2@0G8 ?@8 ;5G5=88 =5:>B>@KE D>189 C 45B59. 5B>4 >A=>20= =0 C30H5=88 CA;>2=>3> @5D;5:A0 1;03>40@O @0728B8N C30A0B5;L=>3>, 0 8=>340 8 48DD5@5=F8@>2>G=>3> B>@<>65=8O. @8 MB>< 2 :0G5AB25 2A?><>30B5;L=>3> ?@85<0 2 ?@>F5AA5 ;5G5=8O ?@81530NB B0:65 : <5E0=87<C B>@<>65=8O CA;>2=>3> @5D;5:A0 ?@8 ?><>I8 2=5H=53> B>@<>65=8O. >4 C30A0B5;L=K< ?>=8<05BAO B>@<>65=85, 2>7=8:0NI55 2 B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K9 @074@068B5;L <=>3>:@0B=> =5 ?>4:@5?;O5BAO 157CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K<. @8 MB>< CA;>2=K9 @5D;5:A C30A05B, ?> . . 02;>2C, B5< 1KAB@55, G5< >= <>;>65, <5=55 C:@5?;5= 8 G5< <5=55 8=B5=A82=K< 1K; 157CA;>2=K9 @5D;5:A, ?@8 ?><>I8 :>B>@>3> 1K; >1@07>20= CA;>2=K9. #30A0=85 @5D;5:A0 >1=0@C68205BAO =5 B>;L:> =0 B>< CA;>2=>< @5D;5:A5, :>B>@K9 =5?>A@54AB25==> ?>425@3AO ?@>F54C@5 C30H5=8O (?5@28G=> C30H5==K9 @5D;5:A), => 8 =0 4@C38E, =5 70B@>=CBKE, B0: A:070BL, ?@O<> MB>9 ?@>F54C@>9 (2B>@8G=> C30H5==K5 @5D;5:AK), 0 ?@8 2KAH8E AB5?5=OE C30A0=8O  4065 =0 157CA;>2=KE. #A;>2=K5 @5D;5:AK 2B>@>3> ?>@O4:0 C30A0NB A:>@55 @5D;5:A>2 ?5@2>3> ?>@O4:0. 1KG=> C30H5==K5 CA;>2=K5 @5D;5:AK, ?@54>AB02;5==K5 A0<8< A515, G5@57 B>B 8;8 8=>9 ?@><56CB>: 2@5<5=8 2>AAB0=02;820NBAO, 8 ;8HL =5402=> >1@07>20==K5 A;01K5 CA;>2=K5 @5D;5:AK ?>A;5 C30H5=8O <>3CB =5 2>AAB0=>28BLAO. @8 ;5G5=88 ?> >?8A0==><C <5B>4C 2>7=8:H89 C 1>;L=>3> ?0B>;>38G5A:89 CA;>2=K9 @5D;5:A C30H0NB <=>3>:@0B=K< ?>2B>@5=85< AE>4=KE 8;8 1>;55 A;01KE CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=KE @074@068B5;59 ?> A@02=5=8N A B5<8, :>B>@K5 53> ?5@2>=0G0;L=> 2K720;8. 725AB=CN @>;L <>65B 83@0BL 8 =0ABC?0NI0O 2 ?@>F5AA5 ;5G5=8O B@5=8@>2:0 =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2. '0I5 2A53> B0:8< <5B>4>< ;5G0B D>188 C 45B59, :0: 2 A;54CNI5< =01;N45=88. 52>G:0 4 ;5B 2E>48;0 2 :CE=N.  MB> 2@5<O A>A54:0, 65;0O ?>HCB8BL, =045;0 =0 3>;>2C :>@78=:C 8, =5>6840==> ?>25@=C2H8AL : 452>G:5, 3@><:> 70H8?5;0. 52>G:0 8A?C30;0AL 8 C1560;0. ! MB>3> 2@5<5=8 AB0;0 1>OBLAO :>@78=>:, :>H5;>: 8 AC<>:, A>A54:8, 0 B0:65 1>O;0AL 70E>48BL 2 :CE=N. A>15==> @57:0O ?0AA82=>->1>@>=8B5;L=0O CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=0O @50:F8O =0ABC?0;0 C =55 ?@8 2845 A>A54:8 2 :CE=5 8;8 A>A54:8 A :>@78=:>9. #30A8BL CA;>2=K9 @5D;5:A ?CB5< >1KG=>3> C15645=8O =5 C4020;>AL. ">340 452>G:5 2 55 :><=0B5 ?@54;>68;8 ?>83@0BL 2 «?0?K-<0<K». «"K 1C45HL <0<0, A:070;8 59, 2>B 745AL 1C45B B2>9 4><8:, 0 745AL <>9... 745AL 1C45B <03078=... <0<0 ?>:C?05B 2 <03078=5 ?@>4C:BK... (MB> 1C4CB 45=L38)... >7L<8 2>B MB8 :C18:8 (MB> 1C4CB ?@>4C:BK), >B=5A8 8E 4><>9...  BK 5I5 E;510 =5 :C?8;0, =5 :C?8;0 :0@B>H:8, :0?CABK, <>@:>28, :0: <=>3> ?@>4C:B>2 B515 =04> =5AB8 4><>9! "515 =5 C=5AB8 2A5 8E 2 @C:5. >B O 2>7L<C A515 ?@>4C:BK 2 :>@78=>G:C» (<0;5=L:CN 45BA:CN :>@78=>G:C, 8<5NICN 25AL<0 >B40;5==>5 AE>4AB2> A B>9 :>@78=:>9, :>B>@>9 452>G:0 1K;0 8A?C30=0). 52>G:0 A<>B@8B =0 MBC :>@78=>G:C A 8A?C3>< 8 AB>@>=8BAO 55. 8<> =55 =5A:>;L:> @07 ?@>=>AOB 83@CH:8 2 :>@78=>G:5 8 ?>:07K20NB, :0: MB> C4>1=>. 08=B5@5A>20==0O 83@>9, =0:>=5F, >=0 A0<0 15@5B MBC :>@78=>G:C 8 :;045B 2 =55 «?@>4C:BK». #2;5G5=85 83@>9 ?><>305B 59 ?>4028BL (?> <5E0=87<C >B@8F0B5;L=>9 8=4C:F88) ;53:>5 GC2AB2> AB@0E0, 2K720==>5 284>< MB>9 :>@78=>G:8 (B. 5. 35=5@0;87>202HCNAO CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=CN ?0AA82=> >1>@>=8B5;L=CN @50:F8N). 0;55 >=0 <=>3> @07 15@5B 2 @C:8 MBC :>@78=>G:C, ?@8 MB>< 157CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=>3> ?>4:@5?;5=8O ?0AA82=>->1>@>=8B5;L=>9 @50:F88 =5 ?@>8AE>48B 8 CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=0O @50:F8O =0 :>@78=>G:C ?>AB5?5==> C30A05B, E>BO 5I5 >AB05BAO =0 1>;LHCN :>@78=:C, A>A54:C 8 :CE=N. 0 A;54CNI89 45=L 2> 2@5<O 83@K 15@5BAO :>@78=>G:0 1>;LH8E @07<5@>2, =0 A;54CNI89 45=L  5I5 1>;LH8E. >340 @50:F8O =0 =8E C30A05B, B>340, =0:>=5F, 15@CB BC :>@78=:C, :>B>@0O 2K720;0 8A?C3 @515=:0, 2:;NG0NB 55 2 83@C 8 4>AB830NB C30H5=8O 2K720==>3> 5N CA;>2=>3> @5D;5:A0. 0B5< 3>2>@OB @515=:C > B><, GB> :>@78=:C B@C4=> =5AB8 2 @C:5, 8 :;04CB 55 =0 ?;5G>, ?>B>< =5ACB 55 =0 3>;>25, ?>AB5?5==> ?@81;860OAL : B>9 A8BC0F88 A :>@78=:>9, :>B>@0O 2K720;0 8A?C3. >B>< ?@54;030NB 55 =5AB8 @515=:C =0 ?;5G5, =0 3>;>25, =0:>=5F, HCBO =04520NB A515 MBC :>@78=:C =0 3>;>2C B0:, :0: MB> 1K;> A45;0=> A>A54:>9, >4=>2@5<5==> ?@81530O : 2=5H=5<C B>@<>65=8N (@073>2>@K > B><, GB> MB> 8=B5@5A=>, :0:0O 25A5;0O 83@0...) 4;O ?>402 ?5=8O A;01>9 CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=>9 @50:F88 AB@0E0, :>B>@0O >1KG=> ?@8 MB>< 2A5 65 2>7=8:05B. >AB5?5==> 4>AB830NB ?>;=>3> C30H5=8O 8 MB>9 CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=>9 @50:F88. #30H5=85 CA;>2=>3> @5D;5:A0 =0 :>@78=:C, =045BCN =0 3>;>2C, >1KG=> 2545B : CAB@0=5=8N CA;>2=>3> @5D;5:A0 8 =0 >AB0;L=K5 A2O70==K5 A =59 @074@068B5;8: :>H5;:8, AC<:8, A>A54:C 2 :CE=5 (2B>@8G=> C30H5==K5 @5D;5:AK ?> . . 02;>2C). #30AH89 CA;>2=K9 @5D;5:A G5@57 =5:>B>@>5 2@5<O =5@54:> 2=>2L 2>7>1=>2;O5BAO (@515=>: >?OBL =0G8=05B ?>10820BLAO :>@78=:8), E>BO 8 2 <5=55 @57:>9 D>@<5, 8 ;8HL ?>AB5?5==> A>25@H5==> 8AG5705B, =5 ?>425@30OAL ?>4:@5?;5=8N. @8 ;5G5=88 ?> >?8A0==><C <5B>4C @515=:0, =0?@8<5@ 8A?C302H53>AO A>10:8, =5 A;54C5B A@07C ?>42>48BL : =5<C A>10:C 4065 ?>A;5 >1JOA=5=8O, GB> MB> 4;O =53> =5 >?0A=>. CGH5 A0<>9 <0B5@8 8;8 2>A?8B0B5;L=8F5 ?>3;048BL A>10:C, ?>:>@<8BL 55, ?>425AB8 : =59 4@C38E, =5 ?C30NI8EAO 55 45B59, ?@>G8B0BL @0AA:07 > A>10:5, 345 =5B =8:0:8E CAB@0H0NI8E <><5=B>2. %>@>H85 @57C;LB0BK <K 2845;8, :>340 A <0;KH><, 8A?C302H8<AO =01@>A82H59AO =0 =53> G5@=>9 A>10:8, 83@0;8 2 4><8:8, :>B>@K5 4>;6=0 1K;0 AB>@>68BL A>10:0. !B028;8 «AB>@>60»  83@CH5G=CN 15;CN A>10G:C (A=0G0;0 <0;KH 8 55 AB>@>=8;AO), 70B5< 83@CH5G=CN G5@=CN A>10G:C, ?>AB5?5==> C30H0O CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=CN @50:F8N. > MB><C 65 <5B>4C ;5G0B AB@0E 70AK?0BL >4=><C 2 ?>AB5;8. !=0G0;0 ;>60BAO 2 ?>AB5;L 2<5AB5 A @515=:><, A;54CNI89 @07  ?>40;LH5 >B =53>. >B>< ;>60BAO 2>7;5 ?>AB5;8 =0 ABC;LO 8;8 :CH5B:C. 0B5< A84OB 2 :><=0B5 =540;5:> >B ?>AB5;8 @515=:0. @8 AB@0E5 70AK?0BL >4=><C 2 :><=0B5 ?@842830NB ?>AB5;L @515=:0 : 425@8, >B:@KB>9 2 A>A54=NN :><=0BC. 0B5< ?>AB5;L @515=:0 ?>AB5?5==> >B>42830NB >B 425@8, ?>:0 >=0 =5 AB0=>28BAO =0 A2>5 <5AB>. 0:>=5F, =0G8=0NB ?>AB5?5==> ?@8:@K20BL 425@L 2 53> :><=0BC. @8 ;5G5=88 =52@0AB5=8G5A:>9 @2>BK, 2K7K205<>9, =0?@8<5@, 284>< <>;>:0, <K ?>;CG8;8 ?>;>68B5;L=K5 @57C;LB0BK, 4020O A=0G0;0 E>;>4=K9 G09, :>D5 8;8 2>4C A <>;>:><. >B>< ?>AB5?5==> C25;8G820;8 :>;8G5AB2> <>;>:0 8 C<5=LH0;8 :>;8G5AB2> G0O, :>D5 8;8 2>4K, ?5@5E>4O : G8AB><C <>;>:C. @8 C30H5=88 @50:F88 =0 ?5=:8 <>;>:0 4020;8 8E A=0G0;0 2 A>25@H5==> ?@>B5@B>< (?@>?CI5==>< G5@57 <5;:>5 A8B>) 2845, 40;55 ?>AB5?5==> C25;8G820;8 @07<5@K A8B0, G5@57 :>B>@>5 >=8 ?@>?CA:0;8AL. Leonhard (1963) H8@>:> @5:><5=4C5B MB>B <5B>4 4;O ;5G5=8O B0:8E D>189, :0: 1>O7=L ?@>AB@0=AB20, >AB@KE ?@54<5B>2, ?>:@0A=5=8O, 703@O7=5=8O. ! 1>;L=K< >1AC6405BAO ?@8G8=0 1>;57=8 8 C:07K205BAO, GB> >= <>65B ?@5>4>;5BL AB@0E ?CB5< B@5=8@>2:8  ?@82K:0=8O : B><C, G53> >= 1>8BAO. C@A B@5=8@>2:8 4>;65= 1KBL I04OI8<, A8AB5<0B8G=K< 8 4>AB0B>G=> 4;8B5;L=K<. "0:, =0?@8<5@, 1>;L=><C A> AB@0E>< >4=><C 84B8 ?> C;8F5 A=0G0;0 2 B5G5=85 =5A:>;L:8E 4=59 8;8 =545;L ?@54;030NB 5654=52=> E>48BL ?> 1 2 G0A0 A 2@0G>< 8;8 1;87:8< G5;>25:><. 5@2K9 45=L 84CB @O4><, ?>A;54CNI85 4=8 2A5 1>;LH5 8 1>;LH5 C25;8G820NB @0AAB>O=85 <564C =8<8. @8 AB@0E5 2KA>:8E ?><5I5=89 2<5AB5 A 1>;L=K< 2E>4OB 2 B0:>5 ?><5I5=85, ?@8 :;0CAB@>D>188 =0E>4OBAO A =8< 2 70:@KB>< ?><5I5=88, ?@8 AB@0E5 >AB@KE ?@54<5B>2 2<5AB5 A 1>;L=K< @0A:;04K20NB 28;:8 8 =>68, ?>AB5?5==> ?@8CG0O 2A5 MB> 45;0BL A0<><C, ?@8 AB@0E5 703@O7=5=8O  2K?>;=OBL 459AB28O, B@51CNI85 A>?@8:>A=>25=8O A «3@O7LN». @8 M@59B>D>188 <=>3>:@0B=> AB02OB 1>;L=>3> 2 A8BC0F8N, >1KG=> 2K7K20NICN ?>:@0A=5=85, =0?@8<5@ ?@54;030NB ?>4E>48BL : 452CH:0< 8 A?@0H820BL C =8E 4>@>3C, ?@>A8BL ?@>402I8FC ?>:070BL B>20@ 8 >B:070BLAO >B 53> ?>:C?:8. @8 MB><, :0: >?8AK20;>AL ?@8 @0AA<>B@5=88 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:8, 1>;L=>9 4>;65= 2=CH0BL A515, GB> «:@>2L CH;0 : =>30<». C@A B@5=8@>2:8 70=8<05B >B =5A:>;L:8E =545;L 4> =5A:>;L:8E <5AOF52 8 405B E>@>H85 @57C;LB0BK 4065 ?@8 D>18OE <=>3>;5B=59 402=>AB8. @8 ?>A5I5=88 :;8=8:8, @C:>2>48<>9 ?@>D. Leonhard (5@;8=, 1967), =0< ?@>45<>=AB@8@>20;8 1>;L=CN CG8B5;L=8FC, 4;8B5;L=> AB@0402HCN AB@0E>< 703@O7=5=8O <>G>9.  ?@>F5AA5 ?A8E>B5@0?88 59 A=0G0;0 ?>@CG8;8 @07;820BL <>GC 1>;L=KE ?> 1CBK;>G:0<, 0 :>340 >=0 MB> >A2>8;0, ?>;820BL @C:8 GC6>9 <>G>9 8 2KB8@0BL 8E > A2>9 ?5@54=8: 8, =0:>=5F, ;>68BLAO 2 20==C, 2 :>B>@CN ?5@54 B5< ?@8 =59 ;8;8 <>GC. A5 MB> 2K?>;=O;>AL 5N 15A?@5:>A;>2=>. 5G5=85 4;8;>AL 1'/3 <5AOF0 $>18O 1K;0 CAB@0=5=0. #G5=8:C 9-3> :;0AA0, AB@0402H5<C 708:0=85<, 1K;> 70?@5I5=> @073>20@820BL 2 :;0AA5 2 B5G5=85 =5A:>;L:8E =545;L. 0;55 5<C 1K;> @07@5H5=> A0<><C ?@>A8BL A;>2> 8 >B25G0BL =0 C@>:0E 8, =0:>=5F, >B25G0BL B>340, :>340 53> 2K7>2CB. @><5 B>3>, ?@54;030;>AL 5654=52=> G8B0BL 2A;CE ?> 2, 0 70B5< ?> 3 4 G0A0 2 45=L. Bergman 4;O C30H5=8O =02O7G82KE <C4@AB2>20=89 A CA?5E>< ?@8<5=O;0 >B2;5G5=85 2=8<0=8O (2=5H=55 B>@<>65=85). >;L=>9 ?@54;030;>AL, :0: B>;L:> >=0 ?>GC2AB2C5B 2>7<>6=>ABL ?>O2;5=8O =02O7G82>9 <KA;8, A@07C G5<-=81C4L >B2;5GLAO. @8 MB>< A>2<5AB=> A 2@0G>< ?@>-4C<K20;8AL >B2;5:0NI85 70=OB8O, : :>B>@K< <>6=> ?@8153=CBL, 5A;8 1>;L=0O =0E>48BAO 2 :><=0B5 (=0G0BL G8B0BL :=83C, GB>-B> ?@8H820BL, C18@0BL), 5A;8 >=0 2 MB> 2@5<O =0 :CE=5 8 B. 4. >A;5 ?OB8 =545;L ;5G5=8O >B2;5G5=85< =02O7G82K5 <KA;8 C >4=>3> 1>;L=>3> AB0;8 <5=55 @57:8<8 8 ?>A;5 2 ½ <5AOF52 ;5G5=8O ?>GB8 8AG57;8. >6=> A F5;LN >B2;5G5=8O 2K7K20BL 8 :0:85-;81> ?@8OB=K5 2>A?><8=0=8O. 5B>4 =530B82=>3> 2>7459AB28O  1928 3. Dunlop 2K428=C; ?0@04>:A0;L=>5 ?>;>65=85, A>3;0A=> :>B>@><C >B 4C@=>9 ?@82KG:8 <>6=> 871028BLAO, 5A;8 <=>3>:@0B=> A>7=0B5;L=> ?>2B>@OBL B> ?@82KG=>5 459AB285, >B :>B>@>3> E>G5HL >A2>1>48BLAO, 8 ?@54;>68; <5B>4 B0: =07K205<>3> =530B82=>3> 2>7459AB28O. AE>4O 87 MB>3> ?@8=F8?0 Dunlop 2 1942 3. >?C1;8:>20; <5B>48:C A>>B25BAB2CNI53> ;5G5=8O B8:>2, =>G=>3> =545@60=8O <>G8, <0ABC@10F88 8 B. ?. A=>2K20OAL =0 53> @01>B0E, Wakeham (1930) 4;O CAB@0=5=8O ?@82KG=>9 >H81:8 2 8A?>;=5=88 «Toccata und Fuga in D-minor» 0E0 2 B5G5=85 2 =545;L =0@>G=> 83@0; MB> <5AB> =5?@028;L=>, ?>A;5 G53> A<>3 ;53:> 871028BLAO >B ?@82KG=>9 >H81:8. = 65 70 >48= A50=A ?>GB8 ?>;=>ABLN 87;5G8; 65=I8=C, :>B>@0O, ?5G0B0O =0 ?8HCI59 <0H8=:5, =02O7G82> 4>102;O;0 : :>=FC A;>20 ?5@2CN 1C:2C MB>3> A;>20 (=0?@8<5@, cityc 2<5AB> city). > 2@5<O A50=A0 59 1K;> ?@54;>65=> B5?5@L A>7=0B5;L=> ?@8 ?5G0B0=88 4>102;OBL : :>=FC :064>3> A;>20 53> ?5@2CN 1C:2C. O4 ?A8E>;>3>2 ?@>25;8 M:A?5@8<5=BK =0 >1CG02H8EAO <0H8=>?8A8. # =8E 8A:CAAB25==> D>@<8@>20;AO =5?@028;L=K9 =02K:, ?>A;5 G53> >= CAB@0=O;AO @07=K<8 <5B>40<8. ?KBK ?>4B25@48;8 40==K5 Dunlop 8 <5B>4 AB0; ?@8<5=OBLAO 4;O ;5G5=8O =02O7G82KE 459AB289, B8:>2, M7>D03>A?07<0, =5:>B>@KE D>@< 708:0=8O 8 B. ?. (Fishman, 1937; Frankl, 1948, 1966; . . "0=FN@0, 1956; Lehner, 1960, 8 4@.). @8 <=>3>:@0B=>< ?>2B>@5=88 =02K: 8;8 =02O7G82>5 459AB285, :070;>AL, 4>;6=K 1K;8 1K 5I5 1>;LH5 70:@5?8BLAO, 5I5 1>;LH5 70D8:A8@>20BLAO. '5< 65 <>6=> >1JOA=8BL ?>;>68B5;L=K9 MDD5:B? 5E0=87< ;5G51=>3> 459AB28O ?@8 MB>< <5B>45, :0: =0< :065BAO, =5 2A5340 >48=0:>2. 848<>, 45;> 3;02=K< >1@07>< 2 B><, GB> =565;0B5;L=K5 <>B>@=K5 =02K:8, =02O7G82K5 42865=8O, B8:8, 38?5@:8=57K, > :>B>@KE 845B @5GL, A>25@H0NBAO 1>;L=K< 02B><0B8G5A:8, 157 0:B82=>3> :>=B@>;O A>7=0=8O, ?>MB><C ?@8 <=>3>:@0B=>< 02B><0B8G5A:>< ?>2B>@5=88 >=8 =5 AB0=>2OBAO @565 8;8 A;0155 8 1>;L=>9 =5 2 A8;0E >B =8E 871028BLAO. 4=0:> :>340 1>;L=>9 8E A0< <=>3>:@0B=> A>7=0B5;L=> ?>2B>@O5B, >=8 ?@8>1@5B0NB =>2>5 :0G5AB2>  42865=85 ?@>B5:05B =0 4@C3><, 1>;55 2KA>:><, C@>2=5, ?@52@0I05BAO 2 >A<KA;5==>5 459AB285, :>B>@>5 ?>4G8=O5BAO :>=B@>;N A>7=0=8O 8 <>65B 1KBL ?@>872>;L=> 70B>@<>65=>.  @O45 A;CG052 2 4>AB865=88 B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> MDD5:B0 <>65B 83@0BL @>;L =0;8G85 C;LB@0?0@04>:A0;L=>9 D07K, 2 A2O78 A G5< ?>;>68B5;L=K9 @074@068B5;L =0G8=05B 2K7K20BL >B@8F0B5;L=K9 MDD5:B 8 =0>1>@>B. >4>1=K9 <5E0=87< =01;N405BAO, 25@>OB=>, B>340, :>340 1>;L=>9 A> AB@0E>< 3;>B0=8O 2K7K205B C A51O ?@54AB02;5=85: «/ =5 <>3C 3;>B0BL, :><>: 2 3>@;5», 8 B>340 >:07K205BAO 2 A>AB>O=88 A2>1>4=> ?@>3;>B8BL ?8IC, 8;8 405B A515 ?5@54 A=>< :><0=4C: «5 70AK?0BL!» 8 70AK?05B. > <=5=8N . . "0=FN@K (1956), ?>A:>;L:C 2 >A=>25 =02O7G82KE 459AB289 ;568B >1@07>20=85 ?0B>;>38G5A:>3> >G030 8=5@B=>3> 2>71C645=8O, ?@8 <=>3>:@0B=>< ?>2B>@5=88 MB8E 459AB289 <>65B =0ABC?8BL ?5@5=0?@O65=85 2>71C645=8O 2 >G035 A @0728B85< 2 =5< 8=5@B=>3> B>@<>65=8O. "5E=8:0 ;5G5=8O. >;L=><C 40NBAO @07JOA=5=8O ?> ?>2>4C <5E0=87<0 8<5NI8EAO C =53> 1>;57=5==KE A8<?B><>2 8 >1>A=>2K205BAO =07=0G05<>5 ;5G5=85. >;L=>3> ?@87K20NB 0:B82=> CG0AB2>20BL 2 53> ?@>2545=88. >7<>6=K @07=K5 20@80=BK ;5G51=KE ?@85<>2. 5@2K9 20@80=B. >;L=><C C:07K205BAO, GB> 2@0G ?@>2545B A =8< @O4 ;5G51=KE A50=A>2. > 2@5<O A50=A>2 1C45B @073>20@820BL A =8< =0 A2>1>4=K5 B5<K 8 =01;N40BL 70 =8<. 0: B>;L:> C 1>;L=>3> 2>7=8:=5B 1>;57=5==K9 A8<?B>< (=02O7G82>5 42865=85, 708:0=85), 1>;L=>9 4>;65= 1C45B 53> BCB 65 ?>2B>@8BL 15 20 @07 ?>4@O4 (5A;8 708:0NI89AO A:070; «???060;C9AB20», 15 @07 ?>2B>@8BL «???060;C9AB20», >1O70B5;L=> 708:0OAL). 0;55 15A540 A 1>;L=K< 8 =01;N45=85 70 53> ?>2545=85< ?@>4>;60NBAO. 1@0I05BAO 2=8<0=85 =0 B>, GB>1K 1>;L=>9 ?>2B>@8; 25AL :><?;5:A >4=>2@5<5==> 2>7=8:0NI8E A8<?B><>2, =0?@8<5@ =5 B>;L:> :820B5;L=K5 42865=8O 3>;>2>9, => 8 =0?@O65=85 <KHF @C:8 8 ?>2>@>B 3>;>2K 2 AB>@>=C, 5A;8 >=8 A>25@H0NBAO >4=>2@5<5==>. 5@2K5 A50=AK 70=8<0NB >:>;> 30 <8=CB, ?>2B>@=K5 4> G0A0. '0AB>B0 A50=A>2 2 3 2 =545;N. @8 ;5G5=88 =02O7G82KE 459AB289 :C@A 10 20 A50=A>2, ?@8 ;5G5=88 708:0=8O  =5A:>;L:> <5AOF52. B>@>9 20@80=B (?> . . "0=FN@5). >;L=><C ?@54;0305BAO 4><0 3 4 @070 2 45=L ?> =5A:>;L:C <8=CB ?@>872>48BL 42865=8O, ?>2B>@ONI85 1>;57=5==K9 A8<?B><, 8;8 ?> 10 15 @07 2K7K20BL ?@54AB02;5=8O, CA8;820NI85 53>. "0:, =0?@8<5@, 1>;L=><C A @2>B>9, 2>7=8:0NI59 ?@8 ?>?KB:5 5ABL O1;>:8, 10 @07 ?>4@O4 =C6=> 2K7K20BL ?@54AB02;5=8O, GB> >= 5AB O1;>:8 8 53> B>H=8B; 1>;L=><C A =02O7G82K< @8BC0;>< ?@8:>A=>25=8O :064K5 2 G0A0 : ?>;C ?@54;0305BAO ?@8:0A0BLAO : ?>;C :064K5 10 <8=CB, 1>;L=><C A M7>D03>A?07<>< 8 AB@0E>< 3;>B0=8O  45@60BL ?8IC 2> @BC, AB0@0BLAO 55 =5 3;>B0BL 8 4C<0BL ?@8 MB><, GB> >=0 >AB0=>28BAO 2 ?8I52>45; 1>;L=><C A 38?5@:8=57>< 3>;>2K  :0G0BL 3>;>2>9 G0I5, G5< ?@5645; 1>;L=><C A 15AA>==8F59  ?@8;5GL 2 ?>AB5;L 8 AB0@0BLAO =5 70AK?0BL, <KA;5==> ?>2B>@OO: «5 =04> A?0BL» (?@8<5@ ;5G5=8O ?@82545= ?@8 >?8A0=88 =52@>70 >6840=8O) 8 B. 4. "@5B89 20@80=B. -B>B 20@80=B <5B>40 @07@01>B0; Frankl (1948, 1966), =07202H89 53> ?0@04>:A0;L=>9 8=B5=F859 (>B ;0B. intentio  =0<5@5=85). ! 1>;L=K< ?@>2>4OB 15A54C, 2> 2@5<O :>B>@>9 >1JOA=ONB 5<C A<KA; ;5G5=8O, =0?@8<5@, @0AA:07K20NB > 708:5, :>B>@K9 =5 A<>3 708:0BLAO, :>340 5<C ?@8H;>AL 8A?>;=8BL @>;L 708:8 =0 AF5=5; > 1>;L=>9, 1>OI59AO ?>:@0A=5BL 2 >1I5AB25 8 2 B> 65 2@5<O =5A?>A>1=>9 2K720BL C A51O ?>:@0A=5=85, :>340 >=0 MB>3> E>G5B. 0B5< 1>;L=><C ?@54;030NB ?KB0BLAO 45;0BL B>, G53> >= 1>8BAO, 8 AB@5<OBAO ?@8 MB>< ?@54AB02;OBL MB> 2 =5A:>;L:> A<5H=>< A25B5, 2K720BL C 1>;L=>3> =0A<5H;82>5 >B=>H5=85 : MB><C ?@54;>65=8N. "0:, =0?@8<5@, 1>;L=><C :0@48>D>1859 A> AB@0E>< E>4L1K >4=><C ?> C;8F5 («24@C3 AB0=5B ?;>E> A A5@4F5< 8 =8:B> =5 >:065B ?><>I8») Frankl 3>2>@8;: «>AB0@09B5AL B5?5@L C<8@0BL :064K9 45=L 3 @070. "@8 @070 2 45=L 2K7K209B5 C A51O ?0@0;8G A5@4F0 8 C<8@09B5. >2B>@O9B5:  %>GC C<5@5BL" 8 2KE>48B5 ?@8 MB>< =0 C;8FC, GB>1K C<5@5BL». >;L=><C A 8=D0@:B>D>1859 >= A:070;: «>?KB09B5AL BCB 65 2K720BL C A51O 8=D0@:B». >;L=>9, 70A<5O2H8AL, >B25B8;: «KB0NAL, => =5 ?>;CG05BAO». ">340 Frankl ?@54;>68;: «5;09B5 2A5 2>7<>6=>5, GB>1K 3 @070 2 45=L ?>;CG0BL ?> 8=D0@:BC». >;L=><C, 2 B5G5=85 20 ;5B AB@0402H5<C AB@0E>< AB0BL 3><>A5:AC0;8AB>< A =02O7G82K< 65;0=85< AE20B8BL <C6G8=C 70 ?>;>2K5 >@30=K (87-70 G53> 1>O;AO 5748BL 2 >B?CA:, 2 :><0=48@>2:C, 1KBL 2 A0<>;5B5), Gerz (A>B@C4=8: Frankl) 40; «A>25B» 2A5E <C6G8=, :>B>@KE >= C2848B =0 C;8F5, 2 02B>1CA5, @5AB>@0=5, E20B0BL 70 ?>;>2>9 >@30=.  >B25B =0 MB> 1>;L=>9 @0AA<5O;AO 8 2A:>@5 ?>A;5 MB>3> 871028;AO >B AB@0E0.  :018=5 A0<>;5B0 >= 65 ?KB0;AO 2K720BL C A51O GC2AB2> C60A0 8 «70AB028BL» A51O E20B0BL 2A5E <C6G8=-?0AA068@>2 70 ?>;>2K5 >@30=K  =8 AB@0E, =8 =02O7G82>5 2;5G5=85 =5 2>7=8:;8. #40;>AL 4>AB83=CBL ?>;=>3> 2K74>@>2;5=8O. @8<5=82 MB>B <5B>4, <K ?@54;>68;8 1>;L=><C A8D8;>D>1859 «3 @070 2 45=L 70@060BLAO A8D8;8A><», 1>;L=><C A> AB@0E>< A>9B8 A C<0  «3 @070 2 45=L ;N1K< ?CB5< 2K7K20BL C A51O AC<0AH5AB285», 1>;L=><C M@59B>D>1859  A:070BL A515: «E>GC ?>:@0A=5BL, E>GC 70;8BLAO :@0A:>9, A59G0A ?>4>94C : 452CH:0< (?@>402I8F0<) 8 ?>AB0@0NAL 70;8BLAO :@0A:>9», 8 45;0BL MB>, 1>;L=>9 A =52@>7>< AB@0E0  «45;0BL 2A5, GB>1K 1>OBLAO 25AL 45=L, 8A?KBK20BL 25AL 45=L C60A». >;L=>9, AB@040NI59 1>O7=LN C:>;>BL A2>53> @515=:0, @5:><5=4>20;8 «1@0BL 28;:C 8 ?> 5 @07 2 45=L :>;>BL @515=:0 2 154@>» 8 4>1028;8: «KB09B5AL MB> 45;0BL!» >340 ?@8 MB>< >=0 1@0;0 28;:C, B> 65;0=85 :>;>BL @515=:0 =5 2>7=8:0;> 8 2A:>@5 AB@0E C30A. 5602H5<C C =0A 2 :;8=8:5 ?0@8:<0E5@C, 1>O2H5<CAO, GB> ?@8 1@8BL5 «>B25BAB25==>3>» :;85=B0 C =53> =0G=5B B@OAB8AL @C:0 8 2A5 >:@C60NI85 MB> 70<5BOB, 1K;> ?@54;>65=> ?@8=5AB8 1@8B2C 8 ?>1@8BL 2@0G0 2 ?@8ACBAB288 4@C38E 2@0G59. @8 MB>< ?@54;>65=> 4C<0BL: «!59G0A O ?>:06C 5<C, :0: C <5=O B@OA5BAO @C:0, O ?>B@OAC @C:>9!»  8 B@OAB8 1@8B2>9 ?5@54 ;8F>< 2@0G0. 5A<>B@O =0 ?>2B>@=K5 ?@54;>65=8O «B@OAB8 @C:>9», 1>;L=>9, A<5OAL, >B25B8;, GB> «@C:0 =5 B@OA5BAO», 8 ?>1@8; 157C:>@87=5==>. 5 C 2A5E 1>;L=KE D>18O<8 2 @02=>9 <5@5 ?@85<;5< MB>B <5B>4. "0:, >48= 87 1>;L=KE :0@48>D>1859, =5A<>B@O =0 ?@54;>65=85 3 @070 2 45=L 2K7K20BL C A51O «8=D0@:B», 2A5 65 =5 2AB0; A ?>AB5;8 87-70 1>O7=8 C<5@5BL. @C3>9 =0H 1>;L=>9 A8D8;>D>1859 >B:070;AO ?@8<5=8BL MB>B <5B>4, B0: :0: =5 <>3 A51O 70AB028BL 2K?>;=OBL B@51C5<>5 («<KA;L > 70@065=88 1K;0 =5A=>A=0»). # =5:>B>@KE 1>;L=KE, >A>15==> 25@OI8E 2 «D878G5A:85» A?>A>1K ;5G5=8O, ?@54;>65=85 ?@8<5=8BL C:070==K9 <5B>4 2K7K205B A:5?B8G5A:>5 >B=>H5=85, 2 A2O78 A G5< >= >:07K205BAO 4;O =8E <0;>?>4E>4OI8<. %>@>H>, :>340 MB>B <5B>4 ;5G5=8O =07=0G05BAO 2@0G><, ?>;L7CNI8<AO 1>;LH8< 02B>@8B5B>< 2 3;070E 1>;L=>3>. 5B>4 65;0B5;L=> A>G5B0BL A ;5G5=85< C15645=85< 8 2=CH5=85< =0O2C. 5@2>5 2@5<O 4;O C<5=LH5=8O AB@0E0 <>3CB 1KBL =07=0G5=K B@0=:28;870B>@K (B@8>:A078=, ;81@8C<, 0 B0:65 ;81@8C< A =>78=0=>< 8;8 B>D@0=8;><). C@A ;5G5=8O A>AB02;O5B >B 1 2 A50=A>2 4> =5A:>;L:8E <5AOF52.  ?>A;54=5< A;CG05 ?0@04>:A0;L=0O 8=B5=F8O <>65B >4=>2@5<5==> ?@8<5=OBLAO A ;5G5=85< ?> <5B>4C C30H5=8O CA;>2=>9 A2O78. 5B>4 =530B82=>3> 2>7459AB28O <>65B 1KBL @5:><5=4>20= 4;O ;5G5=8O D>189, =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89, B8:>2 8 708:0=8O, A2O70==>3> A 1>O7=LN @5G8. 5G5=85 :0B0@78A><, ?A8E>4@0<0 ?> >@5=> 5G5=85 :0B0@78A><  MB> ;5G5=85 8=D>@<0F859, 2K7K20NI59 >B@5038@>20=85 ?5@56820=89 2 1>4@AB2CNI5< A>AB>O=88 8;8 A=5  38?=>B8G5A:>< (38?=>:0B0@78A) ;81> =0@:>B8G5A:>< (=0@:>:0B0@78A). > <=5=8N Freud, 2 =>@<5 >B@5038@>20=85 ?5@56820=89 ?@>8AE>48B 2> 2@5<O A=>2845=89.  ?>;L7C MB>3> 273;O40 3>2>@OB ?@82545==K5 2KH5 40==K5 > @>;8 1KAB@>3> A=0. « A;CG0OE ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<K, ?8A0; . . 8@<0=, 2 :>@5 3>;>2=>3> <>730 >1@07C5BAO A8;L=K9 >G03 2>71C645=8O.  =>@<0;L=KE CA;>28OE MB>B >G03 ?>BCE05B 8;8 ?CB5< >B;820 M=5@388 : ?>4:>@:>2K< F5=B@0< (0DD5:B82=K9 @07@O4), 8;8 ?CB5< 8@@0480F88 2>71C645=8O ?> A>G5B0B5;L=K< ?CBO< (0AA>F80B82=>5 @07@5H5=85)». @8=F8? ;8:2840F88 >G030 2>71C645=8O ?CB5< @07@O40 53> M=5@388 (>B@5038@>20=8O) <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20= A B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 F5;LN. $0:B8G5A:8 =0 =5< >A=>2K205BAO ;5G5=85 :0B0@78A>< («>G8I5=85<»), ?@54;>65==>5 Janet, 0 70B5< Vocht 8 Brodmann. "5@<8= «:0B0@78A» ?@>8AE>48B >B 3@5G5A:>3> A;>20 Katharsis  >G8I5=85 8 ?@8<5=O;AO 5I5 @8AB>B5;5< 2 CG5=88 > B@035488. "@03548O, ?> <=5=8N @8AB>B5;O, 2K7K20O AB@0E, 3=52, A>AB@040=85 8 ?@., 70AB02;O5B 7@8B5;O ?5@56820BL MB8 GC2AB20, B5< A0<K< :0: 1K «>G8I0O» 53> 4CH52=>5 A>AB>O=85. I5 704>;3> 4> @8AB>B5;O ?>=OB85 > :0B0@78A5, :0: C:07K205B Haisch, 2>7=8:;> C 2@0G59-?8D03>@89F52, ;5G82H8E 1>;L=KE <C7K:>9. 0B0@0:B8G5A:8< <5B>4>< ?5@2>5 2@5<O ?>;L7>20;8AL B0:65 Breuer 8 Freud (?>A;54=89 2A:>@5 >B:070;AO >B 53> ?@8<5=5=8O 2 A2O78 A ?5@5E>4>< : ?A8E>0=0;87C). @8 ;5G5=88 :0B0@78A>< 2K7K20NBAO 2>A?><8=0=8O > B@02<8@>202H5< 1>;L=>3> ?5@56820=88 8 ?@54AB02;O5BAO 2>7<>6=>ABL «>B@5038@>20BL» 53>. @8 MB>< 4>AB8305BAO ;8:2840F8O >G030 ?0B>;>38G5A:>3> 8=5@B=>3> 2>71C645=8O ?CB5< @07@O40 53> M=5@388. > Gellhorn 8 Loofbourrow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«K 5I5 @07 ?5@56825B5 MB8 A>1KB8O 8 B5?5@L >B@5038@C9B5 8E, ?>A;5 G53> >=8 4;O 20A ?>B5@ONB 2AO:CN 7=0G8<>ABL 8 2K 1C45B5 87102;5=K >B 20H59 1>;57=8  3>2>@OB 5<C». "0:, =0?@8<5@, G5;>25:C, C :>B>@>3> ?>O28;AO 8AB5@8G5A:89 38?5@:8=57 ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: >= ?5@568; 8A?C3 8 1K; A2845B5;5< AB@0H=>9 AF5=K 3815;8 ;N459 2> 2@5<O 1><10@48@>2:8, 3>2>@OB: «!59G0A 2K 2A?><=8B5 A 8A:;NG8B5;L=>9 O@:>ABLN 2A5 A>1KB8O MB>9 AF5=K. 0740;AO A83=0; 2>74CH=>9 B@52>38... K 2K1560;8 87 203>=0...» A;8 A>= 38?=>B8G5A:89 A O2;5=8O<8 A><=0<1C;87<0, B> MB8E A;>2 4>AB0B>G=>, 8 1>;L=>9 40;LH5 A0< @07K3@K205B 1C@=CN AF5=C, 2>A?@>872>4OICN ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI85 ?5@56820=8O. !F5=0 MB0 A>?@>2>6405BAO BO65;K< 4KE0=85<, AB>=0<8, A;570<8, M:A?@5AA82=K<8, ?>@>9 B50B@0;87>20==K<8 65AB0<8 8 4;8BAO =5A:>;L:> <8=CB. A;8 >=0 =5 70:0=G8205BAO G5@57 10 15 <8=CB, 2@0G ?@8:07K205B 1>;L=><C @57:8<, 3@><:8<, 2=CH0NI8< B>=><: «!?0BL, A?0BL 3;C165... -B> ?@>H;>, MB>3> =5B. !59G0A (=07K205B =K=5H=89 3>4 8 G8A;>) 2K A>25@H5==> A?>:>9=K» 8, ?>4>6402 1 2 <8=CBK, ?>:0 1>;L=>9 =5 CA?>:>8BAO, ?@>4>;605B: «"5?5@L 2K 871028;8AL >B BO65;KE ?5@56820=89 2>5==KE ;5B. ;5B:8 <>730 >A2>1>48;8AL >B 2>71C645=8O, 2K720==>3> MB8<8 ?5@56820=8O<8. !>1KB8O MB8 B5?5@L 4;O 20A 157@07;8G=K (8;8  2K 8E 701K;8"). K A>25@H5==> A?>:>9=K. 71028;8AL 2K 8 >B 4@>60=8O (8;8 ?@8?04:>2 8;8 4@C3>3> 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0). "5?5@L 2K 2=>2L B0:>9, :0:8< 1K;8 4> 1>;57=8, 8 2AN 687=L 1C45B5 74>@>2K». @8 ;5G5=88 =0@:>:0B0@78A>< ?@8<5=O5BAO >?8A0==0O 2KH5 B5E=8:0 2=CH5=8O 2 A>AB>O=88 =0@:>B8G5A:>3> A=0. @8 MB>< 2 >B;8G85 >B ;5G5=8O 2> 2@5<O A=0 38?=>B8G5A:>3> >1KG=> B@51C5BAO 2 1>;LH59 <5@5 >682;OBL ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI85 A>1KB8O. "0:, =0?@8<5@, 2 ?@82545==>< 2KH5 =01;N45=88 5I5 2=CH0NB: «"@5I0B 75=8B:8... >O28;AO 2@065A:89 A0<>;5B... !28AB 1><1K...» 8 B. 4. >;LH>5 7=0G5=85 :0B0@78AC ?@8405BAO ?@8 ;5G5=88 «?A8E>4@0<>9» ?> Moreno. @8 MB>< <5B>45 ;81> 1>;L=K5 >1J548=ONBAO 2 A?5F80;L=K5 3@C??K 4;O B>3>, GB>1K :064K9 87 CG0AB=8:>2 3@C??K =0 AF5=5 4@0<0B8G5A:8 2>A?@>8725; ?5@568B>5 8< ?A8E>B@02<8@>202H55 A>1KB85 8 B0:8< >1@07>< >B@5038@>20; 53>, ;81> A MB>9 65 F5;LN ?@8ACBAB2>20; =0 ?>AB0=>2:5 A?5F80;L=KE ;5G51=KE ?L5A, 2 :>B>@KE 70B@03820NBAO ?>4>1=K5 ?5@56820=8O. ;O MB>3> Denes 1K; >@30=87>20= A?5F80;L=K9 B50B@, 2 :>B>@>< ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=K5 0:B5@K @07K3@K20;8 @O4 >4=>0:B=KE ?L5A (=0?@8<5@, «A8E>?0B», «52@>7 AB@0E0»). (8@>:>3> @0A?@>AB@0=5=8O <5B>4K MB8 =5 ?>;CG8;8, E>BO A0<> ?> A515 ?@8<5=5=85 83@>2KE <5B>4>2 ?A8E>B5@0?88, >G8I5==>5 >B A?5:C;OB82=KE ?>AB@>5=89, 8 70A;C68205B 2=8<0=8O. #40G=K< ?@8<5@>< B0:>3> ?@8<5=5=8O O2;O5BAO 8<03>B5@0?8O (>B ;0B. imago  2>>1@065=85) ?> . . >;L?5@BC. >;L=><C =52@>7>< ?@54;0305BAO 2K1@0BL A515 35@>O, :>B>@><C >= E>B5; 1K ?>4@060BL, 8 40;55 ?@54AB02;OBL A515, GB> >= 83@05B @>;L MB>3> 35@>O  25AB8 A51O B0:, :0: 25; 1K 53> 35@>9 2 MB>9 A8BC0F88. > 2@5<O A@54K 5 D52@0;O 1936 3. ?@8 >1AC645=88 M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>9 D>188 3;C18=K C A>10:8, 2K720==>9 C =55 2 AB0=:5 «8ABO70=85<» B>@<>7=>3> ?@>F5AA0 (>?KBK . . 5B@>2>9), . . 02;>2 >B<5B8; A;54CNI55: «"0:0O D>18O <>65B ACI5AB2>20BL <5AOF A ;8H=8<, 5A;8 2K 70 MB> 2@5<O =5 AB028B5 A>10:C 2 AB0=>:. > 5A;8 2K ?>AB028;8 A>10:C 2 AB0=>:, 0 2 AB0=:5 >=0 1KAB@> 2?0405B 2 38?=>B8G5A:>5 A>AB>O=85, B> 4>2>;L=> ?>2B>@8BL MB>B >?KB 1 2 @070 4;O B>3>, GB>1K D>18O 8AG57;0... 0;LH5 A>10:0, =0 <5AOF ?5@52545==0O 2 A>10G=8:, A?8B 2 A>10G=8:5, 0 A>=  MB> B>@<>65=85. >G5<C 65 A>= 55 =5 87;5G8205B >B D>188 8 ?>G5<C >A>1>5 7=0G5=85 B>@<>65=85 ?>;CG05B B>;L:> 2 AB0=:5, :>340 B0< ?@>8AE>48B B>@<>7=>5, A>==>5 38?=>B8G5A:>5 A>AB>O=85? 0: MB> ?>=OBL? /A=>, GB> :>340 A>10:0 2 AB0=:5 ?@8E>48B 2 38?=>B8G5A:>5 A>AB>O=85, B> 2>7=8:0NI55 B>@<>65=85 0AA>F88@C5BAO A> 2A59 >1AB0=>2:>9 8 2AB@5G05BAO A?5F80;L=> A BO65;K< A>AB>O=85< MB>3> ?C=:B0. ">340 ?@>8AE>48B ?>;57=>5 <564C =8<8 2708<>459AB285. / 4C<0N, GB> 2 MB>< 2AO A>;L 8 70:;NG05BAO. "@51C5BAO 2AB@5G0 MB>3> >1I53> B>@<>65=8O A> A?5F80;L=K< A>AB>O=85< «1>;L=>3> ?C=:B0». -B>, :>=5G=>, >G5=L 206=K9 ?@0:B8G5A:89 D0:B. >340 2 :;8=8:5 B>@<>65=85 2KABC?05B 2 :0G5AB25 ;5G51=>3> A@54AB20, B>, :>=5G=>, 4;O 0=0;870 45B0;59 MB> =C6=> CG8BK20BL»1. "0:8< >1@07><, ?> <=5=8N . . 02;>20, B>@<>65=85, =0ABC?0NI55 2> 2@5<O A=0, 8=>340 ?@82>48B : 87;5G5=8N B>;L:> 2 B>< A;CG05, 5A;8 2 MB> 2@5<O 8<5NI89AO «1>;L=>9 ?C=:B» =0E>48BAO =5 2 >1KG=><, 0 «2 A?5F80;L=>< A>AB>O=88», 5A;8 2 MB> 2@5<O : =5<C «?@8:0A0NBAO», 2K7K20O 2 =5< «BO65;>5 A>AB>O=85». 'B> ?@8 MB>< ?@>8AE>48B 2 «1>;L=>< ?C=:B5», :0:>2 <5E0=87< 2>7=8:0NI53> 2708<>459AB28O <564C =8<8, >AB05BAO =5OA=K<. @8 ;5G5=88 38?=>- 8 =0@:>:0B0@78A>< 2>7<>6=>, GB>, ?><8<> <5E0=87<0 >B@5038@>20=8O, 83@05B @>;L 8 «2AB@5G0 >1I53> B>@<>65=8O A> A?5F80;L=K< A>AB>O=85< 1>;L=>3> ?C=:B0».  A>AB>O=88 0;:>3>;L=>3> >?LO=5=8O C 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 8=>340 A?>=B0==> 2>7=8:0NB =0?;K2K 2>A?><8=0=89 > ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI8E A>1KB8OE A 1C@=>9 M<>F8>=0;L=>9 @50:F859. 4=0:> : 2K74>@>2;5=8N MB> >1KG=> =5 2545B. 848<>, >4=>3> «>B@5038@>20=8O» 8 «2AB@5G8 B>@<>65=8O A> A?5F80;L=K< A>AB>O=85< 1>;L=>3> ?C=:B0» 2 MB8E A;CG0OE =54>AB0B>G=>. 5A><=5==>, GB> 1>;LHCN @>;L 2 4>AB865=88 B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> MDD5:B0 83@05B A>?CBAB2CNI55 ;5G5=8N 2=CH5=85  ?@O<>5 8 :>A25==>5 («?>A;5 >B@5038@>20=8O 1>;57=5==K5 A8<?B><K 8AG57=CB»). !;54C5B CG5ABL, GB> C 1>;L=KE 8AB5@859 8AB8==>9 ?@8G8=>9 1>;57=8, 45;0NI59 8AB5@8G5A:89 A8<?B>< «CA;>2=> ?@8OB=K< 8;8 65;0B5;L=K<» 8 254CI59 : 53> D8:A0F88, G0AB> O2;O5BAO =5 B0 ?A8E8G5A:0O B@02<0, :>B>@CN 1>;L=>9 AG8B05B ?@8G8=>9 1>;57=8 (=0?@8<5@, D@>=B>2K5 ?5@56820=8O), 0 =K=5H=OO, 0:BC0;L=0O A8BC0F8O, ?>@>640NI0O «153AB2> 2 1>;57=L». C@=0O 65 M<>F8>=0;L=0O @50:F8O ?@8 C?><8=0=88 >1 MB>9 <=8<>9 ?@8G8=5 1>;57=8 =>A8B B50B@0;L=K9 E0@0:B5@ 8 4>;6=0 :0: 1K ?>4G5@:=CBL, GB> 701>;520=85 2K720=> 8<5==> 5N, 8 B5< A0<K< 2K720BL : A515 A>GC2AB285 8 «>?@0240BL» 1>;57=L. 5G5=85 B0:8E 1>;L=KE ?@>2>48BAO 2 A>>B25BAB288 A >1I8<8 ?@8=F8?0<8 B5@0?88 8AB5@88. 5G5=85 :0B0@78A>< >G5=L H8@>:> ?@8<5=O;>AL 2> 2@5<O 2B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K ?>4 =0720=85< =0@:>A8=B570 2 0=3;89A:>9 8 0<5@8:0=A:>9 0@<8OE 8 O2;O;>AL >D8F80;L=> ?@87=0==K< 8 @5:><5=4>20==K< <5B>4>< ;5G5=8O «2>5==KE =52@>7>2».  2 <8@=>5 2@5<O <5B>4 MB>B <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20= 2 A>G5B0=88 A ;5G5=85< C15645=85<, 2=CH5=85< 8 :0C70;L=>9 B5@0?859 ?@8 8AB5@88, =52@>75 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89, =52@>75 AB@0E0, 0 B0:65 =52@0AB5=8G5A:8E =0@CH5=8OE DC=:F88 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2, B. 5. 2 B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 2 35=575 701>;520=8O 83@0NB @>;L «=5>B@5038@>20==K5» ?5@56820=8O. 5B>4 «8=B5=A82=>3> ?5@52>A?8B0=8O» ?> 5=A0=C, «2=570?=>3> =0?045=8O 2@0A?;>E» ?> 0CD<0=C 8 «=0A8;LAB25==KE C?@06=5=89» ?> 5@5@C. @>B@5?B8:0  =0G0;5 ?5@2>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K 2> 2A5E 2>5202H8E AB@0=0E 4;O ;5G5=8O 1>;L=KE A 8AB5@8G5A:8<8 A8<?B><0<8 H8@>:> ?@8<5=O;8AL «<O3:85», «I04OI85» D878>B5@0?52B8G5A:85 ?@>F54C@K. >;L=KE A 8AB5@8G5A:8<8 ?0@0;8G0<8 ;5G8;8 B0: 65, :0: 1>;L=KE A >@30=8G5A:8 >1CA;>2;5==K<8 ?0@0;8G0<8  «=56=K<8» D878>B5@0?52B8G5A:8<8 ?@>F54C@0<8, A>G5B0O 8E A C3>20@820=85< 1>;L=>3>, GB> 5<C «;CGH5», GB> 1>;57=L 53> «?@>E>48B». 4=0:> BKAOG8 MB8E 1>;L=KE <5AOF0<8 ;5G8;8AL 157 MDD5:B0. 5CA?5E MB8E <5B>4>2 ?@825; : ?>8A:0< 4@C38E A?>A>1>2 ;5G5=8O.  1916 3. 2> $@0=F88 Vincent ?@54;>68; <5B>4 :C?8@>20=8O 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2 70 >48= A50=A  ?@8 ?><>I8 2=CH5=8O 2 A>G5B0=88 A 459AB285< A8;L=>9, 1>;52>9 4>7K M;5:B@8G5A:>3> B>:0 8 =0A8;LAB25==K<8 C?@06=5=8O<8. = =0720; 53> <5B>4>< «8=B5=A82=>3> ?5@52>A?8B0=8O» (reeducation intensive) 8 ?>;030;, GB> B0:8< ?CB5< <>6=> 70AB028BL 1>;L=>3> «>B:070BLAO» >B A2>53> 8AB5@8G5A:>3> A8<?B><0.  B>< 65 3>4C 0=0;>38G=K9 <5B>4 ?@54;>68; Kaufmann 2 5@<0=88 8 =0720; 53> <5B>4>< «2=570?=>3> =0?045=8O 2@0A?;>E» (Überrümfelungmethode). @8 MB>< <5B>45 1>;L=><C ?@5420@8B5;L=> 2=CH0;>AL, GB> 2K74>@>2;5=85 C =53> =0ABC?8B A@07C 65, :0: B>;L:> =0 =53> >:065B «;5G51=>5 459AB285» M;5:B@8G5A:89 B>:. 0;55 1>;L=>3> A 8AB5@8G5A:8< A8<?B><>< (>1KG=> 8AB5@8G5A:8< ?0@0;8G><) C:;04K20;8 =0 AB>; 8 2=570?=> C40@O;8 A8;L=K< M;5:B@8G5A:8< B>:><, 2K7K20NI8< @57:>5 1>;52>5 >ICI5=85.  B>B <><5=B, :>340 1>;L=>9 1K; ?>B@OA5= =5>6840==K< C40@>< B>:0, ?>25;8B5;L=K< B>?>< B@51>20;8, GB>1K >= =0G0; 42830BL ?0@0;87>20==>9 :>=5G=>ABLN ?>4 :><0=4C 2@0G0, >4=>2@5<5==> 2=CH0O, GB> >= <>65B MB> 45;0BL. 5@2>=0G0;L=> 4;O ;5G5=8O Kaufmann ?@8<5=O; A8=CA>840;L=K9 B>:, >4=0:> ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: 2 ;8B5@0BC@5 ?>O28;8AL A>>1I5=8O > 10 A<5@B5;L=KE 8AE>40E ?@8 ;5G5=88 ?> MB><C <5B>4C, A8=CA>840;L=K9 B>: 1K; 70<5=5= D0@048G5A:8<. !<5@B5;L=K5 8AE>4K >B ?@8<5=5=8O 53> 2 ;8B5@0BC@5 =5 >?8A0=K. Kaufmann AG8B0; A2>9 <5B>4 ?@>B82>?>:070==K< ?> >B=>H5=8N : A2565701>;52H8< 1>;L=K<, ?>440NI8<AO 4@C38< <5B>40< ;5G5=8O, 0 B0:65 : 8AB>I5==K< 8 1>;L=K< A 207><>B>@=K<8 @0AAB@>9AB20<8. Kehrer <>48D8F8@>20; <5B>4 0CD<0=0, =0G8=0O A50=A ;5G5=8O =5 A 2K7K20=8O «?A8E8G5A:>3> H>:0» 1>;52K<8 4>70<8 B>:0, 0 A 2K?>;=5=8O 0:B82=KE 42865=89 ?>4:><0=4C («=0A8;LAB25==KE C?@06=5=89»  Gewaltoder Zwangsexerzieren).  B>;L:> 2 A;CG05 :@09=59 =5>1E>48<>AB8, ?>4>1=> =0574=8:C, ?@81530NI5<C : H?>@0<, ?@8<5=O;AO 1>;57=5==K9 30;L20=8G5A:89 B>:. A=>2C ;5G5=8O Kehrer CA<0B@820; 2> 2=CH5=88, >B=>AO 70 53> AG5B 459AB285 M;5:B@8G5A:>3> B>:0 8 «=0A8;LAB25==KE C?@06=5=89». $0:B8G5A:8 Vincent, Kaufmann 8 Kehrer 8AE>48;8 87 >H81>G=>9 ?@54?>AK;:8, A>3;0A=> :>B>@>9 1>;L=>3> A 8AB5@8G5A:8< A8<?B><>< =C6=> «70AB028BL >B:070BLAO >B 1>;57=5==KE A8<?B><>2», A;><82 53> «7;CN 2>;N». AO ?@54;0305<0O 8<8 ?@>F54C@0 =5@54:> A>74020;0 C 1>;L=KE ?@54AB02;5=85 > B><, GB> 8E 1>;57=L @0AA<0B@8205BAO 2@0G0<8 :0: ?@>O2;5=85 =54>AB0B>G=>3> 65;0=8O 2K74>@>25BL. CG8B5;L=K5 1>;52K5 4>7K M;5:B@8G5A:>3> B>:0 8 «=0A8;LAB25==K5 C?@06=5=8O» ?@8 MB>< 8=>340 @0AF5=820;8AL 1>;L=K<8 :0: =0:070=85 8 ?>@>640;8 2=CB@5==55 A>?@>B82;5=85 ;5G5=8N, GB> 2 7=0G8B5;L=>9 <5@5 A=860;> F5==>ABL C:070==KE <5B>4>2. -DD5:B82=>ABL =5 2A5340 2KA>:0. "0:, . . $5938= 87 8 1>;L=KE A C?>@=K<8 8AB5@8G5A:8<8 <>=>A8<?B><0<8, ;5G82H8EAO ?> 0CD<0=C 5@5@C, 4>AB83 ?>;>68B5;L=KE @57C;LB0B>2 ;8HL C B@5E. >@OG8<8 AB>@>==8:0<8 C:070==KE <5B>4>2 O2;ONBAO . Kretschmer (1949) 8 W. Kretschmer (1959). 5@2K9 ?@54;>68; =07K20BL 8E ?@>B@5?B8:>9 (>B 3@5G. protre@>  25AB8 2?5@54 :>=O ?>4 C74FK) 8 >B=5AB8 : =59 2A5 <5B>4K ;5G5=8O, >A=>20==K5 =0 A8;L=KE A5=A>@=KE 8 A;>25A=KE @074@065=8OE, 2K7K20NI8E C 1>;L=>3> =5?@8OB=K9 0DD5:B 8 A@07C 65 :C?8@CNI8E =52@>B8G5A:89 A8<?B><.  >A=>25 459AB28O, ?> . Kretschmer, ;568B ?@8<8B82=0O @50:F8O, :>B>@0O 87102;O5B >B =52@>B8G5A:>3> A8<?B><0 8 ?5@52>48B «>=B>35=5B8G5A:8 4@52=NN 38?>1C;8G5A:CN» @50:F8N 2 2>;52CN. BAN40, ?> 53> <=5=8N, 4;O ;5G5=8O 8AB5@8G5A:8E <>=>A8<?B><>2 («:>=25@A8>==>9 8AB5@88») @5:><5=4CNBAO <5B>4K, =0?><8=0NI85 4@5AA8@>2:C 682>B=KE  @57:>5 1>;52>5 2>7459AB285, :><0=40, =0A8;LAB25==K5 C?@06=5=8O ?> 0CD<0=C  5@5@C. >7<>6=>, GB> 2>7=8:0NI89 ?@8 MB8E <5B>40E ;5G51=K9 MDD5:B >1JOA=O5BAO 2>7=8:=>25=85< «A8;L=>9 2>;=K 2>71C645=8O», 84CI59 87 ?>4:>@:8 8 254CI59, ?> . . 02;>2C, : «A<K20=8N B>@<>7=KE ?C=:B>2»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eir-Mitschell, @5:><5=4>20BL CA8;5==>5 ?8B0=85 (>B:0@<;820=85) 2 :0G5AB25 206=>3> M;5<5=B0 B5@0?88. 4=0:> ?@8 MB>< ;5G5=85 4020;> MDD5:B ;8HL 2 A>G5B0=88 A B5@0?859 C15645=85< 8 2=CH5=85<, 0 B0:65 87>;OF859 1>;L=>3> >B 4><0H=59 A@54K. Dubois ?@8 ;5G5=88 1>;L=KE C15645=85< B0:65 H8@>:> ?@8<5=O; 485B>B5@0?8N, 2 G0AB=>AB8 <>;>G=CN 485BC. =0 2E>48;0 :0: M;5<5=B 2 A8AB5<C ;5G5=8O C15645=85< 8 2=CH5=85< (A<. ?@82545==K5 2KH5 ?@8<5@K Dubois). Dejerine 8 Gaukler ?@8 MB>< =07=0G0;8 1>;L=><C ?5@2>=0G0;L=> ?> AB0:0=C <>;>:0 :064K9 G0A 12 @07 2 45=L, ?>AB5?5==> ?>2KH0O 4>7C, 8 G5@57 =545;N 4>E>48;8 4> 4 5 ; <>;>:0 2 45=L, C45@6820OAL =0 MB>< :>;8G5AB25 2 B5G5=85 =5A:>;L:8E =545;L. >;L=K5 1KAB@> 7=0G8B5;L=> ?@8102;O;8 2 25A5. 5:>B>@K5 02B>@K H8@>:> ?>;L7>20;8AL =07=0G5=85< <>;>G=>9 485BK 2 B5G5=85 ;8HL ?5@2KE 6 4=59 ;5G5=8O. #A8;5==>5 ?8B0=85 >A>15==> ?>:070=> ?@8 ;5G5=88 8AB>I5==KE 1>;L=KE A =52@>70<8. 85B>B5@0?8O 83@05B 206=CN 2A?><>30B5;L=CN @>;L ?@8 ;5G5=88 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8. =0 <>65B O2;OBLAO ACI5AB25==K< M;5<5=B>< 2 A8AB5<5 ;5G5=8O 1>;L=>3> ?A8E>B5@0?859 8 A>G5B0BLAO A A>>B25BAB2CNI8< :>A25==K< 2=CH5=85< 8 C15645=85<. "0:, =0?@8<5@, =07=0G0O 8AB>I5==><C 1>;L=><C :C@A CA8;5==>3> ?>B@51;5=8O D@C:B>2 (28=>3@040, O1;>:, 0?5;LA8=>2 8 ;8<>=>2), >G5=L 206=> C15640BL 1>;L=>3> 8 2=CH0BL 5<C, GB> 8<5==> 40==K9 :C@A 4;O =53> ?>;575=, ?>4@>1=> >?8A0BL 53> ;5G51=>5 459AB285, 45B0;L=> C:070BL, :0: 4>;6=0 ?@>2>48BLAO 485B0. 07=0G0O ;5G5=85 28=>3@04><, =C6=> >?8A0BL 53> 459AB285 8 C:070BL: «ABL ?5@2K9 @07 ?> 100 3 28=>3@040 8 @07 2 45=L, =0G8=0O A 8 G0A>2 CB@0, :064K5 2 G0A0 8 C25;8G820BL 4>7C :064K9 45=L =0 25 3 =0 ?@85<, 4>94O 4> 400 3 =0 ?@85< 8 B. 4. @8 MB>< C:07K20NB 1>;L=><C, GB> B@52>60I85 53> =0@CH5=8O A> AB>@>=K =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K ?>;=>ABLN ?@5:@0BOBAO». B:0@<;820=85 2 :0G5AB25 >A=>2=>3> <5B>40 ;5G5=8O @5:><5=4C5BAO Leonhard (1963) ?@8 anorexia nervosa, 2 G0AB=>AB8 ?@8 N=>H5A:>< 8AEC40=88. >;L=>3> ?><5I0NB 2 AB0F8>=0@ 8 C:07K20NB, GB> 2 B5G5=85 ?5@2>9 =545;8 5<C 404CB 2>7<>6=>ABL ?>AB5?5==> ?@82K:=CBL : C?>B@51;5=8N =>@<0;L=KE :>;8G5AB2 ?8I8, ?>A;5 G53> 5<C 1C4CB 4020BL 5ABL AB>;L:>, A:>;L:> 74>@>2K< ;N4O<. 548F8=A:>9 A5AB@5 ?>@CG05BAO 2 A;CG05 >B:070 1>;L=>3> AJ5ABL =5>1E>48<>5 :>;8G5AB2> :>@<8BL 53> A ;>65G:8, =0A8;L=> 8 2 :@09=5< A;CG05 ?@81530BL : C3@>75 :>@<;5=8O G5@57 7>=4. 07@5H05BAO 5ABL =5 A?5H0. =>340 >4=> :>@<;5=85 4;8BAO 4> 2 G0A>2 8 ?8IC 70 MB> 2@5<O ?>4>3@520NB. 5 @07@5H05BAO >AB02;OBL GB>-;81> =5AJ545==K< =0 B0@5;:5. !> 2 3-3> 4=O >1KG=> 4>AB0B>G=> >4=>3> ?@8ACBAB28O A5AB@K, GB>1K 1>;L=>9 5;. !> 2-9 =545;8 ;5G5=8O 1>;L=>9 =0G8=05B AJ540BL >1KG=CN ?>@F8N 74>@>2>3> G5;>25:0. ">340 :>=B@>;L 70 54>9 >A;01;O5BAO 8 G5@57 2 3 =545;8 ?@51K20=8O 2 AB0F8>=0@5 1>;L=>9 2K?8AK205BAO. <C @07@5H05BAO 5ABL, A:>;L:> >= 70E>G5B, => ?@54;0305BAO A;548BL 70 25A>< 8 :064K5 2 =545;8 ?>:07K20BLAO 2@0GC. 4=0 87 1>;L=KE Leon-hard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«=0548=5 A> A2>8<8 <KA;O<8», A>AB>O=85 8E CEC4H05BAO. !:070==>5 ?> ?>2>4C ;5G5=8O >B4KE>< 8 ?>:>5< >B=>A8BAO 8 : A0=0B>@=>-:C@>@B=><C ;5G5=8N.  B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 ?@51K20=85 =0 :C@>@B5 8;8 2 A0=0B>@88 2@5<5==> C40;O5B 1>;L=>3> >B 459AB28O ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI8E @074@068B5;59 (=0?@8<5@, 2K2>48B 87 BO65;>9 A5<59=>9 >1AB0=>2:8), 0 B0:65 ?>@>6405B C 1>;L=>3> =>2K5 8=B5@5AK 2 A2O78 A ?@51K20=85< 2 =>2>9 >1AB0=>2:5, <>65B =0ABC?8BL 7=0G8B5;L=>5 C;CGH5=85 8;8 ?>;=>5 ?@5:@0I5=85 1>;57=5==KE A8<?B><>2. 4=0:> >=8 >1KG=> 2>7>1=>2;ONBAO, :0: B>;L:> 1>;L=>9 2>72@0I05BAO 2 AB0@CN ?A8E>B@02<8@CNICN A8BC0F8N. !0=0B>@=>-:C@>@B=>5 ;5G5=85 ?@8=>A8B >A>15==> 1>;LHCN ?>;L7C 1>;L=K< =52@>70<8, 5A;8 4> =53> MDD5:B82=> ?@8<5=O;8AL 4@C385 <5B>4K, 3;02=K< >1@07>< ?A8E>B5@0?8O 8 4>AB83=CB> ;81> CAB@0=5=85 1>;57=5==KE A8<?B><>2, ;81> ?@5:@0I5=85 459AB28O ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI8E @074@068B5;59, ;81> 87<5=5=85 >B=>H5=8O 1>;L=>3> : MB8< @074@068B5;O<. ">340 ?@51K20=85 2 A0=0B>@88 8;8 =0 :C@>@B5 4;O C;CGH5=8O >1I53> A>AB>O=8O 1>;L=>3> 8 70:@5?;5=8O 4>AB83=CBKE B5@0?52B8G5A:8E @57C;LB0B>2 25AL<0 MDD5:B82=>. >;L=K5 =52@>70<8 (2:;NG0O 0AB5=8G5A:85 A>AB>O=8O A><0B>35==>3> 35=570  . !), AC4O ?> >BG5B=K< 40==K< =5:>B>@KE :C@>@B>2, A>AB02;ONB 4> 30 40% >1I53> G8A;0 1>;L=KE (. !. '5B25@8:>2), ?>;L7CNI8EAO A0=0B>@=K< ;5G5=85<. > . . 0=025F, ?@>F5=B 1>;L=KE A 254CI8< 4803=>7>< =52@>70 =0 =5:>B>@KE :C@>@B0E 4065 ?@52KH05B 40. 4=0:> A0=0B>@=>-:C@>@B=>5 ;5G5=85 405B MDD5:B =5 ?@8 2A5E D>@<0E =52@>7>2 2 @02=>9 <5@5. => =5 ?>:070=>, :0: <K C2848<, ?@8 8AB5@8G5A:8E <>=>A8<?B><0E, =0?@8<5@ 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?0@0;8G0E. @8 =52@>75 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89, ?A8E0AB5=88 8 =52@>75 AB@0E0 >=>, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, <>65B CAB@0=OBL A>?CBAB2CNICN >A=>2=><C 701>;520=8N 0AB5=8N, B5< A0<K< A?>A>1AB2CO C;CGH5=8N >1I53> A0<>GC2AB28O 8 =5:>B>@><C C<5=LH5=8N =02O7G82>AB8 8 AB@0E>2, A 4@C3>9  8=>340 ?@82>48BL : 8E CA8;5=8N, 5A;8 1>;L=>9 =8G5< =5 70=OB, =8G5< =5 >B2;5G5= >B 1>;57=5==KE ?5@56820=89.  ?>;=>9 ;8:2840F88 =02O7G82>AB8 8;8 AB@0E0 >=> >1KG=> =5 2545B.  >A=>2=>< =0 :C@>@B0E ;5G0BAO 1>;L=K5 =52@0AB5=859, 2:;NG0O B0: =07K205<K5 =52@>7K 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2 8 ?>;>2>9 AD5@K, 0 B0:65 1>;L=K5 A 0AB5=8G5A:8<8 A>AB>O=8O<8 A><0B>35==>3> 35=570. ;02=CN @>;L BCB 83@0NB >B4KE 8 >1I5C:@5?;ONI55 459AB285 4>AB0B>G=>3> A=0, @53C;O@=>3> ?8B0=8O, :;8<0B8G5A:8E 8 10;L=5>;>38G5A:8E D0:B>@>2, 0 B0:65 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>5 2>7459AB285 =>2>9 A8BC0F88 8 @07;8G=KE ?@>F54C@. >MB><C >:070;>AL, GB> ;5G5=85 =52@>7>2 <>65B 1KBL A CA?5E>< ?@>2545=> 2 4><0E >B4KE0 8 A0=0B>@8OE :0: =0 <5AB=KE, B0: 8 =0 N6=KE :C@>@B0E. @8E>48BAO CG8BK20BL, GB> 2 60@:>5 2@5<O 3>40 =0 N3 =5;L7O ?>AK;0BL 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8, :>B>@K5 ?;>E> ?5@5=>AOB 60@C. @8 ?>AK;:5 1>;L=KE =0 >B40;5==K5 >B <5AB0 68B5;LAB20 :C@>@BK =5;L7O 83=>@8@>20BL, :0: >B<5G05B . . >A?5;>2, 8 2>7<>6=>5 >B@8F0B5;L=>5 2;8O=85 =0 8E >@30=87< @07=8FK ?>OA>2 2@5<5=8, 2;06=>AB8 8 10@><5B@8G5A:>3> 402;5=8O. «>;L=>9 >@30=87<, 2K@20==K9 87 ?@82KG=KE 4;O =53> :;8<0B8G5A:8E CA;>289, ?8H5B >=, 2K=C645= 2 B5G5=85 @O40 4=59 040?B8@>20BLAO : =>2K< CA;>28O<, GB> G0AB> ?@82>48B : >1>AB@5=8N ?0B>;>38G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0. > 2>72@0I5=88 A :C@>@B0 >@30=87< 2K=C645= ?@8A?>A01;820BLAO : ?@56=8<, AB02H8<8 4;O =53> =>2K<8, CA;>28O< 2=5H=59 A@54K. A5 MB> <>65B 7=0G8B5;L=> A=878BL MDD5:B82=>ABL ;5G5=8O =0 :C@>@B0E, >B40;5==KE >B <5AB0 68B5;LAB20».  4>AB865=88 B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> MDD5:B0 1>;LH>5 7=0G5=85 8<55B A0<0 >@30=870F8O A0=0B>@=>-:C@>@B=>3> ;5G5=8O, 0 B0:65 >B=>H5=8O, A:;04K20NI85AO =0 :C@>@B5 <564C 1>;L=K< 8 >:@C60NI8<8. 5@56820=8O, ?>@>640NI85 ?>;>68B5;L=K5 M<>F88 (=0?@8<5@, GC2AB2> @04>AB8, 8=B5@5A0) >:07K20NB 1;03>B2>@=>5 459AB285 8, =0>1>@>B, ?>@>640NI85 GC2AB2> 4>A04K, A:C:8  =51;03>B2>@=>5 2;8O=85 =0 B5G5=85 1>;57=8. @51K20=85 2 A0=0B>@88 8;8 =0 :C@>@B5 >B:@K205B H8@>:85 2>7<>6=>AB8 ?@>2545=8O ?A8E>B5@0?88.  ?5@2K5 4=8 ?@51K20=8O =0 :C@>@B5 >1KG=> @5:><5=4C5BAO ?@54>AB02;OBL 1>;L=><C <0:A8<0;L=K9 >B4KE 8 ;8HL ?>A;5 MB>3> 2>2;5:0BL 53> 2 0:B82=CN 687=L A0=0B>@8O. 7 :;8<0B>B5@0?52B8G5A:8E ?@>F54C@ H8@>:> ?@8<5=ONBAO 2>74CH=K5 8 A>;=5G=K5 20==K. ;03>?@8OB=>5 2;8O=85 =0 1>;L=KE =52@0AB5=859 >:07K205B A>= =0 15@53C <>@O =0 >B:@KB>< 2>74CE5.  ;5G51=>< 459AB288 ?@8 MB>< 83@05B @>;L 24KE0=85 G8AB>3> <>@A:>3> 2>74CE0, A>45@60I53> :0;LF89, <03=89, 1@><, 9>4, D>AD>@ 8 4@C385 M;5<5=BK, 0 B0:65 8>=870F8O 2>74CE0 2 @57C;LB0B5 @0A?K;5=8O <>@A:>9 2>4K 8 ?>2KH5==>5 A>45@60=85 >7>=0, >A>15==> =>GLN (. . 8EB5@<0= 8 . $. 8<>2A:89). '5< 1>;55 @57:> 2K@065=0 0AB5=8O, B5< <5=55 8=B5=A82=K<8 4>;6=K 1KBL ?@8<5=O5<K5 :;8<0B8G5A:85 D0:B>@K. "0:, ?> . . 0=025F, ?@8 38?5@B>=8G5A:>9 D>@<5 =52@0AB5=88 @5:><5=4CNBAO A>;=5G=K5 (>B 5 4> 30 40 :0;>@89) 8 2>74CH=K5 20==K ?@8 B5<?5@0BC@5 =5 =865 18° ?@>4>;68B5;L=>ABLN >B 20 <8=CB 4> 1 ½ G0A>2, :C?0=8O 2 <>@5 8;8 ?@5A=KE 2>4>5<0E >B 5 4> 15 <8=CB ?@8 B5<?5@0BC@5 =5 <5=55 17°. @8 38-?>AB5=8G5A:>9 D>@<5 =52@0AB5=88 A>;=5G=K5 20==K =5 @5:><5=4CNBAO: ?>:070=K B>;L:> 2>74CH=K5 20==K (65;0B5;L=> A @0AA5O==>9 A>;=5G=>9 @0480F859) 5 30 <8=CB ?@8 B5<?5@0BC@5 2>74CE0 =5 =865 20°, <>@A:85 20==K A ?5@5E>4>< >B >:C=0=8O : :C?0=8N 2 <>@5 4> 5 7 <8=CB ?@8 B5<?5@0BC@5 2>4K =5 =865 20°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° 8 ?@>4>;68B5;L=>ABLN >B 10 4> 15 20 <8=CB 3 4 @070 2 =545;N, 14 16 =0 :C@A ;5G5=8O, 0 ?@8 =0;8G88 A>?CBAB2CNI8E 2535B0B82=>-A>AC48ABKE =0@CH5=89  A5@>2>4>@>4=K5 20==K (:>=F5=B@0F8O H2S 100 <3/;, =0 :C@A 12 14 ?@>F54C@). @8 ?5@5E>4=>9 D>@<5 =52@0AB5=88 8 =52@>B8G5A:8E @50:F8OE ?>A;5 2 3 2ABC?8B5;L=KE ?@5A=KE 20== =07=0G0NB 20==K: E2>9=K5 (10 12 ?@>F54C@ =0 :C@A ;5G5=8O), @04>=>2K5 (:>=F5=B@0F8O 100 548=8F 0E5 ?@8 A>?CBAB2CNI8E 1>;OE, =0 :C@A 10 12 ?@>F54C@), A5@>2>4>@>4=K5 (:>=F5=B@0F8O H2S 50 100 <3/; ?@8 A>?CBAB2CNI8E 2535B0B82=>-A>AC48ABKE =0@CH5=8OE). @8 38?>AB5=8G5A:>9 D>@<5 =52@0AB5=88 ?>:070=K E2>9=K5 20==K, ?@8 A>?CBAB2CNI8E =52@0;38G5A:8E 1>;OE @04>=>2K5 (:>=F5=B@0F8O 4> 100 548=8F 0E5, =0 :C@A =5 1>;55 10 ?@>F54C@), ?@5>1;040=88 2535B0B82=>-A>AC48ABKE =0@CH5=89  A5@>2>4>@>4=K5 (:>=F5=B@0F8O H2S =5 2KH5 50 <3/;, =0 :C@A 8 10 ?@>F54C@), 2O;K<, =5A:>;L:> 70B>@<>65==K< 1>;L=K<  C3;5:8A;K5 (=0 :C@A 8 10 ?@>F54C@). 0:A8<0;L=K9 B5@0?52B8G5A:89 MDD5:B =5@54:> =0ABC?05B =5 A@07C, 0 ;8HL G5@57 1  1 ½ <5AOF0 ?>A;5 ;5G5=8O. #G8BK20O, GB> @04>=>2K5 20==K >:07K20NB, E>BO 8 25AL<0 A;01>5, :@0B:>2@5<5==>5, => 2A5 65 @048>0:B82=>5 459AB285, =07=0G0BL 8E A;54C5B A >AB>@>6=>ABLN, >A>15==> ?@8 A><0B>35==KE 0AB5=8G5A:8E A>AB>O=8OE. 5@5<5==K< 65=I8=0<, 45BO<, ;8F0< A ;59:>?5=859, 0 B0:65 1>;L=K< AB5=>:0@4859 >=8 ?@>B82>?>:070=K. @8 A0=0B>@=>-:C@>@B=>< ;5G5=88 1>;L=KE 38?5@AB5=8G5A:>9 D>@<>9 =52@0AB5=88 =08;CGH89 MDD5:B 405B A>G5B0=85 2>74CH=KE 20==, A>;=5G=KE >1;CG5=89 8 0:B82=KE 42865=89 (3@51;O, ?@>3C;:8, D878G5A:85 C?@06=5=8O), C 1>;L=KE 38?>AB5=8G5A:>9 D>@<>9  «25@0=4=>5 ;5G5=85», B. 5. 4;8B5;L=>5, A?>:>9=>5 ;560=85 =0 >B:@KBKE 25@0=40E 2 >45645, 0 78<>9 2 <5H:0E. . . 5@25@ ?@8 ;5G5=88 C3;5:8A;K<8 (=0@70==K<8) 20==0<8 2 8A;>2>4A:5 1>;L=KE 2>71C48<>9  «M@5B8G5A:>9»  D>@<>9 =52@>70 =01;N40; CEC4H5=85 C 32%, A>AB>O=85 157 ?5@5<5=  C 39% 8 C;CGH5=85  ;8HL C 29% 1>;L=KE. @8 ;5G5=88 B>@<>7=>9 («B>@?84=>9») D>@<>9 C;CGH5=85 =0ABC?8;> C 86%. >;L=K< =52@0AB5=859 ?>:070=> ?@51K20=85 2 4><0E >B4KE0 8 =0 :C@>@B0E =5 B>;L:> 2 B5?;K9 A57>=, => 8 2 78<=55 2@5<O 3>40, >A>15==> 2 A@54=59 ?>;>A5 >AA88 (>4<>A:>2L5, 0@5;LA:89 ?5@5H55:, @810;B8:0 8 4@.). @51K20=85 =0 78<=8E 3>@=KE :C@>@B0E C 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 =5@54:> 2K7K205B >1>AB@5=85 A8<?B><0B8:8 2 B5G5=85 ?5@2KE 2 3 =545;L (Königstein), ?>MB><C =0?@02;OBL 8E =0 ;5G5=85 =0 MB8 :C@>@BK <5=55 G5< =0 3 4 =545;8 =5F5;5A>>1@07=>. 07;8G=K5 «<O3:85» M;5:B@>?@>F54C@K ?@8 ;5G5=88 =52@>7>2 =5 8<5NB A0<>AB>OB5;L=>3> 7=0G5=8O. =8 <>3CB 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=K ?@8 ;5G5=88 :>A25==K< 2=CH5=85< 8;8 4@C38<8 2840<8 ?A8E>B5@0?88 2 :0G5AB25 2A?><>30B5;L=>3> A@54AB20 8;8 :0: A8<?B><0B8G5A:85 A@54AB20. "0:, ?@8 0AB5=8G5A:8E 8 45?@5AA82=KE A>AB>O=8OE <>3CB 1KBL @5:><5=4>20=K 8 >1I85 A25B>2K5 20==K, >1I0O 40@A>=20;870F8O.  :0G5AB25 M;5:B@>AC335AB82=KE ?@>F54C@ ?@8 ;5G5=88 8AB5@88 <>3CB 1KBL ?@8<5=5=K AB0B8G5A:89 4CH 8 30;L20=870F8O 2>@>B=8:>2>9 7>=K. 5G51=0O D878G5A:0O :C;LBC@0  ;5G51=0O 38<=0AB8:0, CB@5==OO 38385=8G5A:0O 38<=0AB8:0, ?5H5E>4=K5 ?@>3C;:8, ?;020=L5, 83@K <>3CB =09B8 H8@>:>5 ?@8<5=5=85 ?@8 =52@>70E. A>15==> 2 :><?;5:A5 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> 2>7459AB28O. " + + " " . ' !%" + ! !" 548:0<5=B>7=K5 25I5AB20 O2;ONBAO 206=K< 2A?><>30B5;L=K< A@54AB2>< ?@8 ;5G5=88 =52@>7>2 ?A8E>B5@0?859 8 2A5340 ?@8<5=ONBAO 2 A>G5B0=88 A =59. >;LH>5 7=0G5=85 >=8 8<5NB ?@8 ;5G5=88 0AB5=88 8 M<>F8>=0;L=KE @0AAB@>9AB2 (AB@0E, B@52>30) A><0B>35==>3> 35=570, A?>A>1AB2CNI8E 2>7=8:=>25=8N =52@>70. F5=:0 MDD5:B82=>AB8 D0@<0:>;>38G5A:>3> 459AB28O <548:0<5=B>7=KE 25I5AB2 ?@8 =52@>70E 8=>340 25AL<0 70B@C4=8B5;L=0, B0: :0: ?@8<5=5=85 ?;0F51> 4065 ?> 42>9=><C A;5?><C <5B>4C (:>340 =8 2@0G, =8 1>;L=>9 =5 7=05B, 405BAO 1>;L=><C ;5:0@AB25==>5 25I5AB2> 8;8 ?;0F51>), :0: C:07K20;>AL, 405B E>@>H89 B5@0?52B8G5A:89 MDD5:B C 20 40% 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 1;03>40@O A>?CBAB2CNI5<C 2=CH5=8N, A?>=B0==> =0ABC?82H5<C 2> 2@5<O ;5G5=8O 87<5=5=8N >B=>H5=8O 1>;L=>3> : ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI59 A8BC0F88 8;8 55 @07@O4:5 8 B><C ?>4>1=K< ?@8G8=0<. @8 ;5G5=88 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 A;54C5B CG8BK20BL 2>7<>6=>ABL 2>7=8:=>25=8O ?@82KG:8 : C?>B@51;5=8N B5E 8;8 8=KE <548:0<5=B>2, =0?@8<5@ 0=0;L35B8:>2, A=>B2>@=KE, =59@>;5?B8:>2, AB8<C;OB>@>2, 0 8=>340 8 @0728B8O B>:A8:><0=88, B. 5. ?0B>;>38G5A:>3> 2;5G5=8O : 8E ?@8<5=5=8N (?@82K:0=8O). 5:>B>@K< 1>;L=K< A 8?>E>=4@8G5A:>9 CAB0=>2:>9, 0 B0:65 AB@040NI8< 8AB5@859 2 B> 2@5<O, :>340 2KE>4 87 ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI59 A8BC0F88 8<8 =5 =0945=, =5@54:> «=5 ?><>30NB» ;N1K5 <548:0<5=B>7=K5 A@54AB20 8 ;5G51=K5 <5@>?@8OB8O. >A;54=85 ;81> :@0B:>2@5<5==> 8 =57=0G8B5;L=> C;CGH0NB A0<>GC2AB285 1>;L=>3>, ;81> A>2A5< =5 40NB ?>;>68B5;L=>3> MDD5:B0, 0 ;8HL CEC4H0NB A0<>GC2AB285. @8 ;5G5=88 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 2 MB8E A;CG0OE @5H0NI0O @>;L ?@8=04;568B ?A8E>B5@0?88. AA;54>20=8O . . 02;>20 8 53> CG5=8:>2 ?>:070;8, GB> <>I=K<8 A@54AB20<8 ;5G5=8O M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=KE =52@>7>2 C 682>B=KE, ?><8<> >B4KE0 8 B@5=8@>2:8, <>3CB O2;OBLAO ;5:0@AB25==K5 25I5AB20 8 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L ?@5?0@0BK 1@><0 8 :>D58=0. «@><, ?8A0; . . 02;>2, 8<55B A?5F80;L=>5 >B=>H5=85 =5 : @074@068B5;L=><C ?@>F5AAC, 53> A=860O, :0: >1KG=> ?@8=8<0;>AL, 0 : B>@<>7=><C, 53> CA8;820O, 53> B>=878@CO. = >:070;AO <>3CI5AB25==K< @53C;OB>@>< 8 2>AAB0=>28B5;5< =0@CH5=89 =5@2=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, => ?@8 =5?@5<5==>< 8 ACI5AB25==59H5< CA;>288 A>>B25BAB25==>9 8 B>G=>9 4>78@>2:8 53> ?> B8?0< 8 A>AB>O=8O< =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K. @8 A8;L=>< B8?5 8 ?@8 4>AB0B>G=> 5I5 A8;L=>< A>AB>O=88 =04> C?>B@51;OBL =0 A>10:0E 1>;LH85 4>7K, 4> 2 5 3 2 ACB:8, 0 ?@8 A;01KE >1O70B5;L=> A?CA:0BLAO 4> A0=B83@0<<>2 8 4065 <8;;83@0<<>2. "0:>5 1@><8@>20=85 2 B5G5=85 =545;8 42CE 8=>340 C65 1K20;> 4>AB0B>G=> 4;O @048:0;L=>3> 87;5G5=8O E@>=8G5A:>3> M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>3> =52@>70». 4=0:> 2 A;CG0OE 87>;8@>20==>3> 701>;520=8O ?C=:B>2, :0: C:07K20; . . 02;>2, 1@>< >:07K20;AO =5459AB28B5;L=K<. 01>BK . . 5B@>2>9 8 <=>38E 4@C38E 8AA;54>20B5;59 ?>:070;8, GB> 1@>< A?>A>1AB2C5B :>=F5=B@0F88 B>@<>7=>3> ?@>F5AA0.  A2O78 A MB8< >= 2B>@8G=>, ?> <5E0=87<C ?>;>68B5;L=>9 8=4C:F88, A?>A>1AB2C5B CA8;5=8N 8 :>=F5=B@0F88 2>71C48B5;L=>3> ?@>F5AA0. 59AB285 1@><0 7028A8B >B :>=F5=B@0F88 53> 2 :@>28. >A;5 ?@5:@0I5=8O ?@85<0 1@><0 >= ?5@2>=0G0;L=>, :0: ?>:070;8 8AA;54>20=8O . . #A8528G0 8 . . 5>@3852>9, 2K45;O5BAO 87 >@30=87<0 4>2>;L=> 1KAB@>; 40;55 2K45;5=85 53> @0ABO38205BAO =0 =5A:>;L:> =545;L. K45;5=85 1@><0 7028A8B >B 8<5NI53>AO 2 >@30=87<5 :>;8G5AB20 E;>@8AB>3> =0B@8O. A;8 :>;8G5AB2> 53> 2 >@30=87<5 C25;8G8205BAO, CA8;8205BAO 2K45;5=85 A <>G>9 2<5AB5 A ?>20@5==>9 A>;LN 8 1@><0, 8 =0>1>@>B. >MB><C <0;>A>;520O 8;8 15AA>;520O 485B0 A?>A>1AB2C5B 70<54;5=8N 2K45;5=8O 1@><0 87 >@30=87<0. @8 ;5G5=88 1>;L=KE =52@0AB5=859 E>@>H85 @57C;LB0BK =01;N40;8 . . 8@<0= 8 . . 835;L ?@8 AB@>3> 8=48284C0;878@>20==>< ?>41>@5 4>78@>2:8 1@><0: 4;O =5:>B>@KE 1>;L=KE >:070;8AL >?B8<0;L=K<8 <0;K5 4>7K 1@><0 (0,25 0,5% @0AB2>@K), 4;O 4@C38E  A@54=85 4>7K (1 2% @0AB2>@K). !. . >F5=:> 8 . /. 5@2><09A:89 @5:><5=4CNB =07=0G0BL 1>;L=K< 38?5@-AB5=8G5A:>9 D>@<>9 =52@0AB5=88 1@><8ABK9 =0B@89 ?@8<5@=> >B 0,5 4> I 3 2 ACB:8. ?B8<0;L=>9 AG8B05BAO B0 4>70, :>B>@0O A=8605B :>;8G5AB2> <=>3>A;>2=KE @5G52KE @50:F89 ?@8 A;>25A=>< M:A?5@8<5=B5. . . 8@<0= ?@8 ;5G5=88 1>;L=KE =52@0AB5=859 A CA?5E>< ?@8<5=O; B0:65 :><18=8@>20==>5 ;5G5=85 1@><>< 8 :>D58=><. . . (?0: ?@54;0305B 4;O ?>41>@0 8=48284C0;L=>9 4>7K =07=0G0BL 1@>< 8 :>D58= 2 2845 <8:ABC@K ?> 1 AB>;>2>9 ;>6:5 4 @070 2 45=L, ?@8 MB>< ?5@2K5 5 4=59 4020BL <0;K5 4>7K 1@><0 8 :>D58=0 8 40;55 :064K5 5 4=59 4>7C C25;8G820BL. ?B8<0;L=>9 A;54C5B AG8B0BL 4>7C, :>B>@0O 2K7>25B C;CGH5=85 A>AB>O=8O, 8 4020BL 55 1 2 <5AOF0. >78@>2:0: 1@><8AB>3> =0B@8O 0,2 3, 40;55 0,4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 8 20 3, :>D58=-157>0B =0B@8O 0,02 3, 40;55 0,1, 0,5, 1, 2, 3, 4 8 8 3, 2>4K 48AB8;;8@>20==>9 300 <;. "0:8< >1@07><, ?5@2CN ?OB84=52:C 1>;L=>9 ?>;CG05B =0 ?@85< 1@><0 0,01 3, 8 :>D58=0 0,001 3; 40;55 4>70 <>65B 1KBL ?>AB5?5==> C25;8G5=0 4> 0,5 3 1@><0 8 0,4 3 :>D58=0 =0 ?@85<. =>3> F5==>3> 4;O ;5G5=8O =52@>7>2 40;> >B:@KB85 ?A8E>B@>?=KE D0@<0:>;>38G5A:8E A@54AB2.  =0AB>OI55 2@5<O G8A;> 8E ?@52KH05B 500 8 2A5 ?@>4>;605B C25;8G820BLAO. >GB8 2A5 >=8 2 B>9 8;8 8=>9 <5@5 8A?>;L7>20;8AL 4;O ;5G5=8O =52@>7>2, ?>MB><C G8A;> @01>B =0 40==CN B5<C G@572KG09=> 2>7@>A;> (G0ABL MB8E @01>B =>A8B @5:;0<=K9 E0@0:B5@). 7 ?A8E>B@>?=KE <548:0<5=B>2 2 B5@0?88 =52@>7>2 H8@5 2A53> AB0;8 ?@8<5=OBLAO B@0=:28;870B>@K, =59@>;5?B8:8, 0=B845?@5AA0=BK 8 AB8<C;OB>@K. "@0=:28;870B>@K («CA?>:>8B5;8»), 8;8 0B0@0:B8:8 (>B ;0B. ataraxia  =52>7<CB8<>ABL 4CE0, 4CH52=K9 ?>:>9), E0@0:B5@87CNBAO B5<, GB> C<5=LH0NB M<>F8>=0;L=CN =0?@O65==>ABL, GC2AB2> B@52>38, AB@0E0. "5< A0<K< >=8 =5 B>;L:> CAB@0=ONB BO3>AB=K5 A8<?B><K, => 8 45;0NB 1>;L=>3> 1>;55 4>ABC?=K< ?A8E>B5@0?88. 1;040NB MB8 A@54AB20 B0:65 ;53:8< 38?>B5=782=K< A2>9AB2>< 8 CA8;820NB 459AB285 A=>B2>@=KE, 0 B0:65 >1;53G0NB =0ABC?;5=85 A=0 8 45;0NB 53> 1>;55 3;C1>:8< 8 ?@>4>;68B5;L=K<, A?>A>1AB2CO 2>AAB0=>2;5=8N A8; 1>;L=>3>.  B@0=:28;870B>@0< >B=>AOBAO <5?@>B0= (>= 65 0=40:A8=  5=3@8O, <5?@>10<0B, M:20=8;, <8;LB0C=), B@8>:A078= (5=3@8O), ;81@8C< (=3;8O, !(, $ , >= 65 M;8=8C< >;LH0), D@5=:25; (!(, $@0=F8O, B0;8O), 0<878; (!!! ), >= 65 AC20B8; (!(, =3;8O), ?0@070= (5;L38O, $@0=F8O), :>20=B8= (2AB@8O, $@0=F8O), AC2@5= (!(), :>AB8= (!(), 20;8C< ($@0=F8O, >= 65 A54C:A5=  5=3@8O), M7C:>A 8 4@. > E8<8G5A:><C AB@>5=8N >=8 >B;8G0NBAO 4@C3 >B 4@C30, >4=0:> ?> A2>5<C 459AB28N 25AL<0 1;87:8. @>B82>?>:070=89 : ?@8<5=5=8N =5 8<5NB 8 ?>GB8 =5 2K7K20NB ?>1>G=KE O2;5=89, 70 8A:;NG5=85< <5?@>B0=0, D@5=:25;0 8 ;81-@8C<0, ?@8 :>B>@KE 87@54:0 =01;N40NBAO 0;;5@38G5A:85 @50:F88, 8 >1;82>=0, 2K7K20NI53> A=865=85 :>;8G5AB20 A0E0@0 2 :@>28.  1>;LH8E 4>70E B@0=:28;870B>@K <>3CB ?5@2>5 2@5<O 2K7K20BL GC2AB2> A>=;82>AB8, 2O;>AB8, @0718B>AB8, ;53:>9 B>H=>BK.  40;L=59H5< O2;5=8O MB8 ?@>E>4OB.  =5:>B>@KE A;CG0OE >B<5G05BAO ?>O2;5=85 ACE>AB8 2> @BC, :>B>@0O 8AG5705B A C<5=LH5=85< 4>7K.  >1I5< ?@5?0@0BK MB8 =5 =0@CH0NB @01>B>A?>A>1=>AB8.  ;8B5@0BC@5 8<5NBAO C:070=8O =0 B>, GB> ;8HL : 0=40:A8=C 8 ;81@8C<C 2>7<>6=> ?@82K:0=85. @8<5=5=85 ?A8E>B@>?=KE A@54AB2, 2 B>< G8A;5 B@0=:28;870B>@>2, 2 ?5@2K5 3 <5AOF0 15@5<5==>AB8 =565;0B5;L=> 2284C 5I5 =54>AB0B>G=>9 8E 87CG5==>AB8 8 2>7<>6=>3> 2;8O=8O =0 70@>4KH. >A:>;L:C B@0=:28;870B>@K A=860NB 0:B82=>ABL 2=8<0=8O 8 70<54;ONB 2@5<O @50:F88, =07=0G0BL 8E 2>48B5;O< B@0=A?>@B0 A;54C5B A 1>;LH>9 >AB>@>6=>ABLN. K 2 =0H59 ?@0:B8:5 G0I5 2A53> ?@8<5=O;8 0=40:A8=, B@8>:A078=, ;81@8C< 8 M7C:>A. 5@2K9 =07=0G05BAO / 2 B01;5B:0E ?> 0,2 3 1 -2 B01;5B:8 3 4 @070 2 45=L, >1KG=> 2 B5G5=85 =5A:>;L:8E =545;L.  A;CG05 =5>1E>48<>AB8 4>70 <>65B 1KBL C25;8G5=0 4> 2 3 3, B. 5. 10 -15 B01;5B>: 2 ACB:8. @5?0@0B E>@>H> ?5@5=>A8BAO 8 <>65B 4020BLAO ?>4 =01;N45=85< 2@0G0 2 B5G5=85 =5A:>;L:8E <5AOF52. @8 ?@5:@0I5=88 ;5G5=8O 4>7C C<5=LH0NB ?>AB5?5==>. "@8>:A078= =07=0G05BAO 0=0;>38G=K< >1@07>< 2 B01;5B:0E ?> 0,3 3; <0:A8<0;L=0O ACB>G=0O 4>70 3 3. >;LH8=AB2> =0H8E 1>;L=KE, ?@8<5=O2H8E >10 ?@5?0@0B0, >B4020;> ?@54?>GB5=85 0=40:A8=C, >B<5G0O, GB> >= >:07K205B 1>;55 A8;L=>5 CA?>:0820NI55 8 A=>B2>@=>5 459AB285, G5< B@8>:A078=, =5 2K7K20O ?@8 MB>< =8:0:8E =5?@8OB=KE >ICI5=89. =40:A8= 2 >B;8G85 >B B@8>:A078=0 O2;O5BAO <8>@5;0:A0=B>< F5=B@0;L=>3> 459AB28O. = 2K7K205B ;53:>5 @0AA;01;5=85 ?>?5@5G=>?>;>A0BKE <KHF, 1;>:8@CO 2AB02>G=K5 =59@>=K A?8==>3> <>730, B0;0<CA0 8 38?>B0;0<CA0. >;030NB, GB> 0=40:A8= A=8605B 2>71C48<>ABL 7@8B5;L=>3> 1C3@0, 2 :>B>@K9 ?>ABC?0NB M:AB5@>- 8 8=B5@>F5?B82=K5 8<?C;LAK, 8 1;03>40@O MB><C >:07K205B 2;8O=85 =0 M<>F8>=0;L=CN AD5@C; C3=5B05B ;8<18G5A:CN A8AB5<C (<8=40;8=K); =0 2535B0B82=K5 F5=B@K 8 @5B8:C;O@=CN D>@<0F8N 70<5B=>3> 459AB28O =5 >:07K205B. ;87:>5 : 0=40:A8=C, => 1>;55 2K@065==>5 A540B82=>5 459AB285 >:07K205B ;81@8C< (M;5=8C<) 8 20;8C< (A54C:A5=). =8 =07=0G0NBAO, =0G8=0O >B 1 B01;5B:8 ;81@8C<0 (10 <3) 8;8 20;8C<0 (5 <3). 654=52=> 4>7C ?>2KH0NB =0 1 2 B01;5B:8 8 40NB 2 A@54=5< 30 100 <3 ;81@8C<0 8;8 15 50 <3 20;8C<0. ?8A0=> ?@8<5=5=85 ;81@8C<0 2 4>70E 4> 800 <3 2 ACB:8, >4=0:> ?@8 ;5G5=88 =52@>7>2 =5@54:> 4>AB0B>G=> 10 30 <3 2 ACB:8. 10 ?@5?0@0B0 >:07K20NB, ?><8<> 2A53>, ?@>B82>AC4>@>6=>5 459AB285 8 2 4>75 1 <3/:3 (4;O ;81@8C<0) A=860NB G0AB>BC ?@8?04:>2, 2 B>< G8A;5 <0;KE, ?@8<5@=> C 50% 1>;L=KE M?8;5?A859. %@>=8G5A:85 701>;520=8O ?5G5=8 =5 O2;ONBAO ?@>B82>?>:070=85< : ?@8<5=5=8N MB8E ?@5?0@0B>2. 81@8C< ?;>E> A>G5B05BAO A 10@18BC@0B0<8 (;N<8=0;>< 8 4@.), 0 B0:65 0;:>3>;5<. =>340, ?> 40==K< . (. >;LD0, >= 2K7K205B, >A>15==> C 65=I8= AB0@H5 45 ;5B, 0AB5=8N A 048=0<859, 4870@B@8N, =0@CH5=8O A=0 8 487C@8G5A:85 O2;5=8O 2 ?5@2K5 4=8 ?@85<0 4065 2 4>70E 5 20 <3 2 ACB:8, ?>MB><C ?5@54 A=>< 65;0B5;L=> 53> =5 =07=0G0BL. A;>6=5=8O MB8 45@60BAO 4> 5 15 4=59 ?>A;5 >B<5=K ?@5?0@0B0. 7@54:0 =0@CH05BAO <5=AB@C0;L=K9 F8:;. -7C:>A (5;L38O, Dixysazine) ?> 459AB28N ;568B <564C <5?@>10<0B>< (0=40:A8=><) 8 =>78=0=><. !><0B8G5A:8E ?@>B82>?>:070=89 =5 8<55B. -:AB@0?8@0<84=K5 @0AAB@>9AB20 2>7=8:0NB @54:> 8 1K20NB A;01> 2K@065=K. !CB>G=0O 4>70 4;O 27@>A;>3> 25 75 <3 (?@8 4>75 A2KH5 50 <3 ?@8<5=OBL A >AB>@>6=>ABLN, E>BO =5:>B>@K5 02B>@K 4020;8 4> 300 <3 ?@5?0@0B0 2 ACB:8). @8 ?5@2>< ?@85<5 4;O 2KOA=5=8O 8=48284C0;L=>9 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 65;0B5;L=> =07=0G5=85 <0;>9 4>7K (12,5 <3) >48= @07 2 ACB:8. 5BO< >B 1 3>40 4> 5 ;5B @5:><5=4C5BAO 5 15 <3, >B 5 4> 12 ;5B 10 30 <3 2 ACB:8 (1 <3 =0 1 :3 25A0), AB0@H5 12 ;5B  4>70 27@>A;>3>. 0: ?>:070;8 =01;N45=8O, A45;0==K5 2 =0H59 :;8=8:5 (. . (8=0;852), ?@5?0@0B C<5=LH05B GC2AB2> B@52>38 8 C;CGH05B A>=. >1>G=KE O2;5=89 =0<8 =5 =01;N40;>AL. !CB>G=K5 4>7K: D@5=:25;0 20 300 <3, 0<878;0 1  10 <3, :>20=B8=0 50 400 <3, =>AB8=0 450 1200 <3, >1;82>=0 250 500 <3, ;8AB8:0 200 800 <3. @8<5=5=85 B@0=:28;870B>@>2 2 :0G5AB25 A8<?B><0B8G5A:>3> A@54AB20 ?>:070=> 2 B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 =52@>7K ?@>B5:0NB A GC2AB2>< B@52>38, M<>F8>=0;L=>9 =0?@O65==>AB8, =0@CH5=85< A=0 8;8 ;53:>9 45?@5AA859. -B8 ?@5?0@0BK A CA?5E>< <>3CB 1KBL ?@8<5=5=K ?@8 =52@0AB5=88 (38?5@AB5=8G5A:>9 D>@<5), 8AB5@88, H>:>2>< =52@>75 (=52@>75 8A?C30), =52@>75 >6840=8O AB@0E0 (1>;LH85 4>7K), D>18OE. 04> A:070BL, GB> ?@8 =52@>75 AB@0E0 8 BO65;KE :@8?B>35==KE D>18OE >=8 >1KG=> ?>;=>ABLN =5 CAB@0=ONB AB@0E, 0 ;8HL C<5=LH0NB 53> 8 45;0NB 1>;L=>3> 1>;55 4>ABC?=K< ?A8E>B5@0?88. O4 70@C156=KE 02B>@>2 >B<5G0NB, GB> ?@8 ;5G5=88 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89, 2 B>< G8A;5 D>189, >A>15==> MDD5:B825= ;81@8C<. 5:>B>@K<8 02B>@0<8 MB> =5 ?>4B25@6405BAO. > =0H8< =01;N45=8O<, ;81@8C< MDD5:B825= ?@8 A>AB>O=8OE B@52>38, =02O7G82>ABOE 8 =52@>B8G5A:8E 45?@5AA8OE. . . >;>20=L =01;N40; E>@>H85 @57C;LB0BK >B 53> ?@8<5=5=8O ?@8 ;5G5=88 O2;5=89 =02O7G82>AB8 C 1>;L=KE H87>D@5=859. >;L=K5 ?>;CG0;8 :C@A ;5G5=8O ;81@8C<>< ?5@>@0;L=>, =0G8=0O A 10 <3 2 3 @070 2 45=L A ?>AB5?5==K< =0@0I820=85< ACB>G=>9 4>7K 2 B5G5=85 7 12 4=59 4> 80 120 <3 (2 =5:>B>@KE A;CG0OE 4> 150 200 <3). 5G5=85 <0:A8<0;L=K<8 4>70<8 ?@>2>48;>AL >B 4 4> 6 =545;L A ?>A;54CNI8< ?>AB5?5==K< A=865=85<. >;=K9 :C@A ;5G5=8O ?@>4>;60;AO >B 4 4> 12 =545;L. > >:>=G0=88 :C@A0 1>;LH8=AB2> 1>;L=KE =0E>48;>AL =0 ?>445@6820NI59 B5@0?88 ;81@8C<>< (20 40 <3 2 ACB:8). "@8>:A078= ?>:070= ?@8 0=38>=52@>70E, ;81@8C<  ?@8 48M=F5D0;L=KE :@870E 8 ejaculatio praecox (10 30 <3 2 ACB:8), 0<878;  ?@8 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=8OE. 02@O4 ;8 =0945BAO <548:0<5=B 87 3@C??K B@0=:28;870B>@>2, > :>B>@>< 1K =5 ?8A0;>AL, GB> >= O:>1K 87;5G8205B GCBL ;8 =5 70 80% 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8, 2 B>< G8A;5 AB@040NI8E BO65;K<8 D>18O<8. 4=0:> >4=> ?@8<5=5=85 MB8E <548:0<5=B>2 ?@8 2A59 8E F5==>AB8 A0<> ?> A515 2 >3@><=>< 1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG052 =54>AB0B>G=> 4;O 4>AB865=8O 2K74>@>2;5=8O, 5A;8 ?@8 MB>< =5 ?@8<5=O5BAO ?A8E>B5@0?8O.  :0G5AB25 2A?><>30B5;L=>3> A@54AB20, >1;53G0NI53> 55 ?@>2545=85, 2> <=>38E A;CG0OE @>;L 8E =5>F5=8<0. KA>:0 8E MDD5:B82=>ABL B0:65 ?@8 ;5G5=88 =52@>7>?>4>1=KE A>AB>O=89 A><0B>35==>3> 35=570, A>G5B0NI5<AO A B5@0?859 >A=>2=>3> 701>;520=8O. >;55 A8;L=>5 CA?>:0820NI55 459AB285, G5< B@0=:28;870B>@K, >:07K20NB =59@>;5?B8:8. 7 =8E G0I5 2A53> 4;O ;5G5=8O =52@>7>2 ?@8<5=ONBAO ?@>872>4=K5 D5=>B8078=0  0<8=078= (>= 65 E;>@?@><078=, ;0@30:B8;, <530D5=, ?;53><078=) 8, @565, AB5;078= (=3;8O, !(), =>78=0= ($@0=F8O, 5;L38O, B0;8O), 0;:0;>84 @0C2>;LD88, @575@?8= (>= 65 A5@?078;), B8>@84078= (<5;5@8;  0B8=A:0O <5@8:0, <5;;5@8;  (259F0@8O, <5;;5@80;  5;L38O, <5;;0@8;  0=040, A>=0?0:A  >;LH0).  >A=>2=>< >=8 8A?>;L7CNBAO 2 ?A8E80B@8G5A:>9 ?@0:B8:5 4;O ;5G5=8O H87>D@5=88 8 4@C38E ?A8E>7>2 (4;8B5;L=>5 :C@A>2>5 ;5G5=85 1>;LH8<8 4>70<8). <8=078= O2;O5BAO A8;L=K< A540B82=K< A@54AB2><. = >:07K205B B>@<>7OI55 2;8O=85 =0 @5B8:C;O@=CN D>@<0F8N 8 >1;0405B 04@5=>;8B8G5A:8<8 A2>9AB20<8. A;01;O5B A8;C @074@068B5;L=>3> ?@>F5AA0 8 CA8;8205B @07;8G=K5 284K B>@<>65=8O, ?>B5=F8@C5B 459AB285 A=>-12>@=KE, ?>=8605B 0@B5@80;L=>5 402;5=85 8 B5<?5@0BC@C B5;0, 405B ?@>B82>@2>B=K9 MDD5:B. 4=0:> ?>A;5 53> ?@85<0 =5@54:> >B<5G0NBAO ?>1>G=K5 O2;5=8O  A5@4F5185=85, ACE>ABL 2> @BC, >ICI5=85 D878G5A:>9 A;01>AB8, 2O;>AB8. -B> <>65B ?@825AB8 : CEC4H5=8N A0<>GC2AB28O 8 ?@8 =54>AB0B>G=>< 7=0:><AB25 A 459AB285< ?@5?0@0B0  : >B:07C >B ;5G5=8O. @><5 B>3>, >= 8<55B @O4 ?@>B82>?>:070=89 : ?@8<5=5=8N (1>;57=8 ?5G5=8, ?>G5:, 2K@065==0O 38?>B>=8O, A:;>==>ABL : B@><1>M<1>;8G5A:8< 701>;520=8O<). @8 4;8B5;L=>< ?@85<5 1>;LH8E 4>7 <>3CB 2>7=8:=CBL O2;5=8O >1I59 A:>20==>AB8  ?0@:8=A>=87<0 (8AG570NB A C<5=LH5=85< 4>7K), 0 B0:65 87@54:0 45?@5AA8O (0<8=078=>20O), 0<5=>@5O.  ?A8E80B@8G5A:>9 ?@0:B8:5 ?@8 ;5G5=88, =0?@8<5@, H87>D@5=88 0<8=078= ?@8<5=O5BAO <5AOF0<8 ?> 300 800 <3 2 ACB:8 8 2KH5. @8 MB>< C 1>;L=KE 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L 8AG5705B 42830B5;L=>5 2>71C645=85, 40;55 M<>F8>=0;L=0O =0?@O65==>ABL, 2 ?>A;54=NN >G5@54L =0@CH5=8O <KH;5=8O, 2 G0AB=>AB8 1@54>2K5 8458. @8<5=OBL 0<8=078= 2 B0:8E 1>;LH8E 4>70E <>6=> ;8HL ?>A;5 BI0B5;L=>3> 7=0:><AB20 A 8=AB@C:F859. ;O >1I5CA?>:0820NI53> 459AB28O ?@8 ;5G5=88 =52@>7>2 0<8=078= G0I5 2A53> ?@8<5=ONB 2 <0;KE 4>70E  25 50 <3 2 @070 2 45=L (?>A;5 54K) 2 B5G5=85 10 15 4=59. 4=>2@5<5==> A 0<8=078=>< <>3CB =07=0G0BLAO ?@5?0@0BK 1@><0, 3;N:>7K, 28B0<8=K. @8 C?>@=>9 =52@0AB5=8G5A:>9 15AA>==8F5, =5 ?>440NI59AO 4@C38< <5B>40< ;5G5=8O, ?>:070=> ?@8<5=5=85 =0 =>GL <0;KE 4>7 0<8=078=0 (50 100 <3) 2 A>G5B0=88 A 10@18BC@0B0<8 (0<8B0;-=0B@85<, <548=0;>< 2 4>75 0,2 0,3 <3). ". . 527>@>20 @5:><5=4C5B 2 MB8E A;CG0OE A>G5B0=85 0<8=078=0 (25 50 <3) 2=CB@L A 48<54@>;>< ?> 0,05 0,1 3 =0 =>GL (48<54@>; ?@54>B2@0I05B @0728B85 0;;5@38G5A:8E @50:F89). @8 0AB5=8G5A:8E, 8?>E>=4@8G5A:8E 8 45?@5AA82=KE A>AB>O=8OE C 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 0<8=078= =5 ?>:070=, B0: :0: CA8;8205B <KH5G=CN A;01>ABL, 2K7K205B =5?@8OB=K5 >ICI5=8O 8 =5 C;CGH05B =0AB@>5=8O. 0G59 0<8=078=0 (2 B5G5=85 1 4 =545;L 2=CB@8<KH5G=>), >A>15==> 2 A>G5B0=88 A 2=CH5=85<, 8=>340 C405BAO CAB@0=8BL 8AB5@8G5A:85 38?5@:8=57K, ?@8?04:8, @2>BC; ?@8 MB>< 1>;LHCN @>;L 83@05B A>?CBAB2CNI0O ;5G5=8N ?A8E>B5@0?8O. >A;5 :C?8@>20=8O 8AB5@8G5A:>3> A8<?B><0, >A>15==> 5A;8 1>;L=>9 =5 =0H5; 2KE>40 87 ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI59 A8BC0F88, =5@54:> 2>7=8:05B GC2AB2> B@52>38, =0?@O65==>AB8, 0 8=>340 @5F8482 AB0@>3> 8;8 =>2>5 ?@>O2;5=85 1>;57=8. -B>, :0: ?>:07K20NB =0H8 =01;N45=8O, <>65B 1KBL ?@54>B2@0I5=> 40G59 0<8=078=0 8;8 B@0=:28;870B>@>2 70 =5A:>;L:> 4=59 4>, ;81> A@07C 65 ?>A;5 CAB@0=5=8O 8AB5@8G5A:>3> A8<?B><0. C@A>2>5 ;5G5=85 0<8=078=>< (2 3 =545;8 ?> 200 300 <3 2 ACB:8) 2 A>G5B0=88 A ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:8< 2>7459AB285< <>65B 1KBL @5:><5=4>20=> ?@8 ;5G5=88 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?A8E>7>2. . . >@>7>2 =01;N40; ?>;>68B5;L=K5 @57C;LB0BK :C@A>2>3> ;5G5=8O 0<8=078=>< 8AB5@8G5A:>3> ABC?>@0, ?@>B5:0NI53> A O2;5=8O<8 A8<?0B8:>B>=88 8 G0ABK<8 45A8=E@>=878@>20==K<8 :>;510=8O<8 =0 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<5. @8 ABC?>@5 65 A <54;5==>9 D>=>2>9 M;5:B@8G5A:>9 0:B82=>ABLN <>730 8 2K@065==>9 203>B>=859 :C@A>2>5 ;5G5=85 0<8=078=>< >:07K20;>AL <5=55 MDD5:B82=K<. $>188 D878>35==>3> 35=570, 2 G0AB=>AB8, O2;ONI85AO A8<?B><>< 38?5@B>=8G5A:>9 1>;57=8, =5?;>E> ?>440NBAO ;5G5=8N 0<8=078=>< (@575@?8=><), 0 B0:65 B@0=:28;870B>@0<8. "O65;K5 =02O7G82K5 A>AB>O=8O, 2:;NG0O :@8?B>35==K5 D>188 8 70BO6=K5 =52@>7K AB@0E0, 2 1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG052 =5 8AG570NB 4065 ?@8 40G5 1>;LH8E 4>7 0<8=078=0 (300 800 <3 2 ACB:8 2 B5G5=85 2 4 <5AOF52). B<5G05BAO ;8HL 2@5<5==>5 C<5=LH5=85 GC2AB20 =0?@O65==>AB8 8 2 A2O78 A MB8< >A;01;5=85 O2;5=89 =02O7G82>AB8. =>340 D>18O, =5 ?>4402H0OAO 459AB28N >4=8E =59@>;5?B8:>2, <>65B 7=0G8B5;L=> >A;015BL 8;8 A>2A5< 8AG57=CBL ?>4 2;8O=85< 4@C38E =59@>;5?B8G5A:8E A@54AB2. "0:, BO65;K9 AB@0E 703@O7=5=8O, 45@602H89AO =0 ?@>BO65=88 @O40 ;5B 8 2K7202H89 2 ?>A;54=55 2@5<O ?>;=CN ?>B5@N B@C4>A?>A>1=>AB8, =5 ?>44020;AO <0AA82=><C :C@AC ;5G5=8O 0<8=078=><, >4=0:> 7=0G8B5;L=> >A;018;AO (1>;L=0O A<>3;0 2K?8A0BLAO 87 ?A8E80B@8G5A:>9 1>;L=8FK 8 ?@8ABC?8BL : @01>B5) ?>A;5 2-<5AOG=>3> ;5G5=8O AB5;078=>< (20 30 <3 2 ACB:8). !B5;078= ?@8<5=O5BAO 2 4>75, ?@81;878B5;L=> 2 10 @07 <5=LH59, G5< 0<8=078=, B. 5. ?> 459AB28N 10 <3 AB5;078=0 ?@8<5@=> @02=K 100 <3 0<8=078=0. @8 ;5G5=88 =52@>7>2 G0I5 2A53> ?@8<5=ONB 2 ACB:8 3 10 <3 AB5;078=0, 4;O :C?8@>20=8O 8AB5@8G5A:>3> 2>71C645=8O 8 ?@8 G0ABKE 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?@8?04:0E  20 30 <3 2 ACB:8 A ?>A;54CNI8< A=865=85< ACB>G=>9 4>7K 4> 10 15 <3.  >B;8G85 >B 0<8=078=0 AB5;078= =5 A=8605B ?>;>2>9 0:B82=>AB8 8 =5@54:> 2K7K205B ;53:CN M9D>@8N. @>B82>?>:070=8O 8 2>7<>6=K5 >A;>6=5=8O B5 65, GB> 8 ?@8 ;5G5=88 0<8=078=><.  ?A8E80B@8G5A:>9 ?@0:B8:5 AB5;078= >A>15==> ?>:070= ?@8 ;5G5=88 70BO6=KE D>@< H87>D@5=88.  >B;8G85 >B 0<8=078=0 =>78=0= >:07K205B =5 B>;L:> A540B82=>5, => 8 0=B845?@5AA82=>5 459AB285.  A2O78 A MB8< >= AB0; ?@8<5=OBLAO ?@8 ;5G5=88 E@>=8G5A:8E <5;0=E>;8G5A:8E 8 B@52>6=>-45?@5AA82=KE A>AB>O=89 (A@54=5ACB>G=K5 4>7K 200 400 <3). 5:>B>@K5 02B>@K ?@54;030NB =0G8=0BL ;5G5=85 ?@O<> A MB8E 4>7 8 2 >A>1> @578AB5=B=KE A;CG0OE ?>2KH0BL ACB>G=CN 4>7C 4> 600 800 <3, 4@C385  =0G8=0BL ;5G5=85 A <0;5=L:8E 4>7 (25 <3). 5@2K5 2 4=O ?@8 ;5G5=88 206=> A>1;N40BL ?>AB5;L=K9 @568< 2> 871560=85 >@B>AB0B8G5A:>3> :>;;0?A0. > =0H8< =01;N45=8O<, ?@5?0@0B =5@54:> 405B ?>;>68B5;L=K9 MDD5:B ?@8 =52@>70E AB@0E0 8 D>18OE (ACB>G=0O 4>70 50 100 <3) 4065 B>340, :>340 4@C385 =59@>;5?B8:8 8 B@0=:28;870B>@K =5 A=8<0NB B@52>3C. 575@?8= H8@>:> ?@8<5=O5BAO 2 :0G5AB25 38?>B5=782=>3> A@54AB20 ?@8 ;5G5=88 38?5@B>=8G5A:>9 1>;57=8. <5AB5 A B5< >= >:07K205B A540B82=>5 459AB285, C<5=LH0O GC2AB2> B@52>38 8 M<>F8>=0;L=>9 =0?@O65==>AB8. 575@?8= 405B 203>B>=8G5A:89 MDD5:B, 25@>OB=>, 1;03>40@O AB8<C;OF88 ?>4:>@:>2KE ?0@0A8<?0B8G5A:8E F5=B@>2, B>340 :0: 0<8=078= A?>A>1AB2C5B F5=B@0;L=><C B>@<>65=8N A8<?0B8G5A:>9 0:B82=>AB8. >;8G5AB2> A5@>B>=8=0, =>@04@5=0;8=0 8 04@5=0;8=0 2 <>73C 8 4@C38E B:0=OE C<5=LH05BAO ?>4 2;8O=85< @575@?8=0, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: 2K45;5=85 A <>G>9 ?@>4C:B>2 8E @0A?040 C25;8G8205BAO.  :0G5AB25 >1I5CA?>:0820NI53> A@54AB20 ?@8 ;5G5=88 =52@>7>2 ?@8<5=ONB <0;K5 4>7K @575@?8=0  =0G8=0O A 0,25 <3 2 3 @070 2 45=L 8 4> 0,5 1 <3 3 4 @070 2 45=L. =8 >1KG=> =5 2K7K20NB ?>1>G=KE O2;5=89 (A:>20==>AB8, 45?@5AA88).  >B;8G85 >B 0<8=078=0 459AB285 @575@?8=0 =0ABC?05B <54;5==> (G5@57 7 8 4=59). K ?@8 ;5G5=88 =52@>7>2 @575@?8= ?@54?>G8B0;8 0<8=078=C ;8HL ?@8 =0;8G88 A>?CBAB2CNI59 38?5@B>=88, 2 >AB0;L=KE 65 A;CG0OE >1KG=> ?@8<5=O;8 0<8=078=. "8>@84078= (<5;;5@8;) 2;8O5B =0 ?A8E>?0B>;>38G5A:CN A8<?B><0B8:C ?>4>1=> 0<8=078=C, => 2 1>;55 A;01>9 AB5?5=8.  ?A8E80B@8G5A:>9 ?@0:B8:5 ?@8<5=O5BAO 2 4>70E >B 25 4> 600 <3 2 ACB:8 2 B5G5=85 @O40 <5AOF52 8 AG8B05BAO <0;>B>:A8G=K< ?@5?0@0B><. = >1;0405B @57:> 2K@065==K< 2;8O=85< =0 A5:AC0;L=K5 DC=:F88. "0:, 300 <3 <5;;5@8;0, ?> =01;N45=8O< Kamm, :C?8@>20;8 O2;5=85< =8<D><0=88 C 2 1>;L=KE 8 =07=0G5=85 2 B5G5=85 4 ;5B 4>7 2 100 <3 2 ACB:8 ?>72>;8;> C45@6820BL ?>;>2>5 2;5G5=85 =0 =>@<0;L=>< C@>2=5. 5;;5@8; 459AB2C5B 0=0;>38G=> B>@0:>;N<10;L=>9 30=3;8>M:B><88. >?5@5G=>?>;>A0B0O <CA:C;0BC@0 ?>;>2>3> G;5=0 8==5@28@C5BAO A?8=0;L=K<8 =5@20<8, B0: GB> ?@8 <0;KE 4>70E M@5:F8O, :0: ?@028;>, =5 AB@0405B. "0:8< >1@07><, >:070;>AL, GB> <5;;5@8; 2 4@065 C65 2 <0;KE 4>70E (25 100 <3), ?@8=OBKE 70 1 3 G0A0 4> ?>;>2>3> 0:B0, >1;0405B A?>A>1=>ABLN B>@<>78BL =0ABC?;5=85 MO:C;OF88 C <C6G8=K, 2 A2O78 A G5< <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20= 4;O ;5G5=8O ?@56452@5<5==>9 MO:C;OF88. Doepfmer ;5G8; <5;;5@8;>< 5 1>;L=KE A ?@56452@5<5==>9 MO:C;OF859. 5@2><C 1K;> =07=0G5=> 50 <3 <5;;5@8;0 (2 4@065) 70 2 G0A0 4> ?>;>2>3> 0:B0 -O:C;OF8O AB0;0 =>@<0;L=>9. >;L=>9 2<5AB> 50 <3 AB0; ?@8=8<0BL ?> 25 <3 <5;;5@8;0 2 B5G5=85 @O40 =545;L. -O:C;OF8O >AB020;0AL =>@<0;L=>9 2A5 MB> 2@5<O, 0 B0:65 ?>A;5 ?@5:@0I5=8O ?@85<0 ;5:0@AB20. # 4 4@C38E 1>;L=KE ?@85< 70 11/2 2 G0A0 4> ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 50 100 <3 <5;;5@8;0 ?>72>;8; 871028BLAO >B ?@56452@5<5==>9 MO:C;OF88. 0;L=59H85 =01;N45=8O ?>:070;8, GB> <5;;5@8; 70<54;O5B =0ABC?;5=85 MO:C;OF88 B>;L:> 2 ?5@8>4 ?@85<0 8 ?>A;5459AB285< =5 >1;0405B. >;>68B5;L=K5 @57C;LB0BK =01;N40NBAO ?@8<5@=> C 42CE B@5B59 1>;L=KE ?@56452@5<5==>9 MO:C;OF859. # >4=>9 G5B25@B8 1>;L=KE >B<5G0NBAO B5 8;8 8=K5 ?>1>G=K5 MDD5:BK  ACE>ABL 2> @BC, 2O;>ABL, A>=;82>ABL, 048=0<8O, A25B>1>O7=L, =0@CH5=85 0::><>40F88 7@5=8O. !> AB>@>=K ?>;>2>9 AD5@K  8AG57=>25=85 >@307<0, >A;01;5=85 ;8184> 8 M@5:F88. ! C<5=LH5=85< ?@85<0 ;5:0@AB20 O2;5=8O MB8 ?@>E>4OB. > 871560=85 MB8E MDD5:B>2 . . 0G5?8F:89 =07=0G0; ?@5?0@0B ?> 25 <3 2 3 @070 2 45=L (?>A;54=89 @07 70 30 40 <8=. 4> ?@54?>;0305<>3> ?>;>2>3> 0:B0) 2 B5G5=85 1 2 <5AOF52. >2KH5=85 ?>A;54=59 4>7K 4> 50 <3 2 53> =01;N45=8OE G0AB> 2K7K20;> >1ICN 2O;>ABL 8 >A;01;5=85 M@5:F88. G5284=> 4>70 4>;6=0 1KBL 8=48284C0;878@>20=0.  C?>@=KE A;CG0OE ?@56452@5<5==>9 MO:C;OF88 ?>;CG5=85 A ?><>ILN MB>3> ?@5?0@0B0 E>BO 1K 2@5<5==>3> MDD5:B0 8<55B 1>;LH>5 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>5 7=0G5=85. =B845?@5AA82=K5 (B8<>;5?B8G5A:85) 25I5AB20 >1;040NB A2>9AB2>< CAB@0=OBL ?>=865==>5 =0AB@>5=85. 7 =8E =081>;55 MDD5:B825= 8 1572@545= 8<878= (>= 65 B>D@0=8;  $@0=F8O, !(; <5;8?@0<8=  5=3@8O, 8<8?@0<8=). <878= CA8;8205B ?@>F5AAK 2>71C645=8O 8 2 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<5 (M=5@3870B>@), 2 B>< G8A;5 ?8I52K5 @50:F88 8 ?>;>2>5 2;5G5=85 (87@54:0, =0>1>@>B, C3=5B05B 53>), 2K7K205B B0E8:0@48N, >:07K205B ;53:>5 0B@>?8=>?>4>1=>5 459AB285, 25@>OB=> 2A;54AB285 A5=A818;870F88 04@5=5@38G5A:8E A8=0?A>2 @5B8:C;O@=>9 D>@<0F88. @8 ?@85<5 8<878=0 8=>340 >B<5G05BAO ACE>ABL 2> @BC 8 ?>2KH5==0O ?>B;82>ABL, 15AA>==8F0 (;53:> CAB@0=O5BAO C<5=LH5=85< 8;8 >B<5=>9 25G5@=59 4>7K, 0 B0:65 A=>B2>@=K<8).  @54:8E A;CG0OE ?@8 ?5@54>78@>2:5 <>3CB 2>7=8:0BL 38?><0=80:0;L=K5 8 <0=80:0;L=K5 A>AB>O=8O. =8 8AG570NB ?@8 A=865=88 4>7K 8;8 >B<5=5 ?@5?0@0B0. @>B82>?>:070=8O<8 O2;ONBAO A5@45G=>-A>AC48AB0O 45:><?5=A0F8O, 8=D5:F8>==K5 1>;57=8, 1>;57=8 ?5G5=8, ?>G5:, 3;0C:><0 8 @0AAB@>9AB2> <>73>2>3> :@>2>>1@0I5=8O. <878= =5 ?>:070= 2>71C645==K< 1>;L=K< (5A;8 2>71C645=85 =5 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 ?@>O2;5=85 ;53:>9 068B0F88, A2O70==>9 A 45?@5AA859). # 74>@>2KE ;N459 MB>B ?@5?0@0B G0AB> 2K7K205B GC2AB2> A;01>AB8, @0718B>AB8. 5:>B>@K5 02B>@K AG8B0NB, GB> 8<878= <>65B CAB@0=OBL 45?@5AA8N ;N1>9 MB8>;>388. 0< MB> :065BAO <0;>25@>OB=K<. 5AA?>@=>, GB> G5< 1;865 45?@5AA8O : B8?8G=>9 F8@:C;O@=>9, B5< MDD5:B82=55 459AB285 8<878=0. CGH5 2A53> A 53> ?><>ILN CAB@0=O5BAO B>A:0, O2;ONI0OAO A8<?B><>< <0=80:0;L=>-45?@5AA82=>3> ?A8E>70, :>B>@0O 8=>340 ?@>B5:05B A 60;>10<8 =0 GC2AB2> ;5=8, ?CAB>BK 2 3>;>25, ?>2KH5==>9 CB><;O5<>AB8 8 A>?@>2>6405BAO 8?>E>=4@8G5A:8<8 845O<8 8;8 O2;5=8O<8 =02O7G82>AB8. =0 <>65B 1KBL >H81>G=> ?@8=OB0 70 =52@0AB5=8N, =52@>7 AB@0E0 8;8 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89. 5G5=85 B0:8E 701>;520=89 8<878=>< 25AL<0 MDD5:B82=>. @8 8AB8==>< 65 =52@>75 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89, 0 B0:65 =52@>75 AB@0E0 >=> 2 1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG052 <0;>CA?5H=>, >;L M=4>35==>3> :><?>=5=B0 2 35=575 B>A:8, 4065 =0ABC?82H59 ?>A;5 459AB28O ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<K, 8=>340 >?@545;8BL B@C4=>. > 2AO:>< A;CG05, ?@8<5=5=85 8<878=0 ?@8 =52@>B8G5A:8E A8<?B><0E, A2O70==KE A GC2AB2>< B>A:8 (>A>15==> >4=>2@5<5==> A ?A8E>B5@0?859) ?>:070=>. <878= <>6=> =07=0G0BL 2 B01;5B:0E ?> 25 <3 =0 ?@85<, =0G8=0O A 75 <3 2 ?5@2K5 ACB:8, C25;8G820NB 4>7C =0 25 <3 2 ACB:8, 4>E>4O 4> 150 200 <3, 0 2 =5:>B>@KE A;CG0OE 4> 300 <3 2 ACB:8. !B0@0NBAO ?>4>1@0BL <8=8<0;L=CN 4>7C, :>B>@0O CAB@0=O5B B>A:C, 8 =0 =59 45@60B 1>;L=>3> ?@8<5@=> =545;N, ?>A;5 G53> 4>7C =0G8=0NB ?>AB5?5==> A=860BL 4> 50 100 <3 2 ACB:8. >445@6820NICN 4>7C <>6=> 4020BL @O4 =545;L 8;8 <5AOF52. 59AB285 8<878=0 =5 2A5340 A:07K205BAO 2 ?5@2K5 4=8 ?@85<0  8=>340 ;8HL ?>A;5 1 2 =545;L >B =0G0;0 ;5G5=8O. 5?@5AA82=CN D07C <0=80:0;L=>-45?@5AA82=>3> ?A8E>70 8<878= =5 C:>@0G8205B, 0 ;8HL CAB@0=O5B 55 A8<?B><K, ?>:0 53> ?@8=8<0NB. @8 ?@5:@0I5=88 ?@85<0 ;5:0@AB20 (2K45;ONBAO 87 >@30=87<0 G5@57 ACB:8) 8;8 C<5=LH5=88 4>7K, 5A;8 D070 =5 :>=G8;0AL, 45?@5AA8O <>65B 2>7>1=>28BLAO 8 ?@825AB8 : AC8F840;L=>9 ?>?KB:5. 0: 4>;3> 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 4;8BAO D070, A:070BL B@C4=> (G0I5 2A53> =5 <5=LH5 ?@54K4CI59), ?>MB><C >B<5=OBL ?@5?0@0B A;54C5B ?>AB5?5==>, =01;N40O 70 1>;L=K<, 8 5A;8 ?@8 A=865=88 4>7K 2=>2L =0<5BOBAO ?@87=0:8 45?@5AA88, =C6=> ?@>4>;68BL ;5G5=85 E>BO 1K 5I5 2 B5G5=85 =5A:>;L:8E =54>;L, 8 B0: 4> ?@54?>;0305<>3> >:>=G0=8O D07K. @8 ;5G5=88 =52@>B8G5A:8E 45?@5AA89 <K =07=0G0;8 8<878=, =0G8=0O A 25 <3 2 ACB:8. '0AB> 4>AB0B>G=> 1K;> 50 75 <3 4;O 4>AB865=8O B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> MDD5:B0. "@52>6=K< 8;8 ?;>E> A?OI8< 1>;L=K< F5;5A>>1@07=> ?@>2>48BL :><18=8@>20==>5 ;5G5=85  CB@>< 8 4=5< 8<878=, 25G5@>< 0<8=078= 8;8 B@0=:28;870B>@K. ><8<> 8<878=0, 87 0=B845?@5AA0=B>2 <>3CB 1KBL ?@8<5=5=K 8=3818B>@K <>=>0<8=>:A8407K (). =8 C3=5B0NB 0:B82=>ABL MB>3> D5@<5=B0, B5< A0<K< B>@<>7OB @0AI5?;5=85 2 <>73C A5@>B>=8=0, 04@5=0;8=0, =>@04@5=0;8=0 8 4>?0<8=0, 1;03>40@O G5<C ?>2KH0NB =0AB@>5=85.  =8< >B=>AOBAO :0B@>= (0=8O), 8?@0784 (!!! ), =80<84 (>= 65 =C@540;  5=3@8O), B@0=A0<8= 8 4@. 5@2K5 420 8<5NB @O4 ?@>B82>?>:070=89 8 <>3CB 4020BL BO65;K5 >A;>6=5=8O. 10 ?>A;54=8E <5=55 B>:A8G=K, >:07K20NB <O3:>5 0=B845?@5AA82=>5 8 AB8<C;8@CNI55 459AB285 8 ?>MB><C <>3CB =09B8 ?@8<5=5=85 2 B5@0?88 =52@>7>2. &5==> B>, GB> =C@540;, ?><8<> B>3>, >:07K205B 5I5 8 0=0;L3578@CNI55 459AB285  ?@5:@0I05B 8;8 A<O3G05B 4065 >G5=L A8;L=K5 1>;8 (?@8 AB5=>:0@488, =52@0;38OE, =5>?5@015;L=>< @0:5) 2 B5G5=85 ?5@2KE, 8=>340 2 3, ACB>:. !CB>G=0O 4>70  >B 25 4> 100 <3 (?@8 M=4>35==KE 45?@5AA8OE  4> 200 300 <3). =3818B>@K  =5A>2<5AB8<K A A8<?0B><8<5B8G5A:8<8 25I5AB20<8 (MD54@8=, 0<D5B0<8= 8 4@.) 8 A 8<878=>< (B>D@0=8;><). E <>6=> =07=0G0BL =5 @0=LH5 G5< G5@57 1 2 =545;8 ?>A;5 ?@5:@0I5=8O ?@85<0 8<878=0. > 2@5<O ;5G5=8O 87 ?8I8 =C6=> 8A:;NG8BL AK@, 1>1K 8 0;:>3>;L. "@0=A0<8= =5 A;54C5B A>G5B0BL A> AB5;078=><.  AB8<C;OB>@0< >B=>AOBAO 25I5AB20, A?>A>1=K5 CA8;820BL ?@>F5AAK 2>71C645=8O 2 F5=B@0;L=>9 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<5 8 >A;01;OBL 459AB285 A=>B2>@=KE 8 =59@>;5?B8:>2. =8 C<5=LH0NB GC2AB2> CB><;5=8O 8 2K7K20NB >ICI5=85 1>4@>AB8, ?@8;820 A8;, 2@5<5==> ?>2KH0NB C<AB25==CN 8 D878G5A:CN @01>B>A?>A>1=>ABL 8 ?@5?OBAB2CNB =0ABC?;5=8N A=0, ?>MB><C ?@8=8<0BL 8E 2> 2B>@>9 ?>;>28=5 4=O =5 @5:><5=4C5BAO. 07=0G0BL C:070==K5 25I5AB20 A;54C5B A >AB>@>6=>ABLN, B0: :0: >=8 8A?>;L7CNB :0: 1K @575@2=K5 2>7<>6=>AB8 >@30=87<0, =5 CAB@0=OO ?>B@51=>ABL 2 =>@<0;L=>< >B4KE5 8 A=5. @><5 B>3>, <>65B =0ABC?8BL ?@82K:0=85, >A>15==> C =5CAB>9G82KE ?A8E>?0B8G5A:8E ;8G=>AB59. $878>;>38G5A:>5 459AB285 8E 2> <=>3>< AE>4=> A B0:>2K<8 :>D58=0 8 >BG0AB8 04@5=0;8=0, B0:65 >1;040NI8E AB8<C;8@CNI8<8 A2>9AB20<8. 7 AB8<C;OB>@>2 H8@5 4@C38E ?@8<5=O5BAO D5=0<8= (>= 65 15=754@8=  !(, 0<D5B0<8=, A8<?0B8=, 2A53> 1>;55 50 =0720=89) ?> 5 10 <3 1 2 @070 2 45=L, ?5@28B8= ?> 3 <3 1 2 @070 2 45=L, ?8@84@>; (>= 65 <5@0B@0=) ?> 1 2,5 <3 2 3 @070 2 45=L, <5@84@8;, >= 65 @8B0;8= (!(, =3;8O, $@0=F8O, $ ), F5=B54@8= (5=3@8O) ?> 3 <3 1 2 @070 2 45=L. >A;54=89 =5@54:> 8A?>;L7C5BAO 2 ?A8E80B@8G5A:>9 ?@0:B8:5 4;O C<5=LH5=8O 2O;>AB8 ?@8 45?@5AA88, 2K720==>9 =59@>;5?B8G5A:8<8 A@54AB20<8.  =5:>B>@KE 70@C156=KE AB@0=0E A2>1>4=0O ?@>4060 MB8E 25I5AB2 8 H8@>:0O :><<5@G5A:0O @5:;0<0, 2>AE20;ONI0O 8E 459AB285, ?@825;8 : ?>O2;5=8N 1>;LH>3> G8A;0 ;8F, AB@040NI8E ?@82K:0=85< : MB8< <548:0<5=B0<.  !!!  >B?CA: 8E 2 0?B5:0E ?@>2>48BAO A B0:8<8 65 >3@0=8G5=8O<8, :0: =0@:>B8:>2. K A@02=8B5;L=> @54:> ?>;L7C5<AO 8<8 ?@8 ;5G5=88 =52@>7>2 8 ?@8<5=O5< 8E 3;02=K< >1@07>< 4;O 2@5<5==>9 0:B820F88 1>;L=KE A 0AB5=>8?>E>=4@8G5A:8<8 60;>10<8, 0 B0:65 ?@8 =52@>;>38G5A:8E 45?@5AA8OE 8 0AB5=8OE, =5 2K720==KE 8AB>I5=85<; ?@8 MB>< A>G5B05< 8E =07=0G5=85 A 0:B828@CNI59 ?A8E>B5@0?859. @54?>G8B05< ?@8 0AB5=8G5A:8E A>AB>O=8OE, ?><8<> >1I5C:@5?;ONI8E A@54AB2 (3;N:>70, D8B8=, 35<0B>35=, 28B0<8=K), =07=0G0BL B0:85 B>=878@CNI85 ?@5?0@0BK, :0: 65=LH5=L (T-rae Ginsengi) ?> 15 20 :0?5;L 3 @070 2 45=L, 8;8 Radici Gisengi 0,15 ?> 1 B01;5B:5 3 @070 2 45=L, ;8<>==8: :8B09A:89 (Schizandrae chinensis) no 20 30 :0?5;L 2 @070 2 45=L, ;5275O ("-rae Leuzeae carthamoides) ?> 20 30 :0?5;L 2 @070 2 45=L 4> 54K, =0AB>9:0 70<0=8E8 (T-rae Echinopanicis elati) ?> 30 40 :0?5;L 2 3 @070 2 45=L, =0AB>9:0 AB5@:C;88 (T-rae Sterculiae) ?> 15 20 :0?5;L 2 3 @070 2 45=L, =0AB>9:0 0@0;88 ("-305 Araliae) ?> 30 40 :0?5;L 2 3 @070 2 45=L, ?0=B>:@8= (Pantocrini) ?> 30 :0?5;L 2 3 @070 2 45=L 4> 54K 8 B. ?., 0 B0:65 3>@<>=0;L=K5 ?@5?0@0BK =54;8B5;L=>, 2 C<5@5==KE 4>70E, =0?@8<5@ <5B8;B5AB>AB5@>= ?> 0,005 3 2 3 @070 2 45=L 2 B5G5=85 1 2 =545;L. =8 =5 >1;040NB >B@8F0B5;L=K<8 A2>9AB20<8 C:070==KE 2KH5 AB8<C;OB>@>2 8 ?@82K:0=8O : =8< =5 =01;N405BAO. 04> A:070BL, GB> C;CGH5=85 >1I53> A>AB>O=8O 1>;L=>3>, ?>4=OB85 B>=CA0 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K >1;53G05B 4>AB865=85 B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> MDD5:B0 >B ?@8<5=5=8O 4@C38E 284>2 B5@0?88, 0 B0:65 45;05B 1>;L=>3> 1>;55 @578AB5=B=K< 2 >B=>H5=88 ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI8E 2>7459AB289.  :0G5AB25 A8<?B><0B8G5A:>3> A@54AB20 4;O C;CGH5=8O A=0, 0 B0:65 C<5=LH5=8O 0DD5:B82=>9 =0?@O65==>AB8 C 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 <>3CB 1KBL ?@8<5=5=K =51>;LH85 4>7K A=>B2>@=KE. ' ",+ ! !>= :0: ;5G51=>5 A@54AB2> M<?8@8G5A:8 ?@8<5=O5BAO A 402=8E 2@5<5=. > <=5=8N . . 02;>20, 2 >A=>25 ;5G51=>3> 459AB28O A=0 ;568B :0: 8A?>;L7>20=85 >E@0=8B5;L=>9, 70I8B=>9 @>;8 B>@<>65=8O, B0: 8 2>AAB0=>2;5=85 M=5@35B8G5A:8E @5AC@A>2 :;5B>: 2A;54AB285 ?@5>1;040=8O 2> 2@5<O A=0 ?@>F5AA>2 0AA8<8;OF88 =04 48AA8<8;OF859. ;O ;5G5=8O A=>< =52@>7>2 ?@8<5=ONBAO A;54CNI85 B5@0?52B8G5A:85 <5B>4K: 1) 4;8B5;L=K9 ?@5@K28ABK9 <548:0<5=B>7=K9 A>=; 2) C4;8=5==K9 =0@:>B8G5A:89 A>=; 3) 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>= (38?=>7->B4KE); 4) M;5:B@>A>=. @8 ;5G5=88 4;8B5;L=K< ?@5@K28ABK< A=><, 2K7K205<K< A ?><>ILN 0<8B0;-=0B@8O 8 4@C38E A=>B2>@=KE, 1>;L=K5 ?@>2>4OB 2 A>AB>O=88 A=0 ?> 18 20 G0A>2 2 ACB:8, 2 B5G5=85 10 15 (2 A@54=5< 12) 4=59. @8 ;5G5=88 C4;8=5==K< <548:0<5=B>7=K< A=>< (D878>;>38G5A:8< A=><, C4;8=5==K< 459AB285< =51>;LH8E 4>7 A=>B2>@=KE), :0: 53> =07K20NB =5:>B>@K5 02B>@K, 1>;L=K5 ?@>2>4OB 2 A>AB>O=88 A=0 =5A:>;L:> <5=LH55 2@5<O (10 15 G0A>2 2 ACB:8 2 B5G5=85 B>3> 65 :>;8G5AB20 4=59). @8 MB>< 2 >4=8E :;8=8:0E 1>;L=K< =07=0G0NB ?>AB5;L=K9 @568<, ?@54>AB02;ONB ?>;=K9 ?>:>9, 2 4@C38E  @0A?>@O4>: 4=O 1>;L=KE =5 =0@CH0NB, 1>;L=K5 =5 ;8H0NBAO ?@>3C;>: =0 A2565< 2>74CE5 8 2 B5G5=85 :C@A0 ;5G5=8O A=>< 8< ?@>4>;60NB ?A8E>B5@0?8N. ;O CA8;5=8O 459AB28O A=>B2>@=KE <>3CB 1KBL ?@8<5=5=K =51>;LH85 4>7K 0<8=078=0 (50 200 <3 2 ACB:8). Wendt 87 :;8=8:8 Muller-Hegeman @07@01>B0; <5B>48:C ;5G5=8O A=><, ?@8 :>B>@>9 2 ?5@2K5 4=8 A>= 2K7K20;AO A=>B2>@=K<8 (22>48;8AL 2 :;87<5) 8 40;55 ?>AB5?5==>, 2A5 2 1>;LH59 8 1>;LH59 <5@5 CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K<8 2>7459AB28O<8 (72C:>70?8ALN, 70<5=>9 A=>B2>@=>3> =59B@0;L=K<8 25I5AB20<8 8 B. ?.). "0:8< >1@07>< Wendt C4020;>AL C4;8=8BL A>= =0 8 14 G0A>2 2 ACB:8. 5G5=85 A=>< A>G5B0;>AL A ?A8E>B5@0?859 8 @0AA<0B@820;>AL ;8HL 2 :0G5AB25 2A?><>30B5;L=>3> A@54AB20 ?@8 ;5G5=88 =52@>7>2.  B>9 8;8 8=>9 AB5?5=8 ?>;>68B5;L=K9 @57C;LB0B =01;N40;AO MB8< 02B>@>< C 2/3 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8. 5G5=85 4;8B5;L=K< ?@5@K28ABK< A=><, 0 B0:65 C4;8=5==K< <548:0<5=B>7=K< A=>< =5@54:> 405B E>@>H89 MDD5:B C 1>;L=KE A =52@0AB5=8G5A:8<8 =0@CH5=8O<8 DC=:F88 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2, @50:B82=>9 45?@5AA859 8 ?A8E>35==K<8 ?0@0=>840<8. 5G5=85 4;8B5;L=K< D0@<0:>;>38G5A:8< A=>< =52@0AB5=88, 8AB5@88 8 =52@>70 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89, ?> =0H8< 40==K<, <0;>MDD5:B82=>, E>BO =5:>B>@K5 02B>@K 8 =01;N40;8 2 MB8E A;CG0OE E>@>H85 @57C;LB0BK. 54>AB0B:>< ;5G5=8O 2A5<8 2840<8 4;8B5;L=>3> D0@<0:>;>38G5A:>3> A=0 O2;O5BAO B>, GB> ?@8 =8E 2 B>9 8;8 8=>9 <5@5 =0ABC?05B 8=B>:A8:0F8O >@30=87<0 A=>B2>@=K<8 8 ?>402;O5BAO 1KAB@K9 A>=. -B8E =54>AB0B:>2 ;8H5=> ;5G5=85 4;8B5;L=K< 38?=>B8G5A:8< A=>< (38?=>7><->B4KE><). 8?=>B8G5A:89 A>=, C4;8=ONI89 ACB>G=CN ?@>4>;68B5;L=>ABL A=0 1>;L=>3> (38?=>7->B4KE), O2;O5BAO MDD5:B82=K< A@54AB2>< ;5G5=8O 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 8 ?>:070= 2> 2A5E A;CG0OE MB>3> 701>;520=8O. >AB83=CBK9 ?@8 MB>< A>= =5 A>?@>2>6405BAO 8=B>:A8:0F859 >@30=87<0 A=>B2>@=K<8, 0 B0:65 45?@520F859 1KAB@>3> A=0 8 O2;O5BAO D878>;>38G5A:8<. ;O 2K7K20=8O 2=CH5==>3> (CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=>3>) A=0 2 >BACBAB285 2@0G0-38?=>B875@0 ?@8 MB>< >1KG=> ?@81530NB : :>A25==><C ?>AB38?=>B8G5A:><C 2=CH5=8N, =0?@8<5@ 2=CH0NB, GB> B5?5@L ?>A;5 >B4KE0 1>;L=>9 1C45B A?0BL 1 2 G0A0 8;8 GB> >= CA=5B, :>340 =0 =53> ?>459AB2C5B :0:>9-;81> 4> B>3> =59B@0;L=K9 @074@068B5;L, =0?@8<5@ =045B0O =0 @C:C <0=65B:0. ;O 2K7K20=8O 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 2 MB8E A;CG0OE <>65B 1KBL B0:65 ?@8<5=5=0, :0: C:07K20;>AL, 72C:>70?8AL (. . !2O4>I 8 !. . $09=15@3, 1936). >@OG8< AB>@>==8:>< ;5G5=8O 38?=>7><->B4KE>< O2;O5BAO . . ;0B>=>2. 5B>4 >1KG=> A>G5B05BAO A ;5G5=85< 2=CH5=85< 2 A>AB>O=88 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0. "0:, . . >6=>2, ?>3@C60O 1>;L=KE 2 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>= =0 1  1 ½ G0A0, 2<5AB5 A B5< ?@>872>48; 8< 4 6 ;5G51=KE 2=CH5=89. 54>AB0B:>< <5B>40 O2;O5BAO B>, GB> 40;5:> =5 2A5E 1>;L=KE C405BAO ?>3@C78BL 2 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>=, ?@8G5< >A>15==> B@C4=> 4>AB83=CBL MB>3> C 1>;L=KE =52@>7>< =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 8 ?A8E0AB5=859.  A2O78 A MB8< . . 8@<0= ?@81530; 4;O >1;53G5=8O 2K7K20=8O, 0 B0:65 C4;8=5=8O 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 : 40G5 =51>;LH8E 4>7 A=>B2>@=>3> 8 2> 2@5<O =0ABC?02H53> A=0->B4KE0 ?@>2>48; ;5G5=85 2=CH5=85<. %>@>H85 B5@0?52B8G5A:85 @57C;LB0BK >B ?@8<5=5=8O A2>53> <5B>40 >= =01;N40; C 1>;L=KE =52@0AB5=859, 8AB5@859 8 ?A8E0AB5=859. >A:>;L:C =0@:>B8G5A:89 A>= A2O70= A 8=B>:A8:0F859 >@30=87<0 A=>B2>@=K<8, 0 38?=>B8G5A:89 C405BAO 2K720BL 40;5:> =5 C 2A5E 1>;L=KE, MB> B>;:0;> 8AA;54>20B5;59 =0 ?>8A:8 =>2KE <5B>4>2 2K7K20=8O A=0, <0:A8<0;L=> ?@81;860NI53>AO : D878>;>38G5A:><C. ! MB>9 F5;LN 1K;8 ?@54?@8=OBK ?>?KB:8 2K7K20=8O A=0 8 =0@:>70 ?@8 ?><>I8 M;5:B@8G5A:>3> B>:0 (Leduc, . !. 0;5=40@>2, . $. !;CG52A:89 8 4@.). 4=0:> 4> =0ABC?;5=8O A=0 G0AB> 2>7=8:0;> A>AB>O=85 @57:>3> 2>71C645=8O, BO3>AB=>5 4;O 1>;L=>3>; A>= 65 =0ABC?0; 40;5:> =5 2A5340.  =01;N45=8OE, >?8A0==KE @O4>< 70@C156=KE 02B>@>2 ?>4 =0720=85< M;5:B@>=0@:>70, ?> ACI5AB2C 2K7K20;AO =5 M;5:B@>=0@:>7, 0 ?@>;>=38@>20==K9 M;5:B@>H>:.  G8A;C ?>?KB>: 2K7K20=8O A=0 ?@8 ?><>I8 M;5:B@8G5A:>3> B>:0 >B=>A8BAO B0: =07K205<K9 M;5:B@>A>=, >?8A0==K9 . . 8;O@>2A:8<, . . 825=F52K<, .. . !530;L, 3. . 8@8;;>2>9 8 4@. @8 MB>< <5B>45 >48= M;5:B@>4 =0:;04K20NB =0 25:8, 4@C3>9  =0 70BK;>: 1>;L=>3> 8 ?@>?CA:0NB 8<?C;LA=K9 B>: @07=>9 G0AB>BK (>B 12 16 4> 1 2 8<?C;LA>2 2 A5:C=4C). !@54=OO A8;0 B>:0 10 12 <0, 4;8B5;L=>ABL 8<?C;LA0 0,2 </A5:. ;8B5;L=>ABL A50=A0 >B 15 20 <8=CB 4> 2 3 G0A>2; ?>;=K9 :C@A 16 20 A50=A>2. >;L=K5 ?@8 ?@>?CA:0=88 B>:0 8A?KBK20;8 A=0G0;0 ;53:>5 ?>:0;K20=85 2 3;070E, 2A:>@5 ?5@5AB0202H55 >ICI0BLAO, 8 =5@54:> 70AK?0;8. 7 15 1>;L=KE «=52@>70<8, 0AB5=8G5A:8<8, 0AB5=>45?@5AA82=K<8 8 @50:B82=K<8 A>AB>O=8O<8» C 13 02B>@K =01;N40;8 ?>;>68B5;L=K5 @57C;LB0BK.  B> 2@5<O :0: M;5:B@>=0@:>7 2K720= 459AB285< M;5:B@8G5A:>3> B>:0 =0 3>;>2=>9 <>73, «M;5:B@>A>=»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aviland. ;O ;5G5=8O 2>5==KE =52@>7>2 MB>B <5B>4 1K; 2?5@2K5 ?@54;>65= 2 1916 3. Rothmann, 2 40;L=59H5< @5:><5=4>202H8< 4;O CA8;5=8O ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> MDD5:B0 C:07K20BL 1>;L=><C, GB> >= 1C45B O:>1K ?>425@3=CB E8@C@38G5A:><C ;5G5=8N, 8 ?@>872>48BL 8=J5:F88 D878>;>38G5A:>3> @0AB2>@0 21;878 1>;57=5==>3> CG0AB:0. 0ABC?;5=85 B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> MDD5:B0 Rothmann >1JOA=O; A>G5B0=85< @O40 D0:B>@>2: D0@<0:>;>38G5A:8< 459AB285< MD8@0 (AB048O 2>71C645=8O), :>A25==K< 2=CH5=85< («;>6=K5 >?5@0F88») 8 ?>2KH5=85< 2=CH05<>AB8 2 ?5@8>4 ?@>1C645=8O >B =0@:>B8G5A:>3> A=0. (8@>:>3> @0A?@>AB@0=5=8O <5B>4 Rothmann 2 ?5@2CN <8@>2CN 2>9=C =5 ?>;CG8;.  2>7@065=8OE ?@>B82 ?@8<5=5=8O ;5G5=8O MD8@>< (157 ;>6=KE >?5@0F89) C:07K20;>AL =0 =58=48DD5@5=B=>ABL MD8@0 8 E;>@MB8;0 4;O >@30=87<0, 0 ?@>B82 8458 «;>6=KE >?5@0F89»  B>, GB> >=0 ?@82>48B, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, : ;>6=><C ?>;>65=8N (A5AB@K, A0=8B0@:8 4>;6=K 1KBL ?>A2OI5=K 2 «>1<0=» 1>;L=>3>), 0 A 4@C3>9  GB> =5>1E>48<>ABL «E8@C@38G5A:>3> ;5G5=8O» A>7405B C 1>;L=>3> 2?5G0B;5=85 > BO65AB8 53> 701>;520=8O. -D8@=>5 >?LO=5=85 157 «;>6=KE >?5@0F89» 4;O :C?8@>20=8O 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2 =0H;> H8@>:>5 @0A?@>AB@0=5=85 2> 2@5<O 5;8:>9 B5G5AB25==>9 2>9=K. "5E=8:0 ;5G5=8O. >;L=><C 3>2>@OB, GB> A59G0A 5<C 404CB ;5:0@AB2>, ?>A;5 ?@85<0 :>B>@>3> =0@CH5==0O DC=:F8O A@07C 65 2>AAB0=>28BAO. #:;04K20NB 53> =0 AB>;, ;8F> A<07K20NB 2075;8=><, 3;070 ?@8:@K20NB ACE8<8 20B=K<8 B0<?>=0<8 A B5<, GB>1K ?0@K MD8@0 <5=LH5 @074@060;8 A;878ABCN >1>;>G:C 3;07.  <0A:C 4;O =0@:>70 =0;820NB A@07C 20 30 <; MD8@0 8 ?@54;030NB 1>;L=><C 24KE0BL 53>. 0A:C =0:;04K20NB =5 >G5=L ?;>B=>, GB>1K =5<=>3> 2>74CE0 <>3;> ?>ABC?0BL, 8;8, :0: MB> 45;0;, =0?@8<5@, . . C;8:, 40NB MD8@ <5;:8<8 ?>@F8O<8, =0;820O ?> 5 8 <; 2 <0A:C A 8=B5@20;0<8 4;O ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> 2>7459AB28O. >;LH8=AB2> 02B>@>2 AG8B0NB =5>1E>48<K< 4>AB83=CBL AB0488 2>71C645=8O, 2K720==>9 D0@<0:>;>38G5A:8< 459AB285< MD8@0, 2> 2@5<O :>B>@>9 8 =0ABC?05B CAB@0=5=85 8AB5@8G5A:>3> A8<?B><0. AE>4O 87 B>3>, GB> 0;:>3>;L 459AB2C5B ?>4>1=> MD8@C, => 1>;55 @0ABO=CB> 2> 2@5<5=8 8 GB> ?@8 0;:>3>;L=>< >?LO=5=88 2 A>AB>O=88 2>71C645=8O A>?@>B82;5=85, =0 :>B>@>5 2@0G =5@54:> =0B0;:8205BAO ?@8 ;5G5=88 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8, >A;015205B, =5A:>;L:> 2@0G59 >4=>2@5<5==> 2 @07=KE :>=F0E !>25BA:>3> !>N70 2 :>=F5 1941 3. 8 =0G0;5 1942 3. AB0;8 ?@8<5=OBL 2=CB@825==>5 22545=85 0;:>3>;O, 402=> 8A?>;L7C5<>5 2 ;5G51=>9 ?@0:B8:5 38=5:>;>30<8 8 B5@0?52B0<8 4;O ;5G5=8O A5?A8A0. @8 ;5G5=88 0;:>3>;L=K< >?LO=5=85< ;560I5<C 8;8 A84OI5<C 1>;L=><C 22>4OB 2=CB@825==> >B 20 4> 100 <; 33% 0;:>3>;O, :>B>@K9 2K7K205B @57:>5 665=85 ?> E>4C 25=K. > <5@5 22545=8O A;54OB 70 A>AB>O=85< 1>;L=>3>, 45;0O 8=B5@20;K 2 2 3 <8=CBK ?>A;5 22545=8O :064KE 20 30 <;. !B0@0NBAO 4>AB83=CBL A>AB>O=8O 2K@065==>3> 0;:>3>;L=>3> >?LO=5=8O A M9D>@859 8 <=>3>@5G82>ABLN. 0B5< =0G8=0NB 2=CH0BL 1>;L=><C, GB> =0@CH5==0O DC=:F8O C =53> 2>AAB0=>28;0AL 8 2K74>@>2;5=85 =0ABC?8;>. =CH5=85 ?@>2>48BAO @57:8<, M=5@38G=K< B>=>< 8 A>G5B05BAO A ?>=C645=85<, =0?@8<5@, 1>;L=>3> A 1;5D0@>A?07<><  >B:@KBL 3;070, A <CB87<><  >B25G0BL =0 2>?@>AK, A ?0@0;8G>< =0G0BL 42830BL ?0@0;87>20==>9 :>=5G=>ABLN. 5G5=85, B0:8< >1@07><, O2;O5BAO 2 7=0G8B5;L=>9 AB5?5=8 =0@:>AC335AB82=K<. >;>68B5;L=K9 MDD5:B ;5G5=8O A2568E 8AB5@8G5A:8E <>=>A8<?B><>2 <K =01;N40;8 ;8HL 2 1/3 A;CG052, =5A<>B@O =0 A>G5B0=85 MB>3> <5B>40 A 2=CH5=85<. 5G5=85 2=CB@825==K< 2;820=85< 0;:>3>;O <5=55 MDD5:B82=>, G5< ;5G5=85 MD8@><. 5G5=85 MD8@=K< 8 0;:>3>;L=K< >?LO=5=85< H8@>:> ?@8<5=O;>AL 2 3>4K 5;8:>9 B5G5AB25==>9 2>9=K 4;O :C?8@>20=8O 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2. >AB>8=AB2>< <5B>40 O2;O5BAO 53> ?@>AB>B0 8 2>7<>6=>ABL 2 @O45 A;CG052 >4=><><5=B=>3> CAB@0=5=8O 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2, =54>AB0B:><  B>, GB> =0@:>B8G5A:85 25I5AB20 =5 8=48DD5@5=B=K 4;O >@30=87<0 (>A>15==> 2 A;CG0OE ?5@5=5A5=8O A2568E 2>74CH=KE :><<>F89) 8 GB> =5@54:> 8AB5@8G5A:89 A8<?B><, CAB@0=82H8AL =0 2KA>B5 >?LO=5=8O, 2=>2L ?>O2;O5BAO ?@8 ?@>1C645=88 1>;L=>3> >B =0@:>B8G5A:>3> A=0. "0:, =0?@8<5@, >48= 87 =0H8E 1>;L=KE A 8AB5@8G5A:>9 3;CE>=5<>B>9 =0G0; 3@><:> ?5BL 2> 2@5<O MD8@=>3> >?LO=5=8O 8 >B25G0BL =0 7040205<K5 5<C 2>?@>AK. 4=0:>, :>340 >?LO=5=85 ?@5:@0B8;>AL 8 A>7=0=85 ?@>OA=8;>AL, >= 2=>2L AB0; >1=0@C6820BL O2;5=8O 3;CE>=5<>BK. >;L=>9 =5 ?><=8; > B><, GB> ?5; 2 A>AB>O=88 >?LO=5=8O, 8 =54>C<520; ?> MB><C ?>2>4C. >?KB:0 2A5 2@5<O ?>445@6820BL A =8< @5G52>9 :>=B0:B 2 ?5@8>4 ?@>OA=5=8O C =53> A>7=0=8O =5 C25=G0;0AL CA?5E><  1>;L=>9 ?5@5AB020; >B25G0BL =0 2>?@>AK 8 @5038@>20BL =0 >1@0I5==CN : =5<C @5GL ?> <5@5 ?@>1C645=8O. @8 :C?8@>20=88 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2 ?> MB><C <5B>4C >G5=L 206=> 2 ?5@8>4 ?@>OA=5=8O A>7=0=8O 2A5 2@5<O 45<>=AB@8@>20BL 1>;L=><C 2>AAB0=>2;5=85 DC=:F88, =0ABC?82H55 2> 2@5<O >?LO=5=8O, A B5<, GB>1K >= >A>7=0; D0:B 2K74>@>2;5=8O. A;8 MB> C405BAO, 0 C405BAO 40;5:> =5 2A5340, B> @5F84820 8AB5@8G5A:>3> A8<?B><0 ?>A;5 ?@5:@0I5=8O >?LO=ONI53> 459AB28O MD8@0 8;8 0;:>3>;O >1KG=> =5 =0ABC?05B. ! 1937 3. 2 !(, 0 70B5< 2 4@C38E AB@0=0E AB0;> ?@8<5=OBLAO 22545=85 0<8B0;-=0B@8O A :>D58=>< 4;O 2K7K20=8O >?LO=5=8O, A>?@>2>640NI53>AO M9D>@859. @8 MB>< 70B>@<>65==K5 1>;L=K5 AB0=>2OBAO 1>;55 4>ABC?=K<8 :>=B0:BC, @0AB>@<06820NBAO, C<5=LH0NBAO O2;5=8O =530B8287<0 (C405BAO, =0?@8<5@, =0:>@<8BL 1>;L=>3> H87>D@5=859, 4> B>3> C?>@=> >B:07K202H53>AO >B 54K). @5<5==> CAB@0=ONBAO B>A:0, AB@0E, B@52>30, O2;5=8O =02O7G82>AB8, 2A5;OO 1>;L=><C =04564C =0 2K74>@>2;5=85. 2>4OB ?>4:>6=> 1 <; 20% (2 <; 10%) @0AB2>@0 :>D58=0, 70B5< G5@57 4 5 <8=CB 2=CB@825==> <54;5==> (A> A:>@>ABLN 1 <; 2 A5:C=4C) 2;820NB 2 A@54=5< 3 6 <; A2565?@83>B>2;5==>3> 5% @0AB2>@0 0<8B0;-=0B@8O. 0 2KA>B5 >?LO=5=8O, 2 G5< <K <>3;8 C1548BLAO, =5@54:> C405BAO CAB@0=8BL 8AB5@8G5A:85 <>=>A8<?B><K, >:070BL AC335AB82=>5 2>7459AB285 =0 1>;L=KE A 8AB5@8G5A:8<8 ?A8E>70<8, ?>2;8OBL =0 D>188. . . 53@01O= 8 . . !0D0@O=, 22>4O 2 5 <; 10% @0AB2>@0 0<8B0;-=0B@8O 2=CB@825==> 8 1 2 <; 10% @0AB2>@0 :>D58=0 ?>4:>6=>, =5@54:> CAB@0=O;8 8AB5@8G5A:85 AC<5@5G=K5 A>AB>O=8O, ?A524>45<5=F8N, ?A524>:0B0B>=8G5A:89 ABC?>@; 2K74>@>2;5=85 C4020;>AL 4>AB83=CBL ?>A;5 1 6 A50=A>2. . . /3>4:0 A A>B@C4=8:0<8, ?@8<5=OO :C@A>2>5 ;5G5=85 (10 15 2;820=89 G5@57 45=L) 1725 1>;L=K< =52@>70<8, =01;N40; 2K74>@>2;5=85 2 24,5% 8 7=0G8B5;L=>5 C;CGH5=85  2 43,8% A;CG052. C@A>2>5 ;5G5=85 <>6=> A>G5B0BL A =59@>;5?B8G5A:8<8 A@54AB20<8 (=>78=0=, @575@?8=, 0<8=078=, 0=B845?@5AA0=BK 8 4@.). ' -$  !  !/)# @>2>4O ;5G5=85 1>;L=KE 8AB5@8G5A:8< <CB87<>< MD8@=K< @0CH5<, <K 2 1941 3. >1@0B8;8 2=8<0=85 =0 B>, GB> =5:>B>@K5 87 =8E ?@8 =0;>65=88 <0A:8 A MD8@>< 7045@6820;8 =0 =5:>B>@>5 2@5<O 4KE0=85 8 ?KB0;8AL A1@>A8BL A A51O <0A:C. @8 MB>< >=8 874020;8 3@><:89 :@8: 8 45;0;8 2K4>E, B. 5. 8AB5@8G5A:89 <CB87< A=8<0;AO 4> B>3>, :0: 1>;L=K5 24KE0;8 MD8@, 4> B>3>, :0: =0ABC?0;8 O2;5=8O >?LO=5=8O. @8 ;5G5=88 1>;L=KE MD8@=K< =0@:>7>< ?> >1I5?@8=OB>9 <5B>48:5 MB0 7045@6:0 4KE0=8O 2 >B25B =0 @074@060NI55 459AB285 ?0@>2 MD8@0 1K;0 A;01> 2K@065=0. "0:8< >1@07><, 8 ?@8 >1KG=>< MD8@=>< =0@:>75 1>;L=>9 G0AB> A=0G0;0 ?@>E>48B AB048N 7045@6:8 4KE0=8O 8 ;8HL 70B5< =0G8=05B 24KE0BL ?0@K MD8@0. :070;>AL, GB> 8AB5@8G5A:89 A8<?B>< <>65B A=8<0BLAO 2 AB0488 7045@6:8 4KE0=8O, 5A;8 A45;0BL 55 4>AB0B>G=> 2K@065==>9, 8 GB> =5F5;5A>>1@07=> AB@5<8BLAO ?@>9B8 55 8 4>AB83=CBL MD8@=>3> >?LO=5=8O. #AB@0=5=85 8AB5@8G5A:>3> A8<?B><0 2 MB>9 AB0488 =5 A>?@>2>6405BAO 0<=57859, 2 A2O78 A G5< @5F84820 53> >1KG=> =5 =0ABC?05B.  >B;8G85 >B MB>3> ?@8 CAB@0=5=88 8AB5@8G5A:>3> A8<?B><0 2 A>AB>O=88 >?LO=5=8O ?> ?@>1C645=88 >B =0@:>B8G5A:>3> A=0 =0ABC?05B 0<=578O ?5@8>40 >?LO=5=8O  1>;L=>9 =5 ?><=8B, GB> 2> 2@5<O >?LO=5=8O 8AB5@8G5A:89 A8<?B>< C =53> 1K; CAB@0=5=, 8 @5F8482 701>;520=8O =5@54:> =0ABC?05B ?>A;5 ?@>OA=5=8O A>7=0=8O. @><5 B>3>, 871530NB 24KE0=8O ?0@>2 MD8@0, >1;040NI8E B>:A8G5A:8< 2;8O=85<, >A>15==> ?> >B=>H5=8N : ?0@5=E8<0B>7=K< >@30=0<. AE>4O 87 2A53> 87;>65==>3>, <K @07@01>B0;8 8 2 1943 3. ?@54;>68;8 <5B>4 MD8@=>9 <0A:8 4;O :C?8@>20=8O 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2. 5@2>=0G0;L=> >= 1K; =0720= <5B>4>< >AB@>9 38?>:A5<88. 4=0:> 2 40;L=59H5< (1952) <K C1548;8AL, GB> >AB@>9 38?>:A5<88 ?@8 MB>< =5 =0ABC?05B, 0 2>7=8:05B ;8HL 7045@6:0 4KE0=8O A >AB@>9 @50:F859 AB@0E0. "5E=8:0 ;5G5=8O. >;L=><C C:07K20NB, GB> 2 >A=>25 53> 1>;57=8 ;568B B>@<>65=85  «G0AB8G=K9 A>=» >?@545;5==>3> CG0AB:0 :>@K  8 GB> 5<C 1C45B 40=> ;5:0@AB25==>5 25I5AB2>, :>B>@>5 A@07C 65 CAB@0=8B MB> A>AB>O=85 B>@<>65=8O, 2 A2O78 A G5< =0@CH5==0O DC=:F8O BCB 65 ?>;=>ABLN 2>AAB0=>28BAO. >;L=>3> :@5?:> D8:A8@CNB 2 3>@87>=B0;L=>< ?>;>65=88 (?@8 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?0@570E 8 ?0@0;8G0E ?0@0;87>20==0O G0ABL B5;0 >AB05BAO A2>1>4=>9). 06=>, GB>1K 1>;L=>9 ?@8 D8:A0F88 ?>GC2AB2>20;, GB> >= =5 <>65B 42830BLAO. ;O MB>3> ;CGH5 2A53> :@5?:> D8:A8@>20BL 53> =5A:>;L:8<8 ?@>ABK=O<8 8 ?@54;>68BL 3 4 D878G5A:8 74>@>2K< ;8F0< 53> C45@6820BL. 8F> 1>;L=>3> A<07K20NB 2075;8=><. A:CAAB25==K5 7C1K 2K=8<0NB. 0A:C 4;O =0@:>70 15@CB 4>AB0B>G=KE @07<5@>2, GB>1K ?@8:@KBL @>B 8 =>A ?@8 ;N1KE 42865=8OE G5;NABO<8 (>=0 <>65B 1KBL ;53:> 873>B>2;5=0 87 C?@C3>9 ?@>2>;>:8; <0A:8 -A<0@E0 >1KG=> <0;K). 5 >1:;04K20NB 1>;55 B>;ABK< A;>5< 20BK 8 <0@;8, G5< >1KG=>, 8 =0;820NB 2 =55 40 80 <; MD8@0 4;O =0@:>70 A B5<, GB>1K 2A5 A;>8 20BK 8 <0@;8 2 <0A:5 1K;8 3CAB> ?@>?8B0=K MD8@><. 0A:C 2AB@OE820NB, GB>1K A =55 AB5: 871KB>: MD8@0, 8 2=570?=> ?;>B=> =0:;04K20NB =0 ;8F> 1>;L=>3> =0 2@5<O >B =5A:>;L:8E 45AOB:>2 A5:C=4 4> l ½ <8=CB. 0A:C A=8<0NB, :0: B>;L:> C 1>;L=>3> =01;N405BAO CAB@0=5=85 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2, =0?@8<5@ :@8: ?@8 8AB5@8G5A:>< <CB87<5, 2>AAB0=>2;5=85 42865=8O 2 1K2H59 ?0@0;87>20==>9 :>=5G=>AB8.  B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 B@C4=> AC48BL, A=O;0AL ;8 8AB5@8G5A:0O @50:F8O, ?>:0 <0A:0 =0E>48BAO =0 ;8F5 1>;L=>3> 8 :>=B0:B A =8< 70B@C4=5= (=0?@8<5@, ?@8 8AB5@8G5A:>9 3;CE>B5), <0A:C A=8<0NB G5@57 10 15 A5:C=4 >B =0G0;0 ?A8E><>B>@=>3> 2>71C645=8O, O2;ONI53>AO >4=8< 87 @0==8E 8 ?>AB>O==KE ?@87=0:>2 7045@6:8 4KE0=8O.  A;CG05 =5?>;=>3> CAB@0=5=8O 8AB5@8G5A:>9 @50:F88 2K7K20=85 7045@6:8 4KE0=8O BCB 65 ?>2B>@ONB A ?0C70<8 2 2 3 <8=CBK 4> 3 4 @07. @8 7045@6:5 4KE0=8O =01;N405BAO @0AH8@5=85 7@0G:>2, CG0I5=85 ?C;LA0, =5:>B>@>5 ?>2KH5=85 :@>2O=>3> 402;5=8O, A4283 ;59:>F8B0@=>9 D>@<C;K, @57:>5 :@0B:>2@5<5==>5 C25;8G5=85 G8A;0 ;8<D>F8B>2, G0I5 C<5=LH5=85, @565 C25;8G5=85 G8A;0 =59B@>D8;>2 8 @57:>5 ?A8E><>B>@=>5 2>71C645=85. @>B82>?>:070=8O<8 : ;5G5=8N O2;ONBAO 38?5@B>=8O, 2K@065==K9 0@B5@8>A:;5@>7, >@30=8G5A:85 701>;520=8O A5@4F0 8 @57:>5 >1I55 8AB>I5=85. @82>48< =01;N45=85. >;L=>9 ., 26 ;5B. >A;5 :>=BC788, A>?@>2>640NI59AO CH81>< ?>OA=8FK, @0728;AO 2O;K9 8AB5@8G5A:89 ?0@0;8G >158E =>3, :>B>@K9 45@60;AO 2 B5G5=85 6 <5AOF52. 5G5=85 M;5:B@>AC335AB82=K<8 8 B5?;>2K<8 ?@>F54C@0<8, :>A25==K< 2=CH5=85< 2 A>G5B0=88 A 2;820=85< 3;N:>7K 8 28B0<8=>2, 0 B0:65 0;:>3>;L=K< >?LO=5=85< 2 A>G5B0=88 A 2=CH5=85< 8 38?=>B8G5A:8< 2=CH5=85< MDD5:B0 =5 40;>. > 2@5<O ;5G5=8O 2=CH5=85< 2 A>G5B0=88 A 1>;57=5==K<8 4>70<8 B>:0 1>;L=>9 40; 1C@=CN 42830B5;L=CN @50:F8N, BO65;> 4KH0;, => 42865=8O 2 ?0@0;87>20==KE =>30E =5 ?>O2;O;8AL. >;L=><C C:070=>, GB> ?0@0;8G 53> =>A8B >1@0B8<K9 E0@0:B5@  2 >A=>25 53> ;568B B>@<>65=85 CG0AB:0 :>@K, «G0AB8G=K9 A>=»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«"5?5@L 2K 2848B5, GB> A8;0 2 =>30E ?>;=>ABLN 2>AAB0=>28;0AL. K <>65B5 8<8 A2>1>4=> 42830BL. 28309B5!» 8 1>;L=>9 AB0; A2>1>4=> 42830BL =>30<8, >1=0@C6820O E>@>HCN <KH5G=CN A8;C. <C A:070=>: «"5?5@L 2K 74>@>2K 8 <>65B5 84B8 2 ?0;0BC». >A;5 MB>3> 53> >A2>1>48;8 >B ?@>ABK=8 8 >= ?>H5; A0<>AB>OB5;L=>, 1;03>40@O 2@0G59 70 ;5G5=85. 5F84820 =5 =0ABC?8;>. > 2@5<O ;5G5=8O 1>;L=>9 =8 @07C MD8@ =5 24KE0; 8 ?@87=0:>2 MD8@=>3> >?LO=5=8O =5 >1=0@C6820;. 48= 87 1>;L=KE, ;5G5==KE MB8< A?>A>1>< 2 ?A8E80B@8G5A:>9 :;8=8:5 >5==>-<548F8=A:>9 0:045<88 8<5=8 !. . 8@>20 2 5=8=3@045, A;54CNI8< >1@07>< >?8A0; ?@>D. . . A8?>2C =0 :>=D5@5=F88 2@0G59 :;8=8:8 A2>5 ;5G5=85. «...=5 A:070;8, GB> A59G0A <=5 A;CE A@07C ?>;=>ABLN 2>AAB0=>2OB, => GB> 8<5==> A> <=>9 A>18@0;8AL 45;0BL, O =5 7=0;. / =5 ?>25@8;, GB> <5=O A<>3CB 2K;5G8BL, B0: :0: ?>;=0O 3;CE>B0 C <5=O 45@60;0AL 2 B5G5=85 <5AOF0 8 ;5G5=85 =5 ?><>30;>. 5=O ?@825;8 2 :018=5B, C;>68;8 =0 4820= 8 7025@=C;8 2 ?@>ABK=N B0:, GB> O =5 <>3 428=CBLAO. 4@C3 <=5 =045;8 =0 ;8F> <0A:C B0: ?;>B=>, GB> <=5 8 @B0 >B:@KBL =5;L7O 1K;>.  =>A C40@8; >G5=L @57:89 70?0E ;5:0@AB20 (2 <0A:C 1K;> =0;8B> 80 <; MD8@0 4;O =0@:>70. . !). / A@07C 7045@60; 4KE0=85. >B>< GC2AB2CN, GB> 704KE0NAL. !B@0E >E20B8;. 8 >4=>3> 24>E0 O =5 A45;0; 8 BCB <0A:C A=O;8 8 O AB0; A@07C A;KH0BL 8 @5GL AB0;0 =>@<0;L=>9. !B0; 1;03>40@8BL 2@0G59 70 ;5G5=85. 0B5< A0< ?@>H5; 2 ?0;0BC. 'C2AB2>20; A51O E>@>H>, A;CE ?>;=>ABLN 2>AAB0=>28;AO». 5@2K5 40 A5:C=4 >B <><5=B0 =0;>65=8O <0A:8 1>;L=>9 ;560; A?>:>9=>, =5?>4286=>. 0B5< 8740; 3@><:89 :@8: 8 =0G0;>AL @57:>5 ?A8E><>B>@=>5 2>71C645=85 A ?>?KB:>9 A>@20BL <0A:C, ?>A;5 G53> G5@57 10 A5:C=4 <0A:0 1K;0 A=OB0. A53> <0A:0 1K;0 =0;>65=0 =0 50 A5:C=4. KE0B5;L=KE 42865=89 1>;L=>9 2 MB> 2@5<O =5 45;0;, 2K4KE05<K9 8< 2>74CE, ?>A;5 B>3> :0: <0A:0 1K;0 A=OB0, 1K; 157 70?0E0 MD8@0. @87=0:>2 MD8@=>3> >?LO=5=8O =5 >1=0@C6820;>AL. 0: ?>:070;8 =01;N45=8O ?@8 ;5G5=88 300 1>;L=KE, 87 :>B>@KE C 81% 1K;0 B0: =07K205<0O ?>AB:>=BC78>==0O (?> =0H5<C <=5=8N, 8AB5@8G5A:0O) 3;CE>=5<>B0, 2>7=8:H0O ?>A;5 :>=BC788, 8 C 19% 8AB5@8G5A:85 ?0@0;8G8, 3;CE>B0, 0<02@>7, 1;5D0@>A?07<, ABC?>@, :0: ?@028;>, ?> >?8A0==><C <5B>4C C405BAO =5<54;5==>, >4=><><5=B=> :C?8@>20BL 8AB5@8G5A:85 A8<?B><K, =5 B>;L:> A25685, => 8 70BO6=K5, 4065 ?@8 1>;LH>< 2=CB@5==5< A>?@>B82;5=88 1>;L=>3> ;5G5=8N. 0:8E-;81> >A;>6=5=89 =8 2 >4=>< 87 300 A;CG052 =5 =01;N40;>AL. ?8A0==K9 <5B>4 ?@8<5=8< ?@8 ;5G5=88 8AB5@88 A =0;8G85< A8<?B><>2 2K?045=8O DC=:F88 (8AB5@8G5A:85 ABC?>@, ?0@0;8G8, 3;CE>=5<>B0, A;5?>B0 8 B. ?.) 8 2 MB8E A;CG0OE 2KA>:>MDD5:B825=, ?@8G5< >A>15==> ?@8 ;5G5=88 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?0@0;8G59, <CB87<0, 3;CE>=5<>BK 8 ABC?>@0. @8 ;5G5=88 ?> MB><C <5B>4C :>A25==>5 2=CH5=85 8 «M<>F8>=0;L=>5 ?>B@OA5=85, A2O70==>5 A 2=570?=>ABLN ?@>F54C@K, ACI5AB25==>9 @>;8 =5 83@0NB. A=>2=>5 7=0G5=85 8<55B 7045@6:0 4KE0=8O, 2K7K20NI0O MDD5:B AB@0E0 A ?A8E><>B>@=K< 2>71C645=85<. @8 MB>< =0ABC?05B CAB@0=5=85 8AB5@8G5A:>3> A8<?B><0 ?CB5< «A<K20=8O B>@<>7=KE ?C=:B>2 2 :>@5 2>;=>9 2>71C645=8O»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½  2 @070) 8 C<5=LH5=88 G8A;0 A53<5=B8@>20==KE ;59:>F8B>2. -B8 87<5=5=8O =0ABC?0NB 2 ?5@2CN 65 <8=CBC ?>A;5 22545=8O :0;LF8O 8 45@60BAO 2 B5G5=85 3 5 <8=CB. @8 :C?8@>20=88 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2 :0;LF852K< C40@>< ?5@54 22545=85< E;>@8AB>3> :0;LF8O 1>;L=><C C:07K205BAO, GB> 8<5NI89AO C =53> 8AB5@8G5A:89 A8<?B>< >1@0B8< 8 GB> >= 8AG57=5B A@07C 65 ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: ;5:0@AB2> 1C45B 22545=> (?>A;5 B>3>, :0: 2>7=8:=5B >ICI5=85 60@0). @8 ;5G5=88 8AB5@8G5A:8E <>=>A8<?B><>2 (?0@0;8G8, <CB87<, AC@4><CB87<, 1;5D0@>-A?07< 8 B. ?.) G5@57 =5A:>;L:> A5:C=4 ?>A;5 2;820=8O 1>;L=><C @57:8< ?>25;8B5;L=K< B>=>< ?@54;0305BAO C1548BLAO, GB> CB@0G5==0O 8< DC=:F8O 2>AAB0=>28;0AL: ?@8 ?0@0;8G0E  ?@>8725AB8 42865=8O 1K2H59 ?0@0;87>20==>9 G0ABLN B5;0, ?@8 <CB87<5 8;8 AC@4><CB87<5  >B25B8BL =0 B5 8;8 8=K5 2>?@>AK 8;8 2K?>;=8BL B5 8;8 8=K5 459AB28O, =0?@8<5@ =0720BL A2>N D0<8;8N, >B25B8BL, E>G5BAO ;8 ?8BL, >B:@KBL @>B, ?>:070BL O7K: 8 B. ?. 0;55 2 B5G5=85 =5A:>;L:8E <8=CB 1>;L=>9 ?>1C6405BAO : C?@06=5=8N CB@0G5==>9 DC=:F88. A;8 65 2 A;CG05 8AB5@8G5A:8E <>=>A8<?B><>2 2 B5G5=85 ?5@2KE 5 <8=CB ?>A;5 2;820=8O B5@0?52B8G5A:89 MDD5:B >:07K205BAO =54>AB0B>G=K<, 22>48BAO 0=0;>38G=K< >1@07>< 5I5 10 <; 10% @0AB2>@0 E;>@8AB>3> :0;LF8O. @8 ;5G5=88 8AB5@8G5A:8E 38?5@:8=57>2, @2>BK, =0@CH5=89 DC=:F88 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2 ?@>2>48BAO :C@A 87 6 10 2;820=89 G5@57 45=L.  =0ABC?;5=88 B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> MDD5:B0 C 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8, ?><8<> D0@<0:>;>38G5A:>3> 459AB28O E;>@8AB>3> :0;LF8O =0 =5@2=CN A8AB5<C 8 A8;L=>3> A5=A>@=>3> @074@065=8O 8=B5@>F5?B82=>9 AD5@K, 1>;LHCN @>;L 83@05B ?@O<>5 8 :>A25==>5 2=CH5=85 =0O2C (A2O70=> A >ICI5=85< 60@0 2> 2@5<O 2;820=8O), 254CI55 : 2>7=8:=>25=8N «2>;=K 2>71C645=8O, A<K20NI59 B>@<>7=K5 ?C=:BK 2 :>@5» (?@>B@5?B8:0). 5G5=85 :0;LF852K< C40@>< 8AB5@8G5A:8E @50:F89, 0DD5:B82=>-H>:>2>3> ABC?>@0 8 B0: =07K205<>9 ?>AB:>=BC78>==>9 3;CE>=5<>BK 1K;> A CA?5E>< ?@8<5=5=> 2 3>4K 5;8:>9 B5G5AB25==>9 2>9=K 2 @O45 <54A0=10B>2 8 3>A?8B0;59. > <=>38E A;CG0OE C4020;>AL >4=><><5=B=> :C?8@>20BL <>=>A8<?B><0B8G5A:85 8AB5@8G5A:85 @0AAB@>9AB20 8 ?>AB:>=BC78>==CN 3;CE>=5<>BC1 ?CB5< >4=>:@0B=>3> 2=CB@825==>3> 22545=8O 1>;LH>9 4>7K E;>@8AB>3> :0;LF8O. >;=>5 CAB@0=5=85 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2 =0ABC?0;> C 88% 1>;L=KE A> A2568<8 8AB5@8G5A:8<8 <>=>A8<?B><0<8 (3;CE>=5<>B>9, <CB87<><, 3;CE>B>9, ABC?>@><, ?0@0;8G0<8, 1;5D0@>A?07<>< 8 0<02@>7><), ?@8G5< 2 1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG052  =5?>A@54AB25==> 8;8 2 B5G5=85 ?5@2KE G0A>2 ?>A;5 :0;LF852>3> C40@0. !@548 1>;L=KE A> A25659, ?>AB:>=BC78>==>9 3;CE>=5<>B>9 8 <CB87<>< ?>;=>5 CAB@0=5=85 3;CE>=5<>BK 8 <CB87<0 ?>A;5 :0;LF852>3> C40@0 =0ABC?8;8 C 83%, ?@8G5< C 43% A@07C 65 ?>A;5 ?5@2>3> 2;820=8O :0;LF8O. A>15==> MDD5:B82=K< ;5G5=85 1K;> 2 B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 >=> ?@>2>48;>AL 2 ?5@2K5 4 4=O >B =0G0;0 701>;520=8O. >;>68B5;L=K5 @57C;LB0BK 2 =5:>B>@KE A;CG0OE =01;N40;8AL ?@8 ;5G5=88 8AB5@8G5A:8E 38?5@:8=57>2, ?@8?04:>2 8 AC<5@5G=KE A>AB>O=89. @8 ;5G5=88 8AB5@8G5A:8E <>=>A8<=B><>2, B0:8E, :0: AC@4><CB87<, <CB87<, ?0@0;8G8, 0<02@>7 8 1;5D0@>A?07<, <5B>4 MD8@=>9 <0A:8, ?> =0H8< =01;N45=8O<, O2;O5BAO 1>;55 MDD5:B82=K<, G5< ?@8<5=5=85 :0;LF852>3> C40@0. K =5 AG8B05<, GB> 2 <548F8=A:>9 ?@0:B8:5 A;54C5B >B:070BLAO >B ?@8<5=5=8O =51>;LH8E (>1KG=KE) 4>7 E;>@8AB>3> :0;LF8O 8 ?@8<5=OBL 2<5AB> =8E ;8HL 1>;LH85 4>7K. >7C E;>@8AB>3> :0;LF8O =C6=> 8=48284C0;878@>20BL 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B A>AB>O=8O 1>;L=>3> 8 E0@0:B5@0 ?0B>;>38G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0, =0@O4C A =51>;LH8<8 (>1KG=K<8) 4>70<8 E;>@8AB>3> :0;LF8O 2 =5:>B>@KE A;CG0OE F5;5A>>1@07=> ?@8<5=OBL 8 1>;LH85 53> 4>7K  ;5G5=85 :0;LF852K< C40@><. !#/  !# / " / =AC;8=>20O B5@0?8O H8@>:> ?@8<5=O5BAO 4;O ;5G5=8O 1>;L=KE H87>D@5=859. 5G5=85 8=AC;8=>2K<8 :><0<8 A>AB>O=89 45?@5AA88 8 B@52>38 ?A8E>35==>3> 35=570, 0 B0:65 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2 1K;> ?@54?@8=OB> 2> 2@5<O 2B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K @O4>< 0=3;89A:8E 8 0<5@8:0=A:8E 02B>@>2 (Sargant, Creske, Sands 8 4@.), >4=0:> 157 >A>1>3> CA?5E0. A;54AB285 <0;>9 MDD5:B82=>AB8 53> ?@8 B5@0?88 C:070==KE 2KH5 A>AB>O=89, 0 B0:65 2 @57C;LB0B5 40==KE @O40 02B>@>2, A2845B5;LAB2CNI8E > B><, GB> 8=AC;8=>2K5 :><K <>3CB ?@825AB8 : >@30=8G5A:8< 87<5=5=8O< 2 <>73C 1>;L=>3>, C:070==K9 <5B>4 4;O ;5G5=8O 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 8 @50:B82=K<8 ?A8E>70<8 <0;> ?@8<5=8<. !C4>@>6=0O B5@0?8O, ?@54;>65==0O 2 1935 3. 25=35@A:8< ?A8E80B@>< Meduna 4;O ;5G5=8O 1>;L=KE H87>D@5=859, 2A:>@5 AB0;0 ?@8<5=OBLAO 8 4;O ;5G5=8O 70BO6=KE =52@>7>2. A>15==> H8@>:> <5B@07>;>20O, :0<D0@=0O 8 M;5:B@>AC4>@>6=0O B5@0?8O 8A?>;L7>20;0AL 4;O ;5G5=8O 70BO6=KE D>@< =52@>7>2, =5 ?>440202H8EAO 4@C38< 2840< B5@0?88, 2> 2@5<O 2B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K (.. . >2>@8=A:89, 1941; . . $5938=, 1944; Good, Torrie, Kenton 8 4@.)- "0:, . . $5938= ?@8<5=O; AC4>@>6=CN B5@0?8N 2 8 A;CG0OE 70BO6=KE 8AB5@8G5A:8E <>=>A8<?B><0B8G5A:8E @0AAB@>9AB2, =5 ?>440202H8EAO 4@C38< <5B>40< B5@0?88, 87 =8E 2 5  A MDD5:B>< 8 2 3  157CA?5H=>. ;O CA?5E0 ;5G5=8O, :0: C:07K205B 02B>@, =5 2A5340 1K;> 4>AB0B>G=> >4=>3> ?@8?04:0, 8=>340 B@51>20;>AL 2K7K20BL 53> 4 5 @07. > 2A5E A;CG0OE, :>340 ;5G5=85 1K;> ?@>2545=> 4> :>=F0, =01;N40;8AL E>@>H85 @57C;LB0BK.  A;CG0OE =5CA?5E0 ;5G5=85 1K;> ?@5@20=> 87-70 @57:>3> A>?@>B82;5=8O 1>;L=KE B5@0?88. Russel 8 Straus =0 >A=>20=88 A>1AB25==>3> >?KB0 ?@8H;8 : 2K2>4C, GB> «:>=25@A8>==0O 8AB5@8O» >1KG=> =5 ?>4405BAO M;5:B@>AC4>@>6=>9 B5@0?88. -;5:B@>AC4>@>6=0O B5@0?8O =5 405B B0:65 ?>;>68B5;L=>3> MDD5:B0 8 ?@8 ;5G5=88 1>;L=KE =52@>7>< =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 8 ?A8E0AB5=859. 5E0=87< B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> 459AB28O AC4>@>6=>9 B5@0?88 >AB05BAO 5I5 =54>AB0B>G=> OA=K<. O4 02B>@>2 ?@840NB 1>;LH>5 7=0G5=85 =0ABC?0NI59 ?@8 MB>< >AB@>9 0=>:A5<88 Himvich, Alexander, Gellhorn 8 4@.) 8 @072820NI5<CAO A8;L=59H5<C AB@0EC (Good 8 4@.). >2B>@=K5 38?>:A5<88 254CB, ?> Gellhorn, : ?>2KH5=8N @50:B82=>AB8 2535B0B82=KE F5=B@>2 8 4;8B5;L=><C ?@5>1;040=8N A8<?0B8G5A:>9 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K =04 ?0@0A8<?0B8G5A:>9; 0=>:A5<8O O2;O5BAO A8;L=59H8< AB8<C;OB>@>< =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K. !C4>@>6=0O B5@0?8O, ?> 40==K< Gellhorn, AB8<C;8@C5B 38?>B0;0<8G5A:CN >1;0ABL, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: ?@8 8=AC;8=>2>9 38?>3;8:5<88 8 10@18BC@0B>2>< 4;8B5;L=>< A=5 ?>2KH5=85 0:B82=>AB8 38?>B0;0<CA0 8 ?@>4>;3>20B>3> <>730 O2;O5BAO A;54AB285< @0AB>@<06820=8O  >A2>1>645=8O MB8E >1;0AB59 >B :>@B8:0;L=>3> :>=B@>;O. @8 AC4>@>6=>9 (<5B@07>;>2>9 8 M;5:B@>AC4>@>6=>9) B5@0?88 >=> 2>7=8:05B 5I5 8 2 @57C;LB0B5 ?@O<>3> 2>71C640NI53> 459AB28O M;5:B@8G5A:>3> B>:0 =0 ?>4:>@:C. >2KH5=85 B>=CA0 ?>4:>@:8 2545B : ?>2KH5=8N B>=CA0 :>@K, G5<, 2>7<>6=>, 8 >1JOA=O5BAO B5@0?52B8G5A:89 MDD5:B AC4>@>6=>9 B5@0?88, 0 B0:65 =01;N405<>5 ?@8 =59 2>AAB0=>2;5=85 C30AH8E CA;>2=KE @5D;5:A>2 C M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=KE 682>B=KE (Gellhorn). > <=5=8N . !. 25@1CE0, ?@8 M;5:B@>AC4>@>6=>9 B5@0?88 ?@>8AE>48B AB8<C;OF8O ?>4:>@:>2KE >1@07>20=89 8 >BAN40 =59@>-2535B0B82=0O ?5@5AB@>9:0 >@30=87<0. . !. '8AB>28G ?>;0305B, GB> ?5@28G=> M;5:B@8G5A:89 B>: 2>7459AB2C5B =0 :>@C <>730, 2K7K20O 2 =59 A25@EA8;L=>5 2>71C645=85, 8 :0: A;54AB285, @0728B85 70?@545;L=>3> B>@<>65=8O. A=>2=0O ;>:0;870F8O 459AB28O A2O7K205BAO 2A5 65 A ?>4:>@:>9. G5284=>, ?@8 M;5:B@>AC4>@>6=>9 B5@0?88, :0: C:07K20; . . >;8=, 2>7=8:05B 2>;=0 2>71C645=8O. >A;54=OO, 25@>OB=>, <>65B «A<K20BL B>@<>7=K5 ?C=:BK» 2 :>@5, ?@82>4O : CAB@0=5=8N ?0B>;>38G5A:8E A8<?B><>2. 8< = >< 2 =AB8BCB5 D878>;>388 8<5=8 . . 02;>20 (5=8=3@04) ?@8<5=8; :0<D0@=>-AC4>@>6=CN B5@0?8N 4;O ;5G5=8O M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=KE =52@>7>2 C A>10:. >A;5 B@>5:@0B=>3> 2K7>20 AC4>@>6=KE ?@8?04:>2 =52@>B8G5A:85 O2;5=8O C A>10:8 8AG57;8. «> ;8B5@0BC@=K< 40==K< 8 =0H59 B@0:B>2:5, ?8H5B 8< = ><, <>6=> ?@54?>;030BL, GB> AC4>@>6=0O B5@0?8O C:@5?;O5B DC=:F8>=0;L=CN A8AB5<C, 70B>@<06820O 45OB5;L=>ABL :;5B>: :>@K, CAB@0=OO 70AB>9=CN =52@>B8G5A:CN @50:F8N»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eonhard >B<5=ONBAO 2AO:85 ;5:0@AB20 8 ?@54;0305BAO 70=8<0BLAO ?> 6 G0A>2 2 45=L C<AB25==K< B@C4><, =0?@8<5@ A 9 4> 11 G0A>2 8 A 15 G0A>2 30 <8=CB 4> 16 G0A>2 30 <8=CB  87CG5=85< 8=>AB@0==>3> O7K:0, A 11 G0A>2 30 <8=CB 4> 12 G0A>2 30 <8=CB  ?8A0BL 48:B0=B, A 13 G0A>2 30 <8=CB 4> 15 G0A>2 30 <8=CB  A0<>>1@07>20=85<. @8 60;>10E =0 D878G5A:CN 0AB5=8N A 9 4> 11 G0A>2 =07=0G05BAO ?@>3C;:0 (1KAB@0O E>4L10 =0 @0AAB>O=85 4> 10 :<), A 11 4> 12 G0A>2 8 A 13 G0A>2 30 <8=CB 4> 15 G0A>2 30 <8=CB  A?>@B (30 <8=CB  2>;;591>;, 1 G0A  38<=0AB8G5A:85 C?@06=5=8O, 2K7K20NI85 1>;8 2 <KHF0E 8 @57:>5 CG0I5=85 A5@45G=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, 30 <8=CB  B5==8A, 70=OB8O =0 38<=0AB8G5A:8E A=0@O40E 8;8 ?;020=85). C@A ;5G5=8O 177 <5AOF0.  MB> 2@5<O 3>2>@8BL > 74>@>2L5 70?@5I05BAO. 5G5=85 =52@0AB5=88 <>65B ?@>2>48BLAO :0: 2 <5AB=KE 4><0E >B4KE0 8 A0=0B>@8OE, B0: 8 =0 <=>38E :C@>@B0E, 2 G0AB=>AB8 ?@8 =52@0AB5=88 A A8=4@><>< 38?5@AB5=88 8 @074@068B5;L=>9 A;01>AB8  =0 :;8<0B8G5A:8E, ?@8<>@A:8E, ;5A=KE :C@>@B0E A C3;5:8A;K<8 8 @04>=>2K<8 20==0<8 (E0;8-D>=8, !>G8, 03@0, 8A;>2>4A:, >@6><8, .6=K9 15@53 @K<0, 45AA0, @810;B8:0, 0@5;LA:89 ?5@5H55:, >@>2>5 8 4@.)»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«=52@>7>2 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2» 5I5 <0;> 87CG5=K. =8 ?@>A;565=K 3;02=K< >1@07>< 2 >B=>H5=88 «=52@>7>2 A5@4F0», 2>7=8:H8E 2> 2@5<O 2>9=K. "0:, ?> Wegelius (1951), G5@57 7 ;5B 87 105 1>;L=KE, ;5G82H8EAO 2 D8=A:>< 3>A?8B0;5 2 1941  1944 33. ?> ?>2>4C «=52@>7>2 A5@4F0», C 66 =0ABC?8;> 2K74>@>2;5=85 8;8 7=0G8B5;L=>5 C;CGH5=85 A>AB>O=8O, C 32  A>AB>O=85 >AB0;>AL 157 ?5@5<5= 8 C 7  CEC4H8;>AL. > Grant (1940), G5@57 5 7 ;5B A@548 1>;L=KE, A=OBKE A 2>8=A:>3> CG5B0 ?> ?>2>4C «=59@>F8@:C;O@=>9 0AB5=88», ?>;=>5 2K74>@>2;5=85 8;8 7=0G8B5;L=>5 C;CGH5=85 =0ABC?8;> C 27 %, =57=0G8B5;L=>5 C;CGH5=85 C 17,8% 8 A>AB>O=85 >AB0;>AL 157 ?5@5<5= C 56,2% 1>;L=KE. 10 02B>@0 =5 C:07K20NB, ?>;CG0;8 ;8 1>;L=K5 2>5==K5 ?5=A88 ?> ?>2>4C «=52@>70 A5@4F0», 2>7=8:H53> 2> 2@5<O A;C61K 2 0@<88, 8 =5 >B3@0=8G820NB 8AB5@8G5A:85, 2 G0AB=>AB8 @5=B=K5, D>@<K >B 4@C38E D>@< 701>;520=8O, GB> 70B@C4=O5B >F5=:C 8E 40==KE. Wishow (1939), 0 B0:65 Bishop 8 Kimbro (1943), >1A;54>202 G5@57 20 ;5B 1>;L=KE, C :>B>@KE 2 1918 8 1919 33. 1K; >1=0@C65= «=52@>7 A5@4F0», =5 =0H;8 C =8E >@30=8G5A:8E 701>;520=89 A5@45G=>-A>AC48AB>9 A8AB5<K. "5< =5 <5=55 2A5 65 =5;L7O >B@8F0BL 2>7<>6=>ABL @0728B8O >@30=8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0 =0 ?>G25 4;8B5;L=KE DC=:F8>=0;L=KE =0@CH5=89 45OB5;L=>AB8 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2. @>3=>7 «=52@>7>2 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2»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«480?07>= ?@85<;5<>AB8» (. . 20=>2) ?@5420@8B5;L=KE ;0A: 4;O :064>3> 87 AC?@C3>2  :0:85 :064K9 87 =8E AG8B05B 4>?CAB8<K<8, :0:85  =54>?CAB8<K<8, «0<>@0;L=K<8», 70?@5B=K<8. A;8 <C6 70:0=G8205B ?>;>2>9 0:B @0=LH5 65=K 8 >=0 >AB05BAO =5C4>2;5B2>@5==>9, <>6=> A>>1I8BL ?@82545==K5 2 :;8=8G5A:>9 G0AB8 40==K5 > 2>7<>6=KE ?@8G8=0E MB>3>, 2 G0AB=>AB8, ?>4G5@:=CBL, GB> G0AB> 65=I8=0 =0G8=05B ?>;>2>9 0:B <5=55 2>71C645==>9, G5< <C6G8=0, 8 =C6405BAO 2 ?@5420@8B5;L=>9 ?>43>B>2:5. 0;55 ?KB0NBAO @0AH8@8BL «480?07>= ?@85<;5<>AB8» MB>9 ?>43>B>2:8. >2>@OB > B><, GB> 5A;8 AC?@C38 ;N1OB 4@C3 4@C30, B> 2 ;N128 2A5 4>72>;5=>, ?@85<;5<> 2A5, GB> <>65B ?@825AB8 : ?>;>2>9 30@<>=88. >3CB 1KBL ?@82545=K 40==K5 ;8B5@0BC@K > @07;8G=KE ?@8<5=O5<KE <5B>40E ?>43>B>2:8. >6=> ?@825AB8 A;>20 Kinsey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«480?07>= ?@85<;5<>AB8» 8 CA8;8BL ?@5420@8B5;L=CN A5:AC0;L=CN ?>43>B>2:C A B5<, GB>1K 65=0 CA?520;0 ?>;CG8BL ?>;>2>5 C4>2;5B2>@5=85 2> 2@5<O ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8. 04> A:070BL, GB> 15A540 =0 MBC B5<C 2545BAO >1KG=> A :064K< 87 AC?@C3>2 2 >B45;L=>AB8 8;8 A >4=8< 87 =8E. =0 B@51C5B 1>;LH>3> B0:B0 8 45;8:0B=>AB8 8 =5@54:> 2>7<>6=0 ;8HL ?>A;5 @O40 2AB@5G A 1>;L=K<, :>340 :>=B0:B C65 CAB0=>2;5=. > 2@5<O 15A54 >1@0I05BAO 2=8<0=85 <C60 =0 B>, GB> :>340 >@307< 30@<>=8G=> =0ABC?05B >4=>2@5<5==> C >1>8E AC?@C3>2, B> 2A5 65 C 65=I8=K >1KG=> >= 4;8BAO 4>;LH5, G5< C <C6G8=K, 8 >=0 2A;54AB285 :0: D878G5A:8E, B0: 8 ?A8E8G5A:8E >A>15==>AB59 =C6405BAO 5I5 2 70:;NG8B5;L=KE ;0A:0E. 5:>B>@K5 65=K GC2AB2CNB A51O @07>G0@>20==K<8 8 =5C4>2;5B2>@5==K<8, :>340 8E <C6LO A@07C 65 ?> >:>=G0=88 ?>;>2>3> 0:B0 >B2>@0G820NBAO >B =8E 8 70AK?0NB, =5 ?@>O2;OO : =8< 1>;LH5 =56=>AB8 8 2=8<0=8O. @8 =0;8G88 «=>6=8F» <564C 2@5<5=5< >:>=G0=8O ?>;>2>3> 0:B0 <C6G8=>9 8 65=I8=>9 <>6=> @5:><5=4>20BL, :@><5 B>3>, 20@L8@>20BL ?>7K 2> 2@5<O ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8. # =5:>B>@KE 65=I8= >@307< =0<=>3> 1KAB@55 =0ABC?05B ?@8 ?>;>65=88 =0 1>:C 8;8 A25@EC, =04 <C6G8=>9. C6G8=5 <>65B 1KBL @5:><5=4>20=> A>25@H0BL ?>;>2>9 0:B =5 =5?@5@K2=>, 0 A ?0C70<8  CAB@0820BL 8E, :>340 ?>;>20O 2>71C48<>ABL 53> G@57<5@=> 2>7@>A;0. > 2@5<O ?0C7 45;0BL ;8HL @8B<8G=K5 42865=8O BC;>28I5< 8 B0:8< >1@07><, >:07K20O 8<8 402;5=85 =0 ;>1:>2CN >1;0ABL 65=I8=K (>3@0=8G82 42865=8O ?>;>2K< >@30=><). 5@2CN, =51>;LHCN, ?0C7C A45;0BL A@07C ?>A;5 22545=8O ?>;>2>3> G;5=0 2> 2;030;8I5.  MB> 2@5<O =0 >1;0ABL :;8B>@0 8 <0;KE 3C1 65=I8=K ?>;>68BL @C:C 8 40;55, =0 ?@>BO65=88 2A53> ?>;>2>3> 0:B0, >:07K20BL ?0;LF0<8 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 8=B5=A82=>5, => =5 3@C1>5, @8B<8G=>5 402;5=85 8;8 ;53:>5 B0:B8;L=>5 @074@065=85 MB>9 >1;0AB8, 2 @8B<5 D@8:F89 => AC<<8@C5BAO A @074@065=85< 35=8B0;89 65=I8=K <C6A:8< ?>;>2K< >@30=>< 8 2545B : CA:>@5=8N =0ABC?;5=8O C =55 >@307<0. -B> >A>15==> 206=> 2 B5E A;CG0OE, :>340, :0: C65 C:07K20;>AL, :;8B>@ @0A?>;>65= A@02=8B5;L=> 2KA>:> 8 ?@8 >1KG=>9 B5E=8:5 ?>;>2>3> 0:B0 65=I8=0 =5 8A?KBK205B 4>AB0B>G=>3> @074@065=8O, 2A;54AB285 G53> >:07K205BAO =5C4>2;5B2>@5==>9. A;8 65=I8=0 25AL<0 A45@60=0 2 A2>8E A5:AC0;L=KE ?@>O2;5=8OE, <=>385 <C6G8=K =5 GC2AB2CNB, =0A:>;L:> 25;8:> 55 ?>;>2>5 2>71C645=85 2> 2@5<O ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 8 A:>@> ;8 C =55 <>65B =0ABC?8BL >@307< (2 >B;8G85 >B MB>3> 1>;LH8=AB2> 65=I8= GC2AB2CNB ?@81;865=85 >@307<0 C <C6G8=K). =>340 <C6G8=5 1K205B B@C4=> AC48BL B0:65 > B><, :0:>9 @8B< 8 0<?;8BC40 D@8:F89 4;O 65=I8=K 2 B>B 8;8 8=>9 ?5@8>4 ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 O2;ONBAO >?B8<0;L=K<8.  B0:8E A;CG0OE 8=>340 @5:><5=4CNB 65=I8=5 27OBL =0 A51O 8=8F80B82C 2 @53C;8@>20=88 ?>;>2>3> 0:B0 8 40BL ?>=OBL <C6C, GB> >B =53> B@51C5BAO. >;>68BL, =0?@8<5@, @C:C =0 53> B0;8N 8 ;53:8<8 42865=8O<8 @53C;8@>20BL 53> 0:B82=>ABL, B> B>@<>78BL 55, 5A;8 2>71C645=85 <C60 A;8H:>< 2>7@>A;>, 0 65=I8=0 5I5 <0;> 2>71C645=0, B> ;53:8< 42865=85< @C:8 ?@840BL 65;0B5;L=K9 B5<? D@8:F8O<, 402 ?>=OBL <C6C, GB> B5?5@L 5<C =5 A;54C5B A51O 1>;LH5 A45@6820BL. @8 ACE>AB8 ?>;>2KE >@30=>2 65=I8=K, ?><8<> 1>;55 4;8B5;L=>9 ?>43>B>2:8 55 ?@5420@8B5;L=K<8 ;0A:0<8, @5:><5=4CNB >4=><C 87 ?0@B=5@>2 A;53:0 A<070BL A2>8 ?>;>2K5 >@30=K 68@>< A B5<, GB>1K 65=I8=5 =5 1K;> 1>;L=> 2 =0G0;5 ?>;>2>3> 0:B0, 0 B0:65 GB>1K C<5=LH8BL A8;C B@5=8O, B0: :0: 8=0G5 MB> <>65B ?@825AB8 : 1>;55 1KAB@><C =0ABC?;5=8N MO:C;OF88 C <C6G8=K 8 A45;0BL 53> =5A?>A>1=K< : 4;8B5;L=><C ?>;>2><C 0:BC. -B> 65 8=>340 @5:><5=4C5BAO 8 <>;>4>65=0< ?@8 2>7=8:=>25=88 B@C4=>AB59 A 45D;>@0F859. ;O B>3> GB>1K <C6G8=0 AB0; A?>A>15= : 1>;55 4;8B5;L=><C A>25@H5=8N ?>;>2>3> 0:B0, <>3CB 1KBL @5:><5=4>20=K 8 A@54AB20, =0 :>B>@KE <K >AB0=>28<AO ?@8 @0AA<>B@5=88 ;5G5=8O ?@56452@5<5==>9 MO:C;OF88 04> A:070BL, GB> 4065, :070;>AL 1K, >G5=L @57:>5 @0AE>645=85 <564C 2@5<5=5< =0ABC?;5=8O >@307<0 C <C60 8 65=K ?@5>4>;8<> ?@8 4>1@>9 2>;5 A >158E AB>@>=, 2708<=>9 8A:@5==>AB8 8 B5@?5=88 >7<>6=>ABL 040?B0F88 2 MB>< >B=>H5=88 >G5=L 25;8:0. 5 A;CG09=> =5:>B>@K5 65=I8=K, <>65B 1KBL =5<=>3> CB@8@CO, 3>2>@OB, GB> =5B B0:>3> <C6G8=K, :>B>@K9 =5 A<>3 1K 8< 4>AB028BL ?>;>2>3> C4>2;5B2>@5=8O  B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 ?@8G8=>9 48A30@<>=88 O2;O5BAO ?@5@20==>5 ?>;>2>5 A=>H5=85, @5:><5=4C5BAO >B:070BLAO >B MB>3> 8 70<5=8BL 53> 4@C38<8 A?>A>10<8 ?@54>E@0=5=8O >B 15@5<5==>AB8. @0G8, @01>B0NI85 2 !( 2 :>=AC;LB0F8OE ?> 2>?@>A0< 1@0:0, >B<5G0NB, GB> >G5=L G0AB>9 ?@8G8=>9 ?>;>2>9 48A30@<>=88 AC?@C3>2 O2;O5BAO ?>@078B5;L=0O =5>A254><;5==>ABL 8E 2 2>?@>A0E ?>;>2>9 687=8. 4=>9 87 G0ABKE ?@8G8= 70B@C4=5=89 C =5>?KB=>3> =>2>1@0G=>3> O2;ONBAO =5?@028;L=K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O > B>?>3@0D88 65=A:8E ?>;>2KE >@30=>2, ?><>IL =>2>1@0G=>9 A2>5<C <C6C 2 MB>< >B=>H5=88 <>65B 1KBL =570<5=8<>9 7@54:0 >4=>9 87 ?@8G8= 70B@C4=5=8O O2;O5BAO =54>AB0B>G=0O >1=065==>ABL 65=I8=K ?5@54 =0G0;>< ?>;>2>3> 0:B0, 70B@C4=ONI0O 8<8AA8N @8 2A5E ?A8E>35==KE =0@CH5=8OE ?>;>2>9 DC=:F88 A CA?5E>< <>65B 1KBL ?@8<5=5=> 38?=>B8G5A:>5 2=CH5=85 8 0CB>35==0O B@5=8@>2:0 A 2KH5?@82545==K<8 A?5F80;L=K<8 D>@<C;0<8 A0<>2=CH5=8O. 5G5=85 <C6A:>9 8<?>B5=F88, O2;ONI59AO A>?CBAB2CNI8< A8<?B><>< =52@0AB5=88 (0AB5=88), A2>48BAO : 55 B5@0?88. @8 MB>< 206=> ?>4G5@:=CBL 1>;L=><C, GB> ?>;>2K5 >@30=K 53> 74>@>2K, GB> =0@CH5=8O =>AOB 2@5<5==K9 E0@0:B5@, 2K720=K ;8HL ?5@5CB><;5=85< 8;8 M<>F8>=0;L=K< =0?@O65=85< 8 GB> >B4KE, ?>:>9 8 >1I5C:@5?;ONI0O B5@0?8O ?@8254CB : 1KAB@><C 2>AAB0=>2;5=8N 8E DC=:F88. ><8<> >1KG=>9 >1I5C:@5?;ONI59 B5@0?88 1>;L=><C @5:><5=4C5BAO ?8I0, 1>30B0O 28B0<8=><  (O9F0, 8:@0 ;N1>9 @K1K) -<?8@8G5A:8 CAB0=>2;5=>, GB> 2 MB8E A;CG0OE 1;03>B2>@=> 2;8O5B =0 ?>;>2CN A?>A>1=>ABL 8 ?8I0, 1>30B0O A0E0@><.  A2O78 A MB8< @5:><5=4CNB 1>;L=><C 5654=52=> AJ540BL ?> 2 AB>;>2K5 ;>6:8 20@5=LO 8;8 <540 2 B5G5=85 2 3 =545;L. 5;0B5;L=> A>E@0=5=85 >1KG=>3> @8B<0 ?>;>2>9 687=8. 8HL ?@8 7=0G8B5;L=>< >A;01;5=88 M@5:F89 8;8 @57:> 2K@065==>9 0AB5=88 ?>:070=> 2>745@60=85 >B ?>;>2>9 687=8 2 B5G5=85 2 3 =545;L ?@8 @07@5H5=88 A?0BL A 65=>9 2 >4=>9 ?>AB5;8. >A;5 2 3-=545;L=>3> >B4KE0 =07=0G05BAO ;53:0O AB8<C;8@CNI0O <548:0<5=B>7=0O B5@0?8O ?0=B>:@8= (2KBO6:0 87 @>3>2 ?OB=8AB>3> >;5=O), 65=LH5=L. %>@>H55 AB8<C;8@CNI55 459AB285 >:07K205B 0CB>35<>B5@0?8O (:@>2L 15@CB 87 25=K 1>;L=>3> 8 22>4OB >1KG=> 2=CB@8<KH5G=> ?> 2, 4, 6, 8, 6, 4 <; >48= @07 2 3 4=O). @8 ?>=865=88 ?>;>2>3> 2;5G5=8O A >A;01;5=85< M@5:F89 ?>;>68B5;L=>5 459AB285 >:07K20NB =0BC@0;L=K5 8;8 8A:CAAB25==K5 C3;5:8A;K5 20==K (8A;>2>4A:, =0@70==K5 20==K, :C@>@B @7=8 2 @<5=88, 0@0AC= 2 >AB>G=>9 !818@8 8 4@.)- #3;5:8A;K5 20==K ?@>B82>?>:070=K 1>;L=K< A ?>2KH5==>9 =5@2=>9 2>71C48<>ABLN. ! F5;LN ?@>D8;0:B8:8 @5F8482>2 1>;L=><C @5:><5=4CNB AB@5<8BLAO C4>2;5B2>@OBL 65=C ?@8 ?5@2>< 65 ?>;>2>< 0:B5 8 871530BL ?>2B>@=KE A=>H5=89, 0 B0:65 CAB0=>28BL @568<, ?@8 :>B>@>< M@5:F8O =0ABC?0;0 1K 5AB5AB25==>, 157 >A>1>9 AB8<C;OF88 872=5. @8 ;5G5=88 8<?>B5=F88, 2K720==>9 ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI8< ?>2545=85< 65=I8=K 8;8 D8:A0F859 @0=55 2>7=8:H53> AB5@5>B8?0 ?>;>2KE >B=>H5=89, @5:><5=4C5BAO ?A8E>B5@0?8O A >1AC645=85< ?@8G8=K, ?>@>482H59 701>;520=85, 8 87<5=5=85 >B=>H5=8O : ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI5<C A>1KB8N. 1KG=> 206=> ?@8 MB>< 2@0GC 2AB@5B8BLAO A 65=>9 1>;L=>3>, 2 <O3:>9, 45;8:0B=>9 D>@<5 C:070BL 59 =0 @>;L 8E >B=>H5=89 2 2>7=8:=>25=88 1>;57=8 C60 8 ?>AB0@0BLAO 4>AB83=CBL 55 CG0AB8O 2 C;CGH5=88 MB8E >B=>H5=89. ;O CAB@0=5=8O ?A8E8G5A:>9 7045@6:8 <>65B 1KBL ?@8<5=5=> 8 ;5G5=85 2=CH5=85<, 2 G0AB=>AB8 38?=>B5@0?8O 8 A0<>2=CH5=85.  >1I5< :><?;5:A5 ?A8E>B5@0?88 >1;53G8BL ?@5>4>;5=85 MB8E 7045@65: <>3CB 8 D0@<0:>;>38G5A:85 A@54AB20, AB8<C;8@CNI85 ?>;>2CN 45OB5;L=>ABL 8 >:07K20NI85, ?><8<> B>3>, 8 AC335AB82=>5 2>7459AB285.  =8< >B=>AOBAO M=4>:@8==K5 ?@5?0@0BK  <5B8;B5AB>AB5@>= (2 3 @070 2 45=L ?> 10 <3 =0 ?@85< 2 B5G5=85 2 4 =545;L; B01;5B:8 :;04CB ?>4 O7K:) 8 1>;55 A8;L=> 459AB2CNI89 2,5% @0AB2>@ B5AB>AB5@>=-?@>?8>=0B0 (?> 1 <; G5@57 45=L 2=CB@8<KH5G=>). >;>2K5 3>@<>=K ?@>B82>?>:070=K ?>68;K< ;N4O< A 2K@065==K<8 O2;5=8O<8 0B5@>A:;5@>70 8 38?5@B>=88. ;8B5;L=>5 ?@8<5=5=85 G@57<5@=> 1>;LH8E 4>7 ?>;>2KE 3>@<>=>2 <>65B ?@825AB8 : ?>402;5=8N DC=:F88 38?>D870, 0B@>D88 O8G5: 8 07>>A?5@<88. ;O 2@5<5==>9 AB8<C;OF88 ?>;>2>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 <>65B 1KBL ?@8<5=5= 8>E8<18= 2 B01;5B:0E (Johimbini muriatici 0,005 ?> 1 B01;5B:5 3 4 @070 2 45=L) 8;8 2 2845 1% @0AB2>@0 (Sol. Johimbini hydrochlorici 1% ?> 15 20 :0?5;L 3 @070 2 45=L), =0AB>9:0 :>@=O 65=LH5=O (T-rae Ginsengi ?> 15 25 :0?5;L 3 @070 2 45=L), ?>;L7CNI0OAO =0 >AB>:5 A;02>9 A8;L=>3> 0D@>48780:0, ?0=B>:@8=, 0 B0:65 ?@5?0@0BK AB@8E=8=0 8 4@. 7 D878>B5@0?52B8G5A:8E A@54AB2 ?@8<5=ONB D0@04870F8N ?@><56=>AB8 (10 12 A50=A>2 ?> 8 10 <8=CB :064K9), :@5ABF>2>-?@><56=>AB=CN 30;L20=870F8N, 40@A>=20;870F8N ?@><56=>AB8 8;8 =8AE>4OICN 30;L20=870F8N ?>72>=>G=8:0 (A50=A 15 <8=CB). :07K20NB ;8 >=8 :0:>5-;81> A?5F8D8G5A:>5 459AB285 =0 ?>;>2K5 DC=:F88 8;8 2A5 45;> A2>48BAO : AC335AB82=><C MDD5:BC, O2;O5BAO A?>@=K<. @8 ?A8E8G5A:>9 8<?>B5=F88, >A>15==> 2>7=8:0NI59 ?>A;5 =5C40G=>9 ?>?KB:8 A>25@H5=8O ?>;>2>3> 0:B0, >1KG=> 2A5340 2 B>9 8;8 8=>9 <5@5 83@05B @>;L 8 B@52>6=>5 >6840=85 =5C40G8 8 G@57<5@=0O D8:A0F8O 2=8<0=8O =0 A5:AC0;L=>9 DC=:F88, GB> <>65B B>@<>78BL 55 8 25AB8 : =0@CH5=8N 55 02B><0B87<0.  A2O78 A MB8< @5:><5=4C5BAO ?@8153=CBL : <5B>4C, :>B>@K9 <>6=> =0720BL <=8<K< 70?@5B>< ?>;>2>9 687=8. >;L=><C =07=0G05BAO 2 3-=545;L=K9 :C@A :0:>3>-;81> <548:0<5=B>7=>3> ;5G5=8O (65;0B5;L=> A;>6=0O ?@>?8AL @07;8G=KE ;5:0@AB2) 8 C:07K205BAO, GB> =0 2A5 2@5<O ?@85<0 ;5:0@AB20 5<C 70?@5I05BAO ?>;>20O 687=L. @54;0305BAO A?0BL A 65=>9 2 >4=>9 ?>AB5;8 8 ?@54C?@548BL 55 > E0@0:B5@5 =07=0G5==>3> ;5G5=8O. 0?@5B ?@82>48B : CAB@0=5=8N B@52>6=>3> >6840=8O =5C40G8 8 ?>2KH5=8N ;8184>, 2 A2O78 A G5< 2A:>@5 1>;L=>9 53> =0@CH05B 8 =0G8=05B =>@<0;L=CN ?>;>2CN 687=L. . . 20=>2 (1959) ?@54;0305B B0:8< 1>;L=K< ?@>AB> 70?@5B8BL =0 =5A:>;L:> =545;L ?>;>2CN 1;87>ABL, @07@5H0O A?0BL 2 >4=>9 ?>AB5;8 A 65=>9 8 4>?CA:0BL 2708<=CN =56=>ABL. A=>2K20OAL =0 B>< 65 ?@8=F8?5, Leonhard (1963) 1>;L=K< ?A8E8G5A:>9 8<?>B5=F859 @5:><5=4C5B 3>2>@8BL A;54CNI55: «0H8 ?>;>2K5 >@30=K 74>@>2K. 8:0:>3> ;5:0@AB25==>3> ;5G5=8O =5 B@51C5BAO. >;>2>9 G;5= 4>;65= 2=>2L =0CG8BLAO C45@6820BL =0?@O65=85. @5<5==> 20< 70?@5I05BAO ?>;>20O 687=L. 4=0:> >4=> ?>;>2>5 2>745@60=85 A0<> ?> A515 =5 ?><>305B, ?>MB><C 20< A;54C5B A?0BL A 65=>9 2 >4=>9 ?>AB5;8 8 2708<=K<8 ;0A:0<8 2K7K20BL ?>;>2>5 2>71C645=85. 04> =0CG8BLAO 15 20 <8=CB C45@6820BL 53>, =5 4>2>4O A51O 4> A>AB>O=8O MO:C;OF88. '5@57 3 =545;8 O28B5AL =0 ?@85< : 2@0GC». 5=5 ?@54;0305BAO ?>9B8 «=0 65@B2C» @048 74>@>2LO <C60 8 8A?KBK20BL ?>;>2>5 2>71C645=85 157 =0ABC?;5=8O >@307<0. 0?@5B ?>;>2>9 687=8 405BAO 4;O 87102;5=8O 1>;L=>3> >B B@52>6=>3> >6840=8O =5C40G8. 1KG=>, =5 4>6840OAL @07@5H5=8O 2@0G0, 1>;L=>9 G5@57 2 3 =545;8 =0G8=05B ?>;>2CN 687=L. A;8 65 >= AB@>3> ?@845@68205BAO 40==>3> 70?@5B0, B> 5I5 G5@57 1 2 =545;8 70?@5B >B<5=O5BAO. «5:>B>@K5 <C6G8=K, ?8H5B Leonhard, E>B5;8 1K @0=LH5 87;5G8BLAO >B ?>;>2>9 A;01>AB8, 0 ?>B>< =09B8 A515 ?0@B=5@HC. / 8< 3>2>@N, GB> B0:0O ?>A;54>20B5;L=>ABL =5>ACI5AB28<0: A=0G0;0 =04> =09B8 ?0@B=5@HC, ?>B>< ?@>2>48BL 40==>5 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>5 ;5G5=85». -B>B <5B>4 B5@0?88 ?A8E>35==>9 8<?>B5=F88 >ACI5AB28< B>;L:> 2 0<1C;0B>@=KE CA;>28OE 8 O2;O5BAO 2KA>:>MDD5:B82=K<. Leonhard A>25BC5B ?@8<5=OBL 53> 8 4;O ;5G5=8O ?A8E>35==>9 ?@56452@5<5==>9 MO:C;OF88. >;L=><C C:07K205BAO, GB> 2 A;CG05 ?@81;865=8O MO:C;OF88 ;0A:8 A;54C5B ?@8>AB0=>28BL 8 2=>2L 2>7>1=>28BL 8E, :0: B>;L:> ?>;>2>5 =0?@O65=85 A=878BAO, 8 B0: =5A:>;L:> @07. Semans1, @5:><5=4CO «B@5=8@>2:C ?>;>2>9 2K45@6:8» ?CB5< 2708<=KE ;0A: 2 :0G5AB25 <5B>40 ;5G5=8O ?@56452@5<5==>9 MO:C;OF88, ?@54;0305B ?@5420@8B5;L=> A;53:0 A<07K20BL ?>;>2K5 >@30=K :@5<>< 2> 871560=85 @074@065=8O A;878ABKE >1>;>G5:.  4>AB865=88 B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> MDD5:B0, ?><8<> «B@5=8@>2:8 2K45@6:8»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ol. Magnesii sulfurici 25%) 5 <; 2=CB@8<KH5G=> 8;8 5 10 <; 2=CB@825==> G5@57 45=L 15 20 @07, ;81>, :0: ?@54;0305B . . >@8:, 2 2845 :;87<K 87 30 <; 15% @0AB2>@0 G5@57 45=L (8=>340 <03=578O, 0 B0:65 <>=>1@><8AB0O :0<D>@0 <>3CB 2K7K20BL >A;01;5=85 M@5:F89). =CB@825==K5 2;820=8O 0,5% @0AB2>@0 =>2>:08=0 (. . 0=G5=:>) ?> 10 <; 5654=52=> 10 15 @07 (22>48BL >G5=L <54;5==>), 0 B0:65 2=CB@8<KH5G=> 2% @0AB2>@0 =>2>:08=0, =0G8=0O A 2 <; 8 4> 5 <; 3 @070 2 =545;N, 2A53> 12 8=J5:F89. . . >@C4><8=A:89 @5:><5=4C5B 2 MB8E A;CG0OE ?@5?0@0BK A?>@K=L8 (Extr. Secalis cornuti fluidum) ?> 20 25 :0?5;L 3 @070 2 45=L 2 A>G5B0=88 A ?@85<0<8 <0;KE 4>7 ;N<8=0;0 (0,2) 8;8 ;N<8=0;0 (0,03 3), :>458=0 D>AD>@=>:8A;>3> (0,03 3) 8 ?8@0<84>=0 (0,3 3) ?> 1 2 ?>@>H:0 2 45=L ?@54?>;0305<>3> A=>H5=8O; . . 0A8;LG5=:>  <5AB=CN 1;>:04C, :>B>@0O 4>AB8305BAO >?@KA:820=85< E;>@8ABK< MB8;>< @><1>284=>3> CG0AB:0 :>68 ?;>I04LN 60 80 A<2 2 ?>OA=8G=>-:@5ABF>2>9 >1;0AB8. ?@KA:820=85 ?@>872>48BAO 4> ?>O2;5=8O 15;>9 :>@>G:8 70B25@45=8O. >A;5 MB>3> 1;>:8@>20==K9 CG0AB>: :>68 A>3@520NB ;04>=LN (8=0G5 <>65B =0ABC?8BL >B<>@>65=85 2B>@>9 AB5?5=8). >O2;5=85 ?@87=0:>2 >B<>@>65=8O ?5@2>9 AB5?5=8 =5 A;C68B ?@5?OBAB285< : ?@>4>;65=8N ;5G5=8O. 0 A50=A CE>48B 20 30 <; E;>@8AB>3> MB8;0. '0AB>B0 A50=A>2 >B 1 4> 10 G5@57 45=L.  4=8 1;>:04K =07=0G0NBAO 2KH5C:070==K5 ?@>?8A8 ;N<8=0;0 A :>458=><. @8 >BACBAB288 ?>;>68B5;L=>3> MDD5:B0 ?>A;5 1 2-<5AOG=>3> ?5@5@K20 ?>2B>@O5BAO :C@A 1;>:04 =0 MB>B @07 =0 D>=5 ?@85<0 <5;;8@8;0. ;O A=865=8O GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 3>;>2:8 ?>;>2>3> G;5=0 <>6=> @5:><5=4>20BL A<07K20=85 55 70 2 3 G0A0 4> A=>H5=8O 5 10% <07LN A>2:08=0 8;8 :>:08=0 [Sovcaini 0,5 1,0 (!), Vaselini 10,0], 0 B0:65 ?@8<5=5=85 :>=4><0 (?@575@20B820). @>F54C@0 =04520=8O 53> =0 M@538@>20==K9 >@30= C =5:>B>@KE 1>;L=KE A ?>2KH5==>9 ?>;>2>9 2>71C48<>ABLN <>65B CA:>@8BL =0ABC?;5=85 MO:C;OF88. < A>25BCNB =04520BL ?@575@20B82 701;03>2@5<5==> =5704>;3> 4> A=>H5=8O, 2 B> 2@5<O, :>340 M@5:F8O 5I5 =5 =0ABC?8;0 8;8 O2;O5BAO =5?>;=>9. "5< 1>;L=K<, C :>B>@KE 3>;>2:0 G;5=0 >1KG=> 70:@KB0 ?@5?CF80;L=K< <5H:><, 2 :0G5AB25 2A?><>30B5;L=>3> A@54AB20 @5:><5=4C5BAO >1=060BL 55 8 2=5 A=>H5=89 (A F5;LN 2K720BL >3@C15=85 A;878AB>9 >1>;>G:8). 0: A8<?B><0B8G5A:>5 A@54AB2> 4;O ;5G5=8O ?@56452@5<5==>9 MO:C;OF88 <>65B 1KBL @5:><5=4>20=> ?@>872>4=>5 D5=>B8078=0  B8>@84078= (<5;;5@8;), 459AB285 :>B>@>3> =0 ?>;>2CN AD5@C <K >?8AK20;8 ?@8 @0AA<>B@5=88 ?A8E>B@>?=KE A@54AB2, 8 2 <5=LH59 <5@5 ;81@8C< (M;5=8C<). @85< 25 100 <3, @565 200 <3, <5;;8@8;0 2 4@065 70 1 3 G0A0 4> ?>;>2>9 1;87>AB8 =5@54:> 2545B : B><C, GB> <C6G8=0 ?@8>1@5B05B A?>A>1=>ABL 1>;55 4;8B5;L=> A>25@H0BL ?>;>2>9 0:B 8 B5< A0<K< E>BO 1K 2@5<5==> 87102;O5BAO >B ?@56452@5<5==>9 MO:C;OF88. 5:>B>@K5 02B>@K @5:><5=4CNB <0AA06 ?@54AB0B5;L=>9 65;57K =07=0G0BL 2 :0G5AB25 AC335AB82=>9 ?@>F54C@K. 4=0:>, 8AE>4O 87 2KH5?@82545==KE 273;O4>2 =0 @>;L 55 2 35=575 A5:AC0;L=KE @0AAB@>9AB2, . !. 0A8;LG5=:> ?@54;0305B ?@8<5=8BL =5A:>;L:> ?@>1=KE A50=A>2 <0AA060 2> 2A5E A;CG0OE >B=>A8B5;L=> 1KAB@> @07282H59AO ?@56452@5<5==>9 MO:C;OF88, 2=5 7028A8<>AB8 >B B>3>, C405BAO 8;8 =5 C405BAO >1=0@C68BL <5AB=K5 87<5=5=8O C@>35=8B5;L=>3> 0??0@0B0. 7 D878>B5@0?52B8G5A:8E ?@>F54C@ ?@8 ?@56452@5<5==>9 MO:C;OF88 <>3CB 1KBL =07=0G5=K =8AE>4OI85 30;L20=870F88 ?>72>=>G=8:0, 30;L20=8G5A:89 2>@>B=8:, 480B5@<8O A?8=0;L=KE F5=B@>2 [15 20 A50=A>2 5654=52=> 8;8 G5@57 45=L ?> 20 15 <8=CB; >48= M;5:B@>4 =0:;04K20NB =0 ?>72>=>G=8: (D12 L1), 4@C3>9  =0 ?@><56=>ABL]. > <=5=8N 02B>@>2, MB8 M;5:B@>?@>F54C@K =5 B>;L:> >:07K20NB AC335AB82=>5 459AB285, => 8 A=860NB 2>71C48<>AB8 MO:C;OB>@=>3> F5=B@0. @8 ?A8E8G5A:8 >1CA;>2;5==>9 ?@56452@5<5==>9 MO:C;OF88 =54>AB0B:>< <5AB=KE ?@>F54C@ O2;O5BAO B>, GB> >=8 <>3CB 8=>340 A>740BL C 1>;L=>3> 2?5G0B;5=85 > =0;8G88 C =53> <5AB=>3> 701>;520=8O, ?>;>68B5;L=>9 AB>@>=>9  8E AC335AB82=>5 459AB285. @8 ;5G5=88 1>;L=KE <C6G8= A> 2A5<8 2840<8 ?A8E>35==KE =0@CH5=89 ?>;>2>9 DC=:F88 ?>;=>5 2K74>@>2;5=85 4>AB8305BAO, ?> 40==K< . /. 8;L<0=0, Traikoff 8 4@., 0 B0:65 ?> =0H8< =01;N45=8O<, ?@8<5@=> 2 70% A;CG052. @8 ;5G5=88 ?>;>2>9 E>;>4=>AB8 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L 2KOA=ONBAO ?>@>482H85 55 ?@8G8=K, 70B5< @5:><5=4CNBAO <5B>4K, :>B>@K5, 8AE>4O 87 MB8E :>=:@5B=KE ?@8G8=, <>3CB ?><>GL 55 CAB@0=5=8N. "0:, 2> 2@5<O 15A54 A 1>;L=>9 =5?>A@54AB25==> @0AA:07K205BAO 2 4>ABC?=>9 D>@<5 > ?@82545==KE 2KH5 D878>;>38G5A:8E >A>15==>ABOE ?>;>2>9 687=8 8 @07;8G=KE ?@8G8=0E 48A30<88 8 ?>;>2>9 E>;>4=>AB8. A5 1>;55 8 1>;55 45B0;L=> 2KOA=ONBAO >A>15==>AB8 55 ?>;>2>9 687=8 8 40NBAO A>25BK, :>B>@K5 <>3;8 1K ?><>GL 4>AB865=8N 5N >@307<0. "0:, =0?@8<5@, 2KOA=O5BAO «480?07>= ?@85<;5<>AB8»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tourzh =01;N40;0 ?>;>68B5;L=K5 @57C;LB0BK ?@8 ;5G5=88 D@8384=KE 65=I8= <C6A:8<8 ?>;>2K<8 3>@<>=0<8. K =07=0G0;8 1>;L=K< <5B8;B5AB>AB5@>= ?> 5 <3 1 2 @070 2 45=L 2 B5G5=85 1  1 ½ <5AOF52.  A;CG05 ?>O2;5=8O ?@87=0:>2 25@8;870F88 8;8 =0@CH5=88 <5=AB@C0;L=>3> F8:;0 ?@5?0@0B ?>4;560; >B<5=5. @8 D@8384=>AB8 >= >A>15==> ?>:070= 65=I8=0< 65=AB25==K<, A @57:> 2K@065==K<8 2B>@8G=K<8 ?>;>2K<8 ?@87=0:0<8, B>=:>9 :>659, C :>B>@KE <>6=> ?@54?>;>68BL =5:>B>@K9 871KB>: 65=A:8E ?>;>2KE 3>@<>=>2. 5@54:> =07=0G0NBAO ?@>F54C@K, 2K7K20NI85 38?5@5<8N ?>;>2KE >@30=>2 8 B5< A0<K< A?>A>1AB2CNI85 M@>B870F88. !N40 >B=>AOBAO 3>@OG85 2;030;8I=K5 4CH8 8;8 >@>H5=8O <8=5@0;L=K<8 2>40<8, >A>15==> =0@70=><, 3@O75;5G5=85 («B@CA8:8»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teg 405B 1>;L=K< =0 4>< ?>A;5 ?5@2>3> A50=A0 C 2@0G0 @0AH8@8B5;L 530@0 8 @5:><5=4C5B 8< A0<8< ?> =5A:>;L:C @07 22>48BL 53> 2> 2;030;8I5, A :064K< 4=5< C25;8G820O =><5@ @0AH8@8B5;O  C >A>1> 1>O7;82KE 1>;L=KE 4> ! 32 34, A?5F80;L=> 873>B>2;5==>3> ?> 53> 70:07C. >65B 1KBL B0:65 @5:><5=4>20=> 1>;L=>9 22>48BL 2> 2;030;8I5 2<5AB> @0AH8@8B5;O A=0G0;0 >48=, ?>B>< 420 ?0;LF0 8 45;0BL 8<8 2@0I0B5;L=K5 42865=8O. 7 124 ;5G5=KE Steg 1>;L=KE ?>;>28=0 AB@040;0 2038=87<>< >B 1 3>40 4> 5 ;5B 8 12 65=I8=  A2KH5 10 ;5B. K74>@>25;8 (=0G0;8 68BL ?>;>2>9 687=LN) 80% 1>;L=KE. ;O MB>3> ?>B@51>20;>AL 2 1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG052 3 5, <0:A8<C< 10 2@0G51=KE A50=A>2. ;O ;5G5=8O 2038=87<0 A CA?5E>< <>3CB 1KBL ?@8<5=5=K 38?=>B5@0?8O 8 0CB>35==0O B@5=8@>2:0.   /'+% !!"/  !%!"/ @8 ;5G5=88 1>;L=KE ?A8E0AB5=859 206=> =0?@028BL ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>5 2>7459AB285 =0 ?@5>4>;5=85 A2>9AB25==>9 MB8< 1>;L=K< =5@5H8B5;L=>AB8, <=8B5;L=>AB8, =54>>F5=:8 A2>8E 2>7<>6=>AB59, =5C25@5==>AB8 2 A2>8E A8;0E. @8 =52@>75 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 8 ?A8E0AB5=88 2 B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 ?@8G8=0, 2K7202H0O =02O7G82>5 A>AB>O=85, 1>;L=K< =5 >A>7=05BAO, 2 A2O78 A G5< >:07K205BAO A:@KB>9, >A=>2=K< <5B>4>< ;5G5=8O O2;O5BAO :0C70;L=0O ?A8E>B5@0?8O. A;8 35=57 701>;520=8O OA5=, ?@8<5=ONB >?8A0==K5 2KH5 <5B>4K 2=CH5=8O 8 A0<>2=CH5=8O, 2 B>< G8A;5 38?=>B8G5A:>5 2=CH5=85 8 0CB>35==CN B@5=8@>2:C. =>340 >=8 40NB ?>;>68B5;L=K5 @57C;LB0BK 8 ?@8 ;5G5=88 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 =52KOA=5==>3> ?@>8AE>645=8O. @><5 B>3>, E>@>H89 MDD5:B <>3CB 40BL ;5G5=85 ?> <5B>4C C30H5=8O CA;>2=>9 A2O78, 157CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=0O B5@0?8O, 0 B0:65 @5;0:A0F8O ?> 65:>1A>=C 8 <5B>4 =530B82=>3> 2>7459AB28O. ?KB, ?>;CG5==K9 2> 2@5<O 5;8:>9 B5G5AB25==>9 2>9=K, A2845B5;LAB2C5B > B><, GB> 2>7=8:=>25=85 =>2>3> >G030 2>71C645=8O 2 :>@5 C MB8E 1>;L=KE <>65B ?@825AB8 ?> <5E0=87<C 8=4C:F88 : B>@<>65=8N (8;8 @0AB>@<06820=8N) >G03>2 8=5@B=>3> 2>71C645=8O (8;8 B>@<>65=8O), ;560I8E 2 >A=>25 =02O7G82KE O2;5=89. BAN40 ?>?KB:8 ;5G5=8O MB8E 1>;L=KE, =0?@02;5==K5 =0 A>740=85 C =8E «=>2KE CAB>9G82KE 8=B5@5A>2», ;5G5=85 «>B2;5G5=85< 2=8<0=8O»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ex juvantibus 2 A><=8B5;L=KE A;CG0OE ?>:070=>. =AC;8=>20O 8 M;5:B@>AC4>@>6=0O B5@0?8O >1KG=> =5 2545B : A=OB8N =02O7G82>AB8, 2 A2O78 A G5< ?@8<5=5=85 55 ?@8 =52@>75 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 8 ?A8E0AB5=88 =5F5;5A>>1@07=>  ;8B5@0BC@5 8<5NBAO C:070=8O =0 B>, GB> BO65;K5 O2;5=8O =02O7G82>AB8 C405BAO 8=>340 CAB@0=8BL >?5@0F859 ;59:>B><88. 2B>@K 0=3;89A:>3> 8 D@0=FC7A:>3> @C:>2>4AB2 ?> ?A8E80B@88 Mayer-Gross, Slater, Roth, Ey, Bernard, Brisset, 0 B0:65 @O4 4@C38E AG8B0NB MBC >?5@0F8N ?>:070==>9 ?@8 BO65;KE D>@<0E =52@>70 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89, =5 ?>440NI8EAO 4@C38< <5B>40< ;5G5=8O. 4=0:>, :0: >B<5G0NB Sperling, Baroffka, C 1>;L=KE =52@>7>< =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89, 2 35=575 :>B>@>3>, ?> 8E <=5=8N, 1>;LHCN @>;L 83@0;8 ?A8E8G5A:85 B@02<K 8 A5:AC0;L=K5 :>=D;8:BK, A ?><>ILN ;59:>B><88 2A5 65 =5 C4020;>AL 4>AB83=CBL ?>;>68B5;L=>3> @57C;LB0B0. @8<5=5=85 55 4;O ;5G5=8O 4065 BO65;KE D>@< =52@>70 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 <K AG8B05< =5F5;5A>>1@07=K<. 0B0<=57K 1>;L=KE «=52@>7>< =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89», A>1@0==K5 Miller, ?>:070;8, GB> 87 84 1>;L=KE, AB@0402H8E MB8< 701>;520=85< (74 87 =8E ;5G8;8AL B>;L:> 0<1C;0B>@=>), 1>;55 ?>;>28=K G5@57 25 ;5B 2K74>@>25;8. @8 MB>< 2K74>@>2;5=85 =0ABC?8;> ;81> 2 @57C;LB0B5 ?A8E>B5@0?88, ;81> A?>=B0==>.   / 52@>7 >6840=8O 2 >A=>2=>< ;5G0B <5B>4>< C15645=8O 8 2=CH5=8O. ! 1>;L=K< ?@>2>4OB 15A54K, 2> 2@5<O :>B>@KE 5<C C:07K20NB, GB> 701>;520=85 53> 2K720=> B@52>6=K< >6840=85< =5C40G8 2K?>;=5=8O DC=:F88, ?5@2>=0G0;L=> 2K720==>9 B>9 8;8 8=>9 ?@8G8=>9. !59G0A ?@8G8=0, 2K7202H0O ?5@2>=0G0;L=>5 @0AAB@>9AB2> DC=:F88, CAB@0=5=0. 0@CH5=85 65 B5?5@L 2K7K205BAO A0<>2=CH5=85<, ?@54AB02;5=85 > B><, GB> MB0 DC=:F8O =0@CH5=0. #:07K20NB, GB> 2 70:@5?;5=88 ?5@2>=0G0;L=>3> =0@CH5=8O DC=:F88 83@05B @>;L <5E0=87< CA;>2=>3> @5D;5:A0. 0;55 AB0@0NBAO 2=CH8BL 1>;L=><C C25@5==>ABL 2 B><, GB> >= A<>65B B5?5@L =0G0BL A>25@H0BL =0@CH5==>5 459AB285, 8 @5:><5=4CNB ?>AB5?5==> 2K?>;=OBL 53> 2> 2A5 1>;LH5< 8 1>;LH5< >1J5<5, =0?@8<5@ ?@>E>48BL A :064K< 4=5< 2A5 1>;LH85 8 1>;LH85 @0AAB>O=8O. 08;CGH85 @57C;LB0BK 405B ;5G5=85 2=CH5=85< =0O2C 8;8 2 A>AB>O=88 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0. #G8BK20O, GB> C MB8E 1>;L=KE =5C40G0 ?>3@C65=8O 2 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>= ;53:> 2K7K205B ?@54AB02;5=85 > B><, GB> @07 >=8 =5 CA=C;8, B> =5 A<>3CB 8 87;5G8BLAO, 8 GB> ?>3@C78BL 8E 2 3;C1>:89 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>= G0AB> =5 C405BAO, F5;5A>>1@07=> 70@0=55 C:070BL 8<, GB> >A=>2=K< 2 ;5G5=88 1C45B 2=CH5=85, AB5?5=L 65 3;C18=K 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0 =5 1C45B 83@0BL @>;8. >65B 1KBL ?@8<5=5= B0:65 =0@:>38?=>7. 5G5=85 C15645=85< 8 2=CH5=85< <>6=> A>G5B0BL A A0<>2=CH5=85< ?> CM 8;8 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:>9, 0 B0:65 ?@>3@5AA82=>9 <KH5G=>9 @5;0:A0F859 ?> 65:>1A>=C. =>340 ?>;>68B5;L=K5 @57C;LB0BK 405B ;5G5=85 ?> <5B>4C =530B82=>3> 2>7459AB28O. Kraepelin >B<5G05B, GB> ?>?KB:8 ;5G5=8O MB8E 1>;L=KE ?A8E>0=0;87>< >:07K20;8AL 157CA?5H=K<8. @8 ;5G5=88 8<?>B5=F88 8 2038=87<0, 2 >A=>25 :>B>@KE ;568B B@52>6=>5 >6840=85 =5C40G8, 25AL<0 MDD5:B825=, :0: C:07K20;>AL, <5B>4 <=8<>3> 2@5<5==>3> 70?@5B0 ?>;>2>9 687=8. !" / A=>2=K< <5B>4>< ;5G5=8O 8AB5@88 O2;O5BAO ?A8E>B5@0?8O 2> 2A5E 55 @07=>284=>ABOE. @8 ;5G5=88 8AB5@88 A ?5@2KE 4=59 A;54C5B 2AOG5A:8 C:@5?;OBL A><0B8G5A:>5 A>AB>O=85 1>;L=>3>. ;O MB>3> >15A?5G820NB 5<C >B4KE, ?>:>9, CA8;5==>5 ?8B0=85, 0 5A;8 B@51C5BAO  >1I5C:@5?;ONI55 ;5G5=85 2 2845 3;N:>7K 8 28B0<8=>2. A;8 1>;L=>9 272>;=>20=, B@52>65=, ;53:> 2>71C48<, =07=0G0NB ?@5?0@0BK 20;5@80=K 8 1@><0, B@0=:28;870B>@K 8;8 <0;K5 4>7K =59@>;5?B8:>2, 2 A;CG05 C?>@=>9 15AA>==8FK (>1KG=> ;8HL 2 ?5@2K5 4=8 ;5G5=8O) ?5@54 A=>< 40NB A=>B2>@=K5. @54>AB02;5=85 1>;L=K< 8AB5@859 >B4KE0 8 ?>:>O, >B?@02:0 8E =0 :C@>@BK 8 2 A0=0B>@88, ;5G5=85 1@><840<8, 2;820=8O<8 3;N:>7K 8 28B0<8=0<8, 20==0<8, «<O3:8<8» D878>B5@0?52B8G5A:8<8 ?@>F54C@0<8 402=> ?@8<5=O;8AL 2@0G0<8, ?@8G5< >A>15==> H8@>:> 2 =0G0;5 ?5@2>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K. @0:B8:0 ?>:070;0, GB> MB8 <5B>4K 2 >3@><=>< 1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG052 =5 254CB A0<8 ?> A515 : CAB@0=5=8N 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2, E>BO 8 A:07K20NBAO 1;03>B2>@=> =0 >1I5< A>AB>O=88 1>;L=>3>, A>74020O 1;03>?@8OB=K5 ?@54?>AK;:8 4;O CAB@0=5=8O MB8E A8<?B><>2 8 ?@54C?@5645=8O 8E @5F84820 2 40;L=59H5<. @8 ;5G5=88 8AB5@88 =5>1E>48<> :0: <>6=> @0=LH5 2KOA=8BL, ?>G5<C 8AB5@8G5A:89 A8<?B>< AB0; 4;O 1>;L=>3> «CA;>2=> ?@8OB=K< 8;8 65;0B5;L=K<», 70B5< ?>?KB0BLAO CAB@0=8BL MB8 ?@8G8=K, 5A;8 2>7<>6=>, 8;8 ?><>GL 1>;L=><C =09B8 @0F8>=0;L=K9 2KE>4 87 2>7=8:H59 4;O =53> =51;03>?@8OB=>9 >1AB0=>2:8, ?> 2>7<>6=>AB8 C4>2;5B2>@82 53> 65;0=8O 8 AB@5<;5=8O. A;8 MB> C405BAO, B> 8AB5@8G5A:89 A8<?B>< ;81> 1KAB@> 8AG5705B, ;81> 4;O 53> CAB@0=5=8O @0F8>=0;L=55 2A53> ?@8153=CBL : ?><>I8 :>A25==>3> 2=CH5=8O, =0?@8<5@ =07=0G5=85< :0:>9-;81> 8=48DD5@5=B=>9 M;5:B@>?@>F54C@K 8;8 2;820=89 3;N:>7K A 28B0<8=0<8 8 B. ?. -B8 A@54AB20 >1;53G0NB CAB@0=5=85 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2, ?>72>;OO 1>;L=><C AG8B0BL, GB> 53> 87;5G5=85 2K720=> ;5:0@AB20<8, GB> 2@0G, AG8B05B 53> 1>;L=K< 8 ?><>305B 871560BL B@02<8@>20=8O 53> GC2AB20 A>1AB25==>3> 4>AB>8=AB20. &5;5A>>1@07=> 2 <O3:>9, 45;8:0B=>9 D>@<5 C:070BL 1>;L=><C =0 A2O7L 53> 701>;520=8O A 2K7202H8<8 53> ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI8<8 @074@068B5;O<8. @8 ?>?KB:5 >1JOA=8BL 1>;L=><C 8AB5@859 <5E0=87< 2>7=8:=>25=8O C =53> 701>;520=8O 206=> CG5ABL, GB> 2 >3@><=>< 1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG052 MB8 1>;L=K5 =5 >B40NB A515 >BG5B0 2 B><, GB> 1>;57=5==K9 A8<?B>< O2;O5BAO 4;O =8E «CA;>2=> ?@8OB=K< 8;8 65;0B5;L=K<». >?KB:8 =5:>B>@KE 2@0G59 >1JOA=8BL 1>;L=K<, GB> 8E A>AB>O=85 >1CA;>2;5=> «153AB2>< 2 1>;57=L», AB@5<;5=85< 872;5GL 2K3>4C 87 A2>59 1>;57=8, >1KG=> ?@82>4OB : B><C, GB> 1>;L=K5 A =53>4>20=85< >B25@30NB ?>4>1=K5 >1JOA=5=8O. @8=OB85 B0:8E «>1JOA=5=89» 1>;L=K< 4>;6=> 1K;> 1K ?@825AB8 =5 B>;L:> : «>B:07C» A 53> AB>@>=K >B 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0, O2;ONI53>AO O:>1K ?@>4C:B>< 53> «7;>9 2>;8», => 8 =5>1E>48<>AB8 ?@87=0BL A51O 28=>20BK< 2 8A?>;L7>20=88 1>;57=8 4;O 4>AB865=8O 2K3>4K. >;L=>9, 5AB5AB25==>, =5 <>65B GC2AB2>20BL A51O 28=>20BK<, >B25BAB25==K< 70 ?>O2;5=85 8AB5@8G5A:>3> A8<?B><0, B0: :0: 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 >= O2;O5BAO =5 ?@>4C:B>< «7;>9 2>;8», 0 @57C;LB0B>< «@>:>2KE D878>;>38G5A:8E >B=>H5=89» (. . 02;>2). 5E0=87< 2>7=8:=>25=8O 701>;520=8O G0AB> >AB05BAO 4;O 1>;L=>3> A:@KBK<.  B><C 65 1>;L=>9 C156405BAO, GB> ?>?KB:0 CAB@0=8BL 8AB5@8G5A:89 A8<?B><, =0?@8<5@ ?>4=OBL ?0@0;87>20==CN =>3C 8;8 ?@8>AB0=>28BL 8AB5@8G5A:89 38?5@:8=57, 5<C =5 C405BAO. >A;54=55 5I5 1>;LH5 C156405B 53> 2 B><, GB> =0@CH5=85 DC=:F88 2K720=> =5 «7;>9 2>;59», 0 1>;57=LN. 8HL 2 8A:;NG8B5;L=KE A;CG0OE ?@8 70BO6=KE 8AB5@8G5A:8E <>=>A8<?B><0E, :>B>@K5 C?>@=> =5 ?>440NBAO ;5G5=8N @07;8G=K<8 <5B>40<8 8 ?@>B5:0NB A @57:> 2K@065==K< A>?@>B82;5=85< 1>;L=>3> B5@0?88, ?@8E>48BAO 3>2>@8BL 5<C > 7028A8<>AB8 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0 >B 53> 2>;8 8 > B><, GB> :0:8E-;81> ?@87=0:>2 BO65;>3> 701>;520=8O C =53> =5 8<55BAO. 04> A:070BL, GB> 2 MB8E A;CG0OE 1>;L=K5 8 A0<8 =5@54:> A<CB=> A>7=0NB ?@02>BC 2@0G0. !0<> ?>=OB85 «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0 3>2>@8B > B><, GB> >4=>2@5<5==> A ?@54AB02;5=8O<8 > ?@8OB=>AB8 MB>3> A8<?B><0 C 1>;L=>3> ACI5AB2C5B 8 ?@54AB02;5=85 ?@>B82>?>;>6=>3> E0@0:B5@0. @8 B5@0?88 C15645=85< ?KB0NBAO ?CB5< A;>25A=>3> 2>7459AB28O C:@5?8BL MB8 ?@>B82>?>;>6=K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O A B5<, GB>1K >=8 ?@>B82>1>@AB2>20;8 ?@54AB02;5=8O< >1 «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0. 0: C:07K20NB Wollenberg 8 Rosenfeld =0 >A=>20=88 =01;N45=89, A45;0==KE 2> 2@5<O ?5@2>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K 2 35@<0=A:>9 0@<88, Dombovitz  ?@8 ;5G5=88 A>;40B 70?04=>0D@8:0=A:8E 2>9A:, A;C682H8E 2 =488 2 ?5@8>4 2B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K, 0 B0:65 =0 >A=>20=88 >?KB0 Debenham, Sargant, Hill 8 Slater, ?>;CG5==>3> ?@8 ;5G5=88 1500 A>;40B, ?>ABC?82H8E ?>A;5 M20:C0F88 N=:5@:0 2 2>5==K9 3>A?8B0;L =3;88, 8 ?@8 ;5G5=88 1>;L=KE «2>5==K<8 =52@>70<8» <5B>4>< C15645=8O B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> MDD5:B0 4>AB83=CBL =5 C405BAO. 0 MB> 65 ?> ACI5AB2C C:07K205B 8 Kretschmer, :>340 ?8H5B, GB> =0 B0:8E 1>;L=KE «=52>7<>6=> 2>7459AB2>20BL C15645=85< 8;8 @07;8G=K<8 4>2>40<8  >=8 8E 4065 =5 A;CH0NB, >=8 4;O =8E ?CAB>5 <5AB>! 0B> 2>7459AB2CNB A>2A5< 4@C385 <5B>4K...». Mira, ;5G82H89 1>;L=KE =52@>70<8 2> 2@5<O 3@0640=A:>9 2>9=K 2 A?0=88, ?@8H5; : 2K2>4C, GB> «A8AB5<0B8G5A:0O ?A8E>B5@0?8O A:>@55 ?@8=>A8B 2@54, G5< ?>;L7C A>;40B0<». >;LHCN @>;L 745AL 83@05B B>, :0: AB@>8BAO MB0 B5@0?8O. A;8 ?@8 B5@0?88 C15645=85< 1>;L=>3>, C :>B>@>3> 8AB5@8G5A:89 <CB87< 8;8 ?0@0?;538O 2>7=8:;8 ?>A;5 :>=BC788, ?KB0BLAO C1548BL, GB> MB>B <CB87< 8;8 ?0@0?;538O =5 A2O70=K A :>=BC7859, 0 O2;ONBAO ;8HL A;54AB285< «8A?C30» 8 ?>B><C 1>;L=>9 A59G0A «4>;65=» @073>20@820BL 8;8 42830BL =>30<8, B> MB> >1KG=> =5 4>AB8305B F5;8. A;8 65 C:070BL 1>;L=><C, GB> 2 A2O78 A :>=BC7859 C =53> =0ABC?8; «G0AB8G=K9 A>=», «2@5<5==>5 B>@<>65=85» CG0AB:0 :>@K, :>B>@>5 A0<> A:>@> 2>AAB0=>28BAO, B> ?@8 ;5G5=88 B0:8< ?CB5< 2 @O45 A;CG052 <>6=> 4>18BLAO ?>;>68B5;L=>3> MDD5:B0.  ?@>F5AA5 ;5G5=8O C15645=85< ?@028;L=>5 @07JOA=5=85 1>;L=><C E0@0:B5@0 8<5NI8EAO C =53> =0@CH5=89 >1;53G05B 4>AB865=85 8E CAB@0=5=8O 8 ?@54C?@5645=85 8E @5F8482>2.  A;CG05, 5A;8 2K7202H85 701>;520=85 ?@8G8=K =5 <>3CB 1KBL CAB@0=5=K, A;54C5B ?>?KB0BLAO ?5@5AB@>8BL >B=>H5=85 : =8< 1>;L=>3> 8 B5< A0<K< >A;018BL 8E ?0B>35==>5 459AB285. =>340 ?>;>68B5;L=KE B5@0?52B8G5A:8E @57C;LB0B>2 C405BAO 4>AB83=CBL ?>;=K< 83=>@8@>20=85< 8;8 =53;868@>20=85< 8AB5@8G5A:>3> A8<?B><0. -B> >A>15==> MDD5:B82=> ?@8 ;5G5=88 8AB5@8G5A:>9 @2>BK 8 4@C38E 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2 C 45B59. @8 ;5G5=88 ?> MB><C <5B>4C 27@>A;KE 2@0G >1KG=> AB0@05BAO =09B8 C 1>;L=>3> :0:>9-;81> 1>;57=5==K9 =58AB5@8G5A:89 A8<?B><, ?CABL 4065 =57=0G8B5;L=K9, =5 ?@82;5:02H89 2=8<0=8O 1>;L=>3>. 0 MB>< A8<?B><5 >= D8:A8@C5B 2=8<0=85 1>;L=>3>, =07=0G0O A>>B25BAB2CNI55 ;5G5=85, 0 8AB5@8G5A:89 A8<?B><, 2K7K20NI89 1>;55 3@C1K5, <0AA82=K5 =0@CH5=8O DC=:F88, AB0@05BAO >1>9B8, C:0702, GB> «MB> =5206=>, MB> A:>@> A0<> ?@>945B!». A;8 MB>B <5B>4 =5 405B MDD5:B0 8;8 ?>G5<C-;81> =5?@8<5=8<, F5;5A>>1@07=> ?@8153=CBL : B5< 8;8 8=K< 2840< ?A8E>B5@0?88  ;5G5=8N ?@O<K< 8;8 :>A25==K< 2=CH5=85< =0O2C, 2 38?=>B8G5A:>< 8;8 =0@:>B8G5A:>< A=5, 0 2 =5:>B>@KE A;CG0OE, >A>15==> ?@8 =0;8G88 8AB5@8G5A:8E =0@CH5=89 2535B0B82=KE DC=:F89, : :0C70;L=>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88. @8 ;5G5=88 :>A25==K< 2=CH5=85< <>3CB 1KBL ?@8<5=5=K B5 8;8 8=K5 M;5:B@>?@>F54C@K, <0AA06, 2;820=8O 8 B. ?. ;O ;5G5=8O 8AB5@8G5A:8E <>=>A8<?B><>2, 2K@060NI8EAO 2 O2;5=8OE 2K?045=8O DC=:F88 (=0?@8<5@, ?0@0;8G8, <CB87<, 3;CE>B0) 8 =5 ?>440NI8EAO 4@C38< 2840< B5@0?88, ?@8<5=8<K <5B>4K ?@>B@5?B8:8. K @5:><5=4C5< 2 MB8E A;CG0OE ;5G5=85 ?> <5B>4C MD8@=>9 <0A:8, O2;ONI55AO MDD5:B82=K< 8 ?>72>;ONI55 1KAB@> :C?8@>20BL 8AB5@8G5A:85 A8<?B><K. 0: <5B>4 2K1>@0, <>65B 1KBL B0:65 ?@8<5=5=> ;5G5=85 MD8@=K< 8 0;:>3>;L=K< >?LO=5=85<, :0;LF852K< C40@><, 0 B0:65 2=CH5=85< 2 A>AB>O=88 38?=>B8G5A:>3> 8;8 =0@:>B8G5A:>3> A=0. -B8 8AB5@8G5A:85 <>=>A8<?B><K <>3CB 1KBL, :0: C:07K20;>AL, >4=><><5=B=> :C?8@>20=K «2>;=>9 2>71C645=8O, A<K20NI59 B>@<>7=K5 ?C=:BK». @8 ;5G5=88 8AB5@8G5A:>9 3;CE>BK 8 3;CE>=5<>BK, :@><5 B>3>, <>65B 1KBL ?@8<5=5= ?@85<, ?@54;>65==K9 . . 5@5;L<0=><, 0 B0:65 ?@85<, ?@54;>65==K9 =0<8 (A<. AB@. 198). AE>4O 87 273;O4>2 =0 8AB5@8G5A:85 A8<?B><K :0: =0 ?@>O2;5=85 «7;>9 2>;8», «153AB20 2 1>;57=L», =5:>B>@K5 02B>@K AB0;8 ?@8<5=OBL ?> >B=>H5=8N : 1>;L=K< 8AB5@8G5A:8< =52@>7>< @5?@5AA82=K5 <5B>4K. > 2@5<O ?5@2>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K 2> D@0=FC7A:>9, 0 70B5< 2 0=3;89A:>9 8 0<5@8:0=A:>9 0@<8OE (Grasset, Roussy, Lhermitte, Salmon) H8@>:> ?@8<5=O;8 F5;CN A8AB5<C @5?@5AA82=KE <5@. =0 70:;NG0;0AL 2 ?>A;54>20B5;L=>< ?@8<5=5=88 A;54CNI8E G5BK@5E MB0?>2, ?@8G5< 5A;8 =0 >4=>< 87 =8E =0ABC?0;> 87;5G5=85, 40;L=59H85 <5@>?@8OB8O =5 ?@>2>48;8AL: ?5@2K9 MB0?  «?A8E>B5@0?8O»  C?@5:8 2 =565;0=88 2K74>@>25BL 2 A>G5B0=88 A C15645=85< 8 2=CH5=85<; 2B>@>9 MB0?  @5?@5AA88  C3@>70 0@5AB0 8 ?5@540G8 2 2>5==K9 B@81C=0;, AB@>30O 87>;OF8O =0 =5A:>;L:> 4=59 A «<>;>G=>9» 8 4065 «2>4O=>9» 485B>9 8 70?@5I5=85 G8B0BL, ?8A0BL, :C@8BL; B@5B89 MB0?  D0@04870F8O A ?@8<5=5=85< A=0G0;0 B>:>2 =51>;LH>9 A8;K, 70B5< 1>;52KE 4>7 B>:0; G5B25@BK9 MB0?  «?5@52>A?8B0=85»  <CG8B5;L=>9 4;O 1>;L=>3> A8AB5<>9 2>5==KE C?@06=5=89. -B>B 65 273;O4 =0 8AB5@8G5A:85 A8<?B><K :0: =0 ?@>4C:B «7;>9 2>;8», «153AB20 2 1>;57=L» ?@825; : B><C, GB> ?@8 ;5G5=88 1>;L=KE A MB8<8 A8<?B><0<8 =5:>B>@K5 2>5==K5 2@0G8 2> 2@5<O ?5@2>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K AB0;8 ?@8<5=OBL <5B>4K, >A=>20==K5 =0 A>740=88 4;O 1>;L=>3> =52K=>A8<KE CA;>289 2 3>A?8B0;5 A B5<, GB>1K 70AB028BL 53> «1560BL 87 1>;57=8», «1560BL 87 3>A?8B0;O =0 D@>=B». ;O MB>3> Kretschmer ?@8<5=8; (?> 53> A;>20<, 157 >A>1>3> CA?5E0) 87>;OF8N 1>;L=KE 2 B5<=>5 ?><5I5=85 A 70?@5I5=85< >1I5=8O 8 GB5=8O, Rieder 8 Wollenberg  2 45@52O==K5 87>;8@>20==K5 OI8:8 A 70?@5I5=85< A :5< 1K B> =8 1K;> @073>20@820BL, Jendrassik 8 Binswander  3>;>4=CN <>;>G=CN 485BC, Stier  ?><5I5=85 1>;L=KE 157 ?A8E8G5A:8E @0AAB@>9AB2 2 15A?>:>9=>5 ?A8E80B@8G5A:>5 >B45;5=85, Alt 8 Weichbrodt  4;8B5;L=K5 20==K 2 :0G5AB25 <5B>40 87>;OF88, Roussy 8 Lhermitte  1>;57=5==K5 ?>4:>6=K5 22545=8O MD8@0 8 B. ?. > ACI5AB2C : MB8< 65 @5?@5AA82=K< <5B>40< >B=>A8BAO A>740=85 1>;L=K< =52K=>A8<KE CA;>289 4;O ?@51K20=8O 2 1>;L=8F5 ?@8 ?><>I8 C?@5:>2 2 =565;0=88 2K74>@>25BL 8 B@5B8@>20=8O 8E :0: «=5=0AB>OI8E 1>;L=KE». -B> >1KG=> ?@82>48B : >A:>@1;5=8N GC2AB20 A>1AB25==>3> 4>AB>8=AB20 1>;L=>3>, CB@0B5 A 53> AB>@>=K 4>25@8O : 2@0GC, =0@CH5=8N :>=B0:B0 <564C =8<8 8 CA8;5=8N 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2. @8<5=5=85 @5?@5AA82=KE <5B>4>2 <K AG8B05< =54>?CAB8<K<. 5?>72>;8B5;L=> B0:65 ;5G5=85 AC4>@>6=>9 B5@0?859 1>;L=KE <>=>A8<?B><0B8G5A:8<8 8AB5@8G5A:8<8 @0AAB@>9AB20<8.  1916 3. Podmaniszky ?@54;>68; ?@8<5=OBL ;N<10;L=K5 ?C=:F88 :0: B5@0?52B8G5A:>5 A@54AB2> 4;O ;5G5=8O 1>;L=KE A 70BO6=K<8 8AB5@8G5A:8<8 A8<?B><0<8 8 >B<5B8; ?>;>68B5;L=K9 @57C;LB0B, ?>;CG5==K9 8< 2 @O45 A;CG052. >A;54=55 ?>4B25@48; 8 . . -A:8=, ?@8<5=82H89 MB>B <5B>4 2> 2@5<O 2B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K.  >A=>25 B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> 459AB28O ?@8 MB>< <5B>45 ;568B, ?><8<> 2=CH5=8O, 2>7=8:=>25=85 2>;=K @074@065=8O, A<K20NI59 B>@<>7=K5 ?C=:BK 8 2K720==>9 @57:8< 1>;52K< @074@065=85<, 2>7=8:0NI8< 2> 2@5<O ?C=:F88. >7<>6=>, GB> 8725AB=CN @>;L ?@8 MB>< <5B>45 <>65B 83@0BL 2>7459AB285 =0 0=8<0;L=CN 8 2535B0B82=CN =5@2=CN A8AB5<C, A2O70==>5 A 87<5=5=85< 2=CB@8G5@5?=>3> 402;5=8O ?@8 27OB88 ;8:2>@0. !?8==><>73>20O ?C=:F8O O2;O5BAO =5157>?0A=>9 4;O 1>;L=>3> ?@>F54C@>9 8 ?@>872>4AB2> 55 157 A?5F80;L=KE : B><C ?>:070=89 (A8<?B><K ?>2KH5=8O 2=CB@8G5@5?=>3> 402;5=8O, 4803=>AB8G5A:85 F5;8 8 B. ?.), B. 5. B>;L:> :0: A?>A>10 CAB@0=5=8O 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2, O2;O5BAO =5F5;5A>>1@07=K<. C=:F88, 2K7K20O @O4 BO3>AB=KE >ICI5=89, =5@54:> 40NB <0B5@80; 4;O 8E 8AB5@8G5A:>9 ?5@5@01>B:8 8 D8:A0F88. @><5 B>3>, A?8==><>73>2K5 ?C=:F88 A>740NB C 1>;L=>3> ?@54AB02;5=85 > B><, GB> 53> 8AB5@8G5A:89 A8<?B>< O2;O5BAO O:>1K «BO65;K< 701>;520=85<», 5A;8 >=> B@51C5B B0:8E A5@L57=KE <5@>?@8OB89. =>38< 02B>@0<, :0: C65 C:07K20;>AL, C40;>AL 4>AB83=CBL CAB@0=5=8O 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2 =0@:>?A8E>B5@0?859  2=CH5=85< 2 A>AB>O=88 ;53:>3> =0@:>B8G5A:>3> A=0, 0 B0:65 ?CB5< :0B0@78A0 («=0@:>A8=B570»). -B> ;5G5=85 <>65B 1KBL A CA?5E>< ?@8<5=5=> 2 A;CG0OE <>=>A8<?B><0B8G5A:8E 8AB5@8G5A:8E @0AAB@>9AB2 8 8=>340 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?A8E>7>2 (70BO6=KE 8AB5@8G5A:8E AC<5@5G=KE A>AB>O=89, :0@B8= ?CM@8;87<0). ;8B5;L=K9 A>=, :0: C:07K20;>AL, <0;>MDD5:B825= ?@8 ;5G5=88 1>;L=KE 8AB5@859, >A>15==> ?@8 <>=>A8<?B><0B8G5A:8E 8AB5@8G5A:8E @0AAB@>9AB20E.  ?>A;54=8E A;CG0OE, 5A;8 8 C405BAO 4>AB83=CBL ?>;>68B5;L=>3> MDD5:B0, B> >1KG=> ;8HL B>340, :>340 1>;L=><C ?@5420@8B5;L=> 2=CH0NB, GB> >= 2K74>@>255B ?>A;5 ;5G5=8O A=><, >A>15==> 5A;8 ?@5420@8B5;L=> C405BAO 4>18BLAO >A;01;5=8O 8;8 CAB@0=5=8O «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0. >;LH85 B@C4=>AB8 ?@54AB02;O5B ;5G5=85 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?@8?04:>2 8 38?5@:8=57>2.  >A=>2=>< 745AL ?@8E>48BAO @0AAG8BK20BL =0 ?A8E>B5@0?8N 2> 2A5E 55 2840E, 2 G0AB=>AB8 =0 ;5G5=85 :>A25==K< 2=CH5=85< 8 2=CH5=85< 2> 2@5<O 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0.  >A>1> C?>@=KE A;CG0OE <>6=> ?@8<5=8BL :0;LF852K9 C40@. A?>;L7>20=85 ?@8 ;5G5=88 8AB5@8G5A:8E 38?5@:8=57>2 8 :>=B@0:BC@ 38?A>2KE ?>2O7>:, :0: MB> 45;0NB Schanz, Weber 8 4@., 2@54=> 4;O 1>;L=>3>, B0: :0: C:@5?;O5B C =53> C25@5==>ABL 2 BO65AB8 53> 1>;57=8, G5< A?>A>1AB2C5B D8:A0F88 8AB5@8G5A:>3> A8<?B><0. @8 ;5G5=88 8AB5@8G5A:8E 2535B0B82=KE =0@CH5=89 >A=>2=K<8 <5B>40<8 O2;ONBAO :0C70;L=0O ?A8E>B5@0?8O 8 ;5G5=85 2=CH5=85< =0O2C 8 2 A>AB>O=88 38?=>B8G5A:>3> A=0. >;>68B5;L=K5 @57C;LB0BK <>65B B0:65 40BL ;5G5=85 C15645=85< 8 A0<>2=CH5=85<, 2 G0AB=>AB8 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:>9, 8 :0;LF852K9 C40@. @8 ;5G5=88 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?A8E>7>2 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L ?>:070=0 B5@0?8O C15645=85< 8 2=CH5=85< =0O2C, B0: :0: 1>;L=K5 ;8HL 2=5H=5 =5 @5038@CNB 8;8 @5038@CNB =5045:20B=> (?@8 ?A524>45<5=F88, 8AB5@8G5A:8E AC<5@5G=KE A>AB>O=8OE) =0 >1@0I5==CN : =8< @5GL. @8 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?A8E>70E <>65B 1KBL B0:65 8A?KB0=0 =0@:>?A8E>B5@0?8O  ;5G5=85 2=CH5=85< 2 A>AB>O=88 ;53:>3> =0@:>B8G5A:>3> A=0. =>340 ?>;>68B5;L=K9 @57C;LB0B <>65B 40BL ;5G5=85 MD8@=K< >?LO=5=85< 8 :0;LF852K< C40@><, 0 B0:65 4;8B5;L=K< A=><. @8 70BO6=KE 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?A8E>70E ?>:070=> :C@A>2>5 ;5G5=85 0<8=078=><, 0 2 >A>1> BO65;KE, C?>@=KE A;CG0OE  ?@8<5=5=85 =5A:>;L:8E M;5:B@>H>:>2. B40;5==K5 @57C;LB0BK ;5G5=8O 1>;L=KE 8AB5@8G5A:8< =52@>7>< ?>:07K20NB, GB> C ?A8E>?0B878@>20==KE ;8G=>AB59 8 8AB5@>84=KE ?A8E>?0B>2 @5F8482K =52@>70 2AB@5G0NBAO G0AB>. @8 MB>< =5@54:> =01;N405BAO A<5=0 >4=8E 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2 4@C38<8. # ;8F, =5 O2;ONI8EAO 8AB5@>84=K<8 ?A8E>?0B0<8 8 =5 >1=0@C68202H8E O2;5=89 ?A8E>?0B870F88, @5F8482K 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2 <>3CB =5 2>7=8:0BL 4065 ?@8 ?>?040=88 2 >1AB0=>2:C, 0=0;>38G=CN B>9, :>B>@0O ?5@2K9 @07 ?@825;0 : 2>7=8:=>25=8N 701>;520=8O. 081>;55 87CG5=K >B40;5==K5 @57C;LB0BK ;5G5=8O 701>;520=89, 2>7=8:H8E 2 2>5==>5 2@5<O. 0 >A=>20=88 >?KB0, ?>;CG5==>3> 2 35@<0=A:>9 0@<88 2> 2@5<O ?5@2>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K, Bickel C:07K205B, GB> 87 54 1>;L=KE 8AB5@859, CA?5H=> 87;5G5==KE, ;8HL C 28% =5 =01;N40;>AL 1>;55 A8<?B><>2, C 37% =0ABC?8;> C;CGH5=85 8 C 35% 2>7=8:;8 @5F8482K. '0AB> @5F84828@>20;8 <>=>A8<?B><0B8G5A:>5 4@>60=85, @0AAB@>9AB20 A;CE0 8 @5G8. Lange 87 1>;L=KE 8AB5@8G5A:>9 D>@<>9, ;5G5==KE 8< 2 35@<0=A:>< ;070@5B5 38?=>7>< 8 2K?8A0==KE 87 3>A?8B0;O A ?>;=K< CAB@0=5=85< A8<?B><>2, >B<5B8; G5@57 l ½ 2 3>40 ?>A;5 2K?8A:8 ?>;=>5 >BACBAB285 @5F8482>2 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2 C 50%; C:070=85 =0 @5F8482K 1K;> C 50% 1>;L=KE, ?@8G5< C 29% 8<5;AO >48= 8;8 =5A:>;L:> A5@L57=KE @5F8482>2. 0: C:07K20; Nonne, 2 35@<0=A:>9 0@<88 2> 2@5<O ?5@2>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K A;CG08, :>340 1>;L=K5 ?>A;5 CAB@0=5=8O C =8E <0AA82=KE 8AB5@8G5A:8E <>=>A8<?B><>2 >:07K20;8AL 1>5A?>A>1=K<8 8 =5 4020;8 @5F8482>2 ?@8 2>72@0I5=88 =0 D@>=B, E>BO 8 8725AB=K, => O2;ONBAO 8A:;NG5=8O<8. 1KG=> MB8 1>;L=K5 4065 ?>A;5 ?>;=>3> CAB@0=5=8O C =8E 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2 2=>2L 4020;8 @5F8482K, :0: B>;L:> ?>O2;O;0AL C3@>70 ?>?0ABL 2 =5?@8OB=CN 2>5==CN >1AB0=>2:C. #EC4H5=85 =0G8=0;>AL ?@8 ?>?KB:5 >B?@028BL 8E 2 G0ABL 8;8 ?> ?@81KB88 BC40, B0: GB> 2>9A:>2K5 2@0G8 2K=C645=K 1K;8 >BAK;0BL 8E 87 G0AB8 2 3>A?8B0;L. >MB><C, :0: C:07K20; Nonne, 35@<0=A:>5 2>5==>5 <8=8AB5@AB2> 1K;> 2K=C645=> 40BL C:070=85, GB>1K ?> CAB@0=5=88 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2 MB8 ;8F0 =5 =0?@02;O;8AL =0 AB@>52CN A;C61C (=0 D@>=B), 0 8A?>;L7>20;8AL 4;O =5A5=8O 2>5==>9 A;C61K 2 BK;C 8;8 =0 @01>B5 2 ?@><KH;5==>AB8. Ludwig =0 >A=>20=88 >?KB0, ?>;CG5==>3> 2 0<5@8:0=A:>9 0@<88 2> 2@5<O 2B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K, >B<5G05B, GB> 87 316 1>;L=KE, ;5G82H8EAO 2 ?>;52>< 3>A?8B0;5 ?> ?>2>4C «:>=25@A8>==>9 8AB5@88», ?>A;5 2K?8A:8 <>3;8 =5AB8 A;C61C 2 A2>8E G0ABOE ;8HL 68,8%, 0 87 119 1>;L=KE, =0E>482H8EAO A 4803=>7>< «>AB@>5 A>AB>O=85 B@52>38»,  ;8HL 38,6%. Marren =0 >A=>20=88 =01;N45=89, A45;0==KE 2 0<5@8:0=A:8E G0ABOE, CG0AB2>202H8E 2 2>9=5 2 >@55, ?@8E>48B : 2K2>4C, GB> ;8F, ?5@5=5AH8E «2>5==K5 =52@>7K», =5 A;54C5B 2>72@0I0BL 2 AB@>9 ?>A;5 2K74>@>2;5=8O, B0: :0: C =8E 2>7=8:0NB @5F8482K. > 2@5<O 5;8:>9 B5G5AB25==>9 2>9=K A@548 =0H8E 2>8=>2 3>A?>4AB2>20;8 ?@54AB02;5=8O, A>3;0A=> :>B>@K< >AB028BL ?>;5 1>O ?>4 2;8O=85< 8A?C30 8;8 4@C38E ?5@56820=89 1K;> =54>?CAB8<> 8 GB> <>@0;L=>5 ?@02> =0 MB> <>3;8 40BL B>;L:> D878G5A:0O B@02<0  @0=5=85 8;8 :>=BC78O, 254CI85 : CB@0B5 1>5A?>A>1=>AB8. > =0H8< 40==K<, 8AB5@8G5A:85 A8<?B><K A@548 62 87;5G5==KE >B =8E 8 ?>2B>@=> :>=BC65==KE =01;N40;8AL B>;L:> C 23, ?@8G5< A@54=OO ?@>4>;68B5;L=>ABL 8AB5@8G5A:8E =0@CH5=89 (2,7 4=O) >:070;0AL 7=0G8B5;L=> <5=LH5, G5< ?>A;5 ?5@2>9 :>=BC7881. =8 A2845B5;LAB2>20;8 > F5;5A>>1@07=>AB8 2>72@0I5=8O 2 AB@>9 :>=BC65==KE, ?5@5=5AH8E 8AB5@8G5A:85 @50:F88. 0==OO, 0:B82=> ?@>2545==0O B5@0?8O 1>;L=KE 8AB5@859 ?>72>;O5B :C?8@>20BL 8AB5@8G5A:85 A8<?B><K 4> B>3>, :0: >=8 CA?520NB 70D8:A8@>20BLAO, GB> 8<55B 206=>5 7=0G5=85 4;O ?@>D8;0:B8:8 8E 70BO6=>3> B5G5=8O 8 ?A8E>?0B870F88 ;8G=>AB8.   !" % @8<5=O5BAO ;5G5=85 C15645=85<, 2=CH5=85< 3;02=K< >1@07>< 2 A>AB>O=88 38?=>B8G5A:>3> 8;8 =0@:>B8G5A:>3> A=0, :0C70;L=0O ?A8E>B5@0?8O, 0CB>35==0O B@5=8@>2:0, <5B>4 ?@>3@5AA82=>9 <KH5G=>9 @5;0:A0F88 ?> 65:>1A>=C. >;LH>5 7=0G5=85 8<55B ?@8<5=5=85 B@0=:28;870B>@>2 (0=40:A8=, B@8>:A078= 8 4@.) 8 =59@>;5?B8G5A:8E A@54AB2 (0<8=078=, AB5;078=, =>78=0= 8 4@.). >A;54=85 <>3CB ?@8<5=OBLAO :0: 2 <0;KE 4>70E, B0: 8 2 >A>1> C?>@=KE, 70BO6=KE A;CG0OE 2 A@54=8E 4>70E (350 <3 0<8=078=0 8 2KH5) 2 2845 :C@A>2>3> ;5G5=8O A ?>A;54CNI59 40G59 =51>;LH8E ?>445@6820NI8E 4>7 2 B5G5=85 @O40 <5AOF52. 0: B@0=:28;870B>@K, B0: 8 =59@>;5?B8:8 2 1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG052 C<5=LH0NB GC2AB2> AB@0E0, B@52>38 8 45;0NB 1>;L=KE 1>;55 4>ABC?=K<8 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:><C 2>7459AB28N, >4=0:> 8=>340 MB8 ?@5?0@0BK >:07K20NBAO <0;>MDD5:B82=K<8. @8 =52@>70E AB@0E0 206=> CAB@0=8BL =5=>@<0;L=>AB8 2 ?>;>2>9 687=8, 5A;8 B0:>2K5 8<5;8AL, 2 G0AB=>AB8 coitus interruptus, ejaculatio praecox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«2>5==KE =52@>7>2». A5 D0:B>@K, 254CI85 : 0AB5=870F88 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K, 2<5AB5 A B5< ?@54@0A?>;030NB 8 : 2>7=8:=>25=8N =52@>7>2. >MB><C 4;O 8E ?@>D8;0:B8:8 1>;LHCN @>;L 83@05B 1>@L10 A >AB@K<8 8 E@>=8G5A:8<8 8=D5:F8O<8, B@02<0<8 <>730, 2 B>< G8A;5 8=B@0CB5@8==K<8 8 @>4>2K<8, >AB@K<8 8 E@>=8G5A:8<8 8=B>:A8:0F8O<8, =0@CH5=8O<8 ?8B0=8O >@30=87<0 8 4@C38<8 2@54=>ABO<8, 0 B0:65 ?@54>AB02;5=85 4>AB0B>G=>3> >B4KE0 8 A=0. 54>AK?0=85, >A>15==> 2 45BA:>< 2>7@0AB5, O2;O5BAO >4=>9 87 =081>;55 G0ABKE ?@8G8= @0728B8O 0AB5=8G5A:8E A>AB>O=89. -:A?5@8<5=B0;L=K5 8AA;54>20=8O H:>;K . . 02;>20 ?>:070;8 2>7<>6=>ABL B@5=8@>2:8 A8;K, ?>4286=>AB8 8 C@02=>25H5==>AB8 =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2 C 682>B=KE. # G5;>25:0 2 ?@>F5AA5 2>A?8B0=8O, >1CG5=8O 8 B@C4>2>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 <>65B ?@>8AE>48BL ?>AB5?5==0O B@5=8@>2:0 =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2, 2 A2O78 A G5< CAB@0=ONBAO ?@8G8=K, ?@54@0A?>;030NI85 : 2>7=8:=>25=8N 701>;520=8O. >;LH>5 7=0G5=85 4;O ?@54C?@5645=8O =52@>7>2 8<55B ?@028;L=>5 2>A?8B0=85 @515=:0  @0728B85 C =53> B0:8E :0G5AB2, :0: 2K45@6:0, =0AB>9G82>ABL, B@C4>;N185, C<5=85 ?@5>4>;520BL B@C4=>AB8, ?@540==>ABL 2KA>:8< >1I5AB25==K< 8450;0<. «"5?;8G=0O >1AB0=>2:0 ?@8 2>A?8B0=88, 3>2>@8; . . 02;>2, <>65B ?@825AB8 : B><C, GB> G5;>25: A A8;L=>9 2KAH59 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<>9 =0 2AN 687=L >AB0=5BAO 60;:8< B@CA><»1. 515=>:, :>B>@><C A 45BAB20 1K;> 2A5 4>72>;5=>, :>B>@K9 @>A 8710;>20==K<, M3>8AB8G=K<, =5 ?@82K:H8< AG8B0BLAO A 8=B5@5A0<8 4@C38E, <>65B 2 40;L=59H5< ;53G5 40BL A@K2 2 CA;>28OE, :>340 >B =53> ?>B@51C5BAO 1>;LH0O 2K45@6:0. @8 =5?@028;L=>< 2>A?8B0=88 C @515=:0 <>3CB 2>7=8:=CBL ?@54AB02;5=8O, :>B>@K5 <>3CB A45;0BL 53> >A>15==> GC2AB28B5;L=K< : 459AB28N >?@545;5==KE, 04@5A>20==KE : =8<, @074@068B5;59 8 ;53:> ?@52@0BOBAO 2 «1>;L=K5 ?C=:BK»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«"K ;5=BO9, BK ;>4K@L, BK 15745;L=8:. 7 B51O 2K@0AB5B BC=5O45F. "K =8 =0 GB> =5 A?>A>15=». >2>@8BL =04>: «"K <>65HL AB0BL B@C4>;N182K<; BK <>65HL 70=8<0BLAO, <>65HL 70AB028BL A51O @01>B0BL, <>65HL 2K@0AB8 ?>;57=K< G;5=>< >1I5AB20. "K <>65HL 2A53> 4>AB83=CBL, 5A;8 70E>G5HL! "K <>65HL 1KBL ?>A;CH=K<, B0: 8 1C4L 8<! !53>4=O BK C65 ;CGH5 70=8<05HLAO, G5< 2G5@0...» C6=> 871530BL 3>2>@8BL ?@8 45BOE > BO65;KE 1>;57=OE, GB>1K =5 ?>@>48BL AB@0E0 ?5@54 =8<8. =CH0BL 8<, GB> 74>@>2L5  MB> 5AB5AB25==>5 A>AB>O=85 G5;>25:0 8 GB> >=8 1C4CB 74>@>2K, 5A;8 1C4CB 25AB8 =>@<0;L=K9 >1@07 687=8; GB> =5 =04> 1>OBLAO =8 60@K, =8 E>;>40, =8 4>64O, =8 25B@0 8 C<5BL 2A5 ?5@5=>A8BL AB>9:>, 157 60;>1, 157 A;57. «;O ?@54>B2@0I5=8O =5@2>7=>AB8, ?8H5B !. . $09=15@3, =5B =8G53> 206=55, G5< A A0<>3> @0==53> 45BAB20 2>A?8BK20BL @515=:0 B0:, GB>1K >= =5 ?>;CG0; =8 ?@O<KE, =8 :>A25==KE 2K3>4 >B =5@2=>AB8, 2A?K;LG82>AB8, B5E 8;8 8=KE 1>;57=5==KE ?@>O2;5=89». 5AL<0 ACI5AB25==K< O2;O5BAO ?@028;L=>5 ?>;>2>5 2>A?8B0=85 @515=:0. !;54C5B 871530BL 2A53>, GB> <>65B 2K7K20BL A5:AC0;L=>5 2>71C645=85, =0?@8<5@ =5>AB>@>6=>3> ?@8:>A=>25=8O : ?>;>2K< >@30=0< @515=:0 ?@8 G@57<5@=>9 701>B5 >1 53> G8AB>B5 8 >?@OB=>AB8, A;8H:>< 1>;LH0O =56=>ABL, ;0A:0 A> AB>@>=K @>48B5;59. 5 =C6=> B0:65 4>?CA:0BL, GB>1K @515=>: ;>68;AO 2 ?>AB5;L : @>48B5;O< 8;8 A?0; A 4@C38<8 45BL<8 4065 2 @0==5< 2>7@0AB5. > 2A5E MB8E A;CG0OE 2>7<>6=> 2>7=8:=>25=85 =565;0B5;L=KE CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=KE A2O759, :>B>@K5 <>3CB 2 40;L=59H5< A?>A>1AB2>20BL @0728B8N 701>;520=8O. A>15==> 2@54=>5 2;8O=85 =0 @515=:0 >:07K205BAO 2 B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 >= AB0=>28BAO A2845B5;5< ?>;>2>3> 0:B0. 5 A;54C5B 4020BL @515=:C :0:8E-;81> @07JOA=5=89 ?> 2>?@>AC > @>645=88 G5;>25:0 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 >= A0< MB>3> =5 A?@>A8B. A;8 65 >= 7040AB MB>B 2>?@>A, 4020BL @07JOA=5=8O =C6=> ?@028;L=K5, E>BO 8 2 4>ABC?=>9 4;O @515=:0 D>@<5, =5 24020OAL 2 ?>4@>1=>AB8. # 1>;LH8=AB20 45B59 B0:>5 @07JOA=5=85 ?>AB5?5==> @0A?@545;O5BAO =0 2>7@0AB >B 3 4> 6 ;5B. >A;5 6 ;5B @515=>:, =5 >1@0I02H89AO 70 >1JOA=5=85< : @>48B5;O<, >1KG=> CA?5205B ?>;CG8BL 8E A> AB>@>=K, ?@8G5< =5@54:> 2 D>@<5, >:07K20NI59 2@54=>5 2;8O=85 =0 53> ?>A;54CNICN 687=L. 5 A;54C5B O2=> 70<0;G820BL MBC B5<C; =C6=> 25AB8 A51O B0:, GB>1K C @515=:0 2>7=8:;> A2>1>4=>5, 5AB5AB25==>5 >B=>H5=85 : =59. 5A><=5==>, 2@54=> 70?C3820BL @515=:0, ?>@>640BL C =53> A;8H:>< A8;L=>5 GC2AB2> AB@0E0, 28=K, ABK40, @0A:0O=8O. '@57<5@=>5 GC2AB2> AB@0E0 8 28=K, A2O70==>5 A ?@54AB02;5=8O<8 > A>25@H5=88 3@O7=>3> ?>ABC?:0, C 45B59, 70=8<0NI8EAO >=0=87<><, <>65B, =0?@8<5@, A?>A>1AB2>20BL 2 40;L=59H5< 2>7=8:=>25=8N =02O7G82>3> AB@0E0 703@O7=5=8O 8 B. ?. 4=8< 87 G0ABKE 8AB>G=8:>2 =52@>7>2 C 45B59 O2;ONBAO =574>@>2K5 >B=>H5=8O <564C @>48B5;O<8 8 >A>15==> CE>4 >BF0 8;8 <0B5@8 87 A5<L8. 515=>: =5 4>;65= O2;OBLAO A2845B5;5< AA>@ <564C @>48B5;O<8 8 B5< 1>;55 =5 4>;65= ?@82;5:0BLAO 2 :0G5AB25 AC4L8 ?>ABC?:>2 >4=>3> 87 =8E.  8=B5@5A0E @515=:0 =5 A;54C5B 2K7K20BL C =53> GC2AB20 =5=028AB8 : CH54H5<C @>48B5;N, 70?@5I0BL A =8< 2AB@5G0BLAO, 0 =C6=>, =0>1>@>B, ?> 2>7<>6=>AB8 A<O3G8BL ?@>8AH54H55, A>E@0=8BL 53> >B=>H5=8O A CH54H8<, @07JOA=8BL, GB> E>BO CH54H89 ?> B5< 8;8 8=K< <>B820< >B5F 8;8 <0BL B5?5@L 68BL A A5<L59 =5 1C45B, MB> =5 7=0G8B, GB> >= 55 >AB028;. AB0282H89 A5<LN @>48B5;L 4>;65= >AB0BLAO 4@C3>< @515=:0. @8 2A5< MB>< @07@K2 <564C @>48B5;O<8 O2;O5BAO BO65;59H59 4@0<>9 4;O @515=:0. A>1>3> 2=8<0=8O 70A;C68205B ?@>D8;0:B8:0 =52@>7>2 80B@>35==>9 MB8>;>388. @0G 4>;65= 871530BL 2A53>, GB> <>65B A>740BL C 1>;L=>3> ?@54AB02;5=85 > =0;8G88 C =53> BO65;>3> 701>;520=8O, 0 B0:65 871530BL >?8A0=8O 1>;57=5==KE A8<?B><>2, :>B>@KE C 1>;L=>3> =5B, => :>B>@K5 2AB@5G0NBAO ?@8 8<5NI5<AO C =53> 701>;520=88. '0AB> 80B@>35=88 2K7K20NB B0:85 4803=>7K, :0: 0@B5@8>A:;5@>7, 70381 <0B:8, <8>:0@48>48AB@>D8O, ?A8E0AB5=8O 8 4@. (G0AB8G:0 «?A8E» 2K7K205B ?@54AB02;5=85 > =0;8G88 ?A8E8G5A:>3> 701>;520=8O), >A>15==> 5A;8 >=8 1K;8 =0?8A0=K 2 2845 A?@02:8 =0 >D8F80;L=>< 1;0=:5 8;8 ?>AB02;5=K 02B>@8B5B=K< 2@0G><.  80B@>35=88 <>3CB ?@825AB8 8 B0:85 @5?;8:8 2@0G0: «0, C 20A A>2A5< ?;>E>5 A5@4F5, 254L 2K <>;>4>9 G5;>25:, 0 B>=K A5@4F0 C 20A 3;CE85, :0: C 3;C1>:>3> AB0@8:0! K =5 70<5G0;8 C A51O >4KH:8?» >2>@O 1>;L=><C >1 >1=0@C65==>< C =53> 701>;520=88, >G5=L 206=> A>>1I8BL 5<C >1 MB>< 2 B0:>9 D>@<5, :>B>@0O =5 2K7K20;0 1K C =53> ?@54AB02;5=85 > G@572KG09=>9 BO65AB8, >?0A=>AB8 4;O 687=8 8;8 =587;5G8<>AB8 1>;57=8. >MB><C 8=>340 F5;5A>>1@07=> 1K205B =0G0BL A 70O2;5=8O 1>;L=><C > B><, GB> C =53> =5 >1=0@C68205BAO :0:>3>-;81> BO65;>3>, =587;5G8<>3> 701>;520=8O, GB> A> AB>@>=K 53> 74>@>2LO =5B =8G53> C3@>60NI53> 8 GB> >= A<>65B 68BL 4> 3;C1>:>9 AB0@>AB8 8 A>E@0=8BL ?@8 MB>< B@C4>A?>A>1=>ABL. 4=0:> C:070BL, GB> 2A5 65 >1=0@C6820NBAO =5:>B>@K5 @0AAB@>9AB20 A> AB>@>=K :0:8E-;81> >@30=>2, B@51CNI85 ?@8=OB8O A>>B25BAB2CNI8E <5@, GB>1K 871028BLAO >B MB8E =0@CH5=89 8 =5 4>?CA:0BL CEC4H5=8O A>AB>O=8O 74>@>2LO.  ;5G51=>< CG@5645=88 65;0B5;L=> ?> 2>7<>6=>AB8 871530BL :>=B0:B0 <564C A2565701>;52H8<8 B5< 8;8 8=K< 701>;520=85< 8 1>;L=K<8, C :>B>@KE >=> ?@>B5:05B 2 BO65;>9 D>@<5 8;8 A @5F84820<8. A>15==> MB> >B=>A8BAO : 1>;L=K< 2 >=:>;>38G5A:8E AB0F8>=0@0E. 0< ?@8E>48;>AL =01;N40BL @0728B85 BO65;KE @50:B82=KE 45?@5AA89 A AC8F840;L=K<8 ?>?KB:0<8 C 1>;L=KE 2 >=:>;>38G5A:>< >B45;5=88 =59@>E8@C@38G5A:>3> 8=AB8BCB0 ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: >=8 2845;8 2 =5< 1>;L=KE A @5F8482>< >?CE>;8 ?>A;5 >?5@0F88, C :>B>@KE @0728;8AL O2;5=8O ?@>;0?A0 <>730 8 A;5?>B0. ;O ?@>D8;0:B8:8 @5F8482>2 =52@>7>2 >G5=L 206=> 87<5=8BL >B=>H5=85 1>;L=>3> : ?A8E>B@02<8@>202H8< A>1KB8O<, ?>2;8OBL =0 B5 E0@0:B5@>;>38G5A:85 >A>15==>AB8, :>B>@K5 45;0NB 53> : =8< >A>1> GC2AB28B5;L=K<. -B> 4>AB8305BAO 15A540<8 A 1>;L=K< (?@8<5@K B0:8E 15A54 ?@82545=K =0<8 ?@8 >?8A0=88 ;5G5=8O C15645=85<). ! CA?5E>< A MB>9 F5;LN <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=>, :0: C:07K20;>AL, 2=CH5=85 8 A0<>2=CH5=85. ;O ?@54C?@5645=8O @0728B8O BO65;KE, 70BO6=KE D>@< 701>;520=8O 8<55B 7=0G5=85 B0:65 8E @0==55 @0A?>7=020=85 8 ;5G5=85. >;LHCN @>;L 2 MB>< >B=>H5=88 ?@8720=K AK3@0BL =5@2=>-?A8E80B@8G5A:85 48A?0=A5@K. ;020 H5AB0O " #/ -! "   "@C4>A?>A>1=>ABL ?@8 =52@>70E 2 7=0G8B5;L=>9 <5@5 7028A8B >B AB5?5=8 708=B5@5A>20==>AB8 1>;L=>3> 2 B@C45. @5<5==> =5B@C4>A?>A>1=K<8 A;54C5B ?@87=020BL MB8E 1>;L=KE ;8HL ?@8 D0:B8G5A:>9 CB@0B5 B@C4>A?>A>1=>AB8, 2 >AB@>< ?5@8>45 701>;520=8O, 8=20;840<8  ;8HL 2 :@09=8E, 8A:;NG8B5;L=KE A;CG0OE. A;8 1>;L=K5 <>3CB 1KBL D0:B8G5A:8 B@C4>A?>A>1=K<8, A;54C5B 871530BL >A2>1>645=8O 8E >B @01>BK. @8 =52@0AB5=88 1>;L=K5 G0I5 2A53> =C640NBAO 2 >A2>1>645=88 ;8HL >B A25@EC@>G=KE 8 4>?>;=8B5;L=KE =03@C7>: 8 ?@54>AB02;5=88 8< 2>7<>6=>AB8 4>AB0B>G=>3> A=0 8 ?8B0=8O. @8 MB>< >=8 <>3CB ?@>4>;60BL @01>BC ?> A?5F80;L=>AB8.  @54:8E A;CG0OE B0:85 1>;L=K5 >:07K20NBAO 2@5<5==> =5B@C4>A?>A>1=K<8 8;8 =C640NBAO 2 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 4;8B5;L=>< >A2>1>645=88 >B @01>BK, B@51CNI59 2KA>:>3> =0?@O65=8O 2=8<0=8O. @8 701>;520=88 ;8F, A>2<5I0NI8E CG51C A @01>B>9, 65;0B5;L=> =0 1 2 <5AOF0 >A2>1>640BL 8E >B >4=>9 87 =03@C7>:, >A>15==> >B M:70<5=>2. @8 @074@068B5;L=>9 A;01>AB8, 5A;8 >=0 @57:> 2K@065=0, 8=>340 B@51C5BAO >A2>1>645=85 >B @01>BK =0 1 2 <5AOF0 (. !. 0<40A). @5<5==> >A2>1>640BL >B @01>BK 8;8 ?5@52>48BL =0 <5=55 >B25BAB25==CN @01>BC A;54C5B 2>48B5;59 B@0=A?>@B0 8 4@C38E @01>B=8:>2, 1KAB@0O CB><;O5<>ABL :>B>@KE <>65B ?@825AB8 : =5AG0AB=K< A;CG0O<. >>1I5 ?@8 MB>9 D>@<5 =52@>70 2A5340 A;54C5B AB@5<8BLAO : 4>AB865=8N 2K74>@>2;5=8O CAB@0=5=85< B>9 >1AB0=>2:8, :>B>@0O ?>@>6405B ?A8E>B@02<8@CNI85 @074@068B5;8, 8;8 87<5=5=8O >B=>H5=8O 1>;L=>3> : MB8< @074@068B5;O<, 0 =5 ?CB5< >A2>1>645=8O >B @01>BK, B0: :0: ?>A;54=89 ?CBL <0;>MDD5:B825=. > =0H8< 40==K<, >:>;> 90%, 0 ?> . . 0G5?8F:><C, >:>;> 85% 1>;L=KE =52@0AB5=859 CAB>9G82> @5040?B8@CNBAO ?>A;5 ?@>2545==>3> ;5G5=8O 8 @01>B0NB ?> A?5F80;L=>AB8.  B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 =52@0AB5=8G5A:89 A8<?B><>:><?;5:A O2;O5BAO A;54AB285< =5 B>;L:> ?A8E8G5A:>9 B@02<0B870F88, => 8 ?5@5=0?@O65=8O, 2K720==>3> 4;8B5;L=K< =5?>A8;L=K< B@C4><, =54>AK?0=85<, 0 B0:65 A;54AB285< B@02<0B8G5A:8E ?>@065=89, 8=D5:F89 8;8 8=B>:A8:0F89, 2@5<5==>5 >A2>1>645=85 >B @01>BK =0@O4C A =>@<0;870F859 CA;>289 B@C40 8 1KB0 ?@8 2>7459AB288 =0 ?@8G8=C 1>;57=8 O2;O5BAO >A=>2=K< ;5G51=K< <5@>?@8OB85<. @8 =52@0AB5=8G5A:>< =0@CH5=88 DC=:F88 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2 CB@0B0 B@C4>A?>A>1=>AB8 =>A8B G0I5 2A53> 2@5<5==K9 E0@0:B5@, 2 >AB@>< ?5@8>45 701>;520=8O 8;8 ?@8 53> >1>AB@5=88.  1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG052 1>;L=K5 B@C4>A?>A>1=K. =>340 B@51C5BAO 2@5<5==>5 ?@54>AB02;5=85 1>;L=><C >1;53G5==KE CA;>289 B@C40 (>A2>1>645=85 >B BO65;>9 D878G5A:>9 @01>BK). 54:> ?@8E>48BAO ?@81530BL : 2@5<5==><C ?5@52>4C =0 8=20;84=>ABL III 8 2 8A:;NG8B5;L=KE A;CG0OE II 3@C??K. @8 =52@>75 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 8 ?A8E0AB5=88 CB@0B0 B@C4>A?>A>1=>AB8 G0I5 2A53> =>A8B 2@5<5==K9 E0@0:B5@ 8 =01;N405BAO 2> 2@5<O >AB@>3> ?5@8>40 701>;520=8O 8;8 53> >1>AB@5=8O. 565 ?@8E>48BAO ?5@52>48BL 1>;L=KE =0 8=20;84=>ABL. >340 >=8 D0:B8G5A:8 B@C4>A?>A>1=K, A;54C5B 871530BL >A2>1>645=8O >B @01>BK, B0: :0: B@C4 A?>A>1AB2C5B A<O3G5=8N =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89. 020BL 2@5<5==>5 >A2>1>645=85 >B @01>BK 1>;L=K< ?A8E0AB5=859 A;54C5B 2 B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 ?5@5CB><;5=85, =54>AK?0=85, 8=D5:F88 8;8 8=B>:A8:0F88 254CB : 0AB5=870F88. !@548 1>;L=KE =52@>7>< =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 8 ?A8E0AB5=859 @01>B0;> ?> A?5F80;L=>AB8, ?> =0H8< 40==K<, >:>;> 60%, ?> . . <1@C<>2>9 8 . . 0=8;>2>9  >:>;> 75%; ?> . . 0G5?8F:><C, CAB>9G82> @5040?B8@>20;>AL 87 18 1>;L=KE ?A8E0AB5=859 A5<L. >;L=K5 =52@>7>< =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 @5040?B8@CNBAO 7=0G8B5;L=> ;CGH5, G5< 1>;L=K5 ?A8E0AB5=859. @8 =52@>75 >6840=8O 1>;L=K5 2 1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG052 B@C4>A?>A>1=K. A2>1>645=85 >B @01>BK =5>1E>48<>, 5A;8 >=8 D0:B8G5A:8 =5 <>3CB A =59 A?@028BLAO. 06=> C:070BL 1>;L=><C, GB> 53> 701>;520=85 =5 2K720=> :0:8<8-;81> >@30=8G5A:8<8 87<5=5=8O<8, 0 O2;O5BAO A;54AB285< =5C25@5==>AB8 2 A2>8E A8;0E 8 A0<>2=CH5=8O. @8 70BO6=>< B5G5=88 1>;57=8 1>;L=>3> ?5@52>4OB =0 8=20;84=>ABL III 8 II, 0 ?@8 akinesia algera  I 3@C??K. @8 8AB5@88 @5H5=85 2>?@>A0 > B@C4>A?>A>1=>AB8 ?@54AB02;O5B 8=>340 7=0G8B5;L=K5 B@C4=>AB8. A2>1>645=85 1>;L=>3> >B @01>BK 8 ;5G5=85 53> 2 C;CGH5==KE 687=5==KE CA;>28OE, =5@54:> A?>A>1AB2C5B B><C, GB> 1>;57=5==K5 A8<?B><K ?@8>1@5B0NB 5I5 1>;LHCN «CA;>2=CN ?@8OB=>ABL 8;8 65;0B5;L=>ABL» 8 2 A2O78 A MB8< 5I5 1>;55 70:@5?;ONBAO. <5AB5 A B5< =0;8G85 3@C1KE =0@CH5=89 (?0@0;8G59, 38?5@:8=57>2, A;5?>BK, 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?A8E>7>2) =5@54:> 2K=C6405B 2@0G0 ?@87=020BL 1>;L=>3> =5B@C4>A?>A>1=K<. =>340 F5;5A>>1@07=K< >:07K205BAO 83=>@8@>20=85 60;>1 1>;L=>3> 8 ?>=C645=85 53> : B@C4C.  CA8;5=8N «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==KE A8<?B><>2 <>65B ?@825AB8 ?><5I5=85 1>;L=>3> 2 CA;>28O, 2 :>B>@KE 1>;57=L <>65B >:070BLAO 4;O =53> ?@8OB=>9, =0?@8<5@ =0?@02;5=85 2 A0=0B>@89 8 =0 :C@>@B. 5F5;5A>>1@07=> B0:65 4;8B5;L=>5 ?@87=0=85 1>;L=>3> 2@5<5==> ?>B5@O2H8< B@C4>A?>A>1=>ABL; ?@028;L=>5 ?@87=0=85 2@5<5==>3> >3@0=8G5=8O B@C4>A?>A>1=>AB8 A ?5@52>4>< 1>;L=>3> =0 8=20;84=>ABL III 3@C??K A =5:>B>@K< CI5<;5=85< 53> <0B5@80;L=KE 8=B5@5A>2. 5?@028;L=K< 8 2@54=K< 4;O 74>@>2LO 1>;L=>3> O2;O5BAO ?@87=0=85 O:>1K 8<5NI59AO A2O78 8AB5@8G5A:>3> A8<?B><0 A ?@>872>4AB25==>9 B@02<>9, =0?@8<5@, CH810 154@0 A 8AB5@8G5A:8< ?0@0;8G>< =>38, ?>?040=8O 8=>@>4=>3> B5;0 2 3;07 A 8AB5@8G5A:>9 A;5?>B>9. @8 70BO6=KE 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?A8E>70E 8 4;8B5;L=KE 3@C1KE =0@CH5=8OE A> AB>@>=K <>B>@=>9 8;8 A5=A>@=>9 AD5@K ?@8E>48BAO ?@87=020BL 1>;L=KE 8=20;840<8 II, 0 8=>340 8 I 3@C??K. > =0H8< 40==K<, >:>;> 2/3 1>;L=KE 8AB5@859 CAB>9G82> @5040?B8@C5BAO 8 @01>B05B ?> A?5F80;L=>AB8. @8 H>:>2KE 8;8 M<>F8>=0;L=KE =52@>70E B@C4>A?>A>1=>ABL 1K205B >1KG=> CB@0G5=0 ;8HL :@0B:>2@5<5==> (=0 =5A:>;L:> 4=59). >MB><C =5 A;54C5B >A2>1>640BL 1>;L=KE >B @01>BK =0 4;8B5;L=K9 A@>: 2> 871560=85 2B>@8G=>3> ?>O2;5=8O 8AB5@8G5A:8E A8<?B><>2. @8 =52@>75 AB@0E0 2>2;5G5=85 1>;L=>3> 2 B@C4>2CN 45OB5;L=>ABL C;CGH05B 53> A0<>GC2AB285.  ?5@8>4K @57:>3> CA8;5=8O AB@0E0 8=>340 ?@8E>48BAO =0 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 4;8B5;L=>5 2@5<O >A2>1>640BL 1>;L=>3> >B @01>BK 8 4065 ?5@52>48BL =0 8=20;84=>ABL III 8;8 II 3@C??K. " "#  25@1CE . !. 5?@5AA82=K5 A>AB>O=8O. ., 1962. 2@CF:89 . /. !>2@5<5==K5 ?A8E>B@>?=K5 A@54AB20 8 8E ?@8<5=5=85 2 ;5G5=88 H87>D@5=88. ., 1964. ;5:A552 . . A8E>@53C;8@CNI0O B@5=8@>2:0. '. I. M., 1968, G. . ., 1969. ?B5@ . . C@=. =52@>?0B>;. 8 ?A8E80B@., 1964, 12, 1858 1863. A0B80=8 . . A8E>B5@0?8O, 1913, 4. A0B80=8 . . A>15==>AB8 :;8=8:8 8 B5G5=8O =52@>70 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89. 2B>@5D. 48AA. 4>:B. ., 1966. A0B80=8 . . 8 !<>;8=0 . . C@=. =52@>?0B>;. 8 ?A8E80B@., 1965, 5, 762 764. 0<40A . !. AB5=8G5A:85 A>AB>O=8O. ., 1961. 0@0=>2A:0O . ., ><5= . !, !2O4>I . . -;5:B@8G5A:0O 0:B82=>ABL 3>;>2=>3> <>730 2> 2@5<O 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:8.  :=.: 0B5@80;K =0CG=>9 :>=D5@5=F88 ?A8E80B@>2 @5A?C1;8: !@54=59 788 8 070EAB0=0. $@C=75, 1961, AB@. 92 94. 0AA8= $. . >?@>AK ?A8E>;>388, 1958, 5, 6. 0AA8= $. . @>1;5<0 «15AA>7=0B5;L=>3>». ., 1968. 0BC@8=0 -. . ;8=8:0 8AB5@8G5A:8E 8?>E>=4@89. 2B>@5D. 48AA. ., 1969. 0EC@ . ". C@=. =52@>?0B>;. 8 ?A8E80B@., 1962, 5, 723 727. 5;O52 . !, 0618F . . CB>35==0O B@5=8@>2:0 ?@8 ;5G5=88 =52@>7>2. 5B>48G5A:>5 ?8AL<>. ., 1968. 5EB5@52 . . 71@0==K5 ?@>872545=8O. ., 1954. 5EB5@520 . ., >=40@GC: . , !<8@=>2 . ., "@>E0G52 . . $878>;>38O 8 ?0B>D878>;>38O 3;C1>:8E AB@C:BC@ <>730 G5;>25:0. . ., 1967. 8@<0= . . -:A?5@8<5=B0;L=K9 A>=. , 1925. >1:>20 . . "@C4K IV A5A>N7=>3> AJ5740 =52@>?0B>;>3>2 8 ?A8E80B@>2. ". V. ., 1965, 280 292. >3>;5?>2 . . !>2. 2@0G, 6C@=., 1936, 14, 1082. >3>;5?>2 . . C@=. =52@>?0B>;. 8 ?A8E80B@., 1954, 6, 415 425. >3>;5?>2 . - 8 0AB2>@>20 .   :=.: :BC0;L=K5 2>?@>AK ?A8E80B@88 8 =52@>?0B>;>388. ., 1963, AB@. 90 98. >@B=8: ". .  :=.: >?@>AK ?A8E>B5@0?88. ., 1966, AB@. 32 34. K:>2 . .  :=.: 52@>7K. "@C4K :>=D5@5=F88. 5B@>702>4A:, 1956, AB@. 11 20. C;L . . 8?=>7 8 2=CH5=85 2 :;8=8:5 2=/B@5==8E 1>;57=59. 74. 2-5. ., 1968. C=75= . .  2>?@>AC > A>AB>O=88 =52@>B8G5A:>3> AB@0E0 C 1>;L=KE A G5@B0<8 B@52>6=>-<=8B5;L=>3> E0@0:B5@0. 2B>@5D. 48AA. ., 1965. 0A8;L52 . . <<C=>18>;>38G5A:0O @50:B82=>ABL ?@8 =52@>70E 8 ?A8E>70E. 2B>@5D. 48AA. "><A:, 1959. 0A8;LG5=:> . !.  =5:>B>@KE A8AB5<=KE =52@>70E 8 8E ?0B>35=5B8G5A:>< ;5G5=88. ., 1969. 5;L2>2A:89 . 3.  :=.: A8E>B5@0?8O 2 :C@>@B>;>388. 852, 1966, AB@. 155 193. 5;L2>2A:89 . 3., ;>B:8A . !, 0;B?C@28=-57C3;>20 . .  :=.: "@C4K IV A5A>N7=>3> AJ5740 =52@>?0B>;>3>2 8 ?A8E80B@>2. ". V. ., 1965, AB@. 305 311. 8H . . A8E>B5@0?8O ?@8 =5:>B>@KE =5@2=>-?A8E8G5A:8E 8 A><0B8G5A:8E 701>;520=8OE. 2B>@5D. 48AA. ., 1959. >3@0;8: . .  :=.: 52@>7K 2 :;8=8:5 2=CB@5==8E 1>;57=59. >@L:89, 1958. >;:>2 . !. 7<5=5=85 A>AC48AB>9 @50:B82=>AB8 C 1>;L=KE =52@0AB5=859 ?@8 A0=0B>@=>-:;8<0B8G5A:>< ;5G5=88. 2B>@5D. 48AA. !8<D5@>?>;L, 1963. >;L?5@B . . C@=. =52@>?0B>;. 8 ?A8E80B@., 1968, 6, 902. 0::5;L . . 52@>7K G5;>25:0. C:>2>4AB2> ?> =52@>;>388. ". VI.  1960. 0==CH:8= . . ;8=8:0 ?A8E>?0B89, 8E AB0B8:0, 48=0<8:0, A8AB5<0B8:0. , 1933. 0AC;L /. .  :=.: >?@>AK B5>@5B8G5A:>9 8 :;8=8G5A:>9 <548F8=K. "578AK 4>:;04>2 =0CG=>9 A5AA88 0?>@>6A:>3> 8=AB8BCB0 CA>25@H5=AB2>20=8O 2@0G59. 0?>@>6L5, 1964. 8AA5= . . A8E>@53C;8@CNI0O B@5=8@>2:0. ., 1969. >1@>=8475 . .  :=.: "@C4K IV A5A>N7=>3> AJ5740 =52@>?0B>;>3>2 8 ?A8E80B@>2. ". V. ., 1965, AB@. 375 382. >;>20=L . - O;> B5:CI0O H87>D@5=8O A =02O7G82>ABO<8. 2B>.-@5D. 48AA. ., 1965. >;>45F . . AB5=8G5A:85 A>AB>O=8O ?@8 E@>=8G5A:>< 2>7459AB288 8>=878@CNI53> 87;CG5=8O. 2B>@5D. 48AA. ., 1964. >@>2>9-(0;B0= . . 50:B82=K5 =52@>7K.  :=.: ?KB A>25BA:>9 <548F8=K 2 5;8L>9 B5G5AB25==>9 2>9=5 1941 1945 33. ". 26. ., 1949, AB@. 91 97. C;O<>2 ! . ;8O8:>-M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=K5 8AA;54>20=8O ?A524>-45<5=F88. 2B>@5D. 48AA. ., 1957. @>H52 !. .  :=.: :BC0;L=K5 2>?@>AK A5:A>?0B>;>388. , 1967, AB@. 414 432. CAL:>2 . !, O3:>2  $.  :=.: >?@>AK ?A8E>B5@0?88. ., 1966, AB@. 73 74. 02845=:>2 !. . 52@>7K. ., 1963. 2>@:8= -. .  :=.: :BC0;L=K5 2>?@>AK A5:A>?0B>;>388. , 1967, AB@. 452-466. 5B5=3>D $. $. 5G5=85 =52@>7>2 8 ?A8E>7>2. "0H:5=B, 1955. <8B@852 . C@=. =52@>?0B>;. 8 ?A8E80B@., 1965, II, 1733 1741. >F5=:> !. . 8 5@2><09A:89 . /. 52@>7K. ., 1964. 8@<C=A:0O . .  := : >?@>AK M;5:B@>M=F5;>3@0D88. . ., I960, AB@. 141 146. 0G5?88:89 . .  :=.: >AAB0=>28B5;L=0O B5@0?8O 8 A>F80;L=>-B@C4>20O @5040?B0F8O 1>;L=KE =5@2=>-?A8E8G5A:8<8 701>;520=8O<8. ., 1965, AB@. 266 268. 0G5?8F:89 . .  := . >?@>AK ?A8E>B5@0?88. ., 1966, AB@. 74 76. 0G5?8F:89 . ., /:>2;520 . .  :=.: "@C4K IV A5A>N7=>3> AJ5740 =52@>?0B>;>3>2 8 ?A8E80B@>2. ". V. ., 1965, AB@. 362 366. 4@02><KA;>2 . .  :=.: 52@>7K 8 A><0B8G5A:85 @0AAB@>9AB20. 5=8=3@04, I960, 183 185. 0@C10H28;8 . . 5:>B>@K5 0:BC0;L=K5 2>?@>AK ?A8E>35==KE 701>;520=89. "18;8A8, 1940. CE0@L . . 59@>D878>;>38G5A:85 <5E0=87<K A;>25A=>3> 2>7459AB28O. 2B>@5D. 48AA. ., 1968. 20=>2 . !. C@=. =52@>?0B>;. 8 ?A8E80B@., 1955, 7, 511 515. 20=>2 . . >7=8:=>25=85 8 @0728B85 >B5G5AB25==>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88. 2B>@5D. 48AA. ., 1954. 20=>2 . . >?@>AK ?A8E>B5@0?88 DC=:F8>=0;L=KE A5:AC0;L=KE @0AAB@>9AB2. ., 1966 20=>2 . . A8E>B5@0?8O. >;LH0O <548F8=A:0O M=F8:;>?548O. 74. 2-5. ". 27. ., 1962. 20=>2 $. . 50:B82=K5 ?A8E>7K 2 2>5==>5 2@5<O. ., 1970. 20=>2-!<>;5=A:89 . . G5@:8 ?0B>D878>;>388 2KAH59 =5@2=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. ., 1952. AB0<0=>20 ". !. $C=:F8>=0;L=K5 @0AAB@>9AB20 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2 ?@8 =52@0AB5=88. ., 1958. , 010=>2 . ., @C3;>20 . ., 565?5:>20 . ., 018G . /.  :=.: 52@>7K 8 A><0B8G5A:85 @0AAB@>9AB20. ., 1966, AB@. 330 335. 0=025F . . 52@>7K 8 8E A0=0B>@=>-:C@>@B=>5 ;5G5=85. ., 1962. 0=B>@>28G . . A8E>35=88. "0H:5=B, 1967. 0@20A0@A:89 . . >;>2=K5 1>;8 ?@8 =52@>70E. ., 1969. 5@18:>2 . ., >@:8=0 . ., 0460@>2 . ., !=56=52A:89 . . #G51=8: ?A8E80B@88. 74. 2-5. ., 1968. >20;52 . ., 5;>2 . .  :=.: ;8=8G5A:0O 48=0<8:0 =52@>7>2 8 ?A8E>?0B89. ., 1967, AB@. 11 35. 8A5;52 . . C@=. =52@>?0B>;. 8 ?A8E80B@., 1967, 6, 891 895. >@>;52 . . >?@>AK :;8=8:8, B5G5=8O 8 B5@0?88 =52@0AB5=89. 2B>@5D. 48AA. ., 1965. >@>B:89 . ., !CA;>20 . . C@=. 2KAH. =5@2=. 45OB., 1955, 5, 697 707. >G5B:>2 . . 5@2=>-?>;>2K5 @0AAB@>9AB20 C <C6G8=. 8AA. ., 1964. >G5B:>2 . . 52@>;>38G5A:85 0A?5:BK 8<?>B5=F88. ., 1968. @>B>20 . .  :=.: 52@>7K 8 A><0B8G5A:85 @0AAB@>9A300. ., 1966, AB@. 123 128. @KH520 . ., 5;O520 -. ., <8B@8520 . $., 8;8=A:0G . ., @052A:89 /. ., 5@2>5 .   :=.: "@C4K IV A5A>N7=>3> AJ5740 =52@>?0B>;>3>2 8 ?A8E80B@>2. ". V. ., 1965, AB@. 39 57. C?0;>2 . !, >52>48=0  ., >;:>20 . ., 8;N:>20 . ., !5;820=>20 . "., !K@5=A:89 . ., %0=0=0H28;8 . , (8G-:> . . !8BC0F8>==K5 CA;>2=K5 @5D;5:AK C A>10: 2 =>@<5 8 ?0B>;>388. ., 1964. C?5@=8: . C@=. =52@>?0B>;. 8 ?A8E80B@., 1961, 8, 1255 1259. C@30=>2A:89 . . $878>;>38G5A:85 <5E0=87<K =52@>7>2 A5@4F0 C 45B59. . ., 1965. 0:>A8=0 . . 8 &5;81552 . . C@=. =52@>?0B>;. 8 ?A8E80B@., 1961, 10, 1534. 0?8= . ., C;;5@ .. .  :=.: 52@>7K 8 A><0B8G5A:85 @0AAB@>9AB20. ., 1966, AB@. 338 342. 0B0H . . 8?>B0;0<CA, ?@8A?>A>18B5;L=0O 0:B82=>ABL 8 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<0. ., 1968. 51548=A:89 . !. G5@:8 ?A8E>B5@0?88. ., 1969. 51548=A:89 . !, OA8I52 . . 2545=85 2 <548F8=A:CN ?A8E>;>38N. ., 1966. 528= !. . C@8, =52@>?0B>;. 8 ?A8E80B@., 1954, 5, 389 394. 818E !. !. >;;5:B82=0O ?A8E>B5@0?8O. 5B>48G5A:>5 ?8AL<> ., 1967. 818E !. !. "5>@8O 8 ?@0:B8:0 :>;;5:B82=>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88. 2B>-@5D. 48AA. ., 1969. 818E !. !.  :=.: :BC0;L=K5 2>?@>AK A5:A>?0B>;>388. ., 1967, AB@. 433 442. >178= . !, C;038= .. . CB>35==0O B@5=8@>2:0 2 ?@0:B8:5 2>5==>3> 2@0G0. 5B>48G5A:>5 ?8AL<>. ., 1968. 565?5:>20 . ., (@0915@ / .  :=.: 52@>7K 8 8E ;5G5=85. ., 1969, AB@. 4 14. 8EB5@<0= . ., 8<>2A:89 . $. 5G5=85 1>;L=KE =52@0AB5=859 2 A0=0B>@=KE CA;>28OE. ., 1958. C:><A:89 . .  :=.: 52@>7K. "@C4K :>=D5@5=F88. 5B@>702>4A:, 1956. C:><A:89 . . C@=. =52@>?0B>;. 8 ?A8E80B@., 1966, 3, 469 471. C@8O . . =CB@5==OO :0@B8=0 1>;57=8 8 80B@>35==K5 701>;520=8O. ., 1944. 0:552 . . >?@>AK @50:B82=>AB8 >@30=87<0 ?@8 =5@2=>-?A8E8G5A:8E 701>;520=8OE. 2B>@5D. 48AA. ., 1968. 0@:>2 . . 1I0O B5@0?8O 8 ?@>D8;0:B8:0 701>;520=89 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K. 8=A:, 1967. 0A;>2 . .  :=.- "@C4K IV A5A>N7=>3> AJ5740 =52@>?0B>;>3>2 8 ?A8E80B@>2. ". V. ., 1965, AB@. 202 206. 53@01O= . ., !0D0@O= . .  :=.: 52@>7K. "@C4K :>=D5@5=F88. 5B@>702>4A:, 1966. 87@CE8= . .  :=.. "@C4K IV A5A>N7=>3> AJ5740 =52@>?0B>;>3>2 8 ?A8E80B@>2. ". V. ., 1965, AB@. 367 374. 8@>2A:89 . . 8 (030< . .  :=.: "@C4K IV A5A>N7=>3> AJ5740 =52@>?0B>;>3>2 8 ?A8E80B@>2. ". V. ., 1965, AB@. 392 397. 8@>2A:89 . . ;8=8:>-D878>;>38G5A:85 :@8B5@88 ?@8<5=5=8O . <5B>4>2 @5;0:A0F88 ?@8 =52@>70E 8 =52@>7>?>4>1=KE A>AB>O=8OE. 2B>@5D. 48AA. 8==8F0, 1967. >@>7>2 . .  A>2@5<5==KE =0?@02;5=8OE 2 70@C156=>9 ?A8E80B@88 8 8E 8459=KE 8AB>:0E. 54387. ., 1961. >@>7>2 . ., 0460@>2 . . C@=. =52@>?0B>;. 8 ?A8E80B@., 1956, 12, 937. >@>7>2 . .  :=.: @>1;5<K >1I59 8 AC451=>9 ?A8E80B@88. ". XIV. ., 1963, AB@. 222 228. >@>7>2 . . ;8=8:0, =5:>B>@K5 >A>15==>AB8 ?0B>35=570 8 AC451-=>-?A8E80B@8G5A:0O >F5=:0 @50:B82=KE 8 :0B0B>=8G5A:8E ABC?>-@>7=KE A>AB>O=89. 2B>@5D. 48AA. ., 1964. O3:>2  $. A8E>B5@0?8O. ., 1967. O35@ . -  :=.: 52@>7K 8 A><0B8G5A:85 @0AAB@>9AB20. ., 1966, AB@. 204 207. OA8I52 . . 8G=>ABL 8 =52@>7K. ., 1960. OA8I52 . . "@C4K IV A5A>N7=>3> AJ5740 =52@>?0B>;>3>2 8 ?A8E80B@>2. ". V. ., 1965, AB@. 15 24. 527>@>20 ". . <8=078= 2 :;8=8G5A:>9 8 0<1C;0B>@=>9 ?@0:B8:5. ., 1961. 59HB04B . . -;5:B@>D878>;>38G5A:85 8AA;54>20=8O ?@8 @07;8G=KE D>@<0E ABC?>@0. 8AA. ., 1950. 5<G8= 7\ . !>AB>O=8O AB@0E0 ?@8 =52@>70E. 2B>@5D. 48AA. ., 1966. >I5=:> . .  2>?@>AC 2>7=8:=>25=8O A><0B8G5A:8E 8 28AF5@0;L=KE =0@CH5=89 ?@8 =52@>70E. 2B>@5D. 48AA. =5?@>?5B@>2A:, 1953. 1CE>2 . . ;8=8G5A:85 20@80=BK ?A524>45<5=F88. 2B>@5D. 48AA. ., 1955. 75@5F:>2A:89 . !. 02O7G82K5 A>AB>O=8O. ., 1950. @15;8 . . 5:F88 ?> D878>;>388 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K. ., 1938. 02;>2 . . >;=>5 A>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89. . ., 1951. 59<5@ . ., # <8@>2 . ., %@><>2 . . C@=. =52@>?0B>;. 8 ?A8E80B@., 1954, 11, 903 914. 0;;048=0 . . ;8=8G5A:85 20@80=BK ?A8E>35==>9 @5G52>9 A?CB0==>AB8. 2B>@5D. 48AA ., 1964. 5@2>5 . . A>15==>AB8 >A=>2=KE =5@2=KE ?@>F5AA>2 8 A83=0;L=KE A8AB5< ?@8 8AB5@88. . ., 1960. 5@2><09A:89 . / !>2 <54., 1962, 3, 95 99; 9, 105 108; 1963, 11, 140 145. 5@5;L<0= . . 50:B82=0O ?>AB:>=BC78>==0O 3;CE>=5<>B0. , 1943. 5B@>20 . . !>1@0=85 B@C4>2. 1. I 8 II. ., 1953. ;0B>=>2 . . !;>2> :0: D878>;>38G5A:89 8 ;5G51=K9 D0:B>@. ., 1962. >381:> . . 0B5@80;K : AC451=>-?A8E80B@8G5A:>9 M:A?5@B875 @50:B82=KE ?A8E>7>2 A 70BO6=K< B5G5=85<. 2B>@5D. 48AA. 4>:B. %0@L:>2, 1961. >@B=>2 . ., $54>B>2 . . 52@>7K, @50:B82=K5 ?A8E>7K, ?A8E>?0B88. ., 1957. >@B=>2 . ., $54>B>2 . . A8E80B@8O. 74. 2-5. ., 1965. >@C4><8=A:89 . . >;>2K5 @0AAB@>9AB20 C <C6G8=. 74. 3-5. ., 1968. >@C4><8=A:89 . ., >G5B:>2 . ., @B5<L52 !. . 5B>48G5A:>5 ?8AL<> ?> :;8=8:5, 4803=>AB8:5 8 ;5G5=8N ?>;>2KE @0AAB@>9AB2 C <C6G8=. ., 1964. >A2O=A:89 . . A8E>B5@0?8O ?@8 A5:AC0;L=KE =0@CH5=8OE.  :=.: >?@>AK ?A8E>B5@0?88. ., 1966, AB@. 189 191. >A?5;>2 . .  :=.: @>872>48B5;L=K5 A8;K F5=B@0;L=>3> 070EAB0=0. ". 6. ;<0 B0, 1959, AB@. 66 71. 0E0;LA:89 .. .  :=.: "@C4K ?A8E80B@8G5A:>9 :;8=8:8 8<5=8 !. !. >@A0:>20. ., 1945. 5945@ ". -., 818E ! !. >?@. ?A8E>;., 1967, I, 106. >4HB0B . . >?@>AK :;8=8:8 8 ?0B>35=570 0AB5=8G5A:8E A>AB>O=89. 2B>@5D. 48AA. ., 1967. ><0=>2A:0O 3. ., !2O4>I . .  :=.: >?@>AK A5:A>?0B>;>388. ., 1969, AB@. 128 130. >6=>2 . . C@=. =52@>?0B>;. 8 ?A8E80B@., 1953, 6, 462 466. >6=>2 . . 8?=>7 2 <548F8=5. ., 1954. >6=>2 . .  :=.: >?@>AK ?A8E>B5@0?88. ., 1966, AB@. 22 29. >6=>20 . ., >6=>2 . . 535=4K 8 ?@0240 > 38?=>75. ., 1964. ><5= . !. ;8O=85 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:8 =0 =5:>B>@K5 2535B0B82=K5 8 ?A8E8G5A:85 ?@>F5AAK. 2B>@5D. 48AA. 0@030=40, 1963. ><5= . !.  :=.: >?@>AK ?A8E80B@88, ?A8E>B5@0?88, A5:A>;>388 0@030=40, 1967, AB@. 92 102. ><5= . !. ;8O=85 A0<>2=CH5=8O =0 =5:>B>@K5 ?A8E>D878>;>38G5A:85 ?@>F5AAK, 2B>@5D. 48AA. 4>:B. "0H:5=B, 1968. >E;8= . .  :=.: 52@>7K. "@C4K :>=D5@5=F88. 5B@>702>4A:, 1956, AB@. 132 140. !2O4>I . . >A?@8OB85 @5G8 2> 2@5<O 5AB5AB25==>3> A=0. 8AA. :0=4. ., 1940; C@>@B=0O 3075B0 ! 27 (1410) >B 2 D52@0;O 1941 3.; >?@. ?A8E>;., 1962, 1, 60 85; . . Svyadoshch Unesco Features, 1963, N 422/23, 14 17. !2O4>I . . >5=.-<54. 6C@=., 1945, 12, 23 25. !2O4>I . . 52@>?0B>;. 8 ?A8E80B@., 1946, 5; 1946, 6, 69 70; 1948, 2, 90 91. !2O4>I . .  :=.: @>1;5<K A>2@5<5==>9 ?A8E80B@88. ., 1948, AB@. 445 453. !2O4>I . . AB@K5 ?A8E>35=88 2>5==>3> 2@5<5=8. 8AA. 4>:B. ., 1952. !2O4>I . . "@C4K 0@030=48=A:>3> <548F8=A:>3> 8=AB8BCB0. 0@030=40, 1957, 1, 291 301. !2O4>I . . 52@>7K 8 8E ;5G5=85. ., 1959. !2O4>I . .  :=. $8;>A>DA:85 2>?@>AK D878>;>388 2KAH59 =5@2=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 8 ?A8E>;>388. ., 1963, AB@. 684 685. !2O4>I . .  :=.: 0B5@80;K 2K574=>9 A5AA88 ?@57848C<>2 A5A>N7=>3> 8 @5A?C1;8:0=A:>3> >1I5AB2 =52@>?0B>;>3>2 8 ?A8E80B@>2 070EAB0=0 8 @5A?C1;8: !@54=59 788. ;<0-B0, 1964, AB@. 182 184. !2O4>I . .  :L.: 52@>7K 8 A><0B8G5A:85 @0AAB@>9AB20. ., 1966, AB@. 23 27. !2O4>I . .  :=.: >?@>AK ?A8E80B@88, ?A8E>B5@0?88, A5:A>;> 388. 0@030=40, 1967, 67 71, 74 81, 103 107, 119 124. !2O4>I .   :=.: 0B5@80;K ?OB>3> A5A>N7=>3> AJ5740 =52@>?0B>;>3>2 8 ?A8E80B@>2. "., III. M., 1969, AB@. 314 317. !2O4>I . .  :=.: 52@>7K 8 8E ;5G5=85. ., 1969, AB@. 206 209. !2O4>I . , $09=15@3 !. . 8?=>7 72C:>70?8ALN. «5=8=3@04A:0O ?@0240» ! 223 (6508) >B 27 A5=BO1@O 1936 3. !2O4>I . ., 5@528=A:0O . .  :=.: 0B5@80;K 2K574=>9 A5AA88 ?@57848C<>2 A5A>N7=>3> 8 @5A?C1;8:0=A:>3> >1I5AB2 =52@>?0B>;>3>2 8 ?A8E80B@>2 070EAB0=0 8 @5A?C1;8: !@54=59 788. ;<0-B0, 1964. !2O4>I . ., 8B:>2A:0O !. .  :=.: "@C4K IV A5A>N7=>3> AJ5740 =52@>?0B>;>3>2 8 ?A8E80B@>2. ". V. ., 1965, AB@.86 91. !2O4>I . ., >?>2  .  :=.: >?@>AK ?A8E80B@88, ?A8E>B5@0?88, A5:A>;>388. 0@030=40, 1967, AB@. 125 127. !2O4>I . ., ><5=  !.  :=.: "@C4K IV A5A>N7=>3> AJ5740 =52@>?0B>;>3>2 8 ?A8E80B@>2. ". V. ., 1965, AB@. 385 392. !2O4>I . ., ><5= . !.  :=.: >?@>AK ?A8E>B5@0?88. ., 1966, AB@. 62 63. !2O4>I . ., ><5= . !. @8<5=5=85 0CB>35==>9 B@5=8@>2:8 2 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 ?@0:B8:5. "5E=8:0 A0<>2=CH5=8O. 0@030=40, 1966. !2O4>I . ., ><5=  !.  2>7<>6=>AB8 M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>3> 2>A?@>872545=8O 02B><0B8G5A:>9 @5G8 8 ?8AL<0 A0<>2=CH5=85<.  :=.: >?@>AK ?A8E80B@88, ?A8E>B5@0?88, A5:A>;>388. 0@030=40, 1967, AB@. 107 108. !525@A:89 . . 5G5=85 8 ?@54C?@5645=85 =52@>7>2 C ;5B=>3> A>AB020. ., 1965. !5@51@O:>20 3. . C@=. 2KAH. =5@2=. 45OB., 1954, 3. !8<5>= ". . 52@>7K C 45B59, 8E ?@54C?@5645=85 8 ;5G5=85. ., 1958. !8<>=>2 /7. . 'B> B0:>5 M<>F8O? ., 1966. !;CG52A:89 . $. A8E80B@8O. ., 1957. !;>1>4O=8: . . A8E>B5@0?8O. =CH5=85. 8?=>7. 74. 2-5. 852, 1966. !<8@=>2   >G=>5 =545@60=85 <>G8. ., 1957. !=56=52A:89  . A8E>=52@>7K. -=F8:;>?548G5A:89 A;>20@L 2>5==>9 <548F8=K ". 4 ., 1948. !=56=52A:89  .  :=.: . #M;;A. 02;>2 8 $@594. ., 1959, AB@ 5 31. !=56=52A:89   5AB=.  !!! , 1961, 10, 82. !?820: . . C@=. =5@@>?0B>;. 8 ?A8E80B@., 1955, 7, 533. !?820: .  A8E>?0B8O 8 ?A8E>?0B>?>4>1=K5 A>AB>O=8O. 2B>-@5D 48AA 4>:B ., 1962 !B@0C<8B . / 0B>35=57 8 4803=>AB8:0 =52@>7>2 A DC=:F8>=0;L=K<8 =0@CH5=8O<8 A5@45G=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. 5B>48G5A:>5 ?8AL<> ., 1969. !B@5;LGC: . . C@=. 2KAH. =5@2=. 45OB., 1953, 3, 353 368. !CE0@52    :=.: >?@>AK ?A8E80B@88, ?A8E>B5@0?88, A5:A>;>388 0@030=40, 1967, AB@ 110 111. !CE0@520  . ;8=8G5A:85 ;5:F88 ?> ?A8E80B@88 45BA:>3> 2>7@0AB0  , 1959. "0=FN@0   !>2 <54., 1956, 11, 80 84. "0@0A>2 F   :=. >?@>AK ?A8E>B5@0?88. ., 1966, AB@. 91 93. "0B0@5=:>   C@=. 2KAH. =5@2=. 45OB., 1951, 4. "5;5H52A:0O . - 0@:>?A8E>B5@0?8O ?@8 =52@>70E. ., 1969. "5;5H52A:0O  -., >381:>  .  :=.: @C4K IV A5A>N7=>3> AJ5740 =52@>?0B>;>3>2 8 ?A8E80B@>2. ". V. ., 1965, AB@. 187 191 ">=:>=>389   =AC;LB 8 0D078O. ., 1968. ">=:>=>389  . 8A:528G - /  :=.: 52@>7K. "@C4K :>=D5@5=F88 5B@>702>4A:, 1956, AB@ 114 117. "@0C3>BB  , 0;>=>2 J1. /., 8G:>   G5@:8 D878>;>388 2KAH59 =5@2=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 G5;>25:0. ., 1957. "@8D>=>2    := ;8=8G5A:0O 48=0<8:0 =52@>7>2 8 ?A8E>?0B89 . 1967, AB@ 11 35. "C@>20 3 . A8EB5==K9 ?CM@8/H704. 2B>@5D. 48AA. ., 1954. #H0:>2   @>D8;0:B8:0 =5@2=>-?A8C8G5A:8E @0AAB@>9AB2.  1966 #H0:>2 . .. >@>;52 .  C@=. =52@>?0B>;. 8 ?A8E80B@ , 1967 11, 1716 1717 $09=15@3 !. .  ?@54C?@5645=88 45BA:8E =5@2=KE 701>;520=89. ., 1964. $09=15@3 !  >G5<C @515=>: AB0; =5@2=K<. ., 1967. $59=15@3   >?@ ?A8E>;., 1963, 2, 59 67. $5;8=A:0O   50:B82=K5 A>AB>O=8O 2 AC451=>-?A8E80B@8G5A:>9 :;8=8:5 ., 1968. $5;L   0B5@80;K : :;8=8:5 8 ?0B>D878>;>388 8AB5@8G5A:8E ?A8E>7>2 2B>@5D 48AA 0:C, 1954. %28;828F:89 " / , %28O88:0O  $  :=.- 5@2=>-?A8E8G5A:85 701>;520=8O 2>5==>3> 2@5<5=8 ., 1945. %0;5F:89   0;;048=0   C@= =52@>?0B>;. 8 ?A8E80B@., 1952 3. 9 14 %0=0=0H28;8  . C@=. 2KAH. =5@2=. 45OB., 1964, 2, 270 276. %0@:528G . .  A1.: @>1;5<K :815@=5B8:8. ., 1961, 4. %>4>A X. . 52@>7K <8@=>3> 8 2>5==>3> 2@5<5=8. @:CBA:, 1947. %>@>H:> . - #G5=85 > =52@>70E. , 1943. %@8AB>7>2 X. C@=. =52@>?0B>;. 8 ?A8E80B@., 1960, 10, 1311. %@><>2 . .  :=.: >?@>AK M;5:B@>D878>;>388 8 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0D88. . ., 1960, AB@. 194 199. %@><>2 . .  :=.: #G5=85 .  2545=A:>3> 8 =5:>B>@K5 2>?@>AK D878>;>388 8 ?0B>;>388 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K. /@>A;02;L, 1962. AB@. 42 54. '5B25@8:>2 . !. !0=0B>@=>-:C@>@B=>5 ;5G5=85 =5@2=>1>;L=KE. ., 1956. '5B25@8:>2 . !. 52@>7K, 8E ;5G5=85 8 ?@>D8;0:B8:0. ., 1966. '818A>2 .. . !8=4@>< «>48G0=8O» ?@8 ?A8E>35==KE 701>;520=8OE. 2B>@5D. 48AA. :0=4. , 1966. (0@0=:>2 3.  :=.: "@C4K IV A5A>N7=>3> AJ5740 =52@>?0B>;>3>2 8 ?A8E80B@>2. ". V. ., 1965, AB@. 169 178. (0B@>2 . . 7<5=5=85 >A=>2=>3> >1<5=0 8 DC=:F8>=0;L=>9 0:B82=>AB8 I8B>284=>9 65;57K C 1>;L=KE =52@0AB5=859 ?@8 A0=0B>@=>-:;8<0B8G5A:>< ;5G5=88. 2B>@5D. 48AA. /;B0, 1961. (5==>= . 01>BK ?> B5>@88 8=D>@<0F88 8 :815@=5B8:5. ., 1963. (8=0;852 . .  :=.: >?@>AK ?A8E80B@88, ?A8E>B5@0?88, A5:A>;>388. 0@030=40, 1967, AB@. 87 88. (?0: . . 0AAB@>9AB20 A=0 8 8E ;5G5=85 ?@8 =52@>70E. 2B>@5D. 48AA. ., 1968. (@0915@ /. .  :=.: >?@>AK ?A8E>B5@0?88. , 1966, AB@. 103 104 /:>2;520 . - 0B>35=57 8 B5@0?8O =52@>70 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 8 ?A8E0AB5=88. ., 1958. Aboulker P., Chertok L., Sapir M. La relaxation. Aspects theoretiques et pratiques. 11 ed Paris, 1959. Adler A. Individual Psychology. New York, 1956. Alexander F. Psychosomatic medicine. New York, 1950. Appel J. W. Am. J. Psychiat, 1946, 102, 4, 433 436. Aresin N. Psychiat. Neyrol u. Med. Psychol., 1958, 7, 206 213 Bass M. J. J. Exp. Psychol., 1931, XIX, 382 399. Bergler E. Frigidity in Women. New York, 1936. Binder H. Seminar uber gruppentherapie mit dem Autogenen Training. Munchen, 1964. Bishop, Kimbro. J. A. M. A., 1943, 122, 88. Bleuler M. Endokrinologische Psychiatrie. Stuttgart, 1954. Brown F. Lancet, 1941, 1, 686 961. Brown F. W. Proc. roy. Soc. Med., 1942, 35, 785. Brun R. Traite general des nevroses. Paris, 1956. (Cannon W. .). . 5==>=. $878>;>38O M<>F89. ., 1927. Cannon W. . Am. Anthrop., 1942, 44, 169. Carleton W. U. S. Nav. M. Bull., 1945, 44, 3, 538 548. Chertok L. L'Hypnose. Ill Ed. Paris, 1963. Cooper E. L. Med. J. Austral., 1942, 11, 73 Cotton H. A., Ebaugh J G. Am. J. Psychiat., 1946, 103, 342 348. Coue E. La maitrise de soi-meme par l'autosuggestion consiciente. Paris, 1956. Da Costa. Am. J. Med. Sci.. 1871, 6, 17. Debenham G., Sargent W. et al. Lancet, 1941, 6126, 107 109. Doepfmer R. Munch. Med. Wschr., 1964, 106, 1103 1107. Dombrovitz N. J. Roy. Army Med. Corps, 1945, 84, 2, 70 74. Dubois. A8E>=52@>7K 8 8E ?A8E8G5A:>5 ;5G5=85. !1., 1912. Dunlop K Am. J. Psycho!, 1942, 55, 270 273. Durand de Bousingen R. La relaxation. Paris, 1965. Ellenberger H. Psyche Stuttgart. 1951, 5, 333. Ernst K. Die Prognose der Neurosen. Berlin, 1959. 9 ,, Bernard P., Bris&et Ch. Manuel de Psychiatrie. Paris, J963. Eysenck H 1, Behaviour therapy and the neuroses. London  New York, 1960. Fishman H. ! J. Speech Dis., 1937, 2, 67 72. Frankl V. E. Argtliche Srelsorge. 7 Aufl. F. euticke. Wien, 1966. Frankl E., Gelbsattel V., Schultz J Handb. d Neirosenlehre u. Psycho- therapie. Bd. 1  V. Munchen Berlin, 1959. Freud S. Collected Papers. V. I  V. London, 1953. (Forel .) $>@5;L . 8?=>B87<, 2=CH5=85, ?A8E>B5@0?8O. ., 1928. 5;3>@= 6.0 CD1>@@>C. -<>F88 8 M<>F8>=0;L=K5 @0AAB@>9AB20. ., 1966. Giese H., Gebsattel V. . Psychopathologie der Sexualitat. Stuttgart, 1962. Gillespie R. D. Psychological Effect of War on Citizen and Soldier. New York, 1942 Good R. J. Ment Sci., 1941, 87, 408 418. Graham B. F. Ann New York Acad. Sci., 1953, 56, 2, 184 170. Grant. Gn>s. Hosp. Gazette, 1940, 54, 216. Griffith. Lancet, 1947, 165 Hamilton M Psychosomatics London, 1955. Handbuch der medizimschen Sexualforschung. Hrsg. v. H. Giese. Stuttgart, 1955. Harvey F Fas vollkommpne Liebesleben. C. Stephenson  Verlag, Flensburg, 1963. Hemphill R. E. J. Ment Sci., 1941, 87, 170. Herz M. Phrenokardie. Wien, 1909. van den Hoeven J. A Arch. Psychiat, 1956, 194, 415. Hopkins Ph. Lancet, 1957, 6958, 49 50. Hoskovec J. Cescosl. Psychol., 1962, VI, 1. Jacobson E. Progressive Relaxation. Chicago, 1948. Janet P. Les obsessions et ia psychasthenie. Paris, 1903. Jenness A., Hackman R. ! J. Exp. Psychol., 1939, 33, I, 58 66. Kamm J. Am. J. Psychiat., 1965, 121, 9, 922 923. Kammerer Th. Les acquisitations de la psychiatrie par l'etude des jumeaux. Congres des medecins ahenistes et neurologistes de France et des pays de langue francaise. Compt. rend. Paris, 1953. Kanig K., Ziolku H. Aerztl. Wschr., 1956, 48, 1063 1066. Kaufmann. Munch, med. Wschr., 1916, 22. Kehrer F. Z. ges. Neurol Psychiat., 1917, 36, 1 2. Kenton ! Proc. Roy. Soc Med, 1946, XXXI, 3, 137 140. Kinsey . !, Pomeroy W. ., Martin ! E., Gebhard P. H. Das sexuelle Verhalten dei Frau. Berlin, 1954. Kleinsorge H., Klumbies (J. Psychotherapie in KHnik und Praxis. Munchen  Berlin, 1959. Kleinsorge H., Klumbies G. Technik der Relaxation. Selbstentspan- nung, III Aufl. Jena, 1967. KUtnkova-Deurschova E. Macek Z. Neurasthenic und Pseudoneuras- thenie. Leipzig, 1959. Kohler Ch. Kornmunicative Psychotherapie. Jena, 1968. Kouperntk ! Concours med , 1964, 86, 4965 4968, 6399 6403. Kraepelln E. Psychiatrie, VIII. Aufl. Leipzig, 1915 1923, I  IV. Krdkova D. Neurol. a. psychiat. ceskosl., 1953, XVI, 3, 141 155. (Kreindler .) @59=4;5@ . AB5=8G5A:89 =52@>7. CE0@5AB, 1963. Kretschmer E. Hysterie, Reflex und Instinkt. Stuttgart, 1958. Kretschmer W. In: Handb. d. Neurosenlehre u. Psychotherapie. Heraus. v. E. Frankl, V. Gebsattel u. J. Schultz. Bd. IV. Munchen  Berlin, 1959, s. 122 129. Kroger W. S. Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. Philadelphia, 1963. Kroger W. S., Freed S. Ch. J. A. M. A., 1950, 143, 526 532. Lange F. Die Behandlung der Kriegsneurosen, Handb. d. Neurologie. Hrg. von 0. Bumke u. 0. Foerster. Eig. Bd. I. Teil Berlin, 1924. Langen D. Die gestufte Aktyv hypnose. 2 Aufl. Stuttgart, 1967 (I Aufl. 1961). Laughlin H. P. The neuroses in clinical practice. Philadel  London, 1956. Lenher G. F. J. Negative practive as a psychotherapeutic technique. In: Eysenck H. J. Behaviour therapy and the neuroses. London, 1960, p. 194 206. Leonhard K. Individualtherapie der Neurosen. Jen, 1963. Leonhard K. Kinderheurosen und Kinderpersonlidikeit. Berlin, 1967. Levy D. M. In: P. H. Hoch a. Zubin J. Eds. Anxiety. New York, 1950, 140 150. Levy P. E. L'education rationelle de la volonte, son emploi therapeu- tique. Paris, 1898. Ludwig A. O. Mil. Surgeon. 1947, 100, 4, 51 52. Luthe W. Autogenic Terapy. V. I  VI N Y  London, 1969 1970. Ljungberg L. Hysteria. Copenhagen, 1957. 0:54>=A:8 . 52@>7K. !>D8O, 1957. Masters W. H., Johnson V. E. Human Sexual Response. New York, 1966. McMaster. J. A. M. A., 1952, 150, 3. Meyer V. J. Abnorm (Soc.) Psychol., 1957, 55, 261 266. Michel-Wolfromm H. Rev. med., 1965, 12, 695 707. Mir a E. Brit. Med. J., 1939, I, 1217 1220. Moreno J. L. Gruppenpsychotherapie und Psychodrama. Stuttgart, 1958. Milller-Hegemann D. Psychotherapie. Berlin, 1961. Nonne M. Therapeutische Erfahrungen an den Kriegsneurosen. Handb. d. arztlichen Erfahrungen im Weltkrieg 1914 1918. Leipzig, 1922, IV, I, 102 121. Oles M. Psych. Neurol. med. Psychiat., 1956, 8. Pacetla B. L. et al. Am. J. Psychiat., 1944, 100, 830. Penfield W. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 1929, 22, 2, 358. Pherson D. J. New Engl. J. Med., 1942, 16, 575 577. Porter R. (edit.). The Role of Learning in Psychotherapy. A Ciba Foundation Symposium. London, 1968. Pougher J. ! Brit. Med J., 1955, 409. Powers M. Self-Hypnosis London, 1956. Rein J. H. W., Hall R. W. In: I he medical department of the U. S. Army in the World War. New York, 1929, X. Rhodes 'R. H. Therapy through Hypnosis. New York, 1952. Richer Ch. Etude clinique: «La grane hysterie». Paris, 1889. Rothmann. Munch, med Wschr., 1916, 35. Roussy G., Lhermite J. Psychoneuroses de guerre. Paris, 1917. Ruck F. Psych. Neurol. med. Psych., 1956, 2/3, 38 44. Russel W., Strauss E. B. Recent advances in neurology and neuropsychiatry. Philadelphia, 1946. Saethe H. Nord. med., 1941, 2817-2827, 2945 2953. Salmon T. W. In: The medical department of the U. S. Army in the World. V. X. Washington, 1929. Sands D. E., Hill D. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 1945, 38, 217 225. Sargant W., Creske N. Lancet, 1941, 2, 212. (0@5=:>2 . 52@>78B5. ;8=8G5= ?>3;54. !>D8O, 1961. Schultz J. H. Das autogene Training. XII. Aufl. Stuttgart, 1966 (I Aufl. 1932). Schultz-Hencke H. Beitrage zur Sexualforschung, H. 1, 1950. Schunk J., Cornelius H V. Z. exp. Med., 1952, 120, 101 112. Sperling E., Boroffka A. Arch. Psych. Nervenkrankh., 1954, 192, 62, 143 156. Selye H. The Adaptation Syndrome. Monreal, 1953. Steg G. Rev med., 1965, II, 635 644. Stekel W. Impotence in the Male. London, 1955, I, 11. Stourzh H. Die Anorgasmie der Frau Stuttgart, 1962. Sviadosch A. Las neurosis C su tratamiento. Traduction del ruso. Editorial Chagre. Buenos Aires, 1961. Svyadoshch A. M. The Journal of the sleep-Learning Association. London. January, 1966, N 7/6, 13 35. Taylors S. Good General Practice. London, 1954. Tienari P. Acta psychiat scand., 1963, 171, 39, 195. Titeca J. J. beige, neurol. psychiat., 1948, 5 6. Torrie A. Lancet, Jan 1944, 139 143. Traikoff D. Psychiat. Neurol. Med. Psychol., 1963, 10, 397 100. Vernon P. E. J. Abnorm. Social. Psychol., 1941, 36, 457. Vincent Cl. Bull. mem. Soc. med. hop. de Paris, 21. juillet, 1916. Volgyesi F. Menschen- und Tierhypnose. Leipzig, 1969. Volkel H. Neurotische Depression. Stuttgart, 1959. Wakeham G. J. !>B@. Psychol., 1930, 10, 235. Wegelius. Acta med. Scand., 1951, Suppl. 262. Weiss E. J. Am. Med. Ass., 1948, 5, 442. Weisz P., Glaz E. Acta physiologica Acad. Sci. Hungaricae, 1953, IV, 3 4, 307 315. (Wells H.) #M;;A . 02;>2 8 $@594. ., 1959. Wendt H. Schlaftherapie als Hilfsmittel bei der Behandlung von Neurosen. Leipzig, 1960. Wershub L. P. Sexual Impotence in the Male. Springfield Illinois, 1959. Whishow. Med. J. Austr., 1939, 2, 891. Whitacker C. A., Barrera  J. A. M. A., 1944, 124, 12, 399 403. Wilson Kitiner S. A. Neurology, v. 3. London, 1955. Wolf S., Wolf H. G. Human gastric function. New York, 1943. Wolpe J. Psychotherapy by reciprocal Inhibition. London, 1958. Wood. Diseases of the heart and circulation. London, 1952. Wortis J. Am. J. Psychiat., 1955, 115, 7, 599 609. Zbrozyna A. W. Lodz. Towar. Nauk., 1953, 3, 26.  2545=85 3 ;020 ?5@20O. -B8>;>38O =52@>7>2 6 ;020 2B>@0O. 1I85 ?0B>35=5B8G5A:85 <5E0=87<K =52@>7>2 21 ;020 B@5BLO. ;8=8:0 =52@>7>2 32 52@0AB5=8O 32 5@2=>-?A8E8G5A:85 =0@CH5=8O 32 0@CH5=8O DC=:F89 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2 45 0@CH5=8O ?>;>2>9 DC=:F88 67 0@CH5=8O ?>;>2>9 DC=:F88 <C6G8=K 73 0@CH5=8O ?>;>2>9 DC=:F88 65=I8=K 87 =>@307<8O 87 038=87< 106 52@>7 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 108 A8E0AB5=8O 139 52@>7 >6840=8O 145 AB5@8O 150 !8<?B><0B>;>38O 160 @8?04:8 162 2830B5;L=K5 @0AAB@>9AB20 171 0AAB@>9AB20 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 177 0AAB@>9AB20 2535B0B82=KE DC=:F89 181 0AAB@>9AB20 DC=:F88 >@30=>2 GC2AB2 8 @5G8 190 A8E8G5A:85 @0AAB@>9AB20 204 "5G5=85 8AB5@88 222 803=>AB8:0 8AB5@88 224 52@>7 AB@0E0 228 (>:>2K9 =52@>7, =52@>7 8A?C30 241 ;020 G5B25@B0O. 5G5=85 =52@>7>2 259 1I85 ?@8=F8?K ;5G5=8O 259 5G51=K5 <5B>4K 261 A8E>B5@0?8O 261 #15645=85 8;8 @0F8>=0;L=0O ?A8E>B5@0?8O 262 =CH5=85 270 =CH5=85 =0O2C 275 =CH5=85 2> A=5 280 !0<>2=CH5=85 319 5B>4 CM 322 CB>35==0O B@5=8@>2:0 323 0C70;L=0O 8 0=0;8B8G5A:0O ?A8E>B5@0?8O 342 5:>B>@K5 A?5F80;L=K5 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:85 <5B>4K 8 ?@85<K 346 >;;5:B82=0O, 8;8 3@C??>20O, ?A8E>B5@0?8O 346 #A;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=0O B5@0?8O 350 5B>4 ?@>3@5AA82=>9 <KH5G=>9 @5;0:A0F88 ?> 65:>1A>=C 354 5G5=85 ?> <5B>4C C30H5=8O CA;>2=>9 A2O78 8 <5B>4C D>@A8@>20==>9 B@5=8@>2:8 356 5B>4 =530B82=>3> 2>7459AB28O 360 5G5=85 :0B0@78A><. A8E>4@0<0 ?> >@5=> 364 5B>4 «8=B5=A82=>3> ?5@52>A?8B0=8O» ?> 5=A0=C, «2=570?=>3> =0?045=8O 2@0A?;>E» ?> 0CD<0=C 8 «=0A8;LAB25==KE C?@06=5=89» ?> 5@5@C. @>B@5?B8:0 368 85B>B5@0?8O 371 5G5=85 >B4KE>< 8 ?>:>5<. !0=0B>@=>-:C@>@B=>5 8 D878>B5@0?52B8G5A:>5 ;5G5=85. 5G51=0O D878G5A:0O :C;LBC@0 372 5:>B>@K5 284K <548:0<5=B>7=>9 B5@0?88. 5G5=85 ?A8E>B@>?=K<8 A@54AB20<8 377 5G5=85 4;8B5;L=K< A=>< 391 5G5=85 MD8@=K< 8 0;:>3>;L=K< >?LO=5=85<. <8B0;-=0B@852>5 @0AB>@<06820=85 394 5G5=85 MD8@=>9 <0A:>9 ?> !2O4>IC 397 5G5=85 :0;LF852K< C40@>< 401 =AC;8=>20O 8 AC4>@>6=0O B5@0?8O 405 5G5=85 >B45;L=KE :;8=8G5A:8E D>@< 407 52@0AB5=8O 407 0@CH5=8O DC=:F89 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2 410 0@CH5=8O ?>;>2>9 DC=:F88 412 52@>7 =02O7G82KE A>AB>O=89 8 ?A8E0AB5=8O 423 52@>7 >6840=8O 425 AB5@8O 426 52@>7 AB@0E0 434 (>:>2K9 =52@>7 435 ;020 ?OB0O. @>D8;0:B8:0 =52@>7>2 436 ;020 H5AB0O. "@C4>20O M:A?5@B870 =52@>7>2 441 8B5@0BC@0 444 !>45@60=85 A>>B25BAB2C5B 1C<06=><C 20@80=BC :=838! !/)   !'  +  % ' 540:B>@ . . >G5B:>2 "5E=. @540:B>@ 3. . ><0=>20 >@@5:B>@ .  >:0@520 %C4>65AB2 @540:B>@ ". . <8B@8520 5@5?;5B, AC?5@ EC4>6=8:0 . . '8652A:>3> !40=> 2 =01>@ 16/% 1970 3. >4?8A0=> : ?5G0B8 7/I 1971 3. $>@<0B 1C<038 84%1081/32, 14,25 ?5G. ; (CA;>2=KE 23,94 ;.) 26,94 CG.-874 ;. C<. B8?. ! 2. "8@06 10 000 M:7. -77. 740B5;LAB2> «548F8=0» >A:20, 5B@>25@83A:89 ?5@ , 6/8 0:07 8917. &5=0 1 @. 91 :. "8?>3@0D8O 874. «25740», 3. 5@<L, C;. @C61K, 34.  O4 02B>@>2, >B=>AO =52@>7K : ?A8E>35=8O<, 2 B> 65 2@5<O 4>?CA:0NB, GB> >=8 <>3CB 2K7K20BLAO 8 B0:8<8 >1I58AB>I03>I8<8 2@54=>ABO<8, :0: 4;8B5;L=>5 =54>AK?0=85, C<AB25==>5 8;8 D878G5A:>5 ?5@5=0?@O65=85. 4=0:> 8 2 MB8E A;CG0OE 8<55B 7=0G5=85 8=D>@<0F8O, ?>1C640NI0O G5;>25:0 ?@5>4>;520BL CAB0;>ABL.  8B (bit)  A>:@0I5=85 >B 0=3;89A:>3> binary digit  42>9=8G=0O 548=8F0. 48=8F0 8=D>@<0F88, 87<5@ONI0O =5>?@545;5==>ABL A>>1I5=8O. 8=8<0;L=>5 :>;8G5AB2> 8=D>@<0F88, =5>1E>48<>5 4;O 8725I5=8O > B><, GB> ?@>87>H;> >4=> 87 42CE @02=>25@>OB=KE A>1KB89 (>B25B B8?0  «40  =5B»). 1 . . "5?;>2 A?@0254;82> C:07K20;, GB> =5?@028;L=> 1K;> 1K AG8B0BL >4=8 B8?K =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K «E>@>H8<8», 4@C385  «?;>E8<8». "8?K E0@0:B5@87CNB @07=K5 A?>A>1K C@02=>25H820=8O >@30=87<0 A> A@54>9, 0 =5 @07=K5 AB5?5=8 A>25@H5=AB20 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K. 0?@8<5@, A;01>ABL =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K, O2;OOAL A;54AB285< 55 2KA>:>9 @50:B82=>AB8 8 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8, 2 8725AB=KE CA;>28OE <>65B 1KBL ?>;>68B5;L=K< :0G5AB2><. 065 =5:>B>@K5 ?A8E>?0B8G5A:85 G5@BK E0@0:B5@0, :0: 70<5G05B Leonhard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«?5403>38G5A:>9 70?CI5==>ABLN»  «A>F8>?0B859» 2 A8E8G5A:0O B@02<0B870F8O 2 MB8E A;CG0OE 459AB2C5B :0: >1I5A><0B8G5A:0O 2@54=>ABL, 254O : >1I5<C 48DDC7=><C =0@CH5=8N =5@2=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, =0?@8<5@ >A;01;5=8N B>@<>7=>3> ?@>F5AA0. 1 A:;NG5=85 A>AB02;ONB ;8HL 40==K5 Cotton 8 Ebough (1946), =C640NI85AO 2 ?>4B25@645=88. !>3;0A=> MB8< 40==K<, 3@0640=A:>5 =0A5;5=85 /?>=88 2> 2@5<O 2B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K @5038@>20;> =0 =0G02H85AO 1><10@48@>2:8 <5B@>?>;88 @57:8< C25;8G5=85< 8AB5@8G5A:8E 8 =52@>B8G5A:8E @50:F89, >1=0@C682H8< A> 2@5<5=5< B5=45=F8N : =0@0AB0=8N. 2 C@=0; =52@>?0B>;>388 8 ?A8E80B@88, 1957 ! 11, AB@. 1343. 1 >@<>= @>AB0 >A2>1>6405B =5:>B>@K5 AB5@>84K, 0 B0:65 C25;8G8205B GC2AB28B5;L=>ABL B:0=59 : 8E 459AB28N, GB> 2545B : ?>2KH5=8N A>?@>B82;O5<>AB8 >@30=87<0 8 >B45;L=KE B:0=59 : 8=D5:F8O< (Graham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lexander, Hamilton 8 4@. CB25@640NB, GB> «8=D0=B8;L=K5 :><?;5:AK» 83@0NB @>;L 2 35=575 8 @O40 A><0B8G5A:8E 701>;520=89, =0?@8<5@ 1@>=E80;L=>9 0AB<K, O72K 65;C4:0. 1  8=B5@5A=>< M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>< 8AA;54>20=88 . . 0?0;:>2 ?>:070;, GB> C A>10:8 A0<8 ?> A515 B0:85 A25@EA8;L=K5 @074@068B5;8, :0: 1>;52K5 4>7K M;5:B@8G5A:>3> B>:0 8 ?>4BO3820=85 A>10:8 2 ;O<:0E : ?>B>;:C, 254CB ;8HL : :@0B:>2@5<5==><C ?>2KH5=8N :@>2O=>3> 402;5=8O. !B>9:>5 ?>2KH5=85 :@>2O=>3> 402;5=8O C4020;>AL 2K720BL, 5A;8 =5?>A@54AB25==> 2A;54 70 MB8<8 A25@EA8;L=K<8 @074@068B5;O<8 ?@8<5=OBL A2O70==K5 A =8<8 CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K5 @074@068B5;8, 157 ?>4:@5?;5=8O 8E 157CA;>2=K<8 @074@068B5;O<8 (A;01K< M;5:B@8G5A:8< B>:><, ;53:8< ?>4BO3820=85< A>10:8 2 ;O<:0E).  MB8E A;CG0OE C A>10:8 @0728205BAO :0@B8=0 M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>3> =52@>70 8 8<55B5 A B5< AB>9:>5 ?>2KH5=85 :@>2O=>3> 402;5=8O. 1 «/ A<5;> CB25@640N, ?8A0; Dubois, GB> 90 87 100 AB@040NI8E 48A?5?A859 =52@>?0BK 8 =8A:>;L:> =5 =C640NBAO =8 2 >3@0=8G5==>< @568<5, =8 2 65;C4>G=>< ;5G5=88». 1 . . 02;>2. >;=>5 A>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89. . ., 1951, B. 4, AB@. 428. 1 > A>2@5<5==K< ?@54AB02;5=8O< 8 >4=>9 =5@2=>9 :;5B:5 (0 8E 2 <>73C 15 <;@4.) <>65B >4=>2@5<5==> ?@>B5:0BL >:>;> 2000 E8<8G5A:8E @50:F89. 1  ?@>2545=88 >?@>A0 8 >1A;54>20=8O ?@8=O;8 CG0AB85 2@0G8 0:CH5@A:>-38=5:>;>38G5A:>9 :;8=8:8 0@030=48=A:>3> <548F8=A:>3> 8=AB8BCB0, 70 GB> ?@8=>HC 8< A2>N 1;03>40@=>ABL. 1 Master 8 Johnson ?>;030NB, GB> ?@8 =0@0AB0=88 ?>;>2>3> 2>71C645=8O =0ABC?05B B>=8G5A:>5 A>:@0I5=85 <KHF =0@C6=>9 B@5B8 8 @0AH8@5=85 2=CB@5==59 B@5B8 2;030;8I0. -B> A?>A>1AB2C5B C45@60=8N A?5@<K. @307< 2>7=8:05B 2 <><5=B ?>O2;5=8O @8B<8G=KE A>:@0I5=89 AB5=>: 2;030;8I0 8 <0B:8, A;54CNI8E A 8=B5@20;>< 2 0,8 A5:. «@8A0AK20=85» A?5@<K <0B:>9 MB8<8 02B>@0<8 >B@8F05BAO. 1 5:>B>@K5 65=I8=K, =0>1>@>B, 8A?KBK20NB 1>;55 A8;L=>5 C4>2;5B2>@5=85 ?@8 :;8B>@8G5A:>< >@307<5, G5< ?@8 2038=0;L=><. 1 A;8 G5B25@BL 25:0 =0704, ?8H5B ?@>D5AA>@ C@>;>388 LN-9>@:A:>3> <548F8=A:>3> :>;;5460 Wershub (1959), ?>;030;8, GB> >1=0@C68205<0O ?@8 C@>;>38G5A:>< 8AA;54>20=88 GC2AB28B5;L=>ABL ?@54AB0B5;L=>9 65;57K, CA8;5==>5 2K45;5=85 ?@>AB0B8G5A:>3> A5:@5B0 ?@8 ?0;L?0F88 8;8 =0;8G85 ?@87=0:>2 =5@57:> ?@>B5:0NI53> 704=53> C@5B@8B0 <>65B 1KBL ?@8G8=>9 8<?>B5=F88, B> A59G0A MB>3> =5 AG8B0NB (C <=>38E <C6G8=, 1>;L=KE ?@>AB0B8B>< 8 4065 C@5B@8B><, ?>B5=F8O 2KA>:0O). $8:A0F8O 2=8<0=8O =0 MB8E =0@CH5=8OE 8 <5AB=0O B5@0?8O 8<?>B5=F88 ?@8 MB>< <>65B, ?> <=5=8N Wershub, ?@825AB8 : 80B@>35=88. >;>68B5;L=K9 65 @57C;LB0B 2 =5:>B>@KE A;CG0OE >1JOA=O5BAO AC335AB82=K< E0@0:B5@>< ?@>F54C@.  =0AB>OI55 2@5<O 2=>2L @0740NBAO 3>;>A0 @O40 C@>;>3>2 2 ?>;L7C ?@87=0=8O 1>;LH>9 @>;8 <>;G0;82KE ?@>AB0B>-2578:C;8B>2, 70AB>9=KE 8 E@>=8G5A:8E ?@>AB0B8B>2 2 MB8>;>388 ?>;>2KE @0AAB@>9AB2, 2 G0AB=>AB8, ?@56452@5<5==>9 MO:C;OF88 (. !. 0A8;LG5=:>, 1969). 1  :0G5AB25 A8=>=8<0 D@8384=>ABL 2 =5<5F:>9 ;8B5@0BC@5 G0AB> ?@8<5=ONB B5@<8= «48A?0@59=8O» (dyspareunia); 2 0=3;>D@0=FC7A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@5 48A?0@59=859 >1KG=> =07K20NB 1>;57=5==>ABL ?>;>2>3> 0:B0 C 65=I8=K 8;8 :><?;5:A BO3>AB=KE >ICI5=89 (A;01>ABL, @0718B>ABL, 3>;>2=0O 1>;L, B>H=>B0), 2>7=8:0NI85 C =55 ?@8 ?>;>2>< 0:B5. 1 &8B8@>20=> ?> van de Velde, Die Vollkommene Ehe, 12 Aufl. Leipzig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anet : ?A8E0AB5=88, ?> A>2@5<5==K< 2>77@5=8O<, 25@>OB=55 2A53>, >B=>AOBAO : >@30=8G5A:8< ?>@065=8O< <>730, 2 G0AB=>AB8 : M=F5D0;8B0<. 1 02;>2A:85 A@54K, ". I, 1949, AB@. 271. 1 >?>;=8B5;L=> <>65B 1KBL C:070=0 B0 ?>G20, =0 :>B>@>9 2>7=8:;> 701>;520=85, =0?@8<5@ 8AB5@8O 8;8 8AB5@8G5A:89 =52@>7 C 8AB5@>84=>3> ?A8E>?0B0, C AB@040NI53> B@02<0B8G5A:>9 M=F5D0;>?0B859 8 B. ?. 1 . 02;>2. >;=>5 A>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89. 74. 2-5, B. III, :=. 2. ., 1951, AB@. 211. 1 . . 02;>2. >;=>5 A>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89. 74. 2-5, B. III, :=. 2. ., 1951. !B@. 209. 2 > MB><C 65 <5E0=87<C <>3CB ?@52@0B8BLAO 2 8AB5@8G5A:85 A8<?B><K 8 =0@CH5=8O DC=:F88, ?5@2>=0G0;L=> A8<C;8@>202H85AO, B. 5. 8A:CAAB25==> 87>1@0602H85AO 1>;L=K<. "0:, =0?@8<5@, ?5@2>=0G0;L=> ?@>872>;L=>5 4@>60=85 @C:8 ?>AB5?5==> 02B><0B8 68@C5BAO 8 40;55 70:@5?;O5BAO 8 ?>445@68205BAO ?> <5E0=87<C «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0 8 B>340 C65 =5 <>65B 1KBL 1>;L=K< ?@>872>;L=> ?@8>AB0=>2;5=>. "0:8< >1@07><, A8<C;OB82=K9 A8<?B>< <>65B ?@52@0B8BLAO 2 A8<?B>< 8AB5@8G5A:89. 3 @8OB=K<8 8 65;0B5;L=K<8 4;O 1>;L=>3> <>3CB >:070BLAO @07;8G=K5 A><0B8G5A:85 701>;520=8O 8;8 ;53:85 @0=5=8O, 87102;ONI85 53> >B B5E 8;8 8=KE =5?@8OB=KE >1O70==>AB59. 4=0:> <5E0=87< «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0 ?@8 MB>< 2 8E ?0B>35=575 =5 CG0AB2C5B 1 B A;>20 «:>B0»  A>1AB25==>3> 8<5=8 7;>3> 4CE0 C 7K@O=, =0AK;0NI53> 1>;57=L. 1  ?>A;54=5< A;CG05 45;> =5 A2>48BAO : ?@>O2;5=8N >G030 ?0B>;>38G5A:>3> 8=5@B=>3> 2>71C645=8O 2 :>@5, 2>7=8:H53> 2 @57C;LB0B5 ?5@56820=89, A2O70==KE A CG0AB85< 2 2>5==KE 459AB28OE. 1 MB>< 3>2>@8B B>B D0:B, GB> ?@8?04:8 «:><0=4=>9 8AB5@88», A@02=8B5;L=> G0AB> =01;N402H85AO 2 ?5@8>4 ?5@2>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K, ?>GB8 A>25@H5==> ?5@5AB0;8 2AB@5G0BLAO ?>A;5 2B>@>9. 1 @>1;5<K A>2@5<5==>9 ?A8E80B@88 .18;59=K9 A1>@=8:, ?>A2OI5==K9 . . 8;O@>2A:><C. ., 1948, AB@. 450. 1 Stirlin C?><8=05B =5A:>;L:> A;CG052, 2848<>, AC<5@5G=KE A>AB>O=89 A ?A524>45<5=B=>-?CM@8;L=>9 :0@B8=>9. 0==K5 > =8E <0;>4>AB>25@=K, B0: :0: >A=>2K20NBAO ;8HL =0 @0AA:070E >G5284F52, A>1@0==KE Stirlin ?@8 ?>A5I5=88 5AA8=K G5@57 2 ? <5AOF0 (!) ?>A;5 75<;5B@OA5=8O. 5E0=87< «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0 2KABC?05B :0: 2> 2A5E A;CG0OE, >?8A0==KE Stirlin, B0: 8 2 ?@82>48<KE . /. @CA8;>2A:8<, . . @CE0=A:8< 8 ". . !530;>2K<. 2 725AB5= A;CG09 A A>;40B>< C<;8E><, :>B>@>3> M20:C8@>20;8 2 BK;, B0: :0: 5<C AB0;> :070BLAO, GB> >= =5 2 >:>?5, 0 C A51O =0 @>48=5 2 59?F835 8 GB> 2>9=K =5B, 83@05B <C7K:0 8 ?CA:0NB D595@25@:. 5A:>;L:> ?>4>1=KE =01;N45=89 1K;> A45;0=> 0=3;>-0<5@8:0=A:8<8 02B>@0<8 2> 2@5<O 2B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K. #G0AB85 <5E0=87<0 «CA;>2=>9 ?@8OB=>AB8 8;8 65;0B5;L=>AB8» 1>;57=5==>3> A8<?B><0 2 MB8E A;CG0OE A>25@H5==> >G5284=>. 1 5:>B>@K5 02B>@K =5 AG8B0NB F5;5A>>1@07=K< @073@0=8G820BL A8=4@>< 0=75@0 8 ?A524>45<5=F8N 8 ?@54?>G8B0NB ?>;L7>20BLAO B5@<8=>< «?A524>45<5=F8O» :0: ;CGH5 >B@060NI8< ACI5AB2> 701>;520=8O, 2:;NG0O 2 =53> A8<?B>< =5;5?KE >B25B>2» 1 /@:>5 >?8A0=85 ?A8E8G5A:>9 M?845<88 8=4CF8@>20==KE AC4>@>6=KE ?@8?04:>2, =01;N402H59AO 2 >4=>< A5;5 2 8@38788, 40=> . . 5:BO@52K< 8 . . >6=>2K< (1962). 1 # 18 87 =8E 8<5;8AL ;53:85 2=5G5@5?=K5 @0=5=8O, ?> ?>2>4C :>B>@KE >=8 8 ?>ABC?8;8 2 <548F8=A:85 CG@5645=8O, O2;5=8O 65, >B=>AOI85AO : H>:>2K< =52@>70<, 1K;8 >1=0@C65=K =0<8 C =8E ?>?CB=>. 1 ?KB A>25BA:>9 <548F8=K 2 5;8:>9 B5G5AB25==>9 2>9=5 1941 1945 33. ., 1949, B. 26, AB@. 93. 1 ?KB A>25BA:>9 <548F8=K 2 5;8:>9 B5G5AB25==>9 2>9=5 1941 1945 33. ., 1949, B. 26, AB@. 93 94 1 73;O4 =0 ?A8E>B5@0?8N :0: =0 ;5G5=85 8=D>@<0F859 8 =0 =52@>7K :0: 701>;520=8O, 2K720==K5 459AB285< 8=D>@<0F88, 1K; 2KA:070= =0<8 =0 :>=D5@5=F88 2 1960, 1964 (AB@. 85) 8 1967 (AB@. 103) 3>40E. =0;>38G=K5 273;O4K 2KA:07K20; B0:65 /. . 0AC;L (1964). 1 > 2@5<O A=0 ;53G5 70?><=8BL @5GL, =0?@8<5@ 8=>AB@0==K5 A;>20, 5A;8 ?5@54 A=>< 1 2 @070 ?5@5G8B0BL MB8 A;>20 8;8 ?@>A;CH0BL 8E. ">340 0AA>F80B82=K5 A2O78, 2>7=8:H85 ?5@54 A=><, ;53:> >682CB ?@8 2>A?@8OB88 @5G8 2> 2@5<O A=0. BG0AB8 ?>MB><C A?OI5<C ;53G5 70?><=8BL @5GL, 5A;8 >= A;KH8B 55 =5A:>;L:> @07: <=>3>:@0B=K5 A83=0;K A?>A>1AB2CNB @0AB>@<>65=8N A>>B25BAB2CNI8E A2O759 8 1>;LH59 8E ?@>G=>AB8. 1 Mesmer 5I5 4> ?5@2KE >?KB>2 ?> «682>B=><C <03=5B87<C» =0?8A0; 48AA5@B0F8N «De planetarum influx» (« 2;8O=88 ?;0=5B»), A0<> =0720=85 :>B>@>9 C:07K205B =0 0AB@>;>38G5A:85 273;O4K 02B>@0. 1 . . 02;>2. >;=>5 A>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89 ". IV . ., 1951, AB@. 429. 1 . . 02;>2. >;=>5 A>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89. ". III, :=. 2. . ., 1951, AB@. 148. 1 =>385 02B>@K ?>;L7CNBAO B5@<8=>< «:>;;5:B82=0O, 8;8 3@C??>20O, ?A8E>B5@0?8O» 2 C7:>< A<KA;5 A;>20, ?>=8<0O ?>4 =8< ;8HL @0F8>=0;L=CN :>;;5:B82=CN ?A8E>B5@0?8N. 1 02;>2A:85 A@54K, B. III, 1949, AB@. 386 387. 1 ?8A0=85 ;5G5=8O :0;LF852K< C40@>< B0: =07K205<>9 ?>AB:>=BC78>==>9 3;CE>=5<>BK 8 0DD5:B82=>-H>:>2>3> ABC?>@0 ?@82545=> 2 B@C45 «?KB A>25BA:>9 <548F8=K 2 5;8:>9 B5G5AB25==>9 2>9=5 1941 1945 33. (, 1949, B. 26, AB@. 76 8 93) 8 2 ?>A2OI5==>< . . 8;O@>2A:><C N18;59=>< A1>@=8:5 «@>1;5<K A>2@5<5==>9 ?A8E80B@88» (., 1948, AB@. 450 451), 0 B0:65 2 =0H59 @01>B5 (1952). 1 '0ABL B0: =07K205<KE =52@>7>2 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2 >B=5A5=0 =0<8 =5 : =52@0AB5=88, 0 : 8AB5@88 (@0AAB@>9AB20< 2535B0B82=KE DC=:F89), 345 8 @0AA<0B@8205BAO. 5G5=85 8E ?@>2>48BAO ?> ?@8=F8?0< ;5G5=8O 8AB5@88. 1 &8B. ?> Wershub (1959). 1 ?KB A>25BA:>9 <548F8=K 2 5;8:>9 B5G5AB25==>9 2>9=51941 1945 33. ., 1949, ". 26, AB@. 79. 1 02;>2A:85 A@54K, B. II, 1949, AB@. 588.     www.koob.ru EMBED Word.Picture.8 FBF€SÄXv\T`¼aªcˆfÊk^mìt x¸{˜„rj’(•Þ–T›z¡Z¦Æ©T¬ð¬®°h²õõõõõõõõóõõçõõõåõõõõõáõõçõ¤x $„¤x1$`„a$ $„1$`„a$ < Z¦Æ©R¬T¬î¬ò¶·¸ ¸¼Ô`Ù>Ýôß á áäæææHíJí®ðœ ¸  B D äN¶ž0&\'^'à0Â3t7†7; ;0;@;œ=ª=P>f>&ABAE2E4F°JÒVÜ\ e2eæjLnzxÖy }D}lv0„<„Þ…ð…¾ˆÀˆĈôŠöŠ‹H˜Œ©Ž©ôíéäíäíôíôíéÞíéÞäíäíäíôíéÞíôíéíéíÕíéíôíôíôíôíôíôíÌíéíéíÌíéíéíÌíôíôíôíÕíäíÃäíÕh¦cÞhmH sH h¦cÞ5CJhh¦cÞ0JCJh h¦cÞCJ h¦cÞhh¦cÞ h¦cÞCJhh¦cÞCJhmH sH Mh²ì·к¨½ÀæÍ Ò¼Ô`Ù>Ýôß áææJí°ðô|ø¸þø¦œ  D PN¶>õõõõõõõóñõíõõõáõõõõõõßõõóõ $„¤x1$`„a$¤x $„1$`„a$>„ž0&‚-Ü/à0Â3ü58À9b@xBE4F°J@PŒQÊRÒVÜ\H_Îa eÀføgæjLnfwõõóõõõóõõõõõõõóõõõõóõõõõõõóõ $„1$`„a$fwzxÖy }XÞ…ĈöŠJ˜žžD X£©’©,«â® ²ô½.¿øÂðÈÊÏìÔ0ØÐÛPÝ(âõóõõõõçõçõõõõçõõåõçóõóõõõõ $„¤x1$`„a$ $„1$`„a$Ž©’©*«,«à®â® ² ²ò½ô½,¿øÂðÈÊÏìÔ(â˜äèêë¬ìÜì¾íÎíÚðêðîðüð ó¶óœõ¾÷À÷LüNüÿÿ 24üþB „ª®´‚ŠÆ`h´º¾Ä  H#N#.$4$N%P%Ò%Ø%®)–,ž,0"0z1€1\:°:¤CøóøóøóøïéóøïøïøïøàøÕøÕøÕøÕøÕøóøóøóøïéóøóøïøàøÕøÕøÕøóÌóÌóÌóÌóÌóÌóøóÌóøÕøÕøÕøàøh¦cÞhmH sH h¦cÞCJhmH sH h¦cÞ5CJh h¦cÞCJh¦cÞ h¦cÞh h¦cÞCJhM(â˜ä èèêìZòœõÀ÷Nüÿ 4þB º„.ÆP%°)†,(5º7\:>B¤Cýóóóóóçóóåóóáóóóóçóçóóóóóó¤x $„¤x1$`„a$ $„1$`„a$¤CÆCèCDÐFšHjJ˜L*NþNTèX^dJfÐjðj k¤o~q{¬}pöïåã×ÍÍÍ×ãÍãÍÍÍÉï½ÍãÍÍ $„¤h1$`„a$ ¤h $„1$`„a$ $„¤x1$`„a$ „S¤X¤h^„S„S1$^„S „S¤1$^„S¤CÆCèCÐF˜HšHhJjJ–L˜L(NþNTTèX^Ðjðj kàoâo~q{p¾ÀªŠÄŠ€6Bæ“”@”V”š–¨–¤˜¦˜Ê£Ì£Ô£ä£Î¥ê¥b§p§h©x©Ê©î­ð­6¶8¶¸¸0¾2¾0Ä2Ä:Ê<ÊXÐZФѴÑÜØÞØráä˜åšå(ïõìèãÜãÜãÜãÜèÑÜèÜèìÜÈÜèÜèÂÜìÜÑÜÑÜìÜÑܹãÜèÂÜÑÜÑÜÑÜÑÜãÜãÜãÜãÜãÜãÜãÜã¹ãÜèÜãÜèh¦cÞhmH sH  h¦cÞCJh¦cÞ0JCJhh¦cÞCJhmH sH  h¦cÞCJh h¦cÞhh¦cÞh¦cÞ5CJhh¦cÞ56CJhIpÀ0ƒ&…L‰öŒðŽæ“š–¦˜Ì£Ê©ð­8¶¸2¾2Ä<ÊZÐÞØráäšå*ïˆð´ò¨÷ýóóóóóóóçåççóóóóóóóáóçåáçå¤x $„¤x1$`„a$ $„1$`„a$(ï*ïˆð²ò´ò¦÷¨÷ýýîð\ ^ È ˜ÆÖØê`KÐOÆkäkH~ä€ƃ؃’’r“¼˜Ę’ ” Ö¦ئú¨ü¨¬¬"¬l°~°ÜÇüÇ ÊÒÔÓ´Ø0Þ@Þfæ"ìŠöàöâö´¶è ú|ÒÞ(à(ò(.,0,†-ˆ-úöñêöúñêñêöúêöêöúêßêöêöêöÖêÖêÖêñÍñêñêñêñêÖêÖêöêöêöêßêöêöúêÄêöêßêÖê½ñê½ñêñê h¦cÞ5hh¦cÞ0JCJhh¦cÞhmH sH h¦cÞ5CJhh¦cÞCJhmH sH  h¦cÞCJh h¦cÞhh¦cÞ h¦cÞCJJ¨÷ýðŠ^ þ È ˜ÆØJ!ü!Ð)ì-<1ê5d<>CˆG`KÐO.V6Y\jÆkõõñíáõßõÝõõõõõõõõõõõßõõõõ $„¤x1$`„a$¤x¤x $„1$`„a$Ækäk"qVs@€‚!!ô"ö"÷ðìð÷ð÷ð÷ð÷ðáð÷ðáð÷ðáð÷ðáðáð÷ðáðáðáð÷ðìðìÛð÷ð÷ð÷ð÷ðìðìÛÔ÷áðáðáðáðáðìÛìÏðÏðÏðÏðÏðìÛ h¦cÞh h¦cÞ5h h¦cÞCJh¦cÞCJhmH sH h¦cÞ h¦cÞCJhh¦cÞ5CJhRˆýÊÿN¤ ^ .:tà<$„0H3~8f?fB¢CØEîHÜIfSd]ÒaXfj&qÜr(yôõóõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõóõ $„1$`„a$ô …–‹ P—Лîž&Ÿ( ô£ «°˜´P¸²ÀÖÅÆxÆ,ÓÚÆÛäBæÐì¸òÊx õõõõõõóõõõõõñõõíäõõõõõõõõõ „S¤h1$^„S¤ $„1$`„a$x ¾ ú¨@‚!ö"Ä$Ü-¼5è>AD2HÂK VúWJX ^|bÒc¼eÎhœkýûïååååãïååååûååååÝååûååå ¤h¤h $„1$`„a$ $„¤x1$`„a$ö"ž#¬#&(&j)v)¸+è+ì+ú+22ø<==$=ADúWJX ^¾^|bÒcjr‚r„rnx60—2—öŸ è¡ö¡¢¢¶¢¢Ô¢ò¢8¤>¤„¤”¤„¦˜¦2§:§H§N§˜©ž©~­œ­œº¢º–¿œ¿rÀtÀ¢ÁÎÁøÁ ÂÎÂàºÄÊÄÉxÉôËÌÌ*Ìàßøßžà¢àå2åé6éøíøíøíøíøíøíøíøíøéøéøàøéøéÚøéøéÚøíøíøíøíøíøíøíøÚøíøíøíøàøíøíøíøéøíøíøíøíøíøíøàøàøíøàøà h¦cÞCJh¦cÞ5CJhh¦cÞh¦cÞCJhmH sH  h¦cÞCJhVœkÚlänìpjr„rnx¸…̉62—Úœ¸£–¤„¦˜¦~­4´ê·,¹@¿¢ÁÎÁºÄÈõõõõóõñõõõíáõõõóõõõõõõÛõõ ¤h¤h $„¤x1$`„a$¤x $„1$`„a$ÈÌðÍÖÙàßáLáZäåBæˆæðæéªíòïLòóÄõl÷púäÿ” ®æ4%$(Ü)õõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõééõõõ $„¤x1$`„a$ $„1$`„a$6éªíÂíòï ðó(ó&òô " & 8 ¬®Î/\/^/Ú1î1B2„2”2Â2ü2 33(3º?¼?¾?l@n@`BâLMdM”MDO8TzTŒTZYjYnYpYrYöYøZ [Va2iÒkæk’ršrœwÂwÄwT‚v‚¢—°—D™N™Ò¢â¢„©”©âªøïøïøïøäøäøÛÖÛÖøäøÒÌøäøäøäøäøäøÂøÖøÒøäøäøÒøäøäø¸øÖøäøÒøäøäøÒÌøäøäøäøäøäøjKh¦cÞUhjh¦cÞUh h¦cÞCJh¦cÞ h¦cÞhh¦cÞhmH sH h¦cÞCJhmH sH h¦cÞ5CJh h¦cÞCJhHÜ)¤-/^/j3†;&>¸?º?¾?n@`B¾IDO8TìTlYnYrYøYVa2iäoˆrœwõõóõõõõðêêæõõäõõÞêêÒäõõõ $„¤ð1$`„a$$1$a$¤ð$1$a$1$ $„1$`„a$œwÄwÞy‚{ÊڃΌšæ“›0¤¨4®þ»ÁîÅ@ÌVÕ ÙÌÝ8á&è@ííÒî¸ó–üŒÿýóóóóóóóóóóóóóñóóóóóóóëóóóó¤h¤h $„1$`„a$âªìªÁîÅHÈ€ÈBÔd԰ۺۚܦÜ@íŽííþý þ¾þÒþâÿðÿàì¾À*ºF þ!"f,h,4ä4Ô>Ö>HBGBGŒGàGlHrH´HÂH¦P¨PZhjhb€š€>Š‹"¾žОh t Ê¢Ö¢ì¤ ¥­έd¹¤¹jÁÖÁúÁ Â<ÃNÃÞÇðÇèËôíéíôíôíôíôíéãíôíÚíôíôíÑíËíÆíéãÆíéãéíéÚéíôíôíÑíôíéí¿íôíôíôíôíôíôíôíéíôíôíôí h¦cÞCJh h¦cÞh h¦cÞCJh¦cÞ0JCJhh¦cÞ5CJh h¦cÞCJh¦cÞ h¦cÞCJhh¦cÞCJhmH sH KŒÿ˜Äš .*ºF "h,4ä4¨6Ö>HBGBGŒGàGÄK¬Pà\°b¼gõõõõõñååãõåáÝáõÙÒÌõõõõõ ¤h¤ð„S1$^„S ¤h¤x $„¤x1$`„a$¤x $„1$`„a$¼gÒh8ksÄw‚}b€š€¶„ˆ‹D–„›Vœ†žª¢l¨جÈ´l¿jÁÖÁ‚ÂÞÇèËrÓöÕõõõõõõïõõõõõõõõõõõõõõïõõõõõ ¤h¤h $„1$`„a$èË ÌöÕÂÚîà$á†átå.ëðÄóÆóÐýÒý¶¸‚n P6 ˆ š ô#ö#\&^&n&n+ª+¾+Ì+ì-ú- //„/Â/ì1ø122v4„4f5z5†5–5Ø5è5€BžBjD†DrKŽK RzBzVz¸z÷ðìðì÷ðìðçðìáçðçðìðÖðçÍçðçðÖðìðÖðÖðÖðÖðÖðÖðÖðÖðÖðÖð÷ð÷ð÷ð÷ðÖðÖðÖðÖðÖðÖðìðÖðÖðÖðÖðh¦cÞhmH sH h¦cÞCJhmH sH  h¦cÞCJ h¦cÞhh¦cÞ h¦cÞCJhh¦cÞ5CJhQöÕÂÚ¦Ýîà$á†átå.ëðÆóÒý¸„<n P6 ö#^&n+ª+º-6€BýóóïæóýóÚØóóÚóýóóÚóÚÒóóó ¤h¤h $„¤x1$`„a$ „S¤h1$^„S ¤h $„1$`„a$€BjDJrK RLZd`Üe¬ièqsTsÊtÆ~Òƒ¼† ”ä–Ÿ8©Ô­ê±·~»à»:¼Ž¼õõõõõõõõõõïõõõõõõõõííõõèåå1$¤h1$ ¤h¤h $„1$`„a$¸zÌz }}~~~~¬€¾€€Ü€h—x—<šHš@L2©4©8©ê±~»Ž¼¦¼úÀ ÁìÂÃ8ÄJÄÌÄüÄ~ÉÉ‚Ë”ËöÌÍxδÎÐÏÞÏÄÐèÐìÐúÐJ×`×r׎×ØØòÙ ÚÜÞöÞ¬âÌâŒäšäæ>æBæRæ&ñ8ñNñrñ0ùFùþü>ý€ýºýüý2&2–4ž4"7*7ÞBúBzIšIôíôíôíôíôíôíôíôíôíäíàí×àíôíôíôíôíôíôíôíôíôíôíôíôíôíôíôíàíôíôíôíôíôíôíôí×à×àíôíôíôíôíàh¦cÞ5CJhh¦cÞh¦cÞ0JCJh h¦cÞCJhh¦cÞCJhmH sH UŽ¼¦¼ÐÀäÃJÉöÌ®ÐâÖÀÙÜÞöÞNâŒäØé¦ðÌúþü>ý€ýºýüýê<T àûññññññññíññññññäÞ×Ïññññ„S¤h^„S„S1$^„S„S^„S „S¤h1$^„S ¤h $„1$`„a$¤h༠öð!2#Ú#N,/l2$5ì8J;>@°C´GzIšIÎIüIJdLzPTV®^ e2jõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõñîîêõõõõõõ¤h1$¤h $„1$`„a$šIüIJLhPh2j^o`os6sŠsœs&•>•°§Ö§¶­έzè†èZílí>ð@ðBðDðñ:.\.¢.À.,/b/°/¶/¸/ä/V0Ž0ö01Œ1ž1ô12V4Z6´7ì7t: <XBdBzB˜BÄDÐD¤[´[Ðgjh^irijj(l:l nn¼rÚr<ƒ÷óìáìóÛìÒìáìáìáì÷ìáìÉĽĶÄìáìáìáìáìáìáìáìáìáìóìóìóìáìáìáìáìóìáìáìáìáì÷ì h¦cÞH*h h¦cÞH*h h¦cÞhh¦cÞhmH sH h¦cÞ6CJh h¦cÞCJh¦cÞCJhmH sH  h¦cÞCJhh¦cÞh¦cÞ5CJhG2j`ors"wÔ|x‚dˆbŒ•›"œŠ §H¨*­ê±¹.¼Á\ÄpÇœË>Ó"ظÝ6âûïåååååååååååååååååååååååå $„1$`„a$ $„¤x1$`„a$¤x6âÆåZíñÚø< lœ¨#˜*V4Z6´7ì7t: <Ž=XBæF:JTLÊRöXF^&dõõééõõõõõõõõçõáõçõõõõõõõõõ ¤h¤h $„¤x1$`„a$ $„1$`„a$&dÐghJhjhÞk¼ràx’|‚V„~ˆàŒöT›„›š›¢žð Ö¦l©V®Ê·ú¹6»õíçßõõõõõõÝõõõíßõõõõõõõõ„S¤h^„S„S^„S„S¤h^„S $„1$`„a$<ƒ>ƒ@ƒBƒV„~ˆT›š›l©Š©Ȳв6»t¿v¿ÎÁÐÁÜÈÞÈÞÏàϜОІØÊäåþ º¼X¾(lˆ¸ì!ú!Š$´$°(¾(Â(Ð(,T,ª,¶,--Ð.æ.ü34´@Ú@ü@AA4]F]´k odpfpØq¼~….…‡"‡‹‹4‹B‹÷ðçðãðãðÚðÏðÊðÊðÊðãÄÊðãðãðãð»ðãðãðÏðÏðÏðÏðÏðÏðÏðÏðÏðÏðãÚãÄðÏðãð»ðãðÏðÏðÏðÏh¦cÞ0JCJh h¦cÞCJ h¦cÞhh¦cÞCJhmH sH h¦cÞ5CJhh¦cÞh¦cÞCJH*h h¦cÞCJhh¦cÞCJH*hJ6»v¿ÐÁÞÈàϞІØòÛêßÊäå´æîÆñ`ôùbü þ X¾(\lóééçéãéééÝééééééééÛéÛé×Ó¤h¤h ¤h¤h¤x $„1$`„a$ $„¤x1$`„a$lh!Ò*Ì8n<´@Ú@ü@AøPzT¦WÀ\8cg´kVo oØq4|¼~ºƒè0dõõõõõíæÞõõõõõõõÜÖõÜÜõõÜФh¤h ¤h¤h„S¤h^„S„S1$^„S„S¤h^„S $„1$`„a$B‹F‹T‹èd‚¢¢Þß æ¼æææ`çœçè2èfôxôÐûâûŒþžþœž¢°â @ –ªÄÖ²"¶"º"¼"¾"À"Æ"''¤'È'@9P9=¶AxK\TfT²W¼W.Z„ZîfjÂqÞqÖt8u~v¦v¦y¶yr{’{@‡T‡T‰d‰Ôªêªîª«¬«À«¸¬è¬øíøéøíøéøíøíøíøíøíøíøíÜíøíøíøíøíøíÏøíÏíøíøÆøíøéøéíøíøéøéøíøíøíøíøéøíøéøíøíøíøíh¦cÞ5CJhh¦cÞCJH*hmH sH h¦cÞ0JCJhmH sH h¦cÞh¦cÞCJhmH sH  h¦cÞCJhNd¨”Ä>¤L¨æ­Ì·®¾ Ä*ÇÈÀÌ.ÎLÚ2ÜÞß æ"ì&ô.ú¤ýÄ,t ˆ â%Œ'õõõõõõõõõõõõõõõóõõõõõõõõõõõõ $„1$`„a$Œ'&/˜3=¶AòFxK\T.ZhZ„Z`aîfjts,yr{’{T‰d‰˜’’™<§¸ªÔ±õõõóõõóõëãõõóõõõÝõÝõõõõõõ ¤h¤h„S¤h^„S„S¤h^„S $„1$`„a$è¬ì¬ü¬î®¯ˆ°”°^ʨÊøÒÓòÓÔÔÔÄÔÚÔÞÔôÔ*Õ6ÕìÕôÕøÕÖlÖzÖ~Ö’ÖZÛrÛï4ïÎüÜü¶þÂþêÿðÿx†(6,¼ Ê Ú܆üÊ^š®"h)l3n3V<ŠBÞ]zcfl€lºl†€Ž€Ä€Ê€²ŠºŠ¾ŠÆŠÒŠúŠ¼’Ä’X–`–v–z–¸–øíøíøíøíøíøíøíøíøíøíøíøíøíøíøíøíøíøíøíøíøíøíøíøäøàøíøàøàøäøàøàøÖàøíøíøíøíøíøíøíøíøh¦cÞ56CJhh¦cÞh¦cÞ0JCJhh¦cÞCJhmH sH  h¦cÞCJhRÔ±è· ÈöÏôÙFÛ¼àPåvèüëHð–òž÷zû¶þ^ž ¶†¦Nü^š®"ì$õõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõïííõïõí ¤h¤h $„1$`„a$ì$%2%h)x-P0r3V<ŠBzDÞIO®QŽWÞ]zc°gfl€lºlÌouÊxzV}Ú€÷ïíããããíããããããíããÞÚãããããã¤X¤@ 1$ $„1$`„a$„S¤X^„S„S¤^„SÚ€¾ƒć ‹Ž2•Š–P—>™J›`›À›„œ ìÀž`Ÿ¾ŸŠ¡ä¡L¢Þ¢X£"¤„¤š¥õõõõõõõõõïääääääääääääääää „„äþ1$^„`„äþ¤Ð¤X $„1$`„a$¸–º–¼–¾–$›,›4›:›J›`›z›À›Ü›„œžœäœîœ4 ¼ìžÀžÜžâžüž`ŸxŸ¾Ÿ Š¡¢¡ä¡ü¡L¢h¢Þ¢ö¢X£Š£"¤<¤„¤¥ ¦&¦Ž¦”¦þ­®l®r®(²0²Ô´Ú´BµHµ^¼h¼ž¿¤¿ ÀÀèÎîÎTÏZÏ$Ý*ÝݖݪްÞßß÷ðçðÜðÜð×ÐËÐËÐËÂËÐËÐËÐËÐËÐËÐËÐËÐËÐËÐËÐËÐËÐËÐËÂËÂËÂËÂËÂËÂËÂËÂËÂËÂËÂËÂËÂËÂËÂËÂh¦cÞhmH sH  h¦cÞh h¦cÞ6h h¦cÞ5h¦cÞCJhmH sH h¦cÞCJH*h h¦cÞCJhh¦cÞCJH*hLš¥ø¥º¦§ §~¨©ž©>ªL«¬̬l­¢®€¯°4±¬±B²ä².´˜´xµ ¶·(¸æ¸‚¹ºôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôô „„äþ1$^„`„äþº¤º"»„»ú»~¼ê¼Œ½º¾B¿@ÀòÀ Á\ÂØÂÃ6ÄæÄ\ÅƾÆÄÇHÈ ÈÉäɬÊ*ËØËôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôô „„äþ1$^„`„äþØËlÌöÌpÍΆÏÑ’Ñ:ÒØÒ–ÓJÔ¬ÔHÕÂÕLÖòÖŽ×dØÙÄÙTÚÖÚpÛFÜðÜÆÝrÞNßôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôô „„äþ1$^„`„äþߤߪßààhãrãXæ^æÄæÊæ^ïbïfïnï¬ö²ö„þ¼þú v | â è : @ ¦ ¬ X^lrìôÊ$Ð$¤%ª%Ð)Ö)<*B*ì.”/š/®/º/00x0„0º0ì0ú01F1h1¢1®1¸1Ê12(2À2Ì23$3Ž3š3¼3à3$4B4š4¦4¼45*505L5j5¬5Ø5"6.6l6†6Þ67˜7¤7Ü7ø7úñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúh¦cÞhmH sH  h¦cÞh_NßFàÂà€áTâìâ¢ãðä8åØå0æöæŒçPèÚèÚépêØêVëÂëzì8íî–îï‚ïð"ñÄñôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôô „„äþ1$^„`„äþÄñ>òÌòôóÒô¢õPö¼öv÷$ø øôøtùøùòú®û’ü6ýêþJÿèÿ‚À†`ôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôô „„äþ1$^„`„äþ`H4¸’  î Ü v ~êJTÞ4‚l ¬ ~"*¢búHôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôô „„äþ1$^„`„äþHÌ0¨ øÀ”<´8Ò` Ì &!Æ!‚"F#Ò#L$¾$<%%&Î&Ú'f(ä(ž)ôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôô „„äþ1$^„`„äþž)r*Ö+T,-¸-:.ì.º/0„0ì0h1Ê1(2Ì2$3š3à3B4¦45j5Ø5.6†67¤7ø7ôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôô „„äþ1$^„`„äþø7F8p8°8Ü8ò8ø8*9R9b9È9ö9 :z:†:È:ä:<;V;Ì;Î;â;è;><B<H<J<V<b<x<|<œ<¼<==4=@=Ê=Ì=è=ð=>>>">b>f>|>ˆ>–>œ?Ê?Ð?&@4@º@¼@Ð@Ú@A,AxA¤AÜAúAB2BvB‚BCCC(CšCžC¬C®CÄCÐC D(D`DlD´DÔDüD"E`ElEtEzEÔEàEHFTF‚Föñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñöñö h¦cÞhh¦cÞhmH sH _ø7p8Ü8R9È9 :†:ä:H;Î;J<b<Ì=ˆ?(@¼@Ú@C®CÐC"EzEàETFÒF4GºG8Hôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôíí„äþ1$`„äþ „„äþ1$^„`„äþ‚F†FªF¾FÄFÒFG4G¸GºG6H8H°H¼HI.IjI~IÆIäIòIöIJ*J6JNJ\JhJ~J†J”J˜JÂJÄJKKšKœK¬K°KÀKÌKNLPL|LˆL²L¶LMM(M4M M¬MÀMÄMÞM"NˆN N¤N¨N®N°NOOO2OHO´O$P0P¾PÀPLQNQ^QbQrQ~Q„Q–Q R.R~R¦R(S*StXtˆtÎtÔtätðtúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúñúh¦cÞhmH sH  h¦cÞh_ðt\uhuÚuæuPv\v”vÂvw"w8wNwPwhwlww˜wšw²w¶wxxx*x.xNxVxXxvxxx¸xºx y yJyLy–y˜yâyäyzzzz^z`z€z‚zªz¬zÄzÆzîzðz { {J{L{’{”{ä{æ{F|H|‚|„|¬|®|Þ|à|}}J}L}j}n}Ž}˜}š}Ð}Ò}ú}ü}~ ~öñöñöñöñöñíñæßñØñæßñØñæßñØñæñæñæñæñæñæñæñæñæñæñæñæñæñæñæñæñæñæñæñæñæñæñæñæßñØñæñæñæñæ h¦cÞ5h h¦cÞ6h h¦cÞCJhh¦cÞ h¦cÞhh¦cÞhmH sH UšwxXxxxºx yLy˜yäyzz`z‚z¬zÆzðz {L{”{æ{H|„|®|ôëäÙÙÙÎÎÃÃäÙÙäÙäÎÎÎÎÎÙ ÆË„S1$^„S ÆË„71$^„7 ÆË„1$^„ ÆË1$ Æˤx1$ Æˤx¤x1$®|à|}L}š}Ò}ü} ~z~–~¾~è~ *`¼D€¢€ä€bæ‚R‚®‚ôííâííô××ÌÌ×ÌÌ××ÌÌ××××× ÆË„S1$^„S ÆË„71$^„7 Æˤx¤x1$ ÆË1$ ÆË„1$^„ ~x~z~”~–~¼~¾~æ~è~  (*^`B€D€ €¢€â€ä€`b‚‚P‚R‚àƒâƒ„„Š…Œ…Ä…Æ…f†h†´†¶†ò†ô†>‡@‡‡’‡²‡´‡ˆˆDˆFˆ¢ˆ¤ˆ̈Έæˆèˆ ‰‰4‰6‰L‰P‰z‰„‰†‰ ‰¢‰Ú‰ä‰æ‰ŠŠlŠ¤ŠÌŠΊàŠþŠ:‹V‹X‹l‹úóúóúóúóúóúóúóúóúóúóúóúóúóúóúóúóúóúóúóúóúóúóúóúóúóúóúóúóúóúóìúåúóìúåúóúóÛúÖÏúìúìóú h¦cÞ5CJ h¦cÞ5h¦cÞ6B*phÿ h¦cÞ5h h¦cÞ6h h¦cÞCJh h¦cÞhR®‚ƒ’ƒâƒ„”„ì„>…Œ…Æ…†h†¶†ô†@‡’‡´‡ˆFˆ¤ˆΈèˆ‰6‰†‰ôôôéééééééééééâéôôéééééÙ Æˤx1$ ÆË1$ ÆË„1$^„ ÆË„71$^„7†‰æ‰ŠlŠ¤ŠΊX‹æ‹<ŒÎŒjœŽJŽ´Ž¶Ž¸ŽºŽ‘‘N“P“~–6ŸôíèãßÚ××Ú××Ú××Õ×ÕÓÓ××ÍÍ$1$a$1$¤x1$¤¤ð1$$a$ ÆË1$ Æˤx¤x1$l‹Š‹Æ‹ä‹æ‹Œ:Œ<ŒœŒžŒÚŒÜŒÞŒâŒšœŽŽHŽJŽ²Ž´Ž¶Ž¸ŽºŽ¼Ž‘‘‘‘‘$‘0‘h‘‚‘L“N“P“R“T“|–~–ú–—4Ÿ6Ÿ8Ÿ:Ÿ<ŸÖŸØŸÚŸÜŸÞŸH¡J¡L¡N¡P¡”¡¢¡¦¡Ä¡Ü£ùôùíôùíôäôÝôÖôíôíôíôíÒíÒû±Ò§ÒôäôäôíÒ¡ÒôíôäôíÒ¡ÒôíÒ¡ÒôíÒ¡Òôäôäô h¦cÞ0Jjh¦cÞ0JUh¦cÞB*CJphÿh¦cÞB*phÿjh¦cÞ0JB*Uphÿh¦cÞ h¦cÞH*h h¦cÞH*hh¦cÞhmH sH  h¦cÞCJh h¦cÞh h¦cÞ6h?6Ÿ8ŸØŸÚŸJ¡L¡Þ£à£X¤Z¤§§ø©ú©š«œ«±±V²X²ì²î²´´`µbµH¸J¸@¹ùùùùùùùööùùùùùùùùööööööööùùù1$$1$a$Ü£Þ£à£â£ä£V¤X¤Z¤\¤^¤Ô¥è¥§§§§§ö©ø©ú©ü©þ©Nªzª˜«š«œ«ž« « ±±±±±J±X±T²V²X²Z²\²ê²ì²î²ð²ò²´´´ ´ ´Ä´δ^µ`µbµdµfµtµxµˆµF¸H¸J¸L¸N¸>¹@¹B¹D¹F¹ô¹º’½¤½Š¾Œ¾ŒÀŽÀÀ’À”ÀJÁhÁÃÃÃøôîôéøôîôéàéøôîôéøôîôéàéøôîôéøôîôéàéøôîôéøôîôéøôîôéàéøôîôàéàéøôîôéøôîôéàéàéøôÚôîôéàéøô h¦cÞCJh¦cÞhmH sH  h¦cÞh h¦cÞ0Jh¦cÞ h¦cÞCJhV@¹B¹Œ¾ŽÀÀÃÃÀÃÂÃÂÉÄÉ Ì ÌúÍüÍPÎRÎàÏâϖИÐHÑJÑ8Õ:Õx×z×Øùïííïïêêïïïïïïêêêêêêïïïïêêê1$ $„1$`„a$$1$a$ÃÃÃ8ÀÆäþÃÀÃÂÃÄÃÆÃÀÉÂÉÄÉÆÉÈÉÌ Ì ÌÌÌêÌöÌøÍúÍüÍþÍÎ*Î0ÎNÎPÎRÎTÎVÎÞÏàÏâÏäÏæÏVÐ`ДЖИКМÐÑÑFÑHÑJÑLÑNÑ6Õ8Õ:Õ<Õ>Õv×x×z×|×~×ØØØ Ø"ØðÚòÚôÚöÚøÚÊÛÌÛÎÛÐÛÒÛâÛXÝhÝÒÞèވߊߌߎßßúöñèñèñáöúöñáöúöñáöúöñèñáöúöñèñáöúöñáöúöñèñáöúöñèñáöúöñáöúöñáöúöñáöúöñáöúöñáöúöèñèñèñáöúö h¦cÞCJhh¦cÞhmH sH  h¦cÞhh¦cÞ h¦cÞ0JYØØòÚôÚÌÛÎۊߌßØâÚâ¦ä¨äìåîåjçlç6è8èé éëë,î.î¨ïªï:ð<ðüòòüüììììììììììììììüüüüüüüü$1$a$ $„1$`„a$1$ßÖâØâÚâÜâÞâ¤ä¦ä¨äªä¬äêåìåîåðåòåhçjçlçnçpç4è6è8è:è<èéé é ééëëëë ë*î,î.î0î2î@îÆîôî¦ï¨ïªï¬ï®ïð ð8ð:ð<ð>ð@ðšð¤ðÞðàðâðäð$ò&ò(ò*òTò^ò„ò†òˆòŠòtõvõxõzõ÷÷÷÷,÷<÷J÷L÷N÷P÷ø ø øúóïéïúóïéïúóïéïúóïéïúóïéïúóïéïúóïéïúóïéïàúàúóïéïúàúóïéïúàúïéïúïéïúàúïéïúïéïúïéïúàúïéïúóïh¦cÞhmH sH  h¦cÞ0Jh¦cÞ h¦cÞCJh h¦cÞhX<ðàð&ò†òvõ÷L÷ ø øbødøhøjønøpøtøvøzø|ø~ø€ø˜øšøœøžø ø¢ø¤øüüüüüúüüüøøøøøøøøøöøîøìøìøö$a$gdŒd¸1$ øøø:øBø`ødøføjøløpørøvøxø|ø~ø€ø˜øšøœøžø ø¢ø¤ø¦ø¨ø¬ø®øÖøØøÚøÜøäøúöñèñöàöàöàöàöÜöÜöÜöÜöÜöÜöàöÑÉàöj§~h¦cÞUj2}åH h¦cÞUVhŒd¸jh¦cÞUh¦cÞhmH sH  h¦cÞhh¦cÞ h¦cÞ0J ¤ø¦ø¨øªø¬øÞøàøâøäøýûýýýýýý2 00P°…. °ÂA!°"°# $ %°°Ð°Ð Ðnð· )fVzŸ\ݨé:Èu³Ÿ¯ÿ‰PNG  IHDR4Kgû#gAMA±ˆ•˜ô¦ pHYs´JÚ¸÷ý HIDATxœu–÷—•~Æ?o¹÷½½Na ÃЫYáØQ°&X㱬Ë1nØ ,ѨY£‹fÍqWWã Š%êZ`]Ë‚‚ŠQl`Á‚ô6L/÷Î[Þ[Ÿü0»'ûCòù¾å9Ï·J‡­×·G;æÌzøg›·úšÙú¦º9Ó(”=?¼‰U5k4ô­hZØ°îvFÉ$¡/%QÛBcˆ úZMl¼6f£is^_G9›“ûã¹µentņ¾“¯LQÊDšÓ»'yÍöð”Õþ³g4NæÃÃ?¼Tµë¡VÁÈ1»1ýnuòh2ºŽ]º·£ò‘·ì V¢Ê,\÷Å¢'Ãþ,ø-õ.9 ‡EÏL­x|+Œ'Æ/ 8ñhót,¦á<8¬””±—¾õ­wñK&xŠëíÞ_yC çñI7H¶}M¨ºø›Ó…P,9üüóïþ±žÎðp£Çº¤ zæ«û.0˜x¸û‘F?£•ØLO¬‚X¬”ítí+ŸÈX lúÏ}±’ˆP7téü·?´¬Šðë£ÜôãÏV°K•Ó£æc¶§N »ïŸb~À\­ÒÄsÂh7ýýÎk6™ÅÏÒÖßöÜáÛØz\ûeÛ)ѶàÔðo™B¿YU=r»ñ“j'>.Ù¬ð¢cgk{”¾â€eQ·Mjß »z—]-éòñƳ™ [_ÿÓPC_³º¶÷‘|]Œè+/LâÇùË…\Ó7kØÖ•îËúº~›bÚ`rɧùAˆlŽK_êoXpñféŸÜrÃß߃Q@w8pÿýSÇ:>‚°¨û%H€|¨¬RJJí]ÛjQÂ+óKëË6ßÙ~P_u½nûØoú[:S„²6nr¨0ÆãÔÌX¬çÁ1cœOç'ýk.ë6íí™%ÁáâàS?ýðËÒ¹æ·T6+þ󄌂ÏPÆ·/–βx¼“¨«E§ûr”,ÞQÁˆcÏÙÃ?“dá´c—ß·SsYãÀÏšþ¾Gv ¡PoÁçÁ?¼°Kë ÀŒâ'b!Z0§ƒæ˜ó.m™£ôübÞÞ?ä=zg? ÃûwFeŠkøjf˜"ü‘Þì]Z]ÙMxäéê™Ñ#wmûaú×U?jµ¶M|ˇ˜ø‚~?‘ŠúvœuXuD˜/úeç.tfDŽo××_|ˆ5ÌéÞ· Û*0VZéòôM³wÊ2ÜBïÐd#gûë÷öô®qÊï××·ÕüÒ×jt¥Žêì…JÕôå[óTŠ»YàžyÁ·O¼öpíÎäǃÀ°ÏŸßvX œ¦çtC€€yå÷Ën㺠|SÛ/mø}WÏæOwéóWª’†Âð÷Ÿ, Ä3ÚìE[´ ÓÀZŽ*î<$£çåõþH®÷sï¤Ð£Ó:'ÇÒœö@ÛasÙÆ^îþçX=3Û¦þ)sø³CSž½’ªb0fþO_.¯Ó†å“Ð{gcµA <ðv¯ro~ÍË7Œyµl›7‡Â']ëÉLëzçkÿ;9Hµ#Ýzþ©N~oW¶Š2¼ÎJ¦î2ä=ú»J»Ë6‹ËÛŸ9±l|½uo5…[‚P6mO¿g) 6ì~º{qäÖÝžrèÒÕt"˾ns1ô“= ߟ¤Þ$„ÖWTJIRw¥C?õLnX)u(›Oék[>ŠÒÒš8í¶U뮡˜Ô—J:¤Áœ²’–Ah,Þ%‹W<µUôEÇi÷zýŽNõÚØfÀ2 s\jXC’FK¯Æëm„MÖHsU¥ Ð.ÕJÚ}~ +Ü¢ƒÒÁN©Z¶‰8WÝ×Ñ7wÕ\¾”~÷mÕ­8îH¨Zó¦V>ã)3¦'j÷52·èkø‡ÇÆvpƸӬø@ÝÎÍ/§=ï\‡–oÓÕ[GT*T¥ž'.¿h"„ £ý+u«·¨«|$i'@’‹tAºAv\{âeÒ!ÕFòR¾G0æŠÓawµ¦ñQQ±±ðÂù_˜ÐCêz°ìgT«Õj’Tp·œeœúÏÓº§,}»„FZ}xöé³.¿ïš'n˜ûÖW·YÛd—êN˜RÚêl(•fÁ«šæeú&Ñ¿áÅ Á^ãK½­“öù`S—*ÙÕÏió­/#·RÕJŸá3I0øñ˜„®>iâÐ{õ´$ã*I’jró¥|Uƒ”va{=ÑðÜæ¨ XŽ…¶2úîøÝ3Ë’Öÿ¾º†]’*IÇ“çâÿ|÷­ç¤w9áଟˆ=ëfIïHCÒÎÛ/U‹…¼ëf‡¤ª7iŒ¿ð°ÆqiZ3ø¤ ”tw¨¨JMªÕ$e ¹s#x–®{äŽåË—ÇJNʬ}‘ôFfþW»¤Ê°ºæµ/¼ä®g?)È•ûùw=›~XJC¤i)>¼mcÅdBkÐøψûÎr+é4æ½SÊ•µ,Þ8Àxb!<ç­Êêéc°‰ÿÜ(¬¿ŸÔ OFÏ„bãû·Müå ¨½q`ö¶ïqsû#sá½?ÊxüCû¬ºÐ£-hiûÐóë¥ê«×~1<(åU;¢šrÒ€Ê:äΊŸ¨Á>i‡4¬\gÓ-/ BÈ`_FÕ²ªÙ²äº9WL© õ¥“[“ªHe ª¢´{ïÓK ¯QwB2Œicm2E'àTó‰òõÁ³¿ï½éj^9â¬'“«ÑÿÊ D™9]mxýNÓ-’jn!?œ—jƒýÃîwwDaÁå~êWïÃt.[4 Z³Jw­B·ZX·ç+vB)/iäu{¼ ~ÆDG·b8T)I×Ø´xª²+9? ôäܹ÷½—dV`ÖwS°­,‰N쨛"gYåá·ìJÜ€àp;*[ÊžÊÆ»vzÊxŠžrm 1qk¥3íœwãgÉÀ‡¦\§îcô²‰ä›LÊ•”M/Ÿït H¶˜ã,Žº Gw_y¢oÈÍØ5S9ŽŠß½öæŽÈ±È’ql:}ßA¼+’i½÷˜q¡€=Ò”ªÖû“<÷º­"5Ã2ƒáYó¶n³¨¦Óªm ]ÉIOM¶*nñ»ê®Â“±À×'“žï¢7‚–ØôD!kŽC;…%=Ê$†%©7-I}dÞ±LÓtêlŸŸD ¢ÎŸGÇö1ó±}’”ÖåUP¯ú•ïÙ¿Òö6VÁ_ßöQ¦Ö>›´†vë’ËOH÷|ÆàJ³a•¿TôýæƒÂÌçý¦#BÓãþ±xp&xñB >¤šRoÁ„ åœrS€B&¥aj" 84-š7š1 ç>v÷ùC½’RÅÎ7êa…Ôu,cñlÓ°*¤EØñax“„Sñ%(+½lÃñ#Ù <$¥šŽ á>l‡0øM“±®Ï«·¢©¬'±9O+|ašq3RÖD¡¢\üE³è„ƒa“F*ÞôÎ̪‡ Q(Q UòlØþ¾û]IÂ$; 4yþ¢3>6>f°J¨¨ ÚVçâì|‹IB:5`:Ží„}ð†Òz^TyDµÃÕ=² ­‹¡ÇÚ›ýUI¢Ws›€ÑWÑ€€ ‡Ä17쓤!ARqoj#ø\I²ëöŽ¿XË…T¬˜§êé®ïOžûö¬å:Žmªt%A.rBÕc^>2ëBóäQ¿h Z!TßÒ ®ù_·K=êÎKRA#R§Ê’TìûôÙ—*’dk¡`Ùž“k÷dw„þ}û¯³±¹÷t4Là`Æ,ŽíÁ“Œ·¿[ Û¤–^2š)gà± b™˜> ä' õŽéþ)`E¼L"«%IFÖÜŽ2ÑòM‰bºýÌvxmï´ÆCéºlqòâ¦|éÆ_#-òNú§YÕ† ’”ïr¥|Q©ýýu5{™c†(gÂÞÑXeT1¼Öÿ‘è ¨ŠQ!°ÄªIEND®B`‚KDdF‰ Ó½èèð<² ð C ðA¿ÿð€RðxJdÂ/h°Å”É»ìŒ,sÿTJDM FðLJdÂ/h°Å”É»ìŒ,sÿÿØÿàJFIF––ÿÛC   (1#%(:3=<9387@H\N@DWE78PmQW_bghg>Mqypdx\egcÿÀ ‰FÿÄ ÿĵ}!1AQa"q2‘¡#B±ÁRÑð$3br‚ %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyzƒ„…†‡ˆ‰Š’“”•–—˜™š¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª²³´µ¶·¸¹ºÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚáâãäåæçèéêñòóôõö÷øùúÿÚ?ßÈA;ÿJo›(¼SCNAwwâ¡e¹ ¥®ÜŒú ™¼Ò‰ßÖ£SpTæw#š“3gqÍl€}jP¬Ã>l:n¨i³$œ´i1)‘GŸ tÝOPÈüM(ÿf‡I$@Æy8÷Å8ÛÿÓI?ï£Dq@–N½šœcpà åôj ’&—þû4Ï)Žå2Ëÿ}šs¢>e”ÛCNòT¨ùä#Þ5Ù•›i/÷bˆtÝÿ}Ù\¬—¯g4=¬a¾ô€ÿ¾iŸdBrLƒþißd\ñÝ4ZD>_˜÷ûÆœmb ÷Oæi¬$ä©üÍ)³„öaö4ÙÂOñßF±@Ìû“NVàž=M(²ƒ#äèh6vää 0ÙÀ|¾:c4¿c€“ò‘ŸCN0èx÷4¦ÊØ¡?SH¶6Ü,cÞ°[r<±Í[Ó!XDŠ‹šKv/O©þu!àTdœóL;¹鼨'Š{c ŽµÉsŠA–ùZpÀÇOZ:š\HÓI#ž(9~”!ùZ@8ö¤?1çšU?/â€OP8¦3’~ï5 9óšo_®h`_jF-Å*—~4‡’朒}©±±òÛÜôô¦ "n¼âœzœsŠxÉNi§™0jàŒH€ˆE2eü:SÛåfÇ¥É_P)Å'Õ8“y¤r7{ô©×¡'Ò™áeã §íö¤`LCž*T½"rIÆ9¢Aó©íK´méQ§,Ôéc­<«MRL‡<{SŽpx¦Å“׊G|šG$6=hÏ=hÉ(9Î;P8¥=3Ži€å¹àšRrÃ'œ¡àÒoÚÜŽ”´ÒÙàõ4¥¸§¦@ÏzP94/|S”dÔÖ€“'Nµº€ŽˆúÓŽF 9ö¦9Ýœ S¢'9#'Ç9ÎN´£Á‚0šÚ ÎhäÒœFxâx9¤p6M'P)PŒc‚£´Þƒ“¥;nFwPO¡5RIÉäÔìê8ç&„`21Càž™éCàb•y5\}i«Ç9'´`ò{gµ8}ð3ž(e9ê4äáOzDoÞgÔPùÈ?¥*œGƒLˆml“ÔPàî8ô¥#å ÐR'ÞÆNéIŸÞèiËöàÔÊ:úÓ"c‚3@Ì_~õ)aŽâšTù}‰¥ÓàiÌNáéGÍŸj`¹¡Àdɧ…¦Þi'ŠyãƒùÓ@FÚC@¤aÈ=i0KŽ8Å ËmEÖ‚x£œäR)ääsJFáH€z~2zqHFÑÅ#/LŽô`dqR˜¦°È)À…õ¡N}jkBAqŽõVÚL«¯_œÿ:—$ZŒ±o¥67;¸ëO“ƒš`bÙâšp)ÌBƒJ§8éŠNpxö¤NOôì{óMãw&ÇhúSÇxÓXdñÒ”:ýiNÏ£i+דÚHéF01Úº0½éU±{Tš~<ÉǸ¨£É3ÿ=4â»Nsž*&ÜY¹ëG.y=)_îc8¥PHÎ) d~"›œé@`õö§ç§ sÅ#`ŠvÜÔ`àŸ\Ò‚¾iÄg'Ž(Ïc§z‘AŒsÅ4u`&2¼qN{õ¥ŒuÏJB¸'<ŒÓqœ ‹ks“B©©ùæÙcµxîhR ^0GzqŸJPÌ°¨×ÁUÉéJA-“Ò•¸E ¦ªdƒúR¢øãÆQ¸MO·ŽjHÀäqš ò¼Óÿˆg4§iàvSüÇ4?GZpQëH,}i_‘íFqÚ…cDƒ÷d- ~\‘Ú›œqKƒƒÆ)Á\÷¥+ƒšf3Ò—8£F?¥vÅ)äàP Ž´£sšnÍ?8fš'4à8çÒ¼qJŠFI4û,yÓ~8[‹Ž2Wä÷¥!ùp1œñšOlzi°úÒ‚NG#Üм gœÓGõ¥þ}©W'$òH¤|„ÆFM •\šE žÇ×G¶x©©^AÆh@6)¹ÚxþT® ÓsƒŽ¼R(pXþt8äÓÆ@üi±3e±È¥`Ê3þÕH~ð'¸¨A;Û'ó¤Ṽ±#ð>½¨‹wÏž1A ý)ňµ%Ÿ7çû¢–,4Ó’OúÃCåsŽFj3Èæš^xô¤8<ŒzPqŒqO/­"ðãFÜŒŸÂ„ÈÎN}¨ “ÛéJS =MÁFK3éHÇ·=iIÈõéI´whRÀÆhcôæàtëQ'ñ`Ž˜§rr:`Ò’(ˆ’ì¸Å5ˆÆÓNlŒL/$ƒLUù†ƒO8¨x8àb‘:õ¡Í GÞ… IÎî*NÃ¥ +¼~4Ù8`:Ôs,=ªeHéM^dpzqÒ†QÀÍ“ÓŠB@èÍ!ÒñÛµ''ÛªFÅ4Œ3œzP¾¸Œ:àfœ£ÒšÜ.3H¥BóÅMdžCÛh¤rÓÞc:px¨˜·Zi8Àæ•€¿'¥"ªã9'å'¶M'÷½)Ù,Ž)qÆqH8n‡Š]ÝóHp\šVVÛòçša*zy¥#8çÒ”1 Ž”˜è}iHn4ÐÄ“ÏÒš¨A$~4à ó’?ïB3Ö˜Ý0}iųВ . øæ¤v黥,xu<õ)*qØô稧o89ïL9ïJçæOZ“€ƒ&rÓœúœÔN¿6ÜΦ\Ö•1–äô¤àã•ÇÎ1JÃälS— íK·æÉÁâ†íŽjE™ô ¿Ö< ^úô‹ž{Òž„÷§ ƒI€Nh$ñÏáM n¥H^)£4× Ó€ã®i»xÏ>Ôc¹éHAúéHA…?7\ÒòÌqBŒcœS¶åzSÀÎ:RÊóÖ(=¹©lŽ'—>‚‘óf€$j~zŒsL*G ñŽj0€¶z‘M~O&‚¾‡ò¥AÅ,jß1#Òƒ€zb”þTÖÎzö¥ ÈëA'§Jo8õÅ QéÅ?sÍ È¦€N sÒ2Œü£=)«•$ Fù“éúÒ’P iáŽ{Ò8ãiÄ”Š¤ƒÍG´ùƒ< | ±ö¥LcÜPx“·½$ƒ+Ç~´ä)ÀéMÈ-ƒÀ¤q±ÁþHéH€àŒÐOÎ8àSd\œãµH‚ ¥Qó6=) ãéÝÞ”¯\t¥ŒäŽ=©À|ǯ4…I柞yà҇Ƞãš\çP})F7ÔëIŽäÓƒdò 9&÷4sÉéJ§ŒSs“ÅIâ“ÔÎM)9QNŽhæ4ìñÍ&sJ@ß5)?0¡±žiGÿªšr¦–'ŠV'¯¥ #¤iCŒdR»>¾”‡¯4¤¿ã@ô 4€œõÍ;'o½ Ðim‡úKÿõ§7ü~ÜcÈçð¡ÉÏ;¸£ sÞ0y4»¸>”Òx¦ú‘OÈDv¦Ž‡pž¹ïIÉÍ;ïëJ wÍ1׌gšk1ÀÆœ :ŒÒŒž´¤nö¥^ƒ=( ŒrzP~U9£Œ~À6±Ï¥1%±ÔSðJàö¦ƒŽ”Ü188Í=›òö¡[#*"Ãx ÏÒ¦f £ g4ØÎKR s×4æÆx)Æ㎠53»&œüœ/ãJb${SÕP'ñ¤Œòr¥1‡>Ù§9(Æ)ÝóOõ9 ›š]¸éKÆÓÞš¹ÝÒžH Ó“Aàg‰Œ“N~=éªxÏ4€œÓ¹íëJxty ’*Ü!ÚGSN,0=é£ÈäÐNsšN”ª@åy¦ç4¬Ù\ g=è&—\äƒÇ½+á°qõ •ÇÑ{€ ð:~Wí==i2§ ?) “×&”ÂñœÒüž†›ÆO\TR2ª7^;æ³ ËÎ3¸sVà8GÉ ¥)$SÙSoS“ß¡P’j5Ùæc“JBõ¥`„dg‘ÍD§ç9Î1JBŒ’NN;Sð„gw㊌…bFìP*)FÑ“Ž™"¦o,?•F¨¡Ï'‘é@’@°¤˜+ã>”è‘T?ÍÉèi¥‘Wæ|œÒ4ðâÏáQý¦2•5Œù¸ W÷­~aB¶sŽÔñÉ£=h$cùÒð@È ž)¾_¦°ã)»x☿~’G?•:êí¹2"’è‚ò¹=EB÷Ú݆wÙ¬všBÄ㩧y®P(cJ–™éþÏùæôRù¼äZ”¶[­ŽéNíÉëÍ.x “MŽ3@Ü&œ¸ëš3‘M¶$^7þµ3n§çßÒ†9¨†îؤ<Ž:Ò7µ*Œg4dààqQœàûÒí< ïõ4îG~ÔŒy8¥å.Yˆ*"§æ©ïX—ŠW篥hi3#n\a‰­(ÈS¶¤tÜ1ïM ☧PFséG)ŠÃÌ ŒñFó·Ó½;Ë,À€H¥h\qùÒI3 Q™«6å•¥ù~î;TXxÿ?çüðîzd`P_O?çüÿžcópIÇZF›¡P1ïM2·OÆ›æ3>I¦y¥FÜw¦ Ø9#ñSÇtU†jÞì©œLÕ£|Š `ÜqUçO3˜ŽÒz­Ckº+•cšÙóÁöíK ¸&¤ßÈù¸§ïÚš%O^)ÂLž*L“Í¥‡J‹=ê[hÈ)¥ã äã½:9ÀïN3£qT.JÈN;t¬ÿ•IbyOHàb•±ž³þÏÿ]!Ã.rp{g­k&5aÞ•ÓÛ•£Ò”wãšc0E9 sQ›˜Ç†)¦æ>ÌN) üœƒÓ4ë)D·EÈØGOqVŠæþ|zƒúSœm棌Œ£äÂóŠEË”þ½=‡ãMÇÊA4Çâš¼gOñNê=é¸ qJ¹–¨É98ªz…°uóúÕeh&9­¨îÔ²ÍKǘµ`È rE5Ê“ÖšpG\R| ì§.Ðz z¸ÝΠ¶OZFeÀÜi£Nò\!¸À¬ãŒ›?çüÿž¬,9=…!—9ÇJŽIvŒsõ¨Ëü½idõüéCžýè-·ŒóM$‘ÛšhÁê(#…>'²8úÓÝÙ¤ÊñÅ_´Ä3Xžk@E øn„wˆðåºûŠ"^1ORÇœ œœ.XÔ^pÆ@Ͻ9IsÈÈö©T•©Õ³Rn¤<óUœ µšå£b®>”žcž´Önzw¨^N»yëUIߟj™HUÀ ÷ÿ?çÿ¬¥ÔíÈ9éLcóB0kbÑÑÔ¯¦QØuïH94áŒ9¦ÊÞZ’Õ—,þtà>¥H¦œŒšE*k¾ç¯ùÿ?D¸è>|ƒOѲdñ³ÌV° _ÜäsÇò§¸¯Z€ç´›±œÒ€§?¥·¥*òFxéêÁXr=ZÜ0yçüÿõ¬Å9S€N*иïsíKG1b2¾Ôç‚D\°öªÅÉ?6Gµ(ùXg§j˜:ÆO5"±søU… R«‚M*ž}ª½Ê”B@&©K´©ÝÉõ5\€È1BÈ¡Ê0ä÷5NS‡'Ž´Æù{pyÏ­.ælŒþT»yÈå{â•ypzô­¸SdJŸŽr;®(Áç5Rø°B¹ÎzVC¸Èç×½9]“{úÓ‘ÈùÜ‚ÀgŸóþ’Äᘗ:ƒOºã—mÎôgA©ùp).>xO°¬·‘MV/´ðzŸóþq6÷àtÍFÅ”àò Fä‘ý)@9À=jHƒ0<Ž9­ l¿˜ÝºV† P©ÄqHr* ˜<îsŒv5›än$Š{ÚmˆsTŠ…á°}óLÉUéøÕýfö\ÿÏ?ê+JöSô¸$ ÍÉ/'ŒÕȃ,˜|GcØŒsG\Žô®03‘ô¦jB;S#µ=@/éJ¿( søÐNFzÒ“Ç4„’z­%ÞÙ ô ®yêœñ£ghëþ_óѱF¨;äñÍjÂUqÅQ'=éH57b2TT_gGì@Çj‡ìdŒÎ)‚AÊœ{bÁ#5/ØùIödqç>µVíTr£¯¡ªM’sB¶ß©ô£w×ñ¡I'Ò¡ZqÁéŽôÀ{R°ïšäuϵ7qJ¹ ßµ&J¶È÷§@槈ž™ÈÍ\Œ†O~æ¤àät§Çr{š™.;Ô¾z·S¶—ålñOYGÊÔâ\.zPãïJÄÙ"°%oÞOz .FJœõ-­°’LžÅ2éHÁ@Æ*³(eÀÐ#Âä9ïÖ­ÛZ3òN|Ö’Œ3€*U\wâœAæÍÒ™ëF9àV|¢8œ«‚=*eÙ2lFãync9cŸBSþ8þU§¤F"¹b3“õ~íQ¯¥ßÇš©*¢cjÓãœ3*íäU¥äç<Ò6AÆ2(ÁúR7½0˜SºŸ­5V$œ@âà/áKŒãˆb=hs…nz É's–÷¥bÛrÃŽ‚šX!äu§Ä¡æU§jÓÀP8ÄÍšv8Í4ÝÒ“i’E+|¬séC.åñPyxà‘Q?Ê£?Js…秭V¼Q僀p9¬éqžø¦…ïM¹§˜€)F¥!àà“MÏ9Å<šhliGÍÐþ¤À'œmùºž´¡ç$Õ˜£RÀ¹üëE­Ä°à‘TpÑ|¬iÙÀÈïúP²m8Ï5*±ÛNûCŽA©þÒq‡\ÓÖä£ÌÃe>Æž.é€h’lÃÇÞ>”Ø­•9 =r*Y‡îÈö¨!!Ž3Y·™sKlA•Fk[ÈhFjU@ r &ž£4§…9¦Ž:t§HÍJ§q—$ð}iZ„ä·4\Ä®œ±È ¯on˜9 sV´ØÕ/÷g¿¸©/Î5Éà®1U¥ÛÓ©öíIbeéW‡ægx¤d,GÌFANãiê=¸qO$c¥1yçô¥êÃ>”ÆëKÅNòÀàb£”Ÿ%ϵeÄ3 _SW/Ks€'Ò²¥n `óÁ«Ö ºBð­ 0i€üR±+žiQwÆ \Hî”æRÝW¶)ùG=ª>3‘×¹7~”ÙŒïéP\ ÄGn¸Åe°$g¯4ÃÓ¥ ;¸À© |ÃO.}ho˜ñI´Ô£=(äò@ã<Ó”í<ŸZxVq“Øw§$+´!#={U˜ìdã jüÉÈ"¥ŒÐ Sf‰$ 8üj”–­È9ZªË† SÒCÀ=)áÆG­;94¥°jUpßSJ¹fÚ“ZBqóT eô¥•AˆÕb8þ?çüÿ*Wc|åAíUà>\À·c]Ã"‘OþTª8ÍJ8¤þ.qAUϽ¡úÑ€WœÕ+–1¾Ìü¦£y ¨ÚI™¼‘œ{TmòÒ¦Ò@¯ƒÖ?ê*mOÚ,`~5W#'¡4J|Ä`0½Î*ßê)­ÖŒsšN´XsF¨÷¤\n8µta@îOlS]¦ŽHâŽ1MfÀ4Á’ÜR€zŠES’s@fßíN#µ(⑱ž*óäëÍG`JÍÜ Twî79Ú=j‹ײ‹)õ欒1ÁÅ0çpã=iXà’?*,¹ãšW8*;Ò6ç¤$CŽ´ªpqP¹ê¯júµÏZTäÖ¡š%‘ðç¥@ÖK‘´ði?³Á~¹±/˜I<*±ÇÓÉ w«œ)è)™Ç8æœç d”í )ïšr}ßJr¯'šVh f“FIçëOAœ·zU¦È7c#½#}ÃéIŒõâ”/*}©ÎAOsÔS—…éšýÑ“O'å uúÓqÔŠ7e…+sš©r 8#Ž9ª³@cɪ÷ 1hõ­5‹CÏðô«y (Ç^´í¹Å)^r)pBÑЃíÒß7µ †+Ÿ­gêKpT“ד ,ø'­XÚÖ©4¦s}&ÀÉßê+bñ3|Ì3ÐT¼dq¶¤Gu§oÇô¤)¸åx”*i^=) |î uŠ 8œSFrsëNÇLSrdŠÎ¿mÒíéSXª'¿ùÿ?çŠ ^F'©=I¨BÍŽâ¶à`LzSÀÚ8¦Ÿ½×>´7Üw¥;M#YO惌ÓrhÇΠwÇ/v‚pM*ç9u¦ºÇ=iJ€J «׊f2xéOuÜ@ö¥‡'Æy玴¹É\ôÇz€W¥9îJpûíééOÀØp1Å4pœŽ)ÈÜ“J2=é¯|Òc*i œÓÉÚËŽ˜¥ÀïÒ—ûR®7f•ˆŒƒÐÓzœ :0§žT“ɪ×)• :ŽÕM‡îϧLŸóý+Ü®èS·ùÿ?祭5° ‚zV€õ§ŒS€sÍ(9ɤÍ&sKÆ8ZFq–c€+S¸39ÁùGJ« –üè’cŒ)ü*Þ„H»’2SúŠÜ»ÿ©=” îsÖš²œ÷5*Hw`þuf6ƒÖ”‘üi¯ßÖ‘qÇ(98ù{ÓW©Òç¥8tÍ¥7995‘tY§o”ã8â­[·—b[§zÌiA9¾(¶ÚïžÅ½:ÖÞAŽ¸§cž¢£<74£$¶zRÆÂ9ëÖ‚¸*:æ–A‚>•ò£ŽiXfU=…6N¸þtŒs┘óÂØb½ #šCqŒR1 ¸è;SY×rç°éJ˜b~”Æ6sùSÛGQëJp"Ï<ô§ÆÀ)9÷¤ÏÎqÏðø^>”£8æ„ÎsŽ1MR7óÀÍ+ôã¥)ÎÒqÒš žyî~\ö¥ ã¯Zp&sAÏåJ#‘ŠjòM+}à 0 )]ñê+?Õ{ô÷¨eµ ‘LÓœ¬»HñÖ¶W…ÁÇåÍ(è8Í.x¦‘××µ7'§J‚®O¹¬›»‡’Có™â¨N~SÏ?çš‹„åï­ôÇ!W=ëŸtŒ}róþwÁAïYMÑŽ¥K`¤J8ïþÏù`ar}1Me<ãÖšý»š”äqÅ1[h>æÇÑî3Å5º8"ƒÃ/ÖlƒÇSH@ò†Þi®[å©0œSä`ãŠpÆî¼ÓקjIQ׊tE‘ŽGQ@¨'ƒNo™FZV\ ærØÏÖœ«·9=¸4„·–Jœw¤Gà`aqÏÖ•Xò0:Rnç‘ÎzR»qžjMÇËÎ?*aÜ$çŠplc4ò~^:Ó³“Mûǽ Hê3Í)Á¤S‚hÝÈãšSžM9¨ÍeK2™KmÚ?Ïùÿ<Äg7B Ü2*½³ywHÇ€=+ ‘ÎiÁ¾ZrôäâƒõÍ3qàÓ$¸~óTo.‘£(»¹êk9œtŸz®Å·0}©ñÇ’7qÅL>@F:U0bõ¾aƒþb·¥âùÉþè °¨%‚9€,9ªËjnBÙ¦F¸ù[­O梘ô¥ûK0ùGËïS§ dçÖšPçƒøRl çR`Ó­(SU®æòã`XŠË…|ÉvòO5kQÊ,h1Ç8ªQBÒ‚@>ø©íWˆ‚´±•PzR€FyÈÍ4ä°ïÇJx'Iœ&Z‚F@sOnð¦…$f›œS\œ¼ SÂ3Í8`õÂ>r[ð¥Qó.áž8£cÚšÊ@œûR[¡éNXO¥#0 ëD€ü¾”98Ç4±ãóÜÒŒò98 â5ÅÂvÁ¤@9nþ”€|àZ’N1ÆE9pñÁõ¦)ÆGµ(uÍJx^:æ”G=E5zäô¥õ=éÈâ‘3¸ÓˆÁ¥ä ²ïP-ÁÞ¼†¡Uœtà{UcÄ秛GÈßçüÿŸIVè†äqÓëN{¶ç 3Û¾j»_O»q튉®ÙÈM2Br òy¨Y÷ ¸$T±<~4èâ¹àÔü;JŒÃ“ÍZÒUZõÁè#õ÷³tûoÜÕGõ¨™÷†?…8ÜÒ±Á÷ª·D–Ê©nÔ Hoð§1SœÒ mÙ'àÝTã-Þ›*=ɦ39kC ^IîQZZ«cQl+r)–ó®2A$ô¥–ì*1Æi–“ùÒç8éWw®1Å u' Š]àò(Ü02E×Á¤Þ„çn@¹éL3¨^5Síd¹ p=2]þ­ÊšË7üµ$zUg'çši7#Þ®Y.Ilc}?Õ¯€§îIÇJl˜*;R(·Ò—Ppž ;ø‰ê¤è½;Ð@b3Ú}iÈÎNMTyäæ¤èà ž)@ÉãžôÍØSŸ\S‚®åÉ烸ô7Ý]¼Ó‹)Æ)çµ"1·éJOÎxÅ/ðñÇ4Éö¢4̇æŸáÇJY1ø{R§CÞš[å#œPÇæP)äàsJƒ€zRóiw tÍ7ƒ'LR’Aéyç½=Ò«_ôwõ†dmßj{Ùcßõ«6‘¥ÄD7¥–Ùc’Aœp RvulÎÜuÅ86WóHNzS·‚:ÔnçLÒ™±ÆÜšw™‘’yúÔg”ç®*Έv]ÉîQ]ÞÑzÛ°2ƒŸÎ³¦Œ¡ÊËéU§ŽVŒ6ÓZŽhú~u1ûhI˜ƒõÿ´ÝxÇjOµ|Ø(7­4\1n)¦à“Áýi†cœw¨Ì‡´¸Ï<óJƒâß0É°#µ=Xm¦ 6ry¤#æR)ìr)S…â“»Ö†éH3úR½œÒ3à ya´úÒnÀ¸ª÷mþŽç½QŽÑaùïš‚D)Á¡§A+DÞPò’yç”ÁÉL —¡ãåëL“s·=©ªHàçŠRý¹4á–ÉqN žF@§óÕ¹«Ö®IÏ;ýE^ÖÛeê“œàõ¬á/È:àô© ²Œìs´Ôa2I2s×8ÿ?çõ]§ûøü)<¾s»¥)‡?y©¢1×qâ/9âƒ'å?§ùÿ?¨b+Õ€?JÊÜùÎiZߧÌF)Y Œã4ç5.ð9=)MÊW”¦M½BÌø$‚Fib9'=qZÖÜ›ºsNvÂ`zñRoùy<â“p* =(Þ¤ç"™¸äýzTÙÌ}y¤Èëí@eÛõ4âA?Ö£,9Š”¡ã$††à{ÐÝû“H§‘ž)IQ†šFÆßNôÔo•NGÖ„æN ƒëN$çôÅqŽF¦¿Ns‘ÓüÿŸèåc´ùéëJÎ¥ø8¥2 àuÇ_JHä NNxÿ?çü•.7àV”c‘øЬëŠ`l»È¥2 £=}iæQ†ã”¾sy4 Nx8÷¥óœ‘ÏJq™ñ‚Ô†vëH&“± Ï&zš­ÉÈR™˜òIÉ¥óØŒ3Pg9À=;Ò}£ò£ÎÏ9 ÏŽ„šE¸ `~T†v<÷é>ÐäppERI4É<š„‚qNóXô&!ç&Êz“øR‰œ6sׯ½{nÜ /˜Ì:ÒØq“Åv òižq&Ÿçy?•?ÍÈšcgvâzЬHÀÏÒ”ÌGÊ;Q»qÆy4®Ç<žE3Í9Æzw§¬¬ Ó.tXÏ樠%ÁëVfbØíQÂÂ)§Z¶/X°`f”ÝpAô†í³È$TŸk`AÅ"Ý’:qïR „?Â*­ræU*¨qTš6 §ØE$1¸+JÃäàŸ¹ýE[ñ#¤F§—¯ãXë´7¿­Y4ô¶z ŽUälÿŸóüД`z ieÇãM$žù¤'”1èO…ý:RÇsMÈ#ñ«i’Ø<T›FÃU£eŠ° íÓ¸aŸjUúÒ`Ö€£y¤+ƒ·iý@àQ·'ô¥Ú1š01Þš#œâ”&ã†8¤ÙÔu´Ýƒ=iY ‚h3Á¥Ú1€y¤Ø:PŠIô¤séI°dc4l9ö Fs@\u4¤ŽsHTwÏÒ“o¦zt (èsOT'4Œª{ŠF WéB&F9 QÒžw4»sšhU ÐW#"‘F:ñN8Î)këK€>µÁÂ;Ô0ǹøϤ˜að{ XT1 ŽÕ7”1Ý}©âÙX}ú>ÊW߀£ì䟽ÓÚœ-f•/’QKñòþµ¹‰#ƒvä.}ê3t¤Œæ¤K"ˆÔGZ±§&û¶ 'qî*׈ÔyñîùMd(Á©ŸqéQ¹m§üiì ŽGj]¨?„UWùKqSD¨ÄnQZ”Æœãn”†4ƶ(+(¦Õˆù@¤1FÝT*³Œ?N3V!RŸ­XP0G'éTd%ùzf­DNÎ?*qR=iÜdqNtÁëœÐ?ÃùRõ sÍ*ðØ¥`3ÏjHÏ8+‘ïCã9‹ÈÆhu¤À ÆyëJxŒZãΔã?(·åI€=iç@ã9é@ûØÏ68éŠ0:Ž”„çž”Š)p1œRuw*óÎiJçœP2Á枣{Ò õ¤ÇÌ(;€Æ2)¾X<ÓÂðpi7uéUnú€; u–F{QÌÛ¤'Š}©;Èæ®3Ï¥H‹ÆsÒœX”Üc½;;Oõ¢Sû–À¬‰IŽÆ¡g bš_š–ÛýfkWK9½|ÿÏ3üÅ]ñ “q†²D{NIçÒœ\’G̤Ž§¥IÓ9?çüÿŸE,À*­Ñ!‡­I`w©Àù{óþÉNàçšSÉïGÞÀ„q‚}jœ $‡5$O‚¿_óþÈ´Æ$uÅUœ†½ùíRÀ2§sÚ¤Ús‚* ãœF1íéA9‘A+ž(ÁÛƒƒÍ'ÍŽ:Rœ{Ò°Ç\м€{ÓHlóI‚F1Nz]œRëÈ4„ŒŒ~´â¡A'›C ðhØ@þŸçüÿ@#ó£É ãS < S‡CM Å úRçÉ4 ç©úS@iü¨ 1šÅ)ÃCÚ“o¹dGØÖT‡ 89ª§¿AïQÂøvLO9ó¥RØÈ<öª×_3ŒžjKaß5)\=h=84»ŠÑ“ÔI–ÇÔ7#rƒÜTPü¤ãŠ´LúÔWgs/Lâ’Øõ$b¬òO9ù¥w0)A‚·c=q͹<öéJGãL Û»S˜s“Ú‚¹èhNÔ…IÉéÍ/9 Š?‘ïCCÛ¥/=åHN8Ó°HÎ~´¼ó‘Öƒ€0( œÓ@$.OãHxíJHÅ Ò•¤#=iÜc Oz'­ ä`óJPg ñéK:/zL߯4OzB0FNiwiΣӚ\¾õŸÖn;šµ;ƒnLUŠŽ+J4 cµ?nH4½ivŒRþ”u” ­E8&5· Àüê\•íÖ¡šrGªÖ˜3tÙ?ÁýEiëc÷ãÞ²¤Àg5L’ ¦zÒ@rqVÃ…`ÍQ¹ÿYÎ@© bT{Tù©¥m½©¤ààsNã·Zn5‹”9ª¼MÉæ®ÆA_rj²6(èGSL·$6ü*â“Œt ŒŽÇ½'niý†ìã¶i ÷àÿŸóþp›¾l :ò3HwdO›8ÇZ‘AÝÆ)zœ”žÆ“ou<Ô¸ÏZEè09×üÿŸÕËצ=i[äóšÇÝœXuÒgÒ“ÿ…F;ЫŽ§šLƒ×µ/b†Æ¥u*ixÉ¥ 3Í8Ž:sMéŽy ‘ëJyi€G½!ÚNi¥¹õ M/%©$;c$¥0«7Xت±®dõ¯¦)ナQœRñƒøPØ-ÀÀ¤ý( ¶p3Ú¢”þ龕ZÜeýsVGfªKÅ׫šn>ÖÇŸ¹ýEjkd‰"ôÁ¬vÈà|˜ëïU¥¤aÔ XÓ¾NjG¯^qH›O=êµÚ‚⤀ŸJ˜œdF#>´á†=i€'ÐR‰ÎqƒHJœàÕ&ù_ýjÔG ŽôL¡Ðà{Ôü’ã¯z»¹y÷§Âàr>”vÜN#‘Î@¥>¼Tyç OW^™æ‚FÑÔc½ÏCô¥Ë~€œç4éÅ'n´ýÀidöç§ùÿ?âðc³1P¼®È@†•Wo$Ó™‡SHÉëJqŒg¥!|qšMÝ1Þ€OLÓ€ÉÏB)’þþ´F /QUÜ’çw=ªKtÆNjS–è~´d‚9¥Ã´ð1ŒÓºtü)wcýèbsÁÍ1†W9ëQ…ÚwR¹-Ó“ëPž%ëVìеÁ*3òžþâ´”G=½©œQH “ô§)£9úŽôíýíéH lrŒqCüÄŒÔ!Y › HÇz #*;Ò…ô;‘ÓŠëëNn{~4€94c¯gA§nì´Ç'ß9 žz{ÒžWæå"—,ŠfH#ìddÑî(ÝÏõ¡ÉϨLõ"žO=iÇ©€=é¤u¥Qž;ÒœôÅ/ðäÓ@ëÍ4/>¸§ gèãñ¦ãæëÅ?þª¸×4ð£hÇ^”Ý šBÏZAÇ…NNzÐÆipÙëHGb¢#yê`>^ZNœ´ sFp@<ƒ@RNsOÈÁéÅ5²@< @iÄñŒ~4Ü{ñHHÎÜàTož=*æšÇímþáéõ¡âÝ$'8àÖ £néMdlsB#9éK°ž©z:úÒ…ÈÇJCœž)Já9ý*2¸äS@`ÜRò_ëR*Ÿ­;qÒ”žE)O¥+!Šc+`wÍH©î?]ƒ·åFÞ:~4¡p1‘C Çš_•—ƒIåš6àtéÞš@ïÔR…ÝÛ4å]ªsü¨íš0Iö÷¦í;³Úœ’i ÷Å'9Á» .ÓŒ P¹íA>ô9ç¥FxàÐTŽG4Š»”óÏ¥+­B©&” ÎxÍ/•¸÷¦49>µ"£¥8/½"“i© öæ‘G=)ÛÉ4Šp@<æ®[ƒšG^äÒ4@c#šP)?­8'8Å=aÎçœb˜Uë€{Q³+M+À›~lw4ï,ªÓB¼Ò(ƒœsMeÚpG>ýªÎ›rű÷?¨­/ ˜qïÒ±ùqÍBü¾9â“!‡þ4¡€éHÌ:Žæ—pÈ^ôtòi£ô¤9#ŠBxàiýx…8gÁü¨nœƒíN XeCtô þë~Tý¤…aøSOoÒ‚0ySA-Ž‡ŠI;NN 8ÎB61éFöÇÜl})çiçiØ£8ÏÊsLÜünR)KtqîhV%ÏÊH©rÛ¹Vü©T’§ålýÚivÇÜqÿ¥G'§ö§nùpS n˜$ {oà•?€ nþéÍFK+ðùTƒ~2#cô)Œ =ÇJnò6¶~”ü–Æ…'ÍŒí'ð¦áÁ+ì*E“ˆ›jn%ÝŸ-‰ÇaJ|Õ9hÜ~ð]±û¶üE/ï3-±ŸJhY˜’"ÊžM£÷N ÿdÒl•N<© ?ìÐŅ̃ˆ\ãÚ‡YÄãðéAqˆßŸj6KÂ&ÇÒšDÅð!|cÐÓÖ)XÝ0úƒJ°ÊzDÿ÷É Ã>ÿø÷qøR4w$ǼŸ•0CpH>S~TãÝáý§yS‚@†N}Ó‚\€»Q´7öy ÿv§‚ÆæEoÝ„¬zÓ%±ºŒãÊ$z©ÍDÐO»>Kõþé¥òåç1Iÿ|šw“1Î"~G÷M'‘8Ly.OÐÒ5ÃŒˆ[ñ§ÙÚ]E;€…Û[×]ýê†?»Y·?ëäÿ>•}Ú‘?Âœ:÷©Ï÷ÇÖ¤_¹OtÕ{¾?Ýþ´‘t5(ÿYRéJ~á©¥'Æ›?ú±P'õ©{¥!ëøP½ ”ô¡z dŸuþ•Qº cOGÒ§‡¿Ò¤î>´SQUW­8ô§'Zt¥j;S–¡õ”£ï~5!ê)M"TÏÒ‘zŠµ*ô }êrô t§»M4Gzpû¢ZOᣭ/­ êi;ÒŽ‚—½!û´R¥)éHzŠgñþ47zFëNíH{WÿÙŸ3DdÈS ¶ èèð<² ð C ðA¿ÿð€Rð3ç±­<‚FlûIÐcR$ÿë2LKM Fðã2ç±­<‚FlûIÐcR$ÿÿØÿàJFIF––ÿÛC   (1#%(:3=<9387@H\N@DWE78PmQW_bghg>Mqypdx\egcÿÀ SÈÿÄ ÿĵ}!1AQa"q2‘¡#B±ÁRÑð$3br‚ %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyzƒ„…†‡ˆ‰Š’“”•–—˜™š¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª²³´µ¶·¸¹ºÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚáâãäåæçèéêñòóôõö÷øùúÿÚ?»­Ï"\"Å#/ËȲüû‚N&“'§ÌhûEÊýÙåÏûƇºº>|Ÿ÷Ù¦}®ë§Ÿ'ýõ@ººaÿßFœnnÓ¤ò\µ4Þ^dââOûèÓîðg“ŸöÍCö»²Oïäÿ¾=/nÓ\Iÿ}Rµõáÿ—‰?ïªAwvIÝs/íš÷Lrn%>û>;›žGÚdz¤ûMÑé<¸ŒiÆk‚úD‡>Œi¾tù¾—=þsKö› 8¸“èZ´Ý7ü¼J=· ÍÈãížyù©­=Æ×KŸ÷J'¼á~Ñ&8Æ“í`ãíÿßt¦{®Ò¥?G5Ún°Ò&#ýãR Û²@[‰0:Ò«Ïùø“þú£íwXÿ‰r?Ú¤7WC'íRc¯Þ§ëÂ?ã屚_¶]“ÍÌ”¿k¹Æ ÌŸ(ººçý"N4¦òóÜ?J>×t?åâLS~Õ{žn_ìi>×x9ûD‡ÓšiÔ/FH¸p:óŠµ[Ü’'p? aÕo‰é?­ «ß©ÿ†ü@ ëWý<óÇ°ÿ oöÕù<Ü}W¿Ï úR®µ~¼™Ïâ ë—äàMú ?·/ÉÍéþÈ ëz‡_7#ýÑBë·èpeŠŠS®ßö˜gýÑNÖ y3㢮_óûïütS“Z¾#jýJŠ]¾_ùh¹ìŠh×ï¿ç <ÿtU½7U»žþä˜mfäm.²â`}” £qòñOQ‘ÜS¸àR„qƒND$zSJg‘Í3Hæ˜ë»P0ÛÂz'‘J@Ï°¤ä‚E=NÓ=…<àŒóÇZ‘_Œu§®bI#ŠréïH–9§íÈþ”Ò»I89Hì=Ïùÿ?¢ãhÇõ£Œž™>Ô¸ÝÉçŸOóíþz´¯sÀúRò{ÆœœbšSÇe4œìÇ¡n*Âiíœî{ •,"_¾ÄŸzØ÷9¨¥ÓÀÆÇ>„Õ9!’6ùÓ¥!ùF9ÿ?ãMbj)zÕip÷¨2ØÇõ¦åºuæøÀFK–èGéN(BüÑëÅFU·uãŽõ$`2èiäóý)®£g8ÉǪÈp1Ò›‘έ3o91A7¯Ò— ëŠQòœ’MIž:Ó—ƒóä`Ôƒëýiê܃úS°¯_Ê—©ïÇJk¡Ž ;²¥3¨É¤Á$àqKÔ㯥=bb@Pyô榊ÎFûÑœ~Ÿçüû\ŽÃ}óì?ÏùöÅ”‚4*­8Ðô£À¤ã4§´Õ&ƒœŽ*)¬¡—æQYóirõM•¬é¡™2¬¥} ]AÏÍùâœpOÊ ¨¤Æážâ8&‘£Ò;‡$¯ëA8l)ÇéW‘Î{Ñ·Œç'Ü!&‘À šQ÷I< DŒò (\uàSÁË|½)vçŠIXã8À¤SÇ=*æ–ùÕ Èþ!ZÚ¸QbºJ¤N×Ü;`Ò®NI=ûT€‘ùÒ¸‘C½éBŒ8ÉçµG9ù3Ú«qü]}iWúTaN¢œ[i>´˜{ûÒ¾ziW$1àëO=‰ÇáR»ÓéH¬Njfq’ uÁ¡X‚>^æ”Ñœ>Ÿçüû°Äã'jERÄOùÿ?çÅe#>QÜŸóþ•Ô°ÿ1éÅZ5@ÐSñŽzP1×½&G4¼bšh#¥!qÚ“ÀïGN3I»cµ=_#ž”’$s ®¡‡¡ªòi¶®2iö5JM®|·ÈÇÕ ìg‹ƒã¡WnÓÏ…= 'Ý;€Á• ßwž´à9é€O4›6œuÆOâr ÆiIvO¥ §Ž õ© .$`tŠ¤€£æÛÁ¤bpOµ3'Ö­é_ò·?íŒÖÆ®s¨¾Eýª–x ÷ 4å9å°ô¥ÉÆIÀô¦±É=})¥›®9ö¦IõÍF@Gzcœ’Äãž”ƒƒFÂĜ҅+Ïðä{ÐäSÁsü©â}éSÑ—9©Ädã€>´õV`px<`µb Ûò®3ëVc°T9s“Ü•a#H‡ÊªÒž}©À÷(ê9âLžh9,q@­ãšnHÎM“ͺÓA$ô œ=5‰$`Ñ»oNiC‘É4å9äѼþíá‡_ΩÜéÐ\)# Ǹ¬›6x OQÞª”*:{‹i“Ž”ðFw7¯~ôÆý 0Ÿ¾=(ãzH3ŒÅ?‘õ¤‹t§' G{Å1‰ïÿê¦0RqÈÍXÒþÒ€g8­}_'S“·ùUR9Èúô¦«'9ÜSúqŒcßüÿŸÑz¯\ïþÏ蘭F}ñϵ4œ`p:Ó±à÷¦•»OSƒÚƒÀÚ?Ò¤ÙÐ~‚•”ƒíKè9ü(*ÄŸêjd·/ÎÒÄôâ­Ca&íØ ìjÚØŒîIö«ĉ÷UE<ëIß¡8£žÜÐsÅÏZ\w zÉâŒÂèM!éMóIœÒ‘ÇZaSëHè:Ç¥šóNàMÉcŽÔ¥À8¥qQËmÂèúÍgO¤Èˆn8â³å´–#†SϵFAÎ1Ï¥!P韭Fê â›Ñ¹â¤ÎTqÏzS´®9¦€Çõ¤-œÞƒó› ãp#Ò¬éj©n@?|V¦±ÿ!I9ã?•U-À ¤-Œmh-€9ª ÆéN1³_óþÏTò˜)ç4žSž{õ5¡=ãFÓ´ŒcñMçõô¡2x>õ:«úUˆ¬¤”ò¤ö¸ÿ?çñ°ºpÜw7ùÿ?çÖh¬cN[.}êÐN§ sïIÔðhÜ bêE&sŒ ÁçŒÐŸjSéFxãµ(9íF Ž)Wˆ¤#9¦·§jh'ž(ÁÎM.ƒ çÒœzdóM#Ú”¨¥5TnçœÒ+Ó¥5€È=é?…;qÇiC{ÒOÍVî85ÍÝFÐJñ°ç±ªª~jx©¨ °+½¹£‚pqJÄ*…ÀÏ­0‚ŽsMëëþœœf˜ç5sKø™[€1óŠÔÖ8Õ\²?•W»¶0*Sj0£üÿŸóõzÛ(JóS$ qŽ)ËM;ÊÀæSü¸¦PXaF)¯f1éUÞÂFl 8ÿ?çüónßNXÆ_$‘WAò¨ø§öàf‚}©œ“G%úqOÛÛ½ :æ‚8úR84tÀ£$Ži9'ŽéØ&ñÚ•IàÒ䞸¦ç=iÃô ž„nî¸rxÅ(<âŽ)JöëFSÓÒ‚8¤ ãŠ)T6M!RGJB3À '¯Ò˜¦€qôªZµ·šƒ%G?JÁçÏù®ûA{Ôdñž”¡‰vô¥“€ÀùéNB¬H‘ÆÞ„šAŽ8üj],ª[ãûãµtW°‰5 d ý$q(>¿…I´qÐ҅ϽøÇí£Ï4“Í;P¼u§ˆÃ”ð PO< \du¦íÁÀ4„`ö4ª:SN”šœv zB}òi>÷”¡OZlRrJLdâŽ(怾¦Œ{Òw 8N) “FF84»……³Îx¡š—?/Zã¥(8ÈëKÒ—hnN4ŒqÅ!PGJa‰v‘Œýk™¾·hnÙ@᪫«)ÇPi ½ŒÓv±éÁ÷nsÖ…R/#¶{ÐÛ²qŒR»×5>–€ê¶ùÏßÓ\ô©¾lr?• ÎüÔh~4cŸzpò§)FqšTRÜÔÀûÑÞšy‚—¥ g½8£g¥8ð94ϼisž€RñÛµ&sߤÈÀÅ)€ iôÅ/8ö¡W8â—㠤ǡWž”£¾;RwÏ<Ò“ŠP;ši]ÄŠâ'œô4 ÉøÓ–lg'õ§+nlƒOã4¼gšËÕ4Ñ6e‹†îëX,¥‚:ñJ[hÇjEÞWÚ—©$Ôl9ÐÔ–þ&6ø9`þuÔ\ö§ìsý?Ïùê€Ôç4b€¦ÈûOÊ)ð§Þ5?8E÷¥÷£±¦oÂjÏ&“!¸—>ôxÏg­&zžô =)ÐñGcGJPsIÎ)ZNØ"Žü⟚h?7£9$Òö£v:RãÖ”zñJz㥥  ž˜§);~„dæ“”ät¨àŒJEx&ìtÅ?#4§®:ŠÆÕì°Þz ÷«@99¦† Œr*NY2;T|ã¡r§Ú¤°Qý¥lüôκ{…&â\v?ÒƒÀ'4GøSI §'ÈWÌmÇ83V@ö§nÊâ èi8¥Ûõ£¦Fi:´™É¥ ÉÜ`u§ƒéHsŸ­.Ü Fàæ‘Npi[ý 7<æ”y ñÍîäô 0Þ•OZ1Æ '#µ.{œRÙã‘KœžhÝÍži;ƒJ <Š^ƒž´¸84v¥S‘œRƒ‘špëGziŸj)˜žôÖŒžsM!–¥ŽzâšvÈŒCÅ`_Ùµ³“·(z¥´gž0sJy<qL Çq@~ð5-‡ü„­ðå¢ÿ:é&cö¹†;ä)G<ãó¥Ž5]Îù cš°ª©ààsKÛÚ“>¸¥Æ;ô `RM“¥xRŽ˜¤õ¥Æ>´qAÏ4‡[ÜW=4o¥$"£9çõ¥#?Znì >ÈŸí ~úÅþuÒL?ÒdíÏô£#¦j¦#åO½RB¡-÷z‘IÇiÊ §})¬r9¡q‚: \àð:PN4Ü–_j0AëFîا(Ç>”~4œÒ“œm¤!€sIœœŠk ‘ŠQÇéQ9`cšŒü£ æ…q€N)èùê½+¸UËT~oéN2ç(€2y ÈA94Ï9H9ÏáGš8ǧçNYpçôÑ';XÐòßJi•Šàr§éHÒ¶O­ 3AVbqŒS†ÈÏ lÒäŽô¹ ž8í@â“–žÍ3n3Í!qéQº” ÷ª·Öñ\! áÀⱜíP¤ŒŽ‚xÀÀôÍE"úKlOÛ Ç@ã§Öº™GïäçœÕy›bã ±÷§AnGÎH'µ'–Kv©r1ô©'Î,“ŠÓx¥ÛÚ­Í1ÕŽR ¯ËŒŸZR02sM\Pr¸ÇÔrIî OøPrrÿŸóüÿ1U€íÀèÏùýJð¼wÇåþy @Èî=?Ï?ç¢F?ÏùéM ÀçÖšOsÇùÿ?碱-ŒÖç#óþÎ@À0Ú*D”¯8«l â•'Êäõô©£«qN .îÂœ?*pÙnqǘ¹üë ¹;g“×9ªÐ!gÞ¿çüÿ‘pŒv¦“ÇZ§<“‰A‰ˆö”ñ‘æG;â¦M^,a•¨^ôË2ºU9žµaoüÕæ2¸êEN—¸ÂÈ?yR*sô5Ü84Á¤‚ð:llÃ;¹§y„ÏZ‘$Ü>÷NÔðH­)fÉäÒ8õ¦Œ’sLó€j6,3Í3œ ÓòK7³Af xÍŠýÜýhŽO~ôŽÀóœšh›Œ~4y‡i]æ£}Dž™ëÅGöàOLŠoÛ}2?¥üwŠQ|¤dŠ_¶©_º1ïQ›ðW…æˆï˜d°=jxîш ŠÚ`BƒëŠ²³ 9+Öœ$RI š g'ÊxüsR¬Ë·‘Ï­L²)ä­9]Oðõ÷§†PGëJ¥qœcñ¤bœü¸üjUÎqÉ÷¨î­’XXw‘“Y ®A­8* ?!=)!Ønáoúh¼gÞµ®£ tøõþ”Š(¡Ø€y¨òGÍŠ „ f˜0Ü‘šsErÈ3íMÙ Œ" ÓöÄÀ\du}Š8Ȧi£ÿU)Ç¥/™{waÇÒœ·ÙâX÷/Ú-_«úÓÕÐlpAç­G4*8 ߆' ««À¥'4…~^:Ò{Ò¬9¨±’rxŒ Œ‘Žµ^M )¥ÂŒÓ|àücëUå¼NÕ$úæ«›§fm c9¤ó$Î qõ¨ÝýN­DI'­#aNM4¸$`~tg'>”+rÃP}{QŽA§c+žÔÓòœãSG!Ž=ÊAíR­éæa.çŸÎ¥ûVéÓçüÿõåYT¦A¡$d ™%`víÏÒ¦Y>aÆ*U9>µ.á€1QÈÿ!"› -Ï0÷ǽfjû$'Ýê@ìj˜<I'ÜÓê ?¾?lܶ.'Œãôª!9ãö¦³³jfìŸzicæqK¸¯9æ”9Ç8¤-Æ3H ÷⦎Sž [æŸ÷¨e9Á²Š¬#?u™~†W ÷&${ÓÖYL›X+Ü ²NG=hÆciFz~4Ó‚)„à{Óà’j3‘Û ô¦19Éæ¡‘ÆsÀõª—2àÞýj†x©€>¢Ø$œò8ÅWyqš„¾M+HO$R`–#¥±€OJRNwšŸ”dP]xÛÔzÓI$sƒHù#'½ בÀïNfQDm‚3×52ýãÀ8<8\äŽõ2Làæ§ 知L®OAÅXŽaÀ©ƒÈ ©d5¹*Å[¨éVw^i— ¯ ®2qX8ùñŒ†“!n##³ŽŸZÒ»sö™Wý¬ÕVc·= 3{mÀé@ë×ó£qäv¥=M.pŸjNwsHFsøPIžþl¾­òÔƒó5äRúæ’BvìS‚i#¹©sÆG4¹õ þT`sMÀäõ¦žÕûçÒ£|çîÕiXãëUd.p ž*-Î?Ïùÿ=“ût§=1ùS%õªädvöÍ3gb(QŽÙÅ<¯sMàSvç9§uŸÂ‚ ŒÑü9¦îÜp«RÂAR*‚2Î í@mËøñRÄ3Œžµ7ÝÀç52)ÆsÒž¯^sïR IÇðŒU„˜zÔé(霚†UpÁÐœŠT¹_ãVœ¸dN3þÏùÎiK:Ô‘.ë˜xoüêåçü~KõªÍœôÅ3° rÇŠP <~4þ0 4ƒ=ºÐ3íš ýJi Üô 7 ò1V¢¸ÝŒÕØäÝþ§ž{SIÀÜx¢BdùúT¥N/ÝãÚ…lç֜書‚vÒg8Ö;AɨÜå?‰›#ÅU–RIÛÅg¶ù$á€Ôò· ’6i H™óõâ¢û@ä•9=9¦¼Ô|sHß/CKœ{PX™ Œ63Í+!zRsŒqA$0qŽ¢Œž˜ýiªvgviCeyÈíß0$ð*AƒÏ5ï^@8è:šlŽFpÀ~üR<g#{Tl¬œ2}Å!4 æ—¯|Ò209§(àä`ö£Š@z‚:ŠCÀà`zÓ×#94ø€È&¬ï`IR‘š{’zt÷¦pEH„ƒÏJ¹ÈÈäR²ùÀæ˜p;bŸ w¥™Fíã'š‘nAµNG­V¹”É/AP©ÿJˆ“üküêÍñÍôÃ`ǃÜSä]¼ Q"îcÈ«(€J`ßµ.8=sšLóòÓ±¸Žx§(ät¥Q’sOÀ¥Å8ŒŠEõäÒ–Á<Ž)ÌOõ1O̓Ç2©ãŸÎ‚›¸ô§cÖtëG8áE$HÃåÇZo°âƒõ¦ã‘F2{àQÈäRƒ´g®i/‘\zô©#—nÁÏj•&nªhæÃ`ñVclçž3RgÞ´o;°)êØÆsÍ(lðinm¤óëšF-J ƒëR/qF Í„óœâ‘Á¥Q’}©Ç;sM$“Öž¢–×þ?a¼ÅþufhÁº‘Ôá÷žþõ$w 0³2:ÓÉ9Æ) Æ)¹#¸ ž:sIŒM&Aài™4ŒsëFÜ—õ ÷8§Af Ý*øÀÒî&še™S<æ£7d}ÜT?jç–¨^àó×5ZY‹}ðqžÆ¡c¿§jhn ïKæŽiLŒ„5r+€ÃÑ»ßçüýl+¸ëRvÎyŸçŸóÑLÄ*(ó4˜5v8Q°jÄN[*ÑR0â ž1,,§¸®m£(ÍœqÆ)€JpàðiIàb€3J“íÅ)< qÁÆM*wÀâœ#üiÄŒnM r 4œzÒnÆO4üúÒ†Ò’x IÏñ : R{u¤Ú1MÆ2iÖŒZö cïçW™³,…OÉÇãM(sÒ’=êÛ)ØúTžÃ˜Éô¦ç9â䜚]§†Ï4Çç;R6x$q@99æšåˆÂõ?çüÿœY@^x51 ¨Ð ¼U)®[¶EDgrN?çüÿžP37(iÎ×üÿŸèÉíÁǯùÿ?¤ ùíI¼œsšO_Z2@ãŠCËšql µ4w&2ÕÈî"t 0ÝèÏùþN9 ÇjX\ðJöÿ?çü›‰1sþ5$r¤1õ«E²=ª'8ïXWêÑ<óÍCÑzsïM#<ô«Ïx¥#=8¸ôäÓG'4ÿr(9ÛŠ^˜È©PgÜRñÈÁâ£l0àœúRçª÷#<ô§öÇ ‚ø'M‘†À@Å*œžœÐx攟”úúRÚ)ûm¸ÿlÖ­/Ë•=CúÒç¸È$ÓÔ•„šOáÎisJ}{ÓA›_óùÿž¯ó@?JÑI‘†ÇáM~Ebj-‰ƒctÅTß¼ýïΔ8Æ)U°¤Š@àš{0?v„péJ´ œòiãØóNSð§òƒM,ri¾¤úRÁÂœfž=ûQœ€i1ºŽ6àP§ZPqŒƒÍ6W8ÈÏZ}ˆ?Úäž®*܈D²¯9ÜGëJ3ÛóÏùÿ?ª“Î)¼çŠLš;šRsŒô¦’21Öš9<ÒtéÒžp94í¹Æiá}¹R0#?7NÔÉ8ã9ÍP¸lœuúT$2zš $rA ’Gnž”ÑœiO#­4=éU˜0#¨ïBÏ¡³×ò¦“ÎM(Éäž” ‘œà\e‡¥W)ÓŠµ û°­V÷‚Ø?áW —äÇLgŠS.TãšÀÔ$2\`ÅUl盧4üœqK“»$ä ]üœàsHÌ1סe'éëOYrp9§™9*H T„’FO¤mØsA Œ§¥(8è3HÞŸŸâïIœ€NséASÁéI’}½é¬ŒÇå'"–ų©[‚y*ìÇ73s¼ÓÐãÛüÿŸóÕ×’iãµv¤>½©ÝÍ7ŽÔàãŠCÓM$qNÚëZvàŒóþȉäÂòG¦U’rãè;¬ÿ~šÃŒ P@ÀÀæŒà`ÐÄŒŒ@¼S‚“ÀíÍ&0x¤ÜsÅ zŒSxjR6ôÒM?q ¤fÉâ‚B·R}ªeÐnl‘õ«Ý…çZs_( ©È5žà±&˜~Và’i„ñÓ­9[¦=©[‘Ž”®ßSëQ8`3šEcŽ”ô;OJx`çŽ*d‘T€yþ”òû¸©LsÜ@rþÙíObÀëÞœ‡¹¤ÛÎE;8ã¸Å.wx™€G¥5³´àŸÂ‹C¶úÝ€ÏÎ+JuÌÎØêÙÕo~:šdæš2G¥8àúñÖ›ÐRJžqM XŒsì)G Ši'Q¸äâ˜ò€Óš¯%Á ã?D\“–$ÓNݹÍ3ºt¥+ƒ“Ma·¯Z\zŠÁ;¹§ŒÔÖl÷9¤ƒéMžôî3šB0úRž{u¥Àǧ½ÁÏáNÛ“ÖŒyý(ì)mÏ•4¿SFOñcšk=i09éTzœ{RnÉÛƒõ¥9Q“ɤç¯4ƒæ¥+Ï\~vÂŒvÍ=F8$S¶’2¸Å8d g5"צjFàd÷§FKdPÏSÅ<#8éJ™Þ=é¸ü{R`c¢,Ûp1ôÅKf7jþ¥ÆjódÈç$üÔ‘õÿ?çüx†uÉ¥e88)éCã'h$~T ©B ö t;¿ P2ñÎi¡ó‘ž}h,q@q×8§yƒŽ}¨-ŒíïIŸš¶ ¦àsÈæœ1½MÝô 6;æœ$ÀùN3×P9É>´¼lݸéMܤœÒ29¤‚Í'QÈàRŽääRd£4dΧ4ƒ#•7Ìéš@A<œ{Ñ»çÇÒ1ù³Š@Ǿ)ðzS”Éd âN1ëN'Ž=i`r)ZL¯<ý)ŠA''Ò1&GA@sØ~4íìb§G%FN=êE~~jBÄãëJ§-ÞŸæåºàQ椃•ïM2>îpzf˜2ÊqÉ=sÚ¦±Pº…·ý`äö®§ì¶øÿSýò)>Ëo»>DyÿtS ±Î`þù¤–Û@ò#éýÑKö+\ôxÿ¾ÔGÿ|ÓŸiþåJl- ÿǼ÷Í'Ø-?çÞ?ûæ”iöƒ#ìñãýÚˆi–XèéKý›gÇú:~T¿Ù¶`Ǻ~T‡M³ÚÑÓ¥7û.Èø÷_Öƒ¦Ùçþ=ÒìË £ý)²i¶{?ãÝ:Ôk¦Ù’3þfž4»,Ǻþf”iv_óî½}M$ÚeA‹uê=j1¦Ù” À?3Nþ̲ãý3J4Ë/ù÷_Ö¢¸Ól‚ QÏ©õ©?²ì¼°|ÿ}ñ¥þʲ,?p:ÿxÿ/öMŽáþŽ?3íïUo´ëHå@€¹¨…±ê‡æhû®óû¡ùšq°µóy#óɦÍaj²àDÀîj?°Ûd~è~fœ,m‰æ!ùšÂÔ‘û¡×ÔÔ3YÛ«H`cäÒ 8æ?ÔÓ’ÊÜã1ÌÔßÙö¸?º™¬Ù¡'uU‚p?1à|µ4vДbS‘ïV!²¶`s<Žæ«=´;ñ°c'½M ¤¬có4‰ip c¿z¸l-„@ˆ‡>æª%¬?ÜýMH¶ñÙ_ÔÐmaÁÐzšl° Œá{zÕ@ÈóÂÆ”1Q€p=©m™¾Õ ÉâAüëÿÙg Dd4KæÉèèð0² ð # ð AÿðÀbðã )fVzŸ\ݨé:Èu³Ÿ¯ÿ¿ ë~nð· )fVzŸ\ݨé:Èu³Ÿ¯ÿ‰PNG  IHDR4Kgû#gAMA±ˆ•˜ô¦ pHYs´JÚ¸÷ý HIDATxœu–÷—•~Æ?o¹÷½½Na ÃЫYáØQ°&X㱬Ë1nØ ,ѨY£‹fÍqWWã Š%êZ`]Ë‚‚ŠQl`Á‚ô6L/÷  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~€‚ƒ„…†‡ˆ‰Š‹ŒŽ‘’“”•–—˜™š›œžŸ ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬­®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~€‚ƒ„…†‡ˆ‰Š‹ŒŽ‘’“”•–—˜™š›œžŸ ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬­®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~€‚ƒ„…†‡ˆ‰Š‹ŒŽ‘’“”•–—˜™š›œžŸ ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬­®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~€‚ƒ„…†‡ˆ‰Š‹ŒŽ‘’“”•–—˜™š›œžŸ ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬­®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~€‚ƒ„…†‡ˆ‰Š‹ŒŽ‘’“”•–—˜™š›œžŸ ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬­®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~€‚ƒ„…†‡ˆ‰Š‹ŒŽ‘’“”•–—˜™š›œžŸ ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬­®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~€‚ƒ„…†‡ˆ‰Š‹ŒŽ‘’“”•–—˜™š›œžŸ ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬­®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~€‚ƒ„…†‡ˆ‰Š‹ŒŽ‘’“”•–—˜™š›œžŸ ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬­®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~€‚ƒ„…†‡ˆ‰Š‹ŒŽ‘’“”•–—˜™š›œžŸ ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬­®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ                           ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~  € ‚ ƒ „ … † ‡ ˆ ‰ Š ‹ Œ Ž ‘ ’ “ ” • – — ˜ ™ š › œ ž Ÿ   ¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¦ § ¨ © ª « ¬ ­ ® ¯ ° ± ² ³ ´ µ ¶ · ¸ ¹ º » ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö × Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Þ ß à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ÷ ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ                           ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~  € ‚ ƒ „ … † ‡ ˆ ‰ Š ‹ Œ Ž ‘ ’ “ ” • – — ˜ ™ š › œ ž Ÿ   ¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¦ § ¨ © ª « ¬ ­ ® ¯ ° ± ² ³ ´ µ ¶ · ¸ ¹ º » ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö × Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Þ ß à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ÷ ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ                           ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~  € ‚ ƒ „ … † ‡ ˆ ‰ Š ‹ Œ Ž ‘ ’ “ ” • – — ˜ ™ š › œ ž Ÿ   ¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¦ § ¨ © ª « ¬ ­ ® ¯ ° ± ² ³ ´ µ ¶ · ¸ ¹ º » ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö × Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Þ ß à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ÷ ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ                           ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~  € ‚ ƒ „ … † ‡ ˆ ‰ Š ‹ Œ Ž ‘ ’ “ ” • – — ˜ ™ š › œ ž Ÿ   ¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¦ § ¨ © ª « ¬ ­ ® ¯ ° ± ² ³ ´ µ ¶ · ¸ ¹ º » ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö × Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Þ ß à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ÷ ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ                           ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~  € ‚ ƒ „ … † ‡ ˆ ‰ Š ‹ Œ Ž ‘ ’ “ ” • – — ˜ ™ š › œ ž Ÿ   ¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¦ § ¨ © ª « ¬ ­ ® ¯ ° ± ² ³ ´ µ ¶ · ¸ ¹ º » ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö × Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Þ ß à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ÷ ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ       !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~€‚ƒ„…†‡ˆ‰Š‹ŒŽ‘’“”•–—˜™š›œžŸ ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬­®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~€‚ƒ„…†‡ˆ‰Š‹ŒŽ‘’“”•–—˜™š›œžŸ ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬­®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUþÿÿÿWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~€‚ƒ„…†‡ˆ‰Š‹ŒŽ‘’“”•íýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿ¹Äþÿÿÿs½¾¿ÀÁÂÃþÿÿÿäÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎþÿÿÿÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛþÿÿÿÝÞßàáâãþÿÿÿ§æçèéêëìþÿÿÿîïðñòóþÿÿÿõö÷øùúûüýÿýÿÿÿRoot Entryÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÀF ÑKÞÁÇ»€Data ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿVŒWordDocument ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿóª ObjectPoolÿÿÿÿ¨jKÞÁÇ ÑKÞÁÇ_1222999346ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÀF¨jKÞÁǨjKÞÁÇOle ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ1Tableÿÿÿÿ¼CompObjÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿhþÿÿÿþÿÿÿþÿÿÿ þÿÿÿ þÿÿÿþÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿþÿ ÿÿÿÿ ÀFÐèñóíîê Microsoft Word MSWordDocWord.Picture.8ô9²qþÿà…ŸòùOh«‘+'³Ù0Xˆœ¨¼ÈÜ èô   ,8@HP㠃ਣ®à¨©  [&@ñÿ&1KG=K9mH:A@òÿ¡:A=>2=>9 H@8DB 0170F0 ÿÿÿÿÿÿðlðð,bð$@i_–ÛŽ*ÆtlÑGíµ¬ÿ¿ ( @ñÿÿÿ€€€÷ðÐððnð( ðg`z‘àÿÿûÿÿõÿ™  ðð6² ð  ðAðððB ðS ð¿Ëÿ ?ðæÉ4ÿ@€4–p@G‡z€ÿTimes New Roman5€Symbol3& ‡:ÿArial"ñˆÐhH|ªH|ª!¥À´´€r0üÿÿS0®0©S0®0©ObjInfo ÿÿÿÿOlePres000ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÅÔWordDocument ÿÿÿÿÏçSummaryInformation(ÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÜÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿYê¬ Ö À   K4À C ÌK4K4(4K<´J  !!!"""###$$$%%%&&&'''((()))***+++,,,---...///000111222333444555666777888999:::;;;<<<===>>>???@@@AAABBBCCCDDDEEEFFFGGGHHHIIIJJJKKKLLLMMMNNNOOOPPPQQQRRRSSSTTTUUUVVVWWWXXXYYYZZZ[[[\\\]]]^^^___```aaabbbcccdddeeefffggghhhiiijjjkkklllmmmnnnooopppqqqrrrssstttuuuvvvwwwxxxyyyzzz{{{|||}}}~~~€€€‚‚‚ƒƒƒ„„„………†††‡‡‡ˆˆˆ‰‰‰ŠŠŠ‹‹‹ŒŒŒŽŽŽ‘‘‘’’’“““”””•••–––———˜˜˜™™™ššš›››œœœžžžŸŸŸ   ¡¡¡¢¢¢£££¤¤¤¥¥¥¦¦¦§§§¨¨¨©©©ªªª«««¬¬¬­­­®®®¯¯¯°°°±±±²²²³³³´´´µµµ¶¶¶···¸¸¸¹¹¹ººº»»»¼¼¼½½½¾¾¾¿¿¿ÀÀÀÁÁÁÂÂÂÃÃÃÄÄÄÅÅÅÆÆÆÇÇÇÈÈÈÉÉÉÊÊÊËËËÌÌÌÍÍÍÎÎÎÏÏÏÐÐÐÑÑÑÒÒÒÓÓÓÔÔÔÕÕÕÖÖÖ×××ØØØÙÙÙÚÚÚÛÛÛÜÜÜÝÝÝÞÞÞßßßàààáááâââãããäääåååæææçççèèèéééêêêëëëìììíííîîîïïïðððñññòòòóóóôôôõõõööö÷÷÷øøøùùùúúúûûûüüüýýýþþþÿÿÿëÿ’a’ôûÿÿÿÿÿÿÿúìùÿÿÿÿÿÿþÿÿúúùõöüÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿD$p»åôÿþî÷ÿÿÿÿöæøÿÿöùÿïóÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿôý/ ~‰y™ßÿþÝi‘¨‰yzŸæÿõïÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿõ   &œÿÿÿÿÿøë O*GX]Q3"©z^Rb˜88 " )I Qÿÿÿÿÿÿí   }Ñÿÿèÿçöÿÿÿÿ÷ÿóÿÿåÿûÿÿÿÿùêÈ¢©üÿÿÿÿýÝ  _D­Œo¢öûáóýùÿT[güô.ïâçSU”ÿÿÿÿÿéÿ6 /rÝÿÿÿÿîÿÿĆï»øÿÿÿÿÿÿA  ’ÿ·§ÿûóÿþâýÛÿ ­ÿ™  ýÿÿÿÿôñ*„ÿÿìüÿ÷ÿþË@Øèÿÿÿÿÿþ  !g`z‘àÿÿûÿÿõÿ™ Ð+«øÿÿÿÿÿÿ  nöÿéüÿìÿÿûÿMÿl øòÿÿôðÿ   A Æÿÿÿóÿôÿÿª5óô¸ÿÿþÿäþÿ D7# 6™‚×öáéÿÿÿïùå³lÿÿæ0Ìÿñÿüÿø ) kùà+Áÿÿìÿÿþÿïµ"¸ûõÿõ&÷òïÿñøÑ <97$  hÃüì×öþÿì]_uùÿùðÿw8/Zÿÿÿýšòº +™Ýÿÿÿÿðÿäÿöÿ÷ÿéÿëÿöçóÞqÿ³    Hèÿô÷ÿÿÿ÷ñÿÿÿÿéðÿÿÿÿêþ¤ CzE  7ÕúýùñøÝÚ³ªGWa1ÞÿïÓ“ÿ«ÿÿÿÿøÌ|0f…FD! ;¥Ôóÿ  Ÿÿÿ›Mÿª Òòïøÿÿÿôði1) -Rèÿ‚]=´ìÿøòû¤ ÿþöùþÿÿÿúþú§(5 7ªs†S÷üÿÿßÿ“pÿÿûúùùúüÿùûìÄ ^ ÿÿúëÿx{öüÿÿÿÿÿÿÿúöÿÿÿó²!  $üúÿÿdÿ` wÿÿÿþø÷öñöÿÿþíëñøÔ|:[ œÝYDôÿðæ„ÿV 9ðÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿññÿÿÿüõÿêmIÔÓm_ÿê¶üñôùÿت¢ÿÿø±{ùV Ýòÿýûÿýôûÿÿøøõøÿÿíïÿ÷ÿÿêùÿÿ?ÿüÿÿûÿíÿüÿðø†HÿQP’¥·ÿÿìý¬fÍñíÿÿöÿþäÿþÿõÿÿìÿûÿáø,=ÿíêÿÿÖÿÿñÿõåw÷® ÷ÿþÿç xc/RÕÿÿÿý°ÀŒaaYN,:SâËÿñöÿíûÿH\hÿ› EIøü÷ÿÿB7ºúõûÿb! M„ôÿ /oð»+¤ ÿÿÿüñÿæ7 ;V¢Ç÷ÿøÿøÊÔè¼×QQl% ŸÿŸÇ÷ÿïÿÿ\Xáùÿüþÿÿþþÿÿÿô÷õLQ®•|iiH$ò®!nùÛ®,ÿÿºÿÿîÿÿÖMÞÿÿýù÷öøøôîÿÿýÿš “ÿWæÿŠ|–s+ûÿÿÿŸ5¿ÿæñøÿÿÿÿÿÿÿïúÿÿ5U”½µ¥ìÿÿ½9à&aÿá¾ÿùîÿÿÿÿÿþÿøöúöýÿíÿíÿÿÙ 6ûõÀ‰­¥ÿÿÿÿþööÿÿøÿÿÿÿöòÿøüýÿq'  `>,ÿÿtFpŒÿâøþÿÿÿýõñÿÿóé÷ÿÿíÿ÷ÿô; TM[qxZãóxFîÿÿýúúþÿÿÿÿÿÿÿíüÿü÷üþ• ƒj€N£¿•x>XøÿÿÀx¦£úÿÿýúøùüÿÿúÛúÿõüÿìÿÿü…  $Àÿé‚9_Y­æñûÿÿÿùóòÿÿÿõ­ÆýïÙÿÿê¢I "F6? ±Ã®ÿÿïn¡ÿþþþþÿÿÿÿ÷øÅIAvOÛûÿÿÓH¯¢ I[‰d›r6µÏzÌÿ÷Öf=Yÿÿáÿþóöÿÿöèÿ»:\CÚëýþÿßNÍ"èÿiÌÿ`Ëóÿú÷ýÿÿè›[T#  Ïÿçÿéùÿ^ DÿRðÿÿ ÿòþûùÿî_ èÿÿëüÿÿéÿgEd¦©º¦º’RüìíÈ‚ïý ÿÿþúÿÚR  wÿàÿÿàåÿÿýû^Œ.u2^6Îÿÿ–ÓýãBŒá²|åÿùÿ° 2ïñÿîÿÿÿóâÿÿà` Ÿÿÿ6ÿýÿBz„®d Qÿÿÿáÿíõÿôÿÿÿb HGlžËÿ±ùÿô>  «ÿúïÿÿÿÿçüãÿg%qÿÿãÿôöïÿ³fÊÿÿÁ¼r¯ª«{F" )®ÿÿÿøÒrY ®& d  ›[,"‘ÿÿz†“Ñÿýå×ÿåµ_[jÿÅ@  '.~3†öý8gªû®ÿÅ  ¾J ¹éÿõ´Ðªr¬ûè’IR`U>*6ÎöÛB ‚KN6a¦\N0ùÚ¢ÿÿ¸¨æèÀÈÙÿÊ«ýÿÿÿî eÇ: TÅÿ„-ú÷áÿã5 N8âÿ:£ÿr löÿöÞÕlb{³m"ÒþÞÿøý‚^\EKRM !6Th[Þæa ]/ Ãÿÿôûî:CR˜ê½X´ë¤ÿëômtž¬áÿÿÿ÷ÿêÿÿÿÿE 0cJ'ÿïåÿõ&!í%ìôÿiñ~ üÿêÖ98ÿëÿÝ4 M_`¢ÿ¦  € ­ªðÿãd0Öÿöÿÿ"¯¦Ùÿ®  ) /MW3ÿð8ùöú  1óØ ' ;(0i‰Øÿ3  Ÿëê•ÙîÐ@HSYf_L¨Ï—Z( oÿõ~‚ÿþÿöþÿþðø¡cªËÒäøýÿr¦òÿN/#a¹” íäüÿöýÿÿÿÄ #;B E„ÿðIžýÿ|ŒŒ' Dç©ÿûÿúïÿÿïÜ­ qöQ ·ûÿw: ÿåvhìÿH'Q”xÿÿéÿÿþéÿÿU"b‡¥±©òººöü÷öð@ÿÿ!rv I/ÁøÿÿÿÅ MVQH=åÑ~¹ÿÿŽ;ýÿ•{aýåVÀÿ 1­èÿðTÌÿÿ ¸ÿ—,úù#—Úù©hÿO?`ÂíËE0‚ƒa=Ôÿíÿ¨ðÐûÿLóûùX›^; ˜Å½­G^ SbdCrC2­òÿ÷³¤äs V÷ÿ8ÿç#âç•   lÿÿÿôåøâF LÿÞ ûÿŠ$_—d+1Y+n€wƒ“¦—<»òùÿÝúÿäÿÿÿ÷‘VBD¡#!! )(ñÿïÿÿòõ %0]@< o<€*}çòÿÿÿÿÿ0r¨¦M/ ]WIWqa;_eg‡”ºVGO™ÃÚÿÿ¤{$!Qÿÿÿùõÿò   Mêãûôõÿÿïüÿ±‚‘t§ÓfÐaO01†}gŽ†{}~upuLl…ÀÖ„ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿì¥ÁI¿bjbj²³²³çÐÙÐÙÿÿÿÿÿÿ]’’’’’’’ÂÂÂÂ Π¤¶æææææUUUikkkkkk$ZôNJ’U3"UUUi’’ææMæiiiU ’æ’æi¦´’’’’Uiiii’’iæÚ `Š±úZðÆÂÂ_ i ø jUmHýþþ& 00&P °ÃN °ÀN!°n&"°o&#û%$ü%%°nð· @i_–ÛŽ*ÆtlÑGíµ¬ÿ‰PNG  IHDR4Kgû#gAMA±ˆ•˜ô¦ pHYs²Kú%¡ HIDATxœu–÷—•~Æ?o¹÷½½Na ÃЫYáØQ°&X㱬Ë1nØ ,ѨY£‹fÍqWWã Š%êZ`]Ë‚‚ŠQl`Á‚ô6L/÷Î[Þ[Ÿü0»'ûCòù¾å9Ï·J‡­×·G;æÌzøg›·úšÙú¦º9Ó(”=?¼‰U5k4ô­hZØ°îvFÉ$¡/%QÛBcˆ úZMl¼6f£is^_G9›“ûã¹µentņ¾“¯LQÊDšÓ»'yÍöð”Õþ³g4NæÃÃ?¼Tµë¡VÁÈ1»1ýnuòh2ºŽ]º·£ò‘·ì V¢Ê,\÷Å¢'Ãþ,ø-õ.9 ‡EÏL­x|+Œ'Æ/ 8ñhót,¦á<8¬””±—¾õ­wñK&xŠëíÞ_yC çñI7H¶}M¨ºø›Ó…P,9üüóïþ±žÎðp£Çº¤ zæ«û.0˜x¸û‘F?£•ØLO¬‚X¬”ítí+ŸÈX lúÏ}±’ˆP7téü·?´¬Šðë£ÜôãÏV°K•Ó£æc¶§N »ïŸb~À\­ÒÄsÂh7ýýÎk6™ÅÏÒÖßöÜáÛØz\ûeÛ)ѶàÔðo™B¿YU=r»ñ“j'>.Ù¬ð¢cgk{”¾â€eQ·Mjß »z—]-éòñƳ™ [_ÿÓPC_³º¶÷‘|]Œè+/LâÇùË…\Ó7kØÖ•îËúº~›bÚ`rɧùAˆlŽK_êoXpñféŸÜrÃß߃Q@w8pÿýSÇ:>‚°¨û%H€|¨¬RJJí]ÛjQÂ+óKëË6ßÙ~P_u½nûØoú[:S„²6nr¨0ÆãÔÌX¬çÁ1cœOç'ýk.ë6íí™%ÁáâàS?ýðËÒ¹æ·T6+þ󄌂ÏPÆ·/–βx¼“¨«E§ûr”,ÞQÁˆcÏÙÃ?“dá´c—ß·SsYãÀÏšþ¾Gv ¡PoÁçÁ?¼°Kë ÀŒâ'b!Z0§ƒæ˜ó.m™£ôübÞÞ?ä=zg? ÃûwFeŠkøjf˜"ü‘Þì]Z]ÙMxäéê™Ñ#wmûaú×U?jµ¶M|ˇ˜ø‚~?‘ŠúvœuXuD˜/úeç.tfDŽo××_|ˆ5ÌéÞ· Û*0VZéòôM³wÊ2ÜBïÐd#gûë÷öô®qÊï××·ÕüÒ×jt¥Žêì…JÕôå[óTŠ»YàžyÁ·O¼öpíÎäǃÀ°ÏŸßvX œ¦çtC€€yå÷Ën㺠|SÛ/mø}WÏæOwéóWª’†Âð÷Ÿ, Ä3ÚìE[´ ÓÀZŽ*î<$£çåõþH®÷sï¤Ð£Ó:'ÇÒœö@ÛasÙÆ^îþçX=3Û¦þ)sø³CSž½’ªb0fþO_.¯Ó†å“Ð{gcµA <ðv¯ro~ÍË7Œyµl›7‡Â']ëÉLëzçkÿ;9Hµ#Ýzþ©N~oW¶Š2¼ÎJ¦î2ä=ú»J»Ë6‹ËÛŸ9±l|½uo5…[‚P6mO¿g) 6ì~º{qäÖÝžrèÒÕt"˾ns1ô“= ߟ¤Þ$„ÖWTJIRw¥C?õLnX)u(›Oék[>ŠÒÒš8í¶U뮡˜Ô—J:¤Áœ²’–Ah,Þ%‹W<µUôEÇi÷zýŽNõÚØfÀ2 s\jXC’FK¯Æëm„MÖHsU¥ Ð.ÕJÚ}~ +Ü¢ƒÒÁN©Z¶‰8WÝ×Ñ7wÕ\¾”~÷mÕ­8îH¨Zó¦V>ã)3¦'j÷52·èkø‡ÇÆvpƸӬø@ÝÎÍ/§=ï\‡–oÓÕ[GT*T¥ž'.¿h"„ £ý+u«·¨«|$i'@’‹tAºAv\{âeÒ!ÕFòR¾G0æŠÓawµ¦ñQQ±±ðÂù_˜ÐCêz°ìgT«Õj’Tp·œeœúÏÓº§,}»„FZ}xöé³.¿ïš'n˜ûÖW·YÛd—êN˜RÚêl(•fÁ«šæeú&Ñ¿áÅ Á^ãK½­“öù`S—*ÙÕÏió­/#·RÕJŸá3I0øñ˜„®>iâÐ{õ´$ã*I’jró¥|Uƒ”va{=ÑðÜæ¨ XŽ…¶2úîøÝ3Ë’Öÿ¾º†]’*IÇ“çâÿ|÷­ç¤w9áଟˆ=ëfIïHCÒÎÛ/U‹…¼ëf‡¤ª7iŒ¿ð°ÆqiZ3ø¤ ”tw¨¨JMªÕ$e ¹s#x–®{äŽåË—ÇJNʬ}‘ôFfþW»¤Ê°ºæµ/¼ä®g?)È•ûùw=›~XJC¤i)>¼mcÅdBkÐøψûÎr+é4æ½SÊ•µ,Þ8Àxb!<ç­Êêéc°‰ÿÜ(¬¿ŸÔ OFÏ„bãû·Müå ¨½q`ö¶ïqsû#sá½?ÊxüCû¬ºÐ£-hiûÐóë¥ê«×~1<(åU;¢šrÒ€Ê:äΊŸ¨Á>i‡4¬\gÓ-/ BÈ`_FÕ²ªÙ²äº9WL© õ¥“[“ªHe ª¢´{ïÓK ¯QwB2Œicm2E'àTó‰òõÁ³¿ï½éj^9â¬'“«ÑÿÊ D™9]mxýNÓ-’jn!?œ—jƒýÃîwwDaÁå~êWïÃt.[4 Z³Jw­B·ZX·ç+vB)/iäu{¼ ~ÆDG·b8T)I×Ø´xª²+9? ôäܹ÷½—dV`ÖwS°­,‰N쨛"gYåá·ìJÜ€àp;*[ÊžÊÆ»vzÊxŠžrm 1qk¥3íœwãgÉÀ‡¦\§îcô²‰ä›LÊ•”M/Ÿït H¶˜ã,Žº Gw_y¢oÈÍØ5S9ŽŠß½öæŽÈ±È’ql:}ßA¼+’i½÷˜q¡€=Ò”ªÖû“<÷º­"5Ã2ƒáYó¶n³¨¦Óªm ]ÉIOM¶*nñ»ê®Â“±À×'“žï¢7‚–ØôD!kŽC;…%=Ê$†%©7-I}dÞ±LÓtêlŸŸD ¢ÎŸGÇö1ó±}’”ÖåUP¯ú•ïÙ¿Òö6VÁ_ßöQ¦Ö>›´†vë’ËOH÷|ÆàJ³a•¿TôýæƒÂÌçý¦#BÓãþ±xp&xñB >¤šRoÁ„ åœrS€B&¥aj" 84-š7š1 ç>v÷ùC½’RÅÎ7êa…Ôu,cñlÓ°*¤EØñax“„Sñ%(+½lÃñ#Ù <$¥šŽ á>l‡0øM“±®Ï«·¢©¬'±9O+|ašq3RÖD¡¢\üE³è„ƒa“F*ÞôÎ̪‡ Q(Q UòlØþ¾û]IÂ$; 4yþ¢3>6>f°J¨¨ ÚVçâì|‹IB:5`:Ží„}ð†Òz^TyDµÃÕ=² ­‹¡ÇÚ›ýUI¢Ws›€ÑWÑ€€ ‡Ä17쓤!ARqoj#ø\I²ëöŽ¿XË…T¬˜§êé®ïOžûö¬å:Žmªt%A.rBÕc^>2ëBóäQ¿h Z!TßÒ ®ù_·K=êÎKRA#R§Ê’TìûôÙ—*’dk¡`Ùž“k÷dw„þ}û¯³±¹÷t4Là`Æ,ŽíÁ“Œ·¿[ Û¤–^2š)gà± b™˜> ä' õŽéþ)`E¼L"«%IFÖÜŽ2ÑòM‰bºýÌvxmï´ÆCéºlqòâ¦|éÆ_#-òNú§YÕ† ’”ïr¥|Q©ýýu5{™c†(gÂÞÑXeT1¼Öÿ‘è ¨ŠQ!°ÄªIEND®B`‚þÿ à…ŸòùOh«‘+'³Ù0\ˆœ¨¼ÈÜ ðü  $ 0<DLTãss ƒà¨£®à¨© ਣ Normal.dot ƒà¨£®à¨©t2¨£Microsoft Word 8.0@@øŠðZðÆ@øŠðZðÆDocumentSummaryInformation8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿå1TableÿÿÿÿôI_SummaryInformation(ÿÿÿÿˆDocumentSummaryInformation8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ þÿ ÕÍÕœ.“—+,ù®DÕÍÕœ.“—+,ù®0ì hp|„Œ” œ¤¬´ ¼ Éã =æ   Íàçâàíèå˜ 6> _PID_GUIDãAN{4561FCE2-5C6A-11DB-9DF1-AD67B0848A2E}Î[Þ[Ÿü0»'ûCòù¾å9Ï·J‡­×·G;æÌzøg›·úšÙú¦º9Ó(”=?¼‰U5k4ô­hZØ°îvFÉ$¡/%QÛBcˆ úZMl¼6f£is^_G9›“ûã¹µentņ¾“¯LQÊDšÓ»'yÍöð”Õþ³g4NæÃÃ?¼Tµë¡VÁÈ1»1ýnuòh2ºŽ]º·£ò‘·ì V¢Ê,\÷Å¢'Ãþ,ø-õ.9 ‡EÏL­x|+Œ'Æ/ 8ñhót,¦á<8¬””±—¾õ­wñK&xŠëíÞ_yC çñI7H¶}M¨ºø›Ó…P,9üüóïþ±žÎðp£Çº¤ zæ«û.0˜x¸û‘F?£•ØLO¬‚X¬”ítí+ŸÈX lúÏ}±’ˆP7téü·?´¬Šðë£ÜôãÏV°K•Ó£æc¶§N »ïŸb~À\­ÒÄsÂh7ýýÎk6™ÅÏÒÖßöÜáÛØz\ûeÛ)ѶàÔðo™B¿YU=r»ñ“j'>.Ù¬ð¢cgk{”¾â€eQ·Mjß »z—]-éòñƳ™ [_ÿÓPC_³º¶÷‘|]Œè+/LâÇùË…\Ó7kØÖ•îËúº~›bÚ`rɧùAˆlŽK_êoXpñféŸÜrÃß߃Q@w8pÿýSÇ:>‚°¨û%H€|¨¬RJJí]ÛjQÂ+óKëË6ßÙ~P_u½nûØoú[:S„²6nr¨0ÆãÔÌX¬çÁ1cœOç'ýk.ë6íí™%ÁáâàS?ýðËÒ¹æ·T6+þ󄌂ÏPÆ·/–βx¼“¨«E§ûr”,ÞQÁˆcÏÙÃ?“dá´c—ß·SsYãÀÏšþ¾Gv ¡PoÁçÁ?¼°Kë ÀŒâ'b!Z0§ƒæ˜ó.m™£ôübÞÞ?ä=zg? ÃûwFeŠkøjf˜"ü‘Þì]Z]ÙMxäéê™Ñ#wmûaú×U?jµ¶M|ˇ˜ø‚~?‘ŠúvœuXuD˜/úeç.tfDŽo××_|ˆ5ÌéÞ· Û*0VZéòôM³wÊ2ÜBïÐd#gûë÷öô®qÊï××·ÕüÒ×jt¥Žêì…JÕôå[óTŠ»YàžyÁ·O¼öpíÎäǃÀ°ÏŸßvX œ¦çtC€€yå÷Ën㺠|SÛ/mø}WÏæOwéóWª’†Âð÷Ÿ, Ä3ÚìE[´ ÓÀZŽ*î<$£çåõþH®÷sï¤Ð£Ó:'ÇÒœö@ÛasÙÆ^îþçX=3Û¦þ)sø³CSž½’ªb0fþO_.¯Ó†å“Ð{gcµA <ðv¯ro~ÍË7Œyµl›7‡Â']ëÉLëzçkÿ;9Hµ#Ýzþ©N~oW¶Š2¼ÎJ¦î2ä=ú»J»Ë6‹ËÛŸ9±l|½uo5…[‚P6mO¿g) 6ì~º{qäÖÝžrèÒÕt"˾ns1ô“= ߟ¤Þ$„ÖWTJIRw¥C?õLnX)u(›Oék[>ŠÒÒš8í¶U뮡˜Ô—J:¤Áœ²’–Ah,Þ%‹W<µUôEÇi÷zýŽNõÚØfÀ2 s\jXC’FK¯Æëm„MÖHsU¥ Ð.ÕJÚ}~ +Ü¢ƒÒÁN©Z¶‰8WÝ×Ñ7wÕ\¾”~÷mÕ­8îH¨Zó¦V>ã)3¦'j÷52·èkø‡ÇÆvpƸӬø@ÝÎÍ/§=ï\‡–oÓÕ[GT*T¥ž'.¿h"„ £ý+u«·¨«|$i'@’‹tAºAv\{âeÒ!ÕFòR¾G0æŠÓawµ¦ñQQ±±ðÂù_˜ÐCêz°ìgT«Õj’Tp·œeœúÏÓº§,}»„FZ}xöé³.¿ïš'n˜ûÖW·YÛd—êN˜RÚêl(•fÁ«šæeú&Ñ¿áÅ Á^ãK½­“öù`S—*ÙÕÏió­/#·RÕJŸá3I0øñ˜„®>iâÐ{õ´$ã*I’jró¥|Uƒ”va{=ÑðÜæ¨ XŽ…¶2úîøÝ3Ë’Öÿ¾º†]’*IÇ“çâÿ|÷­ç¤w9áଟˆ=ëfIïHCÒÎÛ/U‹…¼ëf‡¤ª7iŒ¿ð°ÆqiZ3ø¤ ”tw¨¨JMªÕ$e ¹s#x–®{äŽåË—ÇJNʬ}‘ôFfþW»¤Ê°ºæµ/¼ä®g?)È•ûùw=›~XJC¤i)>¼mcÅdBkÐøψûÎr+é4æ½SÊ•µ,Þ8Àxb!<ç­Êêéc°‰ÿÜ(¬¿ŸÔ OFÏ„bãû·Müå ¨½q`ö¶ïqsû#sá½?ÊxüCû¬ºÐ£-hiûÐóë¥ê«×~1<(åU;¢šrÒ€Ê:äΊŸ¨Á>i‡4¬\gÓ-/ BÈ`_FÕ²ªÙ²äº9WL© õ¥“[“ªHe ª¢´{ïÓK ¯QwB2Œicm2E'àTó‰òõÁ³¿ï½éj^9â¬'“«ÑÿÊ D™9]mxýNÓ-’jn!?œ—jƒýÃîwwDaÁå~êWïÃt.[4 Z³Jw­B·ZX·ç+vB)/iäu{¼ ~ÆDG·b8T)I×Ø´xª²+9? ôäܹ÷½—dV`ÖwS°­,‰N쨛"gYåá·ìJÜ€àp;*[ÊžÊÆ»vzÊxŠžrm 1qk¥3íœwãgÉÀ‡¦\§îcô²‰ä›LÊ•”M/Ÿït H¶˜ã,Žº Gw_y¢oÈÍØ5S9ŽŠß½öæŽÈ±È’ql:}ßA¼+’i½÷˜q¡€=Ò”ªÖû“<÷º­"5Ã2ƒáYó¶n³¨¦Óªm ]ÉIOM¶*nñ»ê®Â“±À×'“žï¢7‚–ØôD!kŽC;…%=Ê$†%©7-I}dÞ±LÓtêlŸŸD ¢ÎŸGÇö1ó±}’”ÖåUP¯ú•ïÙ¿Òö6VÁ_ßöQ¦Ö>›´†vë’ËOH÷|ÆàJ³a•¿TôýæƒÂÌçý¦#BÓãþ±xp&xñB >¤šRoÁ„ åœrS€B&¥aj" 84-š7š1 ç>v÷ùC½’RÅÎ7êa…Ôu,cñlÓ°*¤EØñax“„Sñ%(+½lÃñ#Ù <$¥šŽ á>l‡0øM“±®Ï«·¢©¬'±9O+|ašq3RÖD¡¢\üE³è„ƒa“F*ÞôÎ̪‡ Q(Q UòlØþ¾û]IÂ$; 4yþ¢3>6>f°J¨¨ ÚVçâì|‹IB:5`:Ží„}ð†Òz^TyDµÃÕ=² ­‹¡ÇÚ›ýUI¢Ws›€ÑWÑ€€ ‡Ä17쓤!ARqoj#ø\I²ëöŽ¿XË…T¬˜§êé®ïOžûö¬å:Žmªt%A.rBÕc^>2ëBóäQ¿h Z!TßÒ ®ù_·K=êÎKRA#R§Ê’TìûôÙ—*’dk¡`Ùž“k÷dw„þ}û¯³±¹÷t4Là`Æ,ŽíÁ“Œ·¿[ Û¤–^2š)gà± b™˜> ä' õŽéþ)`E¼L"«%IFÖÜŽ2ÑòM‰bºýÌvxmï´ÆCéºlqòâ¦|éÆ_#-òNú§YÕ† ’”ïr¥|Q©ýýu5{™c†(gÂÞÑXeT1¼Öÿ‘è ¨ŠQ!°ÄªIEND®B`‚†œ:@ñÿ: 1KG=K9_HmHsHtHJ@J 03>;>2>: 1$1$¤(@& htHuJ@J 03>;>2>: 2 $1$@&CJhtHuN@N 03>;>2>: 3 $1$@&5CJhtHuT@T 03>;>2>: 5$1$¤ˆ@&56CJhtHuR@R 03>;>2>: 6$1$¤X@&5CJhtHuR@R 03>;>2>: 7$1$¤ð¤ð@& 5htHuZ@Z 03>;>2>: 8$„S¤h¤h1$@&^„S 5htHuV @V 03>;>2>: 9 $„S1$@&^„S5CJhtHuBA@òÿ¡B A=>2=>9 H@8DB 0170F0\i@óÿ³\ 1KG=0O B01;8F0 :V ö4Ö4Ö laö .k@ôÿÁ. 5B A?8A:0 \"@ò\ 0720=85 >1J5:B0$¤X1$a$5CJhtHuPJ@P >4703>;>2>: $1$a$5CJhtHuLT@L &8B0B0$„ª„¥1$]„ª^„¥a$ htHu`C@"` A=>2=>9 B5:AB A >BABC?><1$CJhtHu2&@¢12  =0: A=>A:8H*nR@Bn A=>2=>9 B5:AB A >BABC?>< 2$„1$`„a$ htHurS@Rr A=>2=>9 B5:AB A >BABC?>< 3$„1$`„a$CJhtHu<@b<  "5:AB A=>A:8tHuJB@rJ A=>2=>9 B5:AB1$ B*htHuL@‚L Œd¸5@E=89 :>;>=B8BC;  ÆE‹$J @’J Œd¸86=89 :>;>=B8BC;  ÆE‹$‘Ï%ëUý_ÿbt4v?»›ÑÅÔ†¨ø½ê–î%:bGƒKTµÝŒYÊÕÀeÃUΔ$F,?4=ItƒAŸqâJ9÷:òR͹®P_Æ‘ðôÚÄ &÷ ˆ ß¿ Så ™‘ ]Å 2õ N=mŶÖr¹/K?I “ Ð /   q+ϧTÈDë/„…©¡Ì” ï H!@#`$²$&Š&i(*÷*š+Y,¿,(-&.º/x0Á01¶1æ1^3/4I4©4Ô4×4r¹ÿÿÿÿÿÿr¹ž ÿÿÿÿ "3PQS{|‡L‚s)5>?…œ6 Õ A[\û&”6 #f%f)ƒ*Y+x+¨,Ì,q-./>/v/û/ƒ1À4ž67z8w:´;É=@AþB$D¿GÉI_MtNªOHT*UîUÉWyXD[5^·`™bdPi§kBnCpzsÄw|¹?…À†é‡äŠÁŽ%‘”!”K”³—~š¡œ¦žï¡‹¢l£¤O¦•©®°ü°A´ÿ´J¸ï¹T¼~¿ñ¿ˆÀÅÁçÃĹĦÅñÆ*ÈÉ Ë6ÌÆÌοÏÈÔcØ#ÛõÜÍápå–è3ë6ì]îîîÝïëïüï ð(ð'ñ5òrôá÷ïøTüŸþÞï\€p Q<ðÁy¨ *!J$æ%¤(C*Ä,}/ž/)02Ú2Ü4ç5Õ6Í7Í9w;`=ÔCîHþO RÆUÎW‰Yy_ÅbÚbïbëcfhi+k×k\l=mžm6o¼pÜpq)qétÿv xòy™}M€Y‚ö„R8‘Ô•>—ã—–œ‹9žbŸ=¡è¢<¦û§‰¨«©«*¬ï­õ¯r±‹´›¸¡º½n¾ÚÁzÄæÇÉá˦ÌqÍìÍÏúÐ(Ò2Ô[ÖP׆×NÙÛÜÝ¡ÞGábäöä¯åÑåôåæ·çÍìzð·óÔôIö_÷ëøÈüþ5þXþ€þ‰þJJèË“É 1 7 â )…;~#:#$%™(ƒ*Ü-°0Î3(:t=B>‚B–H˜JSN÷OÍPDQfQ&UWÍZ†\^°c}e9híi¸k_o€o{r¹v©w^||Q€ç؃7…ô‡e‰õ‰£˜ô“ –´˜j›¨Êž¢î¢ï£D§_¨€©þ«X®ù®á±[µøµüº÷»Û¼À’Á³ÁQÃÅyÆÙÈ.ÉéÊ,ËÍÏ\ÏAÓåÕÙ×@ÚòÜÝ!Ý-Þ\ÞŒßÊâ»ä8è-é_ëáëíîðYóÔô~ùûIü‹ýÑý”ÿÌQ¯”N  x â ‡sG–k h!ÿ!(k)”-.7/å/ž3ÿ4L56(6Ü7[9£=>B‰BsEVFDJ NJPRTªVWY+[(`na cReôgÝi[j¡láp7rºs7tru!wM{…|)~¸‚üƒK…‡ ‡Oˆ<ŠÀŠfŒUõ‘}•Z™v™ë›©žÄ¢z£!§_«4­¯å°û²Óµz¹KºǼ5¾      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqru¨ýÿÿÿvwxyz{|}~€ÓÀÂÁ£ÄýÅÈ É<ʹÎDÏúÏÓFÕX×Ù8ÛæÜ)àOã©ã[çyè êí¾ð¾ôõøÑü"Ñ€ð ”ÎñQ,hÕm#9%_%±)Œ,’01I5Œ8m>ÜCdBeFNL3QüR5TçUÌV‘Y{[„_R`]acÅd:jn`oŠqšqxtÈw˜y¹‚‚…€Š„¼’㕘–ŸÁ¢¿¤2¦â§£©Ë«­o­Æ°g´·¶J¸«º`¼äÀèÀø€ÈÂÊÜÊ›ËöÎÄÓ¸ÖÙÚ¶ÛçÝß°ßâÇãÉæ·èÃêÛëæð4ó/ôZ÷:ù¢ü®Rqär$ } [á•Õ.º 0 /!ä#O%+.b/£2›3|69¦:y;=®@3BCÅDG¡HÑI´M›NEOõThW¦X„ZD\™\"`Xbóc‰dfég(iäjk‰lýl nmpIq„q³r¸våw?yD{ž|˜~Ã~,퀕‚˜„†¶‰nŠH‹eŒ>꣑H”"•0˜l›Íœq¡µ¢l¤E§Ñ©¶³Å´¸„ºª»нÁÛÂÛÄÇüÈïË*ϺÒIÓýÔñ×òÙOÞràtâ[ãCäüå!çèùìÖíTðMñXôrõ‹õÍõÀø‹ü¾þ¥m„d æ «•\"†3R…(ÙÃ"Þ$/&á&=)Ä+*,ú-T0ô68ú:“<•@HE©GžH$ILÍOƒPÄRXTjUs]l^¨_ï`ÞcõeƒlbpŒtCwÒxl|Þ|ÏZ„݇Fˆ}ˆ«‰ÉŒHŽG#‘­‘W”á”Ý•™¿›Ñ›K Z¢¡¢ë£Õ¤ÿ¦§"¨¨9«K¬î¬˜­®\°½²µ®µù¸h¹p½§¾1¿ €ÃâīűÆØÇæÇÎÈ£ÊÌ}ÍŽÏ0аÕ[×$اÚOÜ#ÞàÀæbé;ë*íÞíÕîDðåò¯óv÷PùÜúLÿ¹5”oª ½ -ã*xW4öhÔ ó#P&^'°)Ÿ+ú,†-s0¥3X57>9\<ü=Ó@ÎA„B¢B(D§DÛFHÂHÏLPÁSîTpUáVþWYàY1]<^Œ_`Xb eÆeefihnk¤lçm†o`püpsr&t³x=yëy{¬|ïb{‚%‰OŒ"¬Žƒ‘É‘–’q”–ú›—œ|žx¡å¤v§©èª¨«®L¯±t²³-¶ηà¸'»Ž¼¿ÀÀ¡ÃÝÅBÆÊcʨÏØÑCÓ”×ÝØ.ÚHÜÞÒÞãÞôÞ ßhàMá5âLãää çté ì ï%ðhòxò…òÒô¿õƒúÖû¸üàü˜þ“ÿ¦ { x ó M S æ å ø     " -% o) ¹- / Í/ •4 D5 Z6 Ô8 ˆ; x> Å> ¯A B äC ÌF cJ lJ L ¥M þM èQ öS žU õW 2[ Ÿ^ Ä` °b èd h ›i .r ãr òr ‘u «v x $| r} ã~ r… † ¹† J l ~‘ “ 6• ð˜ èž î  þ  P¢ ¦ ê¦ Z© +­ 3° ³ í¶ E¸ q¸ ¼ ’¿ ÏÀ tÅ È >Ê ƒÌ pÑ Ó ÄÓ .× FØ ß £á Ïâ Aã »ä ›ç ë !ì Qï ï ±ð öó Ëö !ø ú û Ø É f ˜ ‹ D j  “ ®" “# F( ñ+ Q- H/ S2 85 Þ6 Õ9 Ä; å< §@ RA C ¯C I J ºK ðL O BU ¤V ?Y ³\ 3^ Ñ^ ì_ wa îa ³f ²k ém ,p r “u nv ”y ú| Ð Ë‚ …„ ¨ˆ èŠ wŒ “Œ  úŽ †’ • L— (™ Y ëŸ   <  –¦ ª 㪠¯ !° h³ \¶ å¿ ¼Á ßÁ Æ ýÈ TÉ Ê ÁË „Í {Î bÏ îÓ Þ× tÜ ‰Ý Hß á áâ è ýè %é Pì >î éî Þï gñ Îò mó rô võ 5ö Bö 7ù Œü Üÿ æ › ™ m Ü K B L ¿  õ –   Ñ ç ] ! # ø# ë) ð, ƒ- ¦- -/ / !0 D0 x0 1 Õ3 ù4 &6 ˆ6 â7 ¶8 8: ò< Ê? †B WJ óK šO Q îQ ÒS T ¯T µV ÃZ \ Ü\ Ý\ ß\ 7] 0^ ßa ¢d g vg ¶i ·i ¹i üi «m ™q òt Dv Îx âx ïy Áz å| í~ gƒ M… ó† ‹Š  ‘ ” ÿš ‰ ÷Ÿ £ «§ †© æ« œ­ ±  ³ ȳ i´ ܶ K» Ƽ ̾ â¿ Íà —Å Ç ÝË #Í Î 4Ó × r× TØ kÜ $Þ Šà ¡à Æà ðà ââ Vå pë Xî Þð iñ œò ƒö âø Áû 1ý Mý [ÿ  „ „ "  + C U 6 l d ¶ µ ë A ï ô" ¹& û' a* Ó+ w- ’- Ã- º/ —2 5 ã6 é; \? B@ A ·C ¨E „G M ûN /P ·R ÕR ÝS X @^ 5_ b ¹b f &j 2m îo Öq ôu v ªv ew c| é~ ^€ ‡ rˆ Œ œ‘ ê“ õ• Œ˜ ¿š ðš › G› S› h òž ¥¡ {£ W¥ q¨ à© n¬ {¬ '® F¯ ì± Sµ fº » Ÿ» À» Ý» þ» õ½ ¿ *à pÄ ÞÆ É {É Ì øÍ ™Î íÎ 'Ó ŽÔ 6Ö ’× vÙ ¥Ú Ý ØÞ Úà ½á Íá çá þá â 2ã =å *è Wì …ï ò °ô ö Œö ‘ø jû <þ 2 1 ‚ ‡  E  $ • õ Œ  Œ . ¸ Î" Ÿ& ) Ü+ . ã/ ­3 „5 m9 > B ŒF ¶G NL ÔN LR +W -X ÚX öX :Z [ Ç[ ,^ s` b *c ef {i #l o èp q %q 5q ïr ^v py I{ ~ + ? pƒ û„ ªŠ Š ÍŠ QŒ x k ¶‘ +” å˜ ý™ ›š »œ è o¡ ð¤ O¥ C© ùª õ¬ e¯ ƒ¯ Z° ´ ãµ 0· Œ¹ 1» н ÿÁ Ä ¬Å _É Ë .Ë 6Ë ´Í iÒ fÙ 7Û ZÝ mÝ ~Ý ŠÝ |å =ç Óè `ë œî „ð Úò «ô Ðô ìõ û ^ü Ýþ ô2Tâ &óæW• H!`#$&*+ï,037:Ò;â>@ºFI†KDMñOÆP“TÌVŒ[Û]y`¼b.gj4jBj°mwpHrºv–y¹zÉzª²̃†ɉž\’ê•ô˜¡û¤ú©£ª^­¨¯;±þ²$µK¶ϸ½º[¼¯½ÁOÃÛÅÃÆÓƧÇþɯÊÍÊWÎvσϙϴѼÓ(Õ¹Ö+ÛEÞ=ßïáƒä×åÇèïë½îØð3ó@ó]óæô€÷eù ú«ûmýßþâ…Ç™E¨Ÿ ¥ ° à B  Ð ö ` ° ß Å ò &o¬BÍü]Ð?€Ï¦ f¶QÀ šÖ!rL¼ƒsÁR‘Âý?uÆ]¡ yÐ.lÈs® _ â $!P!‰!ò!V"•"ì"6#{#¸# $Ã$ˆ%É%&l&Ë&%'V'¤'á'&(y(Ç(2)ƒ)â)**k*¸*#+x+ã+9,§,#-a-À-*.v.Ñ.x/œ/ì/0{0Æ0(1m1í182l2«2á2=3œ34K44Á45‘5â56f6ú6i7Ñ7(8^8»89P9z9º9ü9y:×:I;›;u<¥<ô<A=ˆ=à= >>C?‚?°?$@š@Ü@IAB‰B÷BnC»C?DõD%EªEïEFAFˆF¶FGVG…G¿GH•HÑH1I}I¤IæIJTJÐJüJ`KÊKLZLœLéL0MfM“MãMAN£NéN&O_OžOÈOPgPíP3QrQÏQ9RëR*SŒSÜSTvTÝT UBUvU´UåUVfV’VÍVðV!WSW‹WµWìWXCXƒXÒXüX8YnY©YäYZCZrZ¤ZçZ%[1[æ[Ä\]^]m]ƒ^×^è^‘_½_ð_*`i`š`Ý`abbÎb(cƒcšcdXd`e§eff•fgsg½gûg hÌh!i5i.j4jYj.k4k¬kñk$m×mvnnÛnoWoïopïpÿp»qÄqÅr+s tøu vzv×vÝvw‘xœx¨xÍx y,y¹?¹@¹L¹M¹N¹O¹P¹Q¹R¹S¹T¹U¹V¹s¹˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€0€€(0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€H0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€H0€€0€€X0€€h0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€h0€€h0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€x0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€x0€€ˆ 0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€x0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€ˆ 0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€x0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€x0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€x0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€x0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€x0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€x0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€x0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€x0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€x0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€x0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€x0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€x0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€x0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€x0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€(0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€ˆ 0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€x0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€x0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€ˆ 0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€ˆ 0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€x0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€x0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€h0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€x0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€x0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€x0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€ˆ 0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€x0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€x0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€ˆ 0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€x0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€x0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€h0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€ˆ 0€€˜0€€ˆ 0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€ˆ 0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€ˆ 0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€ˆ 0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€ˆ 0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€ˆ 0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€(0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€ˆ 0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€(0€€˜0€€(0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€(0€€˜0€€˜0€€(0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€ˆ 0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€(0€€(0€€(0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€(0€€(0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€ˆ 0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€(0€€(0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€(0€€˜0€€h0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€ˆ 0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€(0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€(0€€(0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€ˆ 0€€˜0€€ˆ 0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€ˆ 0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€ˆ 0€€˜0€€˜0€€H0€€(0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€(0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜Normal.dotPC3Microsoft Office Word@Œ†G@¸ËÞfõÆ@xá-ÞÁÇãPz3 þÿÕÍÕœ.“—+,ù®0ì hp|„Œ” œ¤¬´ ¼ Éã )íp|æ   Íàçâàíè傃„…†‡ˆ‰Š‹ŒŽ‘’“”•–—˜™š›œžŸ ¡¢£¤¥¦þÿÿÿþÿÿÿþÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€0Ô4˜@0€€Iˆ0¢@0€€€Iˆ0¢˜@0€€Iˆ0¢@0€€Iˆ0¢IÈ0£IÈ0£@0€€IÈ0 £IÈ0 £IÈ0 £@0€€IÈ0¢IÈ0¢IÈ0¢IÈ0¢IÈ0¢Iˆ0P¢Iˆ0@¢ !#&J^ìf¨€jìÔúøŸ¶ùÒ™ê:øûÚK TL ȉ ƒ O ”z(V Ž©¤C(ïˆ-¦êö"6éâªè˸zšI<ƒB‹è¬¸–ßø7‚FT$eðt ~l‹Ü£Ãß øäøáåçéìîòô÷ùüÿ  þ   $'*.28:<>?BEGIKM~Pa’›‚%Þ{ºä‚?Ü™êöW ¶"8N`ÏPCÒ6èÐJ”¨ –|<âkVõzb ÈØ ÎN Àæ Îp ¶ß ÈO ½ 0 Šq ¬ã $@ˆ­F*rFBh²>fw(â¤Cp¨÷Æk"ìbgˆýôx œkÈÜ)œwŒÿ¼göÕ€BŽ¼à2j6â&d6»ldŒ'Ô±ì$Ú€š¥ºØËNßÄñ`Hž)ø78HH`šw®|®‚†‰6Ÿ@¹Ø<ð¤øäøâäæèêëíïðñóõöøúûýþ   ýÿ   !"#%&()+,-/01345679;=@ACDFHJLNâøã:”ÿ•€ðlðð,bð$)fVzŸ\ݨé:Èu³Ÿ¯ÿ¿ 4ž @ñÿÿÿ€€€÷ð6ððÔð( ð ððœ² ð ƒ ð^A ?¿ ÿƒÃ.¿ `]ýÿÿ]ýÿÿ”R`T”R`T]ýÿÿ"ñ¿€ðððB ðS ð¿Ëÿ ?ðQr¹8 $ì”@ÿÿ'²}˜ĆC³}˜”ê´}˜üuKµ}˜|vK¶}˜üvK·}˜|wK¸}˜üwK¹}˜|xKº}˜üxK»}˜|yK¼}˜üyK½}˜|zK¾}˜üzK¿}˜|{KÀ}˜ü{KÁ}˜¼|KÂ}˜<}KÃ}˜||KÄ}˜D~KÅ}˜Ä~KÆ}˜DKÇ}˜ÄKÈ}˜T€KÉ}˜Ô€KÊ}˜TKË}˜ÔKÌ}˜T‚KÍ}˜Ô‚KÎ}˜TƒKÏ}˜ÔƒKÐ}˜T„KÑ}˜Ô„KÒ}˜T…KÓ}˜Ô…KÔ}˜T†KÕ}˜Ô†KÖ}˜T‡K×}˜Ô‡KØ}˜TˆK's±tÔtGuäuóuvv'v,w[‹k‹ [¦ˆðçd‰œ9ÓÒGH»HŸQiYïeIfÛfWgg~r·™К¿¿š!NògÜ Žs¹      !"#$%&-s·tÚtMuêuùu vv-v2wa‹q‹"a¦Žðídœ?Ù×GH¿H¥QoYõeOfáf]g•g„r½™ÖšÅ¿ 'N÷gâ “s¹  !"#$%&C'*€urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags€metricconverter€ ¸§z0,2 31617 31870 31877 31880 31900 31913 31920 31937 31940 31941 31942 31943 31944 31945 31946 31950 31951 31956 31962 32,5 A<20 A<€25 mi35 A<4 <<8 A< €ProductID'' ' ' ' ' ' ''' ' '' '' '''''''''''''''''''''''' ÀÊÌ×ãîþxz½ÄÅN V Y ` ‰ œ ;P—Ÿ§²ØåíócsEXØë·Á"""#"#%#0#A+C+h+j+,¦,©,«, - -11°1º1V5a5‚5‹5¥5¯5 66A7W7Y7d7l77à7ê7r8x8ƒ8Ž8È>Ó>³N¾NÜNæNO¨OhRvRÇRÚRkSvS+Y8Y[[ \\(]5]7^E^F_S_]_k_“_¡_:`R`Vada cc`drdf/fHfZfoh|hjjGlSlo%o°o¼o'p8p]pjpmpyp'q4q²rºrss0s8sMsWsYsasøsttt tt(t0tEtLtXt`tqtztt–tlvyv {{{${,{3{R{Y{1~?~~‹~¤©«²¹Áâîmu’o‚{‚ƒ&ƒ¼…Ç…b†d†g†m†Š&Š2Š7ŠpŠzŠŠ–Š$‹)‹EŒHŒÄŒÏŒ Ž%Ž›ŽžŽ²Ž¸ŽúŽ ‡’’’«’¶’ášìš-›8›H›P›k›v›¿›È›~œ„œlv–œÚàž›ž3Ÿ;Ÿv }  ‰ – Ÿ l¡u¡‘¢—¢ ¢«¢Ñ£ç£¤¤¤/¤¬¤·¤¹¤½¤À¤Ç¤ä¤ð¤"¥,¥R¥g¥Î¥ã¥“¦¨¦¾¦É¦ §"§Ú§ï§d¨g¨¶¨¹¨Ç©Ð©Ø©á©uªŠªî«¬M­c­?®H®¯ ¯H¯O¯q¯…¯Â¯Ï¯Ü¯è¯§²µ²Æ²Ó²³ ³´´#´)´”´§´ª´À´?¶R¶Z¶p¶€¶…¶ª¶¶¶¸¶Á¶·(·¯¸´¸7¹?¹@¹O¹»&»Â½Ä½.¾8¾`¾f¾¦¾°¾SÀ_ÀjÀvÀÁ Á#Á/ÁCÁHÁKÁTÁpÁyÁïÃöÃÂÄÊÄ;ÅEŃŌőŞũůŲŸÅ*Æ3ÆKÆ\ÆlÆ|ÆƆƒƛÆåÆïÆ÷ÆþÆ4ÇCÇFÇQÇrdžÇëÇùÇ3È9ÈÉɆɌÉÊÊðÌù̈ђџѮÑÇÑÑÑ^×m×”à›à'â)â5â<â"ä'äTèZèhëmëBìGìuí…íoîtî…ñ–ñ¹ñÈñpò€ò„òŠò(ó:óó‘ó«ó¶óAÿNÿšÿ­ÿ6CW]DTciµÂæó0=GP#×äº Ä ÷  ž¡±•Ÿîù‰–6D®»^j§ºþ{ˆŠ–kx!}‘§²!! !!Ú!ç!"#"ù"#°#Ã#ç#õ#¤$­$ð$ÿ$0%@%\%b%j%q%s%|%‚%%‘%š%›&¨& ''O(b(­(´(¶(Æ(ú( )Î)Þ)û) *++++:+ÿ+ ,¬,²,º,Á,N-Y-J/Y/˜0§0ä2í2·4Ä4Y5d5f5o5Œ5–5}6‰6ý78;;w;€;=<@<u<€<â<ì<==c=m=o=€=†==>>)>4>x>ƒ>…>“>'?7?h?n?r?‚?,@<@õ@A+C3C´C¿CåCõCQD]DöDEAEOE—E©EII6JGJxJJ LLO'OP!P,P3PWPdPvQ†Q5R°o°u°Œ±“±–± ±ê´ø´ݵìµîµýµ¶¶¶6„7„=„2¹2¹4¹4¹5¹5¹7¹8¹:¹;¹=¹>¹@¹K¹U¹s¹[s‚è(xzÄÅ…ö÷\„2¹2¹4¹4¹5¹5¹7¹8¹:¹;¹=¹>¹U¹s¹Z÷\„2¹2¹4¹4¹5¹5¹7¹8¹:¹;¹=¹>¹@¹K¹U¹s¹‡L1hW\„2¹2¹4¹4¹5¹5¹7¹8¹:¹;¹=¹>¹U¹s¹åŒd¸¦cÞ&Â\„]„1¹2¹4¹7¹:¹=¹U¹V¹s¹ÿ@€d=9AsÍÕÝ cœ÷9GRf¸æµÉÝr¹@@Š@î@¢@²@4@ @Â@@Î@@@ @ö @" @z @– @¬ @Ô @x @Ô @r@š@@ÿÿUnknownÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿĠz €ÿTimes New Roman5€Symbol3&Ì ‡z €ÿArial"1ˆðÐhP±ª„J·&ãPz3 í)ãPz3 í)!ð¥À´´€4p|p|2ƒðßßHPðÿ?ãÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿŒd¸2ÿÿS0®0©PCCompObjÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿqÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿþÿ ÿÿÿÿ ÀFÄîêóìåíò Microsoft Office Word MSWordDocWord.Document.8ô9²q